SECOND ED1TI OI M

SOIL
MECHANICS
AND
FOUNDATION
S
fMUi yfl B001H1U
Professoi; Department of Civil Engineering
Engineering Me!"ani!s Universit# of Ari$ona
JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC.
ACQUISTIONS EDITOR
EDITORIAL ASSISTANT
MARKETING MANAGER
PRODUCTION MANAGER
SENIOR PRODUCTION
EDITOR CREATIVE
DIRECTOR DESIGNER
SENIOR ILLUSTRATION EDITOR
MEDIA EDITOR
PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT
SERVICES COVER PHOTO
Jennifer Welter Mary
Mran P!ylli" Cery"
Jeanine #$rin
San%ra D$&a"
Harry Nlan
H'e Miller
Anna Mel!rn
Stefanie
Lie(&an
S$)anne
In*ra
USDA+Sil Cn"er,atin
Ser,i-e
SECOND ED1TI OI M
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P%EFACE
T"is te&t'oo( is )ritten for an *n+ergra+*ate !o*rse in soil me!"ani!s an+
fo*n+ations, It "as t"ree primar# o'-e!tives, First. to present 'asi! !on!epts
an+ f*n+amental prin!ipies of soil me!"ani!s an+ fo*n+ations in a simple
pe+agog# *sing t"e st*+ents/ 'a!(gro*n+ in me!"ani!s. p"#si!s. an+ mat"e0
mati!s, Se!on+. to int1grate mo+era learning prin!ipies. tea!"ing
te!"ni2*es. an+ learning ai+s to assist st*+ents in *n+erstan+ing t"e vario*s
topi!s in soil me!"ani!s an+ fo*n+ations, T"ir+. to provi+e a soli+
'a!(gro*n+ (no)le+ge to "opef*ll# la*n!" st*+ents in Iife0long learning of
geote!"ni!al engineering iss*es,
Some of t"e (e# feat*res of t"is te&t'oo( are3
4 Topi!s are presente+ t"oro*g"l# an+ s#stemati!all# to el*!5+ate t"e
'asi! !on!epts an+ f*n+amental prin!ipies )it"o*t +il*ting te!"ni!al
rigor,
4 A large n*m'er of e&ample pro'lems are solve+ to +em6nstrate or to
provi+e f*rt"er insig"ls of t"e 'asi! !on!epts an+ appli!ations of
f*n+amental prin!ipies,
4 T"e sol*tion of ea!" e&ample is pre!e+e+ '# a strateg#. )"i!" is
inten+e+ lo tea!" st*+ents to t"in( a'o*t possi'le sol*tions to a
pro'lem 'efore t"e# 'egin to solve it, Ea!" sol*tion provi+es a step0
'#0step pro!e+*re to g*i+e t"e st*+ent in pro'lem solving,
4 A 7"at #on s"onl+ 'e o'le to +o list at t"e 'eginning of ea!" !"apter
alerls rea+ers lo )"at t"e# s"o*l+ learn after st*+#ing ea!" !"apter. to
"elp st*+ents la(e responsi'ilit# for learning t"e material,
4 A CD0%OM a!!ompanies an+ is integrate+ )itli t"e te&t'oo(, It
in!l*+es intera!tive animations. intera!tive pro'lem solving. intera!tive
step0'#0step e&amples. virt*al soils la'orator#. e02*i$$es. an+ m*!"
more,
7it" I"e proliferation an+ a!!essi'ilit# of !omp*ters. programma'le
!al!*lators. an+ soft)are. st*+ents )ill li(el# $"e t"ese tools in t"eir
pra!ti!e, Conse2*enll#. generali$e+ e2*alions )"i!" t"e st*+ents !an
program into t"eir !al!*lators. an+ !omp*ter program Utilitie" are provi+e+
rat"er I"an !"arts,
T"e !ontent of t"e 'oo( "as 'een signi8!anti# en"an!e+ in t"e 9n+ e+ition3
4 Gel*i-al -!ara-teri"ti-" f "il"HC"apter 9 on 'asi! geolog# "as
'een a++e+ to Iin( geolog# an+ soil me!"ani!s, For some instit*tions.
geolog# is no longer a re2*ire+ !o*rse for !ivil engineers, For t"ese
st*+ents. C"apter 9 )ill provi+e val*a'le 'a!(gro*n+ on geolog# t"al
t"e# ot"er)ise ma# not re!eive,
4 Stan%ar% Penetratin Te"t 5SPT6HIn t"e 9n+ e+ition. SPT is treate+
in C"apter 9. an+ also in C"apters : an+ ;, A +es!ription of t"e
limitations of SPT "as also 'een in!l*+e+,
?
4 C!a'ter r*ani)atinHT"e 'oo( !ontent is rearrange+ into more
!"apters to 'etter serve *n+ergra+*ate e+*!ation. '# organi$ing t!e
topi!s in smaller. more +igesti'le pie!es,
4 E7a&'le" an% 'r(le&"HMore e&amples. espe!iall# e&"i'iting more
pra!ti!al real0)orl+ sit*a0lions. an+ 9<= more pro'lems "ave 'een
a%%e%4 T"e e&amples "ave 'een given +es!riptive titles. to ma(e
spe!i8! e&amples easier to l6!ate,
:
4 >? PREFACE
4 NtalinHSome nolalions "ave 'een !"ange+ 'ase+ on revie)ers/
s*ggestions. e,g,. )
LL
to LL,
4 Inte*rarn ,,it! CDHT"e 'oo( !onten5 is no) 'etter integrate+ )it"
t"e a!!ompan#ing CD, From t"e te&t'oo(. rea+ers are alerte+ to
se!tions in t"e CD t"at !onlain appropriate relate+ intera!tive materials
or 2*i$$es,
4 T"ere are also signi8!ant !"anges to t"e CD t!at a!!ompanies t!e 9
n+
e+ition,
Some of t"ese are3
1. Most se!tions @appro&imatel# ;<=A of t"e 'oo( "ave ele!troni!
2*i$$es to evalBate s"ort0term retention of t"e se!tion !ontent, In
a++ilion. t"ere is a !ompre"ensive en+0of0!"apter 2*i$ for ea!" !"apter,
T"e res*lts of t"e 2*i$$es !an 'e e0maile+ to t"e st*+ent/s instr*!tor,
2. More an+ 'etter intera!tive animations "ave 'een a++e+ t"ro*g"o*t t"e
CD,
3. More se!tions of t"e 'oo( "ave 'een a++e+ to t"e CD,
4. For ea!" !"apter. t"ere is a pro'lem "int page t"at t"e st*+ent !an
a!!ess from t"e si+e 'ar menB, T"is "int page allo)s t"e st*+ent to
get "ints for ea!" pro'lem for ea!" !"apter,
5. More sprea+s"eet )or('oo(s an+ !omp*ter Utilitie" "ave 'een a++e+,
6. T"e important e2*ations for ea!" !"apter are a!!esse+ from t"e si+e
'ar menB,
7. A F*n+amentCis of Engineering @FEA t#pe 2*i$ "as 'een a++e+ to "elp
st*+ents prepare for t"e FE e&amination,
4 Instr*!tors !an follo) +iDerent learning pat")a#s +epen+ing on t"e
e+*!ational goals of t"e instit*tion, S*ggestions for follo)ing learning
pat")a#s from 'asi! to a+van!e+ are given in Notes for Instr*!tors,
4
4 AOCNOWLEDGMIEMTS
4 I am gratef*l to t"e follo)ing revie)ers )"o oDere+ man# val*a'le
s*ggestions for improving t"is te&t'oo(3
4 Ist E+ition
4 Hilar# I, In#ang. Universit# of Nort" Carolina. C"arlotte
4 Dere( Morris. Eeoneering In!,
4 C#r*s Ar#ani. California State Universit#
4 S"o'"a F, G"atia. S#ra!*se Universit#
4 Ma-or %i!"ar+ L, S"elton. Unite+ States Mililar# A!a+em#
4 Col'# C, S)an. Universit# of Io)a
4 Panos Fio*sis. Colora+o S!"ool of Mines
4 Santamarina. Eeorgia Instit*te of Te!"nolog#
4 7illiam Isen"o)er. Ensoft. In!,
4 9n+ E+ition
4 L, Se'astian Gr#son. O"io Universit#
4 Mar( D, Evans. Unite+ States Militar# A!a+em#
4 Patri!( H, Fo&. Universit# of California. Los Angeles
4 Dante Fratta. Lo*isiana State Universit#
4 PREFACE ?
4Mi!"el Harne#. Universit# of 7as"ington
4T"angavel* F*pp*sam#. ?irginia Pol#te!"ni! Instit*te an+ State Universit#
4Si'el Pam*(!*. Le"ig" Universit#
4Ho"n G, Stevens. Nor)i!" Universit#
4H*lio ?al+es. San Diego State Universit#
4Lin'ing 7ang. Lo*isiana State Universit#
4Hosep" 7artman. Dre&el Universit#
4T"omas 7olD. Mi!"igan State Universit#
4 Ms, Henn# 7elters an+ t"e staD of Ho"n 7ile# Sons )ere
parti!*larl# "elpf*l in getting t"is 'oo( +one, M# "eartfelt t"an(s goes to
m# )ife an+ !"il+ren )"o "ave !ontri'*te+ signi5i!antl# to t"e !ompletion
of t"is 'oo(,
4 A++itional reso*r!es are availa'le online at
))),)ile#,!omI!ollegeI'ii+"ii,
4 Al" a,aila(le fr& t!e P$(li"!erE Sil Me-!ani-" La(ratry
Man$al< (y Mi-!ael Kalin".i
4 T"e soil me!"ani!s !o*rse is often a!!ompanie+ '# a la'orator#
!o*rse. to intro+*!e st*+ents to !ommon geote!"ni!al test met"o+s.
test stan+ar+s. an+ terminolog#, Mi!"ael Falins(i of t"e Universit#
of Fent*!(# "as )ritten a la' man*al intro+*!ing st*+ents to t"e
most !ommon soil me!"ani!s tests. an+ "as in!l*+e+ la'orator#
e&er!ises an+ +ata s"eets for ea!" test, Grief vi+eo +emonstrations
are also availa'le online for ea!" of t"e e&periments +es!ri'e+ in
t"is man*al,
4 Soil Me!"ani!s La'orator# Man*al. '# Mi!"ael Falins(i
4 ISGN3 <0J:K0:LLM<0;
4 7e'site3 )vv),)ile#,!omI!ollegeI(alins(i
4 NOTES for St*+ents an+
Instr*!tors
4
4
4
4 PORPOSES OF TE-30S BOOK
4 T"is 'oo( is inten+e+ to present t"e prin!ipies of soil me!"ani!s an+ ils
appli!ation to fo*n+ation anal#ses, It )ill provi+e #o* )it" an
*n+erstan+ing of t"e properties an+ 'e"avior of soils. al'eit not a perfe!t
*n+erstan+ing, T"e +esign of safe an+ e!onomi!al geote!"ni!al str*!t*res
or s#stems re2*ires !onsi+era'le e&perien!e an+ -*+gment. )"i!" !annot
'e o'taine+ '# rea+ing t"is or an# ot"er te&t'oo(, It is "ope+ t"at t"e
f*n+amental prin!ipies an+ g*i+an!e provi+e+ in t"is te&t'oo( )ill 'e a
'ase for lifelong learning in t"e s!ien!e an+ art of geote!"ni!al
engineering,
4 T"e goals of t"is te&t'oo( in a !o*rse on soil me!"ani!s an+ fo*n+ation
are as follo)s3
1. To *n+erstan+ t"e p"#si!al an+ me!"ani!al properties of soils
1. To +etermine parameters from soil testing to !"ara!teri$e soil
properties. soil strengt". an+ soil +eformations
2. To appl# t"e prin!ipies of soil me!"ani!s to anal#$e an+ +esign simple
geote!"ni!al s#stems
4
4
4
4 LEARNOtMG OOTCOEIES______________________________________________________
4 7"en #o* !omplete st*+#ing t"is te&t'oo( #o* s"o*l+ 'e a'le to3
4 Des!ri'e soils an+ +etermine t"eir p"#si!al !"ara!teristi!s s*!" as.
grain si$e. )ater !ontent. an+ voi+ ratio,
4 Classif# soils,
4 Determine !ompa!tion of soils,
4 Un+erstan+ t"e importan!e of soil investigations an+ 'e a'le to plan a
soil invesligation,
4 Un+erstan+ t"e !on!ept of eDe!tive stress,
4 Determine total an+ eDe!tive stresses an+ pore)ater press*res,
4 Determine soil permea'ilit#,
4 Determine "o) s*rfa!e stresses are +istri'*te+ )it"in a soil mass,
4 Spe!if#. !on+*!t. an+ interpret soil tests to !"ara!teri$e soils,
4 Determine soil strengt" an+ +eformation parameters from soil tests. for
e&ample. No*ng/s mo+*l*s. fri!tion angle. an+ *n+raine+ s"ear
strengt",
11
4 Dis!rim5nate 'et)een O+raine+O an+ O*n+raine+O !on+itions,
4 Un+erstan+ t"e eDe!ts of seepage on t"e sta'ilit# of str*!t*res,
4 Est5mate t"e 'earing !apa!it# an+ settlement of str*!t*res fo*n+e+ on
soils,
12