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EE 498 Antenna
Lecture 1: Introduction
Omar Siddiqui
Department of Electrical Engineering
College of Engineering
Taiba University
Madinah
Email:omarsiddiqui3@gmail.com
A Typical Communication System
Electromagnetic Components used in a
Communication System
What is an antenna?
Some antenna terminology
Applications of Antennas
Importance of Antenna Design
Types of Antennas
Course Grading and outline
College of Engineering, Taibah University Antenna Enginering
Outline
A Typical Communication System
It consists of the following main components
1. Transmitter (microwave source, amplifier)
2. Guiding medium (transmission lines such as coaxial cables,
waveguides etc)
3. Antenna
4. Receiver (splitters, microwave filters, amplifiers etc)
Some Electromagnetic Components used in a Communication System
Parts of a satellite receiver
Splitter
Diplexer (combines antenna and
satellite signal)
Coaxial cables
LNB-F (low noise block and feed)
Antenna
What is an Antenna?
An antenna is a usually metallic device for radiating or receiving
radio waves (Websters)
A means for radiating or receiving radio wave (IEEE Standard Definitions)
Technically An antenna is a transition between a guiding device and
free space.
Source
Guiding structure
(Waveguide)
Antenna
Free Space
Where are the antennas used?
Antennas are used in all the situations where a signal is desired to be
communicated from two points that are not connected physically or where
wireless communication is desired
Example of a Communication System
Some Antenna Terminology
Radiation patterns
Directivity or Gain
Input Impedance
Radiation patterns: Angular variation of radiation around an antenna. It is
usually graph of radiated power with respect to the angle
Dipole Antenna
Antenna Pattern of dipole Antenna
Max power
Max power
Zero power
Zero power
Max power
Max power
Zero power
Zero power
Directivity: It is the ratio of maximum radiated power density to the average
radiated power density
Sharp patterns indicate high directivity
Gain: It is proportional to directivity
Question: Which has more directivity, Dipole or Yagi antenna (TV antenna)?
Answer: We have to look at the patterns of both the antenna
Dipole Antenna
Yagi antenna
max
max
max
Yagi has more gain or directivity
Antenna Impedance: It is the impedance at the input of the antenna. It has a real
part and an imaginary part.
Z
in
= R
in
+ jX
in
Applications of Antennas
Antennas find applications in all the fields of life, such as:
Cellular communication systems
Commercial radio and TV
Satellite Communication
GPS
Internet
Government (Military, Civil defense, police etc)
Cellular Communications
Base station
Inside a Base station Antenna
Array of dipoles
Inside a cell phone
Commercial Radio and TVv
Radio and TV Transmitters
Radio Receiver
Yagi-Uda (TV receiver)
Satellite Communications
Parabolic Dish
Helical Antenna
Global Positioning Satellites (GPS)
Antenna type: Helical
Antenna type: Patch
GPS Receivers
Internet
Antenna type: Dipole
Government
Military
Radar guns for speed detection
Antenna type: Ring Antenna
Antennas are designed according to the system requirement
Consider a TV transmitter and receiver
A TV transmitter should transmit in all directions so that the programs
can be received at all part of the cities
So we have to design an omni directional antenna that radiates equally
in all directions
On the other hand, the receiver antenna is fixed and receives signal
from one direction only, so we need a directional antenna there
Yagi has to be oriented towards TV station
Guess what type of antennas are used by the following systems and why?:
A cell phone:
A satellite receiver:
AM receiver in a car:
Base station transmitter:
omni directional
highly directional
omni directional
directional
Antenna Types
Electrically Small Antennas
Resonant Antennas
Broadband Antennas
Aperture Antennas
Antennas can be grouped into the following classes
Antenna Types: Electrically Small antennas
These are the antennas with dimensions much less than the wavelength (<<)
Properties:
Low directivity
Low input resistance
High Input Reactance
Low radiation Efficiency
Examples
l<<
Z
in
= R
in
+ jX
in
R
in
>> X
in
A short dipole or a non-resonant dipole
d<<
Z
in
= R
in
+ jX
in
R
in
>> X
in
A small loop or a non-resonant loop
Antenna Types: Resonant Antennas
The dimensions are multiples or large fractions of wavelengths. They operate
well at a single or selected narrow frequency bands
Properties:
Low to moderate directivity
Real input impedance (X
in
= 0)
Narrow bandwidth
Examples
Z
in
= R
in
X
in
=0
Half-wave Dipole
l
Yagi-Uda antenna
array
l=
Yagi-Uda
Antenna
Copper
W
t
W/2
L/2
Microstrip patch
antenna
Copper
Actual antenna
Antenna Types: Broadband Antennas
These antenna parameters such as gain, impedance, and pattern remain
constant over a wide range of frequency
Properties:
Low to moderate directivity
Real input impedance (X
in
= 0)
Wide bandwidth
Examples
Spiral antennas
Log Periodic
Antenna
Size of dipoles increases
logarithmically
Antenna Types: Aperture Antennas
These antenna have a physical aperture or opening
Properties:
High directivity
Gain increases with frequency
Moderate bandwidth
Examples
Horn Antenna
Parabolic reflector
Recognize the antenna types
Car Antenna length = 1.5m
Either a short or resonant dipole?
Depends on frequency
AM: 1000KHz
FM=100.1 MHz
Calculate wavelength and compare size
AM wavelength = c/f = 3e8/1000e3 = 300m (small dipole)
FM wavelength = c/f = 3e8/100.1e6 = 3m (resonant dipole)
helical
Parabolic or dish antenna
Uda holding a Yagi-Uda antenna
The Yagi-Uda array was invented in 1926 by Shintaro Uda of
Tohoku Imperial University, Japan, with a lesser role played
by his colleague Hidetsugu Yagi. However the " Yagi" name
has become more familiar with the name of Uda often omitted.
Dipole
Dipoles on high towers usually HF Antennas (long range)
Dipole
Dipole antennas were invented by German physicist Heinrich Hertz around
1886 in his pioneering experiments with radio waves.
Horn Antennas
3D horn antennas were invented by J C Bose (Indian) in 1890
Used in:
Radio astronomy
Satellite tracking
Communication dishes
Universal standard for calibration and gain
measurement of other antennas.
Dish or parabolic reflector
Horn feed
Grading Policy and Course Outline
Grading
6. Final Exam 40%
5. Antenna Experiment 5%
4. Mid Term Exam 2 15%
3. Mid Term Exam 1 15%
2. Quiz 5%
1. Class participation and mini
projects
20%
Course Outline
Final
Antennas in Communication Systems and Radar 1
Midterm 2 0.5
Aperture Antennas: Horn Antenna, Parabolic Reflector
Antenna
2
Antenna Arrays and log periodic antenna 3
Traveling Wave Antennas: Helical antenna 1
Midterm 1 0.5
Traveling Wave Antennas: Yagi-UdaAntenna Array 1
Resonant Antennas: Finite length dipoles, Microstrip
patch antenna, V Antenna
2
Electrically small antennas: small dipole and Small
Loop Antenna
0.5
Quiz 0.5
Antenna Basics: radiation mechanism, radiation
integral, radiation characteristics of an ideal dipole, far
field properties of an antenna (radiated power,
radiation resistance, radiation patterns etc)
2.5
Course Content Weeks

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