Aryan Morita

Biomedika Kedokteran Gigi

19/11/2012
BACTERIA
Small cells
Visible only w/ the aid of microscope
Prokaryotes organism
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comparative structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells:
prokaryotic:
nucleoid
no organelles
eukaryotic:
nucleus
organelles
(Madigan et al., Fig 2.1)
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BACTERIAL STRUCTURE
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CAPSULE

Usually composed of polysaccharide
(B.anthracis produces polypeptide capsule)
Can be visualized by light microscopy using
negative staining techniques
Main function : protection of bacterium from
adverse environmental conditions
Often associated with virulences

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CELL WALL

Non selectively permeable
Function : protect from mechanical damage
and osmotic lysis
Difference in structure and chemical
composition of the cell walls account for
variation in bacteria pathogenicity and also
influence other characteristics
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CYTOPLASMIC MEMBRANE

Function : passive diffusion, active transport
of nutrient, electron transport for respiration
Composed of phospolipid and protein


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CYTOPLASM

Aqueous fluid containing nuclear material,
ribosomes, nutrient & enzymes, and other
molecules
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RIBOSOMES

Composed of ribonucleoproteins
Consist of 2 subunits
The Svedberg (S) unit is measure of
sedimentation rate dependent on both the
size and shape of particles.
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NUCLEAR MATERIAL

Composed of a single haploid cicular
chromosome containing dsDNA
Can be seen by electron microscope and also
light microscope using Feulgen staining
method
No nuclear membrane
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PLASMID

Small circular pieces of DNA which are
separate from the genome, capable of
autonomous replication
Copies of plasmid can be transferred from cell
to cell during binary fission or through
conjugation
May code for characteristics such as antibiotic
resistance and exotoxin production.
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FLAGELLA

Bacteria which possess flagella are motile
Many species of gram negative bacteria have
flagella
Composed of a protein called flagellin
Consist of filament, hook, and basal body

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Type of Bacterial Flagella
monotrichous
lophotrichous
amphitrichous
peritrichous
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PILI
Fine, straight, hair-like appandages
Composed of the protein pilin
In pathogenic bacteria, pili function as adhesin
for receptors on mamalian cells.
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ENDOSPORES
Dormant highly resistant bodies
Formed by some bacteria to ensure survival
during adverse environmental conditions.
The resistance of endospores is attributed to
their layered structured, dehydrated state,
negligible metabolic activity, and high content
of dipicolinic acid
Can be destroyed only by moist heat at 121
o
C
for 15 minutes
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ENDOSPORES STRUCTURE
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SPOROGENESIS
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BACTERIAL REPLICATION
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PHASE OF BACTERIAL GROWTH
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Microbial Mechanisms of Pathogenicity:
How Microorganisms Cause Disease
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Possible sequence following infection
of susceptible host
Infection of susceptible host with
bacteria patogen
Adherence to skin or
mucous membranes
Entry through
damaged surface
epithelium
Engulfment by
phagocytic cells on
mucous membranes
Tissue invasion
Replication on
epithelial surface with
colonization
survive
destructio
n
-Local tissue damage
-Acute generalized
disease
-Chronic disease
-Survival

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Port of entry
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BACTERIAL VIRULENCE MECHANISMS
Adherence
Invasion
Byproducts of growth (gas, acid)
Toxins
Degradative enzymes
Cytotoxic proteins
Endotoxin
Superantigen
Induction of excess inflammation
Evasion of phagocytic and immune clearance
Capsule
Resistance to antibiotics
Intercellular growth
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Comparison of exotoxin and endotoxin
EXOTOXIN ENDOTOXIN
Produced by live bacteria, both Gram +
and Gram -
Component of the cell wall of Gram
bacteria released following cell death
Protein, usually of high molecular weight LPS complex containing lipid A, the toxic
component
Heat labile Heat stable
Potent toxins, usually with specific
activity; not pyrogenic
Toxins with moderate, non-specific
generalized activity; potent pyrogen
Synthesis determined extrachromosomally Encoded in chromosome
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Effects of endotoxin
INTERACTION W/
POLYMORHONUCLEAR
AND MONONUCLEAR
PHAGOCYTES,
PLATELETS, & B
LYMPHOCYTES
RELEASE OF
INTERLEUKIN-1,
LEADING FEVER
ACTIVATION OF
COMPLEMENT,
PROMOTING
INFLAMMATORY
CHANGES
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Effects of exotoxin
CELL MEMBRANE
DAMAGE
INTERFACE WITH
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
ELEVATION OF CAMP
LEVELS
DISRUPTION OF
FUNCTIONS RELATING
TO NERVOUS TISSUE
DIGESTION OF
COMPONENTS OF
INTERSTITIAL TISSUE
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Examples Route
Salmonella sp., Shigella sp., Yersinia enterocolitica,
ETEC, Vibrio sp., Campylobacter sp., Clostridium
botulinum, Bacillus cereus, Listeria sp., Brucella sp.
Ingestion
Mycobacterium sp., Nocardia sp., Mycoplasma
pneumoniae, Legionella sp., Bordetella, Chlamydia
psittaci, Chlamydia pneumoniae, Streptococcus sp.
Inhalation
Clostridium tetani
Trauma
S. aureus, Pseudomonas sp.
Needle stick
Rickettsia, Ehrlichia, Coxiella, Francisella, and Borrelia
spp., Yersinia pestis
Arthropod
bite
Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis,
Treponema pallidum
Sexual
transmission
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adhesin
EPITHELIUM
receptor
BACTERIUM
ADHESI
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ADHESI--FIMBRIAE
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Bacterial Biofilm
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Host Receptor

Bacterial Adhesin

Bacteria

Unknown LTA (lipo-teichoic acid) Staph. aureus
Unknown Slime Staph. sp.
Fibronectin LTA-M protein complex Strept. group A
N-acetylhexosamine-gal Protein M Strept. pneumoniae
d-Mannose Type 1 fimbriae E. coli

GM ganglioside 1 Colonization factor antigen
fimbriae
P blood gp glycolipid P fimbriae
d-Mannose Type 1 fimbriae Enterobacteriaceae
GD
1
ganglioside Fimbriae N. gonorrhoeae
Fibronectin P
1
, P
2
, P
3
Treponema pallidum
N-acetylglucosamine Cell surface lectin Chlamydia sp.
Sialic acid Protein P1 Myco. pneumoniae
Frucose and mannose Type 4 pili V. cholerae
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INVASI
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SELESAI !!!!
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NEXT WEEK: ANAEROBIC BACTERIA
INFECTION
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