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postsabWoTa

sazogadoeba
da xelisufleba
ruseTSi
malxaz
saldaZe
Tbilisi
2008
bTkk-s saerTaSoriso politikis
kvlevebis seria
wigni gamoica evraziis TanamSromlobis fondis dafinansebiT
(granti 08-0004) SvedeTis saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis
saagentos saxsrebis meSveobiT. wignSi gamoTqmuli
mosazrebebi SeiZleba ar emTxveodes SvedeTis saerTaSoriso
ganviTarebis saagentosa da evraziis TanamSromlobis fondis
Sexedulebebs.
2008 bTkk - politikis kvlevis jgufi
ISBN 978-9941-0-0625-8 (yvela wignis)
ISBN 978-9941-0-0714-9 (meeqvse wignis)
ISSN 1512-4118
saerTaSoriso politikis
kvlevebis proeqtis
direqtori:
proeqtis koordinatori:
recenzenti:
kompiuteruli dizaini:
bTkk-s saerTaSoriso
politikis kvlevebis seriis
saredaqcio sabWo:
mamuka komaxia
revaz baxtaZe
marina CitaSvili
vaxtang elerdaSvili
mamuka komaxia,
revaz baxtaZe,
Tornike TurmaniZe,
gela kvaSilava
winasityvaoba
`bTkk - politikis kvlevis jgufi~ `saerTaSoriso politikis
kvlevebis~ proeqtis farglebSi agrZelebs bTkk-s saerTaSoriso
politikis kvlevebis seriis gamoqveynebas, romelic axalgazrda
qarTvel mecnierTa naSromebs aerTianebs da saqarTveloSi poli-
tikuri mecnierebebis ganviTarebisaTvis xelis Sewyobas isaxavs
miznad. seriis meeqvse wignia `postsabWoTa sazogadoeba da xe-
lisufleba ruseTSi~ _ avtori malxaz saldaZe.
vimedovnebT, rom bTkk-s saerTaSoriso politikis kvlevebis
seriis meeqvse wigni saintereso informacias miawvdis mkiTxvels
postsabWoTa ruseTSi momxdar socialur cvlilebebsa da lib-
eraluri reformebis gavlenaze socialur struqturebze. wign-
Si warmodgenili analizi gamosadegi iqneba, rogorc mecnierebi-
sa da studentebisaTvis, ise politikuri gadawyvetilebis mimRe-
bi pirebisaTvis saqarTveloSi.
`bTkk - politikis kvlevis jgufi~ gansakuTrebul madlobas
uxdis `evraziis TanamSromlobis fondsa~ da SvedeTis saerTa-
Soriso ganviTarebis saagentos `saerTaSoriso politikis kv-
levebis~ proeqtis ganxorcielebis mxardaWerisaTvis.
bTkk - politikis kvlevis jgufi
2008 weli
winaTqma
ruseTis ganviTarebis gzebze refleqsia Cemi akademiuri inter-
esebis sagani jer kidev 2000-2003 wlebSi gaxda, rodesac momiwia
moskovis socialuri da ekonomikuri mecnierebebis umaRles sko-
laSi magistris akademiur xarisxze memuSava, da SemdgomSi iqve
pedagogiuri da samecniero saqmianoba gamegrZelebina. es sami
weliwadi swored is periodi iyo, rodesac dRevandeli rusuli
reJimi Camoyalibebas iwyebda da garkveuli TvalsazrisiT gami-
marTla kidec, erTi mxriv, mimdinare cvlilebebis damkvirvebe-
li vyofiliyavi, meore mxriv, ki CarTuli vyofiliyavi am cvlile-
bebis Taobaze gaSlil akademiur diskusiebSi.
saqarTveloSi dReisaTvis aqtualurad mimaCnia msjeloba imaze
Tu ra mniSvneloba aqvs sakuTriv Cveni qveynis ganviTarebis veq-
toris gaTvlisaTvis imis codnas Tu rogoria is qveyana, yofili
metropolia, romelsac dResac SeuZlia uzomo gavlenis moxdena
CvenSi liberalur-demokratiuli ganviTarebis dinamikaze. ami-
tom mocemuli naSromis ZiriTadi fokusi postsabWoTa ruseTis
socialuri da politikuri transformaciis konceptualizaciaa.
msurs madloba gadavuxado Cems rus kolegebs, tatiana
voroJeikinas, igor doluckis, boris kapustins, tatiana zaslavs-
kaias, dmitri furmans, boris dubins, lev gudkovs da sxvebs, aseve
amerikel profesor Carlz ferbenqss, romlebTan urTierTobam
da romelTa demokratiulma suliskveTebam saSualeba momca ukeT
Camomeyalibebina Cemi Sexedulebebi dReisaTvis arsebuli rusu-
li reJimis mimarT. aseve msurs Cemi Rrma pativiscema da madliereba
gamovxato aw gardacvlili iuri levadas mimarT, romelic ruse-
Tis akademiur wreebSi kritikuli demokratiuli diskursis erT-
erTi fuZemdebeli iyo.
malxaz saldaZe
2008 wlis agvisto
s a r C e v i
Sesavali. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
Tavi pirveli.
saxelmwifo administraciuli sistemis klientelizacia,
saxelmwifo funqciebis feodalizacia postsabWoTa
ruseTSi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17
Tavi meore.
sazogadoeba da sajaro-politikuri sivrce postsabWoTa
ruseTSi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25
Tavi mesame.
ruseTi rogorc ganviTarebis saxelmwifo-centristuli
matricis ukiduresi magaliTi: refleqsiebi ruseTis
istoriuli ganviTarebis gzebze . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31
Tavi meoTxe.
putinis ruseTi: monocentristuli politikuri reJimis
konturebi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38
Tavi mexuTe.
putinuri modernizacia: ruseTi `suverenuli demokratiis"
Camoyalibebis gzaze. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53
Tavi meeqvse.
ruseTis politikuri sistemis Tvisobrivad axali maxasiaTe-
blebi da gamowvevebi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69
daskvna. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .79
bibliografia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .83
Sesavali
Teqvsmeti wlis winaT socialisturi blokisa da Semdgom ukve
sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg, politikuri, ekonomikuri da
socialuri ganviTarebis procesebi, romlebic aqamde daxuru-
lad cnobil sazogadoebebSi ganviTardnen, cnobili gaxdnen,
rogorc `demokratizaciis mesame talRis" logikuri gagrZele-
ba. arsebobda ra am sazogadoebebSi gacnobierebuli arCevani
liberaluri sazogadoebis modelis sasargeblod, romelic war-
matebulad funqciobda dasavlur politikur erTobebSi, total-
itarul-avtoritaruli wnexisgan gaTavisuflebulma sazogadoe-
bebma miznad daisaxes am mimarTulebiT ganegrZoT gardaqmnebisa
da reformirebis procesi. vinaidan zog postsabWoTa sazogadoe-
bas, da upirveles yovlisa ruseTs ar gaaCndaT msgavsi sazoga-
doebrivi urTierTobebis gamocdileba, an ubralod am tipis sa-
zogadoebrivi ganviTarebis mimarTulebaze daaxloebiT sauku-
niT adre iTqva uari, mouwiaT Ria da liberaluri sazogadoe-
brivi urTierTobebis, sabazro ekonomikisa da demokratiuli
politikuri sistemis Camoyalibebis gzaze dadgoma, da ara misi
rekonstruireba Tu aRdgena. aRmosavlur evropuli da baltii-
spireTis qveynebis SemTxvevaSi sakiTxi sxvagvarad idga, aq msgavsi
sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis gamocdileba jer kidev gasab-
Woebamde arsebobda, da maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli RirebulebiTi
safuZveli sazogadoebriv mexsierebaSi ase Tu ise SemorCenili
iyo.
1
swrafvas imisken rasac manam am sazogadoebebSi adgili ar
hqonia, risi gamocdilebac maT ar hqoniaT, da amis Tanmdev pro-
cesebs ruseTsa da sxva postsabWoTa qveynebSi institucional-
1
rasac mocemul politikur erTobebis sazogadoebriv urTierTobebSi saba-
zro ekonomikuri urTierTobebis liberalur-demokratiuli principebisa da
normebis danergvis TvalsazrisiT pozitiuri wvlili Sehqonda.
10
izaciis garkveuli xarisxic axlda Tan.
2
totalitarul-avtoritaruli reJimidan liberalur
demokratiaze `gadasvlis" logika aseTia: gulisxmobs ra sazoga-
doebis erTi mdgomareobidan meoresTan (garkveuli Tval-
sazrisiT idealurTan, yovel SemTxvevaSi reformatori poli-
tikuri elitis xedviT mainc) Tanmimdevruli miaxloebis process,
da acxadebs ra am meores, rogorc misaRwev mizans, `gadasvla"
aucileblad gulisxmobs xarisxobrivi TvalsazrisiT am gansxvave-
bulisken svlis gzaze iseT progress da warmatebas, romelic
gamoricxavs ukusvlas. sxva SemTxvevaSi, vinaidan `gadasvlis" arsi
dasaxuli miznisken svlaa da sazogadoebis sxva, ufro misaReb
mdgomareobamde miaxloebaa, misi arsi ikargeba, iqmneba situacia,
romelic damkvirvebels gauCens SegrZnebas, rom `gadasvla" arc
yofila, arc momxdara.
postsabWoTa ruseTSi demokratizaciis da liberalur-
demokratiul politikur wesrigze `gadasvlis" dawyebidan mcire
xanSi saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebas Soris urTierTobebis, saba-
zro ekonomikisa da sabazro urTierTobebis principebis, poli-
tikuri sistemis funqciobaSi liberalur-demokratiuli norme-
bis ganxorcielebis TvalsazrisiT Seqmnili suraTi naklebi op-
timizmis safuZvels iZleoda, araTu warmatebuli `gadasvlis",
aramed saerTod `gadasvlis" Sesaxeb saubrebisTvis. mocemulma
mdgomareobam `gadasvlis" Teoriis (tranzitologiuri Teoria)
momxre eqspertebi arsebuli wesrigis axsnis Tu winaswar gan-
sazRvruli molodinebis gadaxedvis aucileblobis winaSe daaye-
na. demokratiaze `gadasvlis" Sedegebi Semdegi saxiT gamoixata:
saxelmwifo socialuri, ekonomikuri da sxva saxis sikeTeebis dis-
tribiutoris funqcias sazogadoebriv jgufebSi seleqciis prin-
cipze axdenda; korufcia saxelisuflebo da administraciuli
urTierTobebis normad iqca; politikuri sistema klientel-
izaciis msxverpli gaxda; sazogadoebis farTo speqtri poli-
tikuri monawileobis sivrcisgan izolirebuli da gaucxoebuli
Sesavali
2
rac jer kidev sabWoTa periodSi 1985 wlidan gardaqmnis~ saxiT gacxadda da
SemdgomSi sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg rig qveynebSi kanonmdeblobaSi gar-
damavali etapis~ Sesaxeb debulebebiTa Tu kanonebiT aisaxa.
11
aRmoCnda; saxelmwifo aparati ekonomikur urTierTobebSi ereo-
da da sabazro principebs Telavda; da a.S., rac aranairad ar pa-
suxobda `gadasvlis" zemoxsenebul logikas.
mocemuli garemoebebiT Secbunebuli postsabWoTa politikis
eqspertebi `gadasvlis" logikidan gadaxvevis axsnas miecnen. ma-
galiTad, gia nodia eZiebda ra demokratiaze postsabWoTa poli-
tikuri `gadasvlis" msgavsi recidivebis mizezebs, aqcents svamda
im faqtze, rom `postkomunisturi gadasvla esaa gadasvla iqedan,
rac ar aris demokratia, imaze, rac an aris, an cdilobs iyos, an
sul mcire pretenzia aqvs iyos demokratia... postkomunisturi
gadasvlis unikaluroba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom esaa gadasvla
komunizmidan".
3
aqedan gamomdinare, eqspertebis nawilisTvis is
rac `gadasvlis" logikasTan winaaRmdegobaSi modis sinamdvile-
Si misi Semadgeneli nawili, an ufro sworad specifikaa, romel-
sac demokratiaze gadasvlis sawyisi punqti, komunizmi gan-
sazRvravs. am midgomis mixedviT demokratiaze `gadasvla" Seu-
qcevadi procesia vinaidan process gansazRvravs ara subieqturi
ganwyobebi da ganzraxvebi aramed `ideaTa samyaro, romelic am
cvladisgan damoukidebelia, da romelic miuxedavad politikuri
aqtorebis survilebisa da Sexedulebebisa, momdinareoben ra gare-
dan (out there), udides gavlenas axdenen adamianebis qcevaze da poli-
tikuri legitimaciis baziss qmnian".
4
am logikiT Tu vimsjelebT,
liberaluri demokratia rCeba ra miznad, da rac mTavaria amg-
varadaa aRiarebuli politikuri aqtorebis mier, miuxedavad ga-
dasvlis procesSi sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis socialur,
ekonomikur da politikur sferoebSi momxdari araliberaluri
da arademokratiuli cvlilebebisa, garkveuli mimarTulebiT
warmarTavs politikuri ganviTarebis process da mis veqtors
demokratiaze mimarTavs.
tranzitologiis damcvelTa logika gasagebi iyo, Tumca
amavdroulad ukmarisobis gancdasac badebda im TvalsazrisiT,
rom ver axerxebda damajereblad aexsna Tu rogor moaxdenda
3
Ghia Nodia, How Different are Postcommunist Transitions // Journal of Democracy. October
1996, vol.7 #4. p .17
4
Ibid, p. 16.
Sesavali
12
konkretul mizanze mimarTuli gardaqmnis procesi, am mizanTan
winaaRmdegobaSi myofi defeqtebis warmoqmnis miuxedavad, iseTi
cvlilebebis miRwevas, rasac dasaxuli mizani moiTxovda. cdi-
lobda ra gadaelaxa postsabWoTa `gadasvlis" es paradoqsi, Car-
lz ferbenqsi `gadasvlis" gverdiT movlenebs demokratizaciis
nawilad an specifikad ki ar aRiqvamda, aramed miiCnevda ra maT
liberalizmis da sabazro urTierTobebis normebis Zirga-
momTxrel faqtorebad, mas CarCos miRma ganixilavda. ferbenqsi
feodalur analogiaze saubrobda, da miuTiTebda rom es iyo
`garkveuli saxis iarliyis moZiebis mcdeloba im fundamenturi
da araxelsayreli politikuri cvlilebebisTvis, romlebic mou-
lodnelad gamoCndnen komunizmidan liberalur demokratiaze
gadasvlis dros".
5
ferbenqsi `gaWianurebul gadasvlaze" miu-
TiTebda da aRniSnavda, rom bolo orasi wlis manZilze momxdari
`gadasvlebi", iqneboda es revoluciuri Tu ararevoluciuri
gziT, `arasdros ase ar asustebdnen saxelmwifos, arasodes aqam-
de politikuri sistema ar gadaqceula sazogadoebis garkveuli,
mcire nawilis sikeTeebiT uzrunvelyofisa da distribuciis iar-
aRad... Tuki isini (saxelmwifoebi) demokratiebad ar yalibdebod-
nen, xanmokle anarqiis Semdeg avtoritarizmis aRorZineba xde-
boda. gardaqmnis dawyebidan 15 wlis Semdeg es anarqia arc xanmok-
led da arc Semcirebulad gveCveneba".
6
rogorc vxedavT postsabWoTa rusuli sazogadoebis poli-
tikuri sistemis postkomunisturi ganviTarebis Sedegebisa da
avtoritarul-totalitaruli wesrigidan demokratiaze `gada-
svlis" normatiul gagebebs Soris Sefardeba dilemis winaSe gvay-
enebs:
1. an unda vaRiaroT `gadasvlis" rogorc aseTis arseboba, rac
am SemTxvevaSi zedmetad gaWianurebulad warmogvidgeba,
imis gareSe rom SesaZlebeli gaxdes prognozireba Tu ra
periodiT gagrZeldeba igi, vinaidan postkomunisturi gan-
viTarebis realuri Sedegebi, e.w. postsabWoTa `gadasvlis"
5
Charles Fairbanks, The Feudalizations of The State // Journal of Democracy - Volume 10,
Number 2, April 1999, pp. 47-53
6
Ibid, p. 51.
Sesavali
13
defeqtebi araTu xels uSlian sazogadoebriv urTierTo-
bebSi liberaluri da demokratiuli normebisa da princi-
pebis realizebasa da Camoyalibebas, aramed Tavisi bunebiT
upirispirdebian da ewinaaRmdgebian Tavad demokratiuli
wesrigis arss;
2. an, miuxedavad demokratiuli politikuri wesrigisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli institutebis kosmetikuri gamoyenebisa da
liberalur-demokratiuli Rirebulebebisadmi populis-
turi damokidebulebebisa, unda vaRiaroT, rom araviTari
`gadasvla" ar momxdara,
7
vinaidan ruseTis postsabWoTa
ganviTarebis pirveli aTwleulis bolos cxadi gaxda, rom
am qveynis socialuri, politikuri da ekonomikuri siste-
mebis funqciobaSi liberalur-demokratiuli da sabazro
principebi ar warmoadgendnen `TamaSis" erTaderT SeTanxme-
bul wesebs.
Tuki postsabWoTa rusuli sazogadoebis da saxelisuflebo
sistemis analizisas uars vityviT demokratiaze gadasvlis ter-
minis gamoyenebaze, da masTan dakavSirebul cnebebze, ufro mis-
aRebi iqneba gamoviyenoT termini ganviTareba, yovelgvari Tele-
ologiur-miznobrivi datvirTvis gareSe, romelic Tavisufalia
iseTi xarisxobrivi Sinaarsebisgan, rogoricaa `progresi" Tu
`regresi". Sesabamisad, SesaZlebeli iqneba msjelobis normatiu-
li CarCoebis miRma deskriptiuli analizis warmoeba.
ruseTis politikuri sistemis ganviTarebis realuri Sedegebi
politologebs demokratiaze `gadasvlis" CanasaxSive de-
formirebuli, gamrudebuli logikis gadarCenisken ubiZgebda. am
mcdelobebis Sedegi demokratiaze `gadasvlis" normatiul kat-
egoriul CarCosa da realur miRwevebs Soris urTierTwinaaRm-
degobis gadasalaxavad gamogonili sxvadasxva koncepti iyo: pro-
to da kvazidemokratia, SeCerebuli gadasvla, gaWianurebuli
gadasvla, hibriduli reJimi, biurokratiuli kvaziavtorita-
rizmi, supersaprezidento sistema da a.S.. mocemul naSromSi, Sev-
ecdebiT Tavi davaRwioT mocemuli terminologiisa da, Sesabam-
isad, masTan dakavSirebuli analizis CarCoebis labirinTs, rom-
7
, ? // . 4, 2001, . 10.
Sesavali
14
lebic sxvadasxvagvarad xsnian demokratizaciis procesSi Seqm-
nil gadaxvevebs, da daveyrdnobiT rusi mkvlevaris boris kapus-
tinis hipoTezas imis Sesaxeb, rom `gadasvla, Tuki igi saerTod
arsebobda, dasrulda (ZiriTadad) 1991 wels (igulisxmeba sabWo-
Ta kavSiris rRveva da Sesabamisad gardaqmnis gorbaCoviseuli
kursis dasasruli), ris Semdegac Camoyalibda arasistemuri ti-
pis sazogadoebrivi mdgomareoba, romelsac mdgradi TviTganax-
lebis unari Seswevs, da romelsac arc liberalur-demokratiu-
li da arc avtoritarul-diriJistuli ganviTarebis veqtorebi
ar gaaCnia~.
8
Sesabamisad, daveyrdnobiT ra zemoT mocemuli dile-
mis meore debulebas, normatiulad determinirebuli axsniTi
logikis uaryofiTa da mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSirebis ZiebiT, Sev-
ecdebiT aRvweroT is cvlilebebi, rac bolo aTwleulze metia
uars gvaTqmevinebs ruseTSi demokratiuli ganviTarebis ualter-
nativobis ideaze.
maS ase, raSi mdgomareobs postsabWoTa rusuli sazogadoebis
postkomunisturi ganviTarebis problema? Cveni warmodgeniT,
ruseTis sazogadoebis Tanamedroveoba SemdegiT xasiaTdeba:
1. socialuri struqturis Zlieri fragmentacia, romelsac
ar gaaCnia calkeul sazogadoebriv fragmentebs Soris
mkveTrad gamoxatuli horizontalur-vertikaluri urT-
ierTqmedebisa da urTierTkavSirebis unari. Sesabamisad,
saxezea politikur sivrceSi CarTulobis dabali done da
monawileobis arasistemuri formebi, rac Tavis mxriv gana-
pirobebs sistemuri urTierTwinaaRmdegobebisa da krizise-
bis ararsebobas, rac ganasxvavebs am sazogadoebas `warmoe-
basa da gaTavisuflebaze mimarTul, Tavisi organizaciiTa
da ideologiebiT dialeqtikurad da klasobrivad orien-
tirebuli holisturi sazogadoebebisgan", rac saSualebas
aZlevs boris kapustins isaubros socialur konfigura-
ciaze da ara sazogadoebaze, rogorc aseTze.
9
kapustinis
azriT, aseT socialur konfiguracias ar gaaCnia `arsebu-
li mocemulobidan" alternatiuli ganviTarebis unari da
8
, . , 4, 2001, .7.
9
, . . 5, 2001, . 12.
Sesavali
15
ar ZaluZs gadavides Cveulisgan gansxvavebul mdgomare-
obaSi, mas SeuZlia mxolod inerciiT imoZravos mxolod
imisTvis rom arsebuli mdgomareoba gaamyaros.
2. `adamianis gansaxelmwifoebrioba"
10
anu saxelmwifo insti-
tutebTan identifikaciis dasusteba da kerZo Zalaufleb-
is saxeebis simbolizacia.
11
aseTi mdgomareoba samoqalaqo
Segnebis sisustesa da adamianis, rogorc mqmedis sajaro
sivrcidan gamosvlaSi gamoixateba, rac politikuri erTo-
bis Sesustebisa da kerZo, partikularistuli interesebis
sajaroze dominaciaSi gamoixateba.
3. saxelmwifos feodalizacia da klientelizacia, rac kidev
erTxel sajaro politikuri sivrcis rRvevaSi gamoixateba
da monawileobis formebis partikularizacias iwvevs.
amasTan, politikuri sivrcis gaprivateba imaSic gamoxate-
ba, rom igi aRaraa gaxsnili farTo monawileobisTvis, da
saxelmwifo zemoxsenebuli socialuri konfiguraciis
calkeuli jgufebisTvis (Zalauflebis qonisa da mis mima-
rT xelmisawvdomobis xarisxis mixedviT) socialuri,
ekonomikuri da politikuri sikeTeebis generirebisa da
distribuciis meqanizmad iqceva.
mocemuli maxasiaTeblebi, romlebic postkomunisturi ruse-
Tis Tanamedroveobas aRweren, aramarto momxdari socialur-
politikuri cvlilebebis fiqsaciisa da konstataciis saSuale-
bas gvaZleven, aramed ganviTarebis saerTo procesis Semadgenel
urTierTganmsazRvrel faqtorebadac gvesaxebian, romlebic imis
pirobas qmnian, rom maT Soris kavSirebis mizez-Sedegobriobis
safuZvelze Semdgomi ganviTarebis logikac SevniSnoT. ase magal-
iTad, vsaubrobT ra ruseTis sazogadoebrivi organizmis frag-
mentirebulobasa da dezintegrirebulobaze, ar unda dagvaviwy-
des, an ar unda ugulebelyoT is, Tu ramdenad ganpirobebulia es
10
, . 2000, .510.
11
mag, prezident putinis mimarT damokidebuleba, rogor xdeba misi aRqma,
rogorc uflebamosilebis mqone piris, Tu pirovnebis, romelsac Zalaufleba
gaaCnia? levada-centris gamokvlevebi institutebis mimarT ndobis Sesaxeb
uCveneben, rom wlebis ganmavlobaSi putinis, rogorc prezidentis mimarT ndo-
ba gacilebiT maRali iyo, vidre formaluri institutebisadmi (parlamenti,
sasamarTlo, armia, mTavroba, media da a.S.). ix. www.levada.ru.
Sesavali
16
mdgomareoba imiT, rom sajaro politikuri sivrce metad viwroa
farTo monawileobisTvis. amasTan ar unda dagvaviwydes isic, Tu
ramdenad apirobebs socialuri sistemis fragmentirebuloba da
TviTorganizebis dabali unari (an uunaroba) saxelmwifo admin-
istraciuli sistemis privatizaciis SesaZleblobebs. aseve gverds
ver avuvliT im faqts, Tu ramdenad ganpirobebulia socialuri
organizmis daSla, adamiani mqmedis gansaxelmwifoebrioba da sax-
elmwifo administraciuli sistemis gakerZoeba ruseTis postsa-
bWoTa ganviTarebis procesis saxelmwifo-centristuli xasiaTiT,
riTac is mankieri wre ikvreba, romelic safuZvels uqmnis TviTk-
mar da TviTproducirebad arasistemuri tipis sazogadoebriv
mdgomareobas. amgvarad, viRebT urTierTdakavSirebuli faq-
torebis mTel qsels, romelic saSualebas gvaZlevs aramarto
ruseTis sazogadoebriv-politikuri sivrcis problemebis kon-
ceptualizacia movaxdinoT, aramed gamovaaSkaravoT ganviTare-
bis kanonzomierebebi, romlebic am faqtorebze dayrdnobiT dRe-
isTvis arsebuli politikis `suverenuli demokratiis"
12
insti-
tuciur CarCoebs qmnian.
Sesavali
12
putinis ruseTis SemoqmedTa mier damkvidrebuli termini, romelic miznad
isaxavs Tanamedrove rusuli politikuri sistemis Taviseburebisa da uni-
kalurobis ganmartebasa da axsnas.
Tavi pirveli.
saxelmwifo administraciuli
sistemis klientelizacia,
saxelmwifo funqciebis
feodalizacia postsabWoTa ruseTSi
sabWoTa sistemis rRvevisas gamovlenili enTuziazmi axali
politikuri wesrigis Senebis mimarT ruseTSi male ganelda.
demokratiuli suliskveTebis pirveli warmatebuli magaliTebi,
1991 wlis agvistos putCisadmi mwvave winaaRmdegoba da miRweuli
gamarjveba, 1991 wlis dekemberSi sabWoTa kavSiris dangreva da
imedebi ruseTis Semdgomi demokratizaciis Taobaze, sul male
`axali" ruseTis demokrati xelisuflebis antidemokratiulma
politikurma nabijebma Caanacvles: ruseTis federaciis konsti-
tuciis da federaciuli SeTanxmebis/xelSekrulebis (
)
13
fonze wamowyebuli omi CeCneTSi (pirveli omi - 1994-1996
ww) da 1993 wels ruseTis federaciis parlamentis (uzenaesi sab-
Wo) samxedro darbeva.
14
samwuxarod, ruseTis xelisuflebis am an-
tidemokratiul nabijebs, romlebsac elcinis gundi demokrati-
is saxeliT dgamda, ar umoqmediaT axali ruseTis demokratiul
imijze saerTaSoriso TanamegobrobaSi da isini modernizaciisa
13
federaciuli SeTanxmebis/xelSekrulebis arsi imaSi mdgomareobda, rom
ruseTis teritoriaze warmoqmnili suverenuli respublikebi erTiandebodnen
erT federalur saxelmwifod da mijnavdnen ufleba-mosilebebs centrsa da
respublikebis xelisuflebebs Soris. xelSekrulebas 1992 wlis 31 marts moew-
era xeli, Tumca mas ar SeuerTdnen CeCneTi da TaTarstani (am ukanasknelma 1994
wels ukve Camoyalibebul ruseTis federaciasTan moawera xeli federaciul
xelSekrulebas).
14
1993 wlis seqtemberSi im motiviT, rom ruseTis federaciis uzenaesi sabWo
aferxebda prezident elcinis da misi administraciis mier wamowyebul re-
formebs, elcinma gamosca brZaneba 1400 ruseTis federaciaSi etapobrivi kon-
stituciuri reformis Sesaxeb~, romelic ruseTis federaciis uzenaesi sabWos
18
da demokratizaciis ucilobel Tanamdev movlenebad aRiqmebod-
nen. am TvalsazrisiT uaryofiTi gavlena arc im faqts mouxdenia,
rom demokratiuli ganviTarebis axali etapis dasawyisSive, axal-
ma politikurma elitam politikuri sistemis demokratizacia
oponentebis sajaro urTierTobebis sivrcidan gariyviT daiwyo
(1993 wlis oqtombris Semdgomi dapatimrebebis seria, mediaze xe-
lmisawvdomobis SezRudva da a.S.). demokratizaciisadmi swored
aseTi midgoma warmoadgenda sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis poli-
tikuri veqtoris gadaadgilebis mizezs isev avtoritarizmis mi-
marTulebiT: `demokratizaciis Cavardna dakavSirebulia ara im-
denad maT (igulisxmebian rusi demokratebi) ekonomikur Sexed-
ulebebTan, romelTa simartive karikaturulia, da ara imdenad
maT gamoucdelobasTan, ramdenadac demokratiuli principebis
arqonasTan. gaidari, fiodorovi, Cubaisi
15
da maTi mimdevrebi
damnaSaveni arian imaSi, rom arc esmodaT Tu raSi mdgomareobs
demokratiuli legitimaciis arsi. maTi sityvebi da saqmeebi miu-
TiTeben, rom isini raime saxis alternativis arsebobas SesaZle-
blobis donezec ki ver aRiqvamdnen, amitomac maTTvis xelisu-
flebis alternatiulobis principic ki miuRebelic iyo. yvelas
da yvelafris miuxedavad isini darwmunebulni iyvnen sakuTar
ucdomelobaSi, mecnieruli WeSmaritebis flobaSi da anaTemas
gadascemdnen nebismier opozicias".
16
meore mxriv, Zalauflebaze monopoliis uzrunvelyofis
mizniT, oponentebis politikuri gariyvis meTodis garda, so-
cialuri gariyvis praqtikac farTod gamoiyeneboda.
vinaidan Tavisi istoriuli ganviTarebis xangrZlivi periodis
Tavi pirveli
da saxalxo deputatTa sabWoebis saqmianobis Sewyvetas moiTxovda. federaciis
sakonstitucio sasamarTlom aRniSnuli brZanebuleba antikonstituciurad
scno, ris Semdegac ruseTis prezidentis boris elcinis erTgulma samxedro
nawilebma da miliciam Seteva miitanes saxelmwifos sakanonmdeblo organos
Senobasa da sxva administraciul Senobebze, romlebic opoziciurad ganwyobili
deputatebis mxardamWerebs hqondaT dakavebuli. 1993 wlis 4 oqtombers uzen-
aesi sabWos Senoba aiRes da winaaRmdegoba Cacxra, sxvadasxva monacemebiT 1993
wlis 21 seqtembris 4 oqtombris movlenebs 150-dan (oficialuri monacemi) 2 783
(opoziciis monacemi) adamiani emsxverpla.
15
avtori gulisxmobs egor gaidars, anatoli Cubaiss, boris fiodorovs,
romlebic rusuli liberaluri reformebis Semoqmedebad iTvlebian.
16
, . : , 1999.
19
manZilze ruseTis sazogadoeba ganviTarebis saxelmwifo-cen-
tristuli matricis CarCoebSi yalibdeboda, romlis fargleb-
Sic saxelmwifo Zalaufleba centralur rols asrulebs
ekonomikuri, politikuri da socialuri urTierTobebis
formirebaSi,
17
saxelmwifos yovelTvis aqvs imis SesaZlebloba,
rom ar dauSvas sazogadoebis an misi romelime segmentis mier
struqturis Semqmneli unaris Tu Zalis SeZena. am pirobebSi sax-
elmwifos an mis saTaveSi myofT awyobT, rom sazogadoeba amor-
ful, ustruqturo socialur sivrces warmoadgendes, romelsac
ar Seswevs adamianebs Soris urTierTdainteresebis saxelmwifos
miRma institucionalizaciis unari. Sesabamisad saxelmwifo ad-
ministraciuli aparati iqceva efeqtur meqanizmad socialuri
sivrcis calkeuli segmentebisa Tu aqtorebis sajaro sivrceSi
CarTulobis Tu gariyvis, aseve materialuri Tu socialuri sike-
Teebis maTze ganawilebisas seleqciisTvis.
aseT socialur konfiguraciaSi (kapustini), ganviTarebis sax-
elmwifo-centristuli matricis pirobebSi, xelisuflebaSi mo-
suli demokratiuli RirebulebebiT SeiaraRebuli elitebisTvis,
romlebic yofil partnomenklaturas warmoadgendnen da kargad
icnobdnen xelisuflebis mopovebisa da SenarCunebis meqanizmebs,
rTuli ar iyo daewyoT saxelmwifos feodalizaciis da poli-
tikuri institutebis gaprivatebis procesi. sistemis SigniT Za-
lauflebiTi urTierTobebis patron-klienturi urTierTobebis
principze agebam sajaro politikuri da socialur-ekonomikuri
sivrcidan politikuri da socialuri aqtorebis farTo speqtri
gariya. yovelive aman sazogadoebis udidesi nawili gaaRariba da
sabazro urTierTobebi imTaviTve kriminalizaciis msxverplad
aqcia. Zalaufleba xelSi aiRes `yofilma partiulma muSakebma,
pragmatikosebma, romlebmac komunizmidan sabazro urTierTo-
bebze gadasvlisas gamdidrebis Sansi dainaxes. marTalia maT xeli
Seuwyves komunizmis msxvrevas, magram sinamdvileSi maT ar surdaT
normaluri sabazro urTierTobebi, maT surdaT sruli Tavisu-
fleba sakuTari TavisTvis da gadaulaxavi SezRudvebi da winaaRm-
17
, /
/ . 6, 2002.
Tavi pirveli
20
degobebi sxvebisTvis".
18
swored aseTi viTareba, rodesac Zalau-
flebis xarisxzea damokidebuli Tu vis exsneba saSualeba
damoukidebeli da Tavisufali ekonomikuri aqtivobisTvis da vis
ara, warmoadgens klientaruli saxelmwifos arss, romelSic
klientelis SerCeva SemTxveviTi araa da jgufur kuTvnilebasa
da loialobazea dafuZnebuli, rac ganapirobebs kidec saxelm-
wifos feodalur xasiaTs.
ganviTarebis saxelmwifo-centristuli matrica, romelic
yovlis momcvel, sikeTeebis distributor saxelmwifos gulisx-
mobs, da romelic sazogadoebis TviTorganizebis unars, mis stru-
qturul diferenciacias gamoricxavs, individualur doneze pa-
ternalisturi pasiurobis fsiqo-kulturul mdgomareobas ay-
alibebs. aseT viTarebaSi sazogadoebriv cnobierebaSi saxelmwifo
kerZo saxeebs ukavSirdeba da Zalauflebis personifikacias
gulisxmobs. Sesabamisad saxelmwifos kerZo xasiaTi da poli-
tikuri institutebis gaprivateba, politikuri sistemis dis-
tribuciuli funqciebis upirobod kerZo xasiaTs gulisxmobs,
rodesac socialur, ekonomikur da politikur cxovrebaSi CarTu-
loba an misgan gariyva subieqtur faqtorebzea damokidebuli
(politikuri aqtorebis neba, swrafva, pozicia da a.S.). aseTi mdgo-
mareoba (saxelmwifos kerZo buneba) ucxo ar aris ruseTisTvis,
sadac ganviTarebis saxelmwifo-centristuli matrica da Sesa-
bamisad kerZo Zalauflebis tradicia ramdenime aswleulis is-
torias iTvlis,
19
Sesabamisad saxelmwifo Zalauflebis gakerZoe-
bis miCneva XX saukunis 90-iani wlebis movlenad, mecnieruli Tval-
sazrisiT uzustoa. miuxedavad, amisa swored XX saukunis 90-ian
wlebSi momxdari cvlilebebi liberaluri demokratiis ideebis
18
Anders Aslund, The Advantages of Radical Reform // Journal of Democracy. Volume 12,
Number 4, October 2001. pp. 42-48.
19
istorikosebi dawyebuli vasili kliuCevskiT da pavle miliukoviT, da
damTavrebuli iuri pivovaroviT, andrei fursoviTa da igor doluckiT, miiC-
neven, rom ruseTSi gakerZoebuli (personificirebuli) saxelmwifo Zalaufleb-
is socialur-ekonomikuri da politikuri maregulireblis roli jer kidev XVI
saukuneSi vasili mesamis moskovisa da sruliad ruseTis didi mTavris periodSi
ikveTeba, da sabolood ivane mrisxanis mmarTvelobis periodSi mkvidrdeba. Se-
sabamisad, sazogadoebis socialur-ekonomikur da politikur ganviTarebis
zemoaRniSnul veqtors ruseTSi oTxsaukunovani istoria aqvs.
Tavi pirveli
21
postsabWoTa sivrceSi gaSlis fonze saSualebas gvaZlevs privat-
uli xasiaTis saxelmwifo Zalauflebis mankierebebze visaubroT.
demokratiis normatiuli cnebiTi aparatis Sefardeba ruseTSi
arsebul viTarebasTan saSualebas gvaZlevs davinaxoT, rom saba-
zro transformaciis pirobebSi saxelmwifos kerZo, yovlis mom-
cveli xasiaTi, Zalauflebis mpyrobelT saSualebas aZlevda ug-
ulebelyoT saxelmwifos administraciuli funqciebis sajaro
daniSnuleba da moexdinaT maTi `privatizeba" da komercializa-
cia. zemoT Tqmulidan gamomdinare SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom
sabWoTa kavSiris Semdeg dawyebuli cvlilebebi sxva araferi iyo
Tu ara istoriulad manam arsebuli tendenciebis gagrZeleba, rac
realurad demokratiuli da sabazro reformebis ideis miRma
calkeuli jgufebis mxridan ZalauflebisTvis da qonebis gadan-
awilebisTvis brZolaSi gamoixata, rac qmnida mdgomareobas,
rodesac `klientarulad organizebuli kerZo da kerZo korpo-
ratiuli xasiaTis institutebi socialuri Zalauflebis erTad-
erT moqmed meqanizmad mogvevlinen".
20
zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare ruseTSi mimdinare cvlilebebis
Sedegad Camoyalibebuli oligarqiuli klanebi, korumpirebuli
administraciuli sistema da susti, samoqalaqo monawileobas
moklebuli politikuri sistema, gasakviri ar unda yofiliyo am
procesebis damkvirvebelTaTvis. ruseTSi gatarebuli Cubaisisa
da gaidaris ekonomikuri reformebis, metwilad sabanko seq-
torisa da bunebrivi resursebis mompovebeli infrastruqturis
privatizaciis Sefasebisas erT-erTi amerikeli eqspertis moswre-
buli Tqmisa ar iyos `es iyo de faqto TaRliToba".
21
Tumca Tavad
ruseTSi Signidan yvelaferi ufro martivad Canda. mimdinare
cvlilebebi gagrZeleba iyo jgufuri da individualuri intere-
sebis dakmayofilebis tradiciulad arsebuli tendenciisa,
romelic jer kidev sabWoTa periodSi Zalauflebisa da simdid-
ris, materialuri resursebis erTobas gulisxmobda, romlis
pirobebSic `nomenklaturuli monopolia-privilegia, anu Zalau-
20
, . 1997, .
279.
21
J.Millar, From Utopian Socialism to Utopian Capitalism: Failure of Revolution and Reform
in Post-Soviet Russia // Problems of Post-Communism. May-June 1995, pp. 7-14.
Tavi pirveli
22
flebaze xelmisawvdomoba gansazRvravda, rogorc socialur
statuss ise elementaruli sasicocxlo ekonomikuri intereseb-
is dakmayofilebas,~
22
sxvaobas mxolod Zalauflebis xarisxi da
misi proporciuli qonebis zoma qmnida, anu rac metia Zalaufle-
ba ama Tu im individis, Tu jgufis xelSi miT met ekonomikur
resursebs akontrolebda igi.
manfred T. Smidts klientelizmi esmis, rogorc proteqciu-
li urTierTobebis formis aRmniSvneli termini, rodesac so-
cialuri urTierTobebis motivacias socialuri ierarqiis zeda
(patroni) da qveda doneebs (klientela) Soris interaqciis Sede-
gad miRebuli saerTo sargebeli warmoadgens.
23
sazogadoebis so-
cialur, ekonomikur da politikur sistemebSi patron-klienturi
urTierTobebis gamovlinebebia: naTesaoba, romelsac pirdapiri
asaxva sistemaze ar aqvs; mafia, romelsac pirdapiri gavlena aqvs,
rogorc ekonomikur ise politikur sistemebze. uSualod ruse-
Tis politikur da ekonomikur sistemebSi msgavsi urTierTobebis
gamokveTili tipebia: nepotizmi da patronaJi, romlebsac pirda-
piri gavlena ar aqvT; avtokratiuli klanebi, romlebic uSualo
zegavlenas axdendnen da axdenen politikasa da ekonomikaze (oli-
garqebi da maTTan dakavSirebuli politikosebi, saxelmwifo ad-
ministraciuli sistemis maRali donis moxeleebi, da a.S.); klien-
telisturi korporatiuli jgufebi (didi biznesebi; saxelmwifo
uwyebebi, rogorebic arian uSiSroebis samsaxuri, Sinagan saqmeTa
da Tavdacvis saministroebis maRali donis ierarqiebi). ruseTis
ekonomikur da politikur sistemebSi patron-klienturi qselebis
operireba Tavisufali monawileobisadmi sistemis gaxsnilobas
akninebs, rac sajaro sivrcis, rogorc saerTo sikeTis rRvevas
da kerZo, partikularistuli sivrcis gafarToebas iwvevs.
droiTi TvalsazrisiT sajaro sivrcis es krizisi saTaves sab-
WoTa periodidan iRebs, romelmac sabWoTa kavSiris ngreva gam-
oiwvia da axali ruseTis ganviTarebis Tanamdev procesad iqca,
da es miuxedavad imisa, rom liberaluri, demokratiuli princi-
22
, . 1997,
. 147.
23
H.J Lauth, Formal and Informal Institutions: On Structuring Their Mutual Co-Existence //
The Romanian Journal of Political Sciences (01/2004).
Tavi pirveli
23
pebi da sabazro urTierTobebis kanonebi miiRes, rogorc sazoga-
doebis gardaqmnis erTaderTi upirobo meqanizmi da ara rogorc
mxolod politikuri reJimis kosmetikuri cvlilebis saSualeba.
Sedegad ki ruseTma miiRo kriminaluri biznesi, demokratiuli
institutebis eqspluatacia erTaderTi mizniT, rom xelisufle-
baSi mosul reformatorebs privatizaciis gaumWvirvale proce-
sis saSualebiT sazogado sikeTis udidesi nawili mieTvisebinaT.
24
Sesabamisad, elcinis periodis ruseTSi klanuri mmarTvelobis
sistemis Camoyalibebis mizezebi sabWoTa periodis socialuri
ganviTarebis logikaSi unda veZioT. nomenklatura, rogorc
politikuri klasi, da rogorc specialuri instituti, flobda
ra monopolias Zalauflebaze mas Semdegac ki rac sabWoTa kavSi-
ri daiSala da demokratizaciis procesebma TiTqos Seuqcevadi
xasiaTi miiRes, da acnobierebda ra Tavis Zalas, rasac mas trad-
iciulad mis mimarT dakisrebuli funqcia, sazogadoebrivi sike-
Teebis distribuciis privilegia aZlevda, im fonze, rodesac sa-
zogadoeba deideologizirebuli iyo (rac Semkavebel social-
ur RirebulebiT kontrols asustebda) da arsebobda sakuTrebis
udidesi masivi, romelic gadanawilebas eqvemdebareboda (rasac
maT mierve gamogonili sabazro ekonomikis darvinistuli logi-
ka amartivebda), realurad erTaderTi sazogadoebrivi fena aR-
moCnda, romelsac am cvlilebebisgan sargebelis miReba SeeZlo.
gamomdinare aqedan da unaridan gadaeqcia saxelmwifo ierarqi-
zebul patron-klientur qselad, swored am socialur-poli-
tikur klass SeeZlo ganesazRvra vin ras miiRebda ekonomikuri
reformebis Sedegad, da vis ra zomis Zalaufleba eqneboda poli-
tikuri reJimis cvlilebis Sedegad, imisda mixedviT Tu ramdenad
Caewerebodnen esa Tu is socialuri da politikuri jgufebi kla-
nuri urTierTobebis sistemaSi. aseTi mdgomareoba aiZulebda
klientelizmisa da rusuli saxelmwifoebriobis mkvlevars mix-
eil afanasievs eRiarebina, rom qmediTi saxelmwifos adgils
ruseTSi postnomenklaturuli patronati ikavebs.
25
Zalau-
24
Charles Fairbanks. The Feudalizations of The State // Journal of Democracy - Volume 10,
Number 2, April 1999, pp. 47-53.
25
, . 1997,
. 280-283.
Tavi pirveli
24
flebiT-ekonomikur urTierTobebSi CarTuloba-gariyvis
meqanizmi institucionalizebul (prezidentis administraciisa
da kontrolis sammarTvelos saSualebiT) da personificirebul
(ZiriTadi figurebi `reformebis" procesSi iuri petrovi, gena-
di burbulisi, valeri maxaraZe
26
iyvnen, aseve seriozul gavlenas
flobda prezidentis dacvis ufrosi, generali aleqsandre kor-
Jakovi) iqna.
26
es ukanaskneli 1991-1992 wlebSi ruseTis federaciis kontrolis sammarTve-
los xelmZRvanelobda, xolo 1993 wlidan ruseTis federaciis savaWro warmo-
madgenelia kanadaSi.
Tavis meore.
sazogadoeba da sajaro-politikuri
sivrce postsabWoTa ruseTSi
postnomenklaturuli patronatis, rogorc erTaderTi qmed-
iTi ZalauflebiTi sistemis funqciobis pirobebSi, rodesac sax-
elmwifos politikur da ekonomikur sistemaSi CarTulia sazoga-
doebis mxolod mcire nawili, da politika kargavs sakuTriv poli-
tikur xasiaTs da iqceva SiSvel administrirebad (sikeTeTa war-
moebisa da distribuciis konkretul seleqciur jgufebze mima-
rTul procesad), xdeba socialuri sivrcis rRveva calkeuli
sazogadoebrivi jgufebis marginalizaciisa da fragmentaciis
saSualebiT, ris Sedegadac ruseTSi Camoyalibda zemonaxsenebi
arasistemuri tipis sazogadoebrivi mdgomareoba.
27
rogorc boris kapustini SeniSnavs, XX saukunis 90-iani wlebis
rusulma sazogadoebam ar icis ra aris sistemuri krizisi (av-
tori ganasxvavebs sistemur kriziss im kritikuli situaciebi-
sgan, romlebic warmoebis Semcirebis, rublis kursis dacemis da
sxva saxis ekonomikuri ryevebis gamo sazogadoebis calkeuli seg-
mentebis protestis Sedegad xdeboda): `arc warmoebis Sekveca da
umuSevroba, arc cxovrebis xarisxis gauareseba, arc samxedro
warumateblobebi, arc ZalauflebismpyrobelTa korufciuli
garyvna TavisTavad ar qmnian sistemur kriziss... sakmarisia aRin-
iSnos, rom gaficvebis pikze 1997 wels saprotesto aqciebSi ruse-
Tis muSebis mxolod 1% monawileobda".
28
sistemuri krizisis
ararseboba sazogadoebis saxelmwifos miRma TviTorganizaciis
unaris sisustiT aixsneba, rodesac sazogadoebis horizontaluri
27
, ? // . 4, 2001, . 7.
28
, . . 5, 2001, . 11.
26
urTierTkavSirebis sistema imdenad Sesustebulia, rom sazoga-
doebis calkeul jgufebs ar ZaluZT esa Tu is problema gaiaz-
ron rogorc yvelasaTvis saerTo, Sesabamisad maT ar gaaCniaT
solidarobis da mobilizaciis unari.
rusi mkvlevarebis nawili
29
sazogadoebis amgvar mdgomareobas
rusi adamianis specifikuri socio-fsiqologiuri maxasiaTe-
blebiT xsnis, rac wina periodis civilizaciuri ganviTarebis
produqtis homo sovieticus-is gadmonaSTia.
30
rogoria is adami-
anuri masala, romelic arasistemuri tipis sazogadoebriv mdgo-
mareobas ganapirobebs?
ukiduresi partikularizacia da kerZo sivrceSi Caketiloba
individs ukargavs erTobis gancdis grZnobas, rac xSir SemTxvevaSi
asocialurobiTac ki SeiZleba daxasiaTdes. politikur sivrce-
Si es individis aseTi mdgomareoba mis gansaxelmwifoebriobaSi,
saxelmwifo institutebisa da simboloebis mimarT gaucxoebaSi
31
gamoixateba, igi daiyvaneba `privatuli arsebis doneze, romel-
sac ar aqvs Tavisuflebis logikiT saerTo saqmeebSi samoqalaqo
monawileobis unari, anu ar gaaCnia mis mierve aRiarebuli eTikuri
valdebulebebi da urTierTqmedebis gaSualebis simboluri siste-
mebi, rac mis arsebobas uSualod gadarCenis bunebrivi aucile-
blobis logikas uqvemdebarebs".
32
adamiani, am gagebiT, moqalaqis,
rogorc sxva Tavis msgavs aqtorebTan horizontalurad struq-
turirebuli urTierTkavSirebis mqone socialuri mqmedis, sapir-
ispiroa.
33
ruseTis sazogadoebaSi, sadac socialur da poli-
tikur cxovrebaSi monawile aqtorebs Soris solidarobis done
da gauSualebeli horizontaluri TviTorganizebisa da mobili-
zaciis unari ukiduresad dabalia, am funqciebs sazogadoebisTvis
gare aqtorebi anu saxelmwifo ZalauflebiT aRWurvili kerZo
Tavi meore
29
magaliTad iuri levada, lev gudkovi da boris dubini.
30
, : //
: . 2, 2001.
31
, . 2000. .510.
32
, . . 5, 2001, . 8.
33
qarTveli mkvlevari gia nodia am tipis adamians, romelsac ar ZaluZs an ar
surs sazogadoebrivi cxovreba, moqmedebs mxolod konkretuli momentisTvis
dasaxuli miznebis Sesabamisad, Zvel berZnuli terminiT idiotiT ixseniebs (Ghia
Nodia, How Different are Postcommunist Transitions // Journal of Democracy. October 1996, vol.7
#4. pp. 26).
27
bunebis centrebi asruleben. sxvadasxva saxis socialuri
moZraobebi da gaficvebi arasdros uqmnidnen safrTxes mmarTv-
el politikur elitas, ufro metic maTi warmoqmna da dinamika
emTxveoda elitebs Soris konkurenciisa da brZolis fazebs da
dinamikas, rac Tavis mxriv imaze metyvelebs, rom `socialur aq-
tivobas ruseTSi yovelTvis elitebi apirobeben, da sazogadoe-
bas ar ZaluZs damoukidebeli mqmedis roli iTamaSos".
34
miuxedavad socialuri gankerZoebulobisa, tradiciuli da
jgufuri pirovnebaTaSorisi struqturebis sisustisa, kerZo
sivrceSi Caketili socialurad pasiuri adamiani ar aris izo-
lirebuli im procesebisgan, romlebic mis irgvliv viTardebian.
konkretul konteqtstebSi, garkveul momentebSi am arasajaro
adamianebs SeswevT erTobis Seqmnis unari socialuri mobilizeb-
is (oRond negatiuri solidarobis) saSualebiT, rac `SiSSi, pasi-
urobaSi, damokidebulobasa da TaRliTobaSi erTmaneTis
TanadgomiT gamoixateba".
35
solidarobisa da mobilizebis es
meqanizmi wina civilizaciuri ganviTarebis socialuri model-
idan homo sovieticus-idan gamomdinareobs (romelic xasiTdeba
rogorc `izolirebuli adamiani", `adamiani arCevanis gareSe",
`gamartivebuli adamiani"), romelic Tavisi maxasiaTeblebiT
tradiciuli civilizaciuri ganviTarebis socialuri modelis
sapirispiroa. es ukanaskneli gulisxmobda adamianis socialuri
ganviTarebis dinamikas statusur-ierarqiuli vertikaliT dakav-
Sirebuli socialuri centris mimarT, romelSic maqsimalurad
SesaZlebeli kulturuli mravalferovneba iyo mocemuli, romel-
Sic sxva adamianebis an maTi jgufebis mxridan Rirsebis, saxelis,
keTilSobilebis aRiarebis molodini arsebobda (anu socialuri
warmateba da avtoriteti, mxolod materialuri dovlaTiTa da
Zalauflebis qoniT ar ganisazRvreboda). amis sapirispirod sab-
WoTa sistemam adamianis socialuri ganviTarebis es modeli amo-
ayirava, socialuri dinamikis zemonaxseneb centrs Caenacvla Za-
lauflebiTi RerZi, romelic kulturuli saxeebis minimalur na-
Tavi meore
34
, . : , 1999.
35
, //
: , 5 (49), 2000, .39.
28
krebs (qmedebebi, azrovneba, moraluri Rirebulebebi da a.S.) em-
yareboda da maTi reproducirebis unars iZleoda, riTac sabWo-
Ta adamianis arsi, rogorc antisazogadoebrivad ganwyobil
fenomenad gansazRvra, romelic `cbieri, ormagi standartebiT
moTamaSe adamianis tips warmoSobda".
36
aseTi socialuri maxasiaTeblebis mqone adamianuri masalis
pirobebSi SeuZlebeli xdeba sazogadoebrivi sivrcis sxva monaw-
ileebTan erTad erTobis Seqmna, vinaidan mocemul socio-
fsiqologiur tips ar gaaCnia pozitiuri socialuri mobilizaci-
is meqanizmebi, anu adamianebs Soris Zalauflebisgan ganyenebu-
li, saerTo mizanze orientirebuli horizontaluri urTierT-
damokidebulebebis arsebobis mniSvnelobis gaazreba am social-
ur konteqstSi ucxoa. Sesabamisad ruseTis sazogadoebaSi yalib-
deba urTierT gaucxoebiTa da urTierT undoblobiT gansazRvru-
li socialuri garemo, romelSic TviTorganizaciisa da Signidan
mobilizaciis unari an Zalian sustia, an ar arsebobs. Sesabamisad
logikurad Cndeba kiTxva Tu ra faqtorebis zemoqmedebiT Sei-
Zleba moxdes am vrceli socialuri konfiguraciis mier, romel-
sac ruseTi hqvia, erTobis aRqma?
rogorc aRvniSneT arasistemuri tipis sazogadoebrivi mdgo-
mareoba gulisxmobs socialur sivrces, romelic kerZo intere-
sebis erTmaneTisgan gaucxoebuli samyaroebisagan Sedgeba, rom-
lebic erTmaneTTan ar arian dakavSirebulni horizontaluri
urTierTqmedebisa da urTierTdamokidebulebebis imanenturi
moTxovnilebiT. maT ar gaaCniaT Sinagani TviTmobilizebis unari
da eqvemdebarebian gare impulsebis gavleniT struqturirebas.
ruseTis sazogadoebrivi sivrcis swored aseTi socialuri speci-
fiurobiT aixsneba sazogadoebis sayovelTao pasiuroba monawi-
leobiTi politikuri sivrcis Sekvecis da Semcirebis procesis
mimarT (media sivrcis saxelmwifo kontrolis qveS moqceva, sa-
zogadoebrivad aqtiuri pirebis da jgufebis likvidireba, bizne-
sis saxelmwifo kontrolis qveS moqceva, administraciuli siste-
mis izolireba sazogadoebisgan da misi korumpirebuloba, da a.S.).
Tavi meore
36
, : //
: , 1 (45), 2000, . 19.
29
amave mdgomareobis gamoZaxilia samoqalaqo cxovrebis saxelm-
wifos gavleniT formireba, bolo drois socialuri moZraobeb-
is (gansakuTrebiT axalgazrduli moZraobebis, rogorebic arian
`Cvenebi - ", `axalgazrda gvardia - ", `ax-
algazrda ruseTi - ", `erTad - "
da sxvebi) Camoyalibeba saxelmwifo institutebisa da resursebis
CareviT moxda.
imisda mixedviT, Tu ramdenad farTod xdeba socialuri da
politikuri jgufebis politikuri monawileobis sivrcidan
gariyva, ruseTis mocemul socialur konfiguraciaSi matulobs
calkeuli, specifikuri sazogadoebrivi segmentebis marginal-
izaciisa da radikalizaciis done. am specifiur sazogadoebriv
jgufebSi, romelTa socialuri bazisi viwroa, sazogadoebis ur-
banuli nawilis is veli moiazreba, romelSic dasavlur liber-
alur RirebulebebTan, an ruseTSi istoriulad damkvidrebul
radikalur revoluciur cvlilebebTan dakavSirebul dis-
kursebTan miuwvdebaT xeli (romlebic iseT sazogadoebriv
moZraobebSi gamoixatebian, rogorebic arian, `Cven - ", `sxva
ruseTi - ", `putinis gareSe - ",
`demokratiuli alternativa - !
" da sxvebi). miuxedavad maTi TviTmobilizebis un-
arisa da am segmentebSi arsebuli protestis kritikuli masisa,
gamomdinare TavianTi viwro socialuri sayrdenidan maT ar
ZaluZT antisistemur politikur polusad Camoyalibeba (miuxe-
davad msgavsi funqciis sakuTar Tavze aRebis pretenziebisa). am
mxriv, ra Tqma unda, Tavisi wvlili politikuri monawileobis
zemoaRweril mdgomareobasac Seaqvs. mocemul jgufebs araTu
politikur sistemaSi sakuTari Sexedulebebis gadacema, aramed
sazogadoebis farTo fenebTan komunikaciis SesaZleblobebic ki
ar aqvT. am socialuri moZraobebis msgavsi mdgomareoba zogi maT-
ganis ukidures radikalizaciasac iwvevs, riTac gansakuTrebiT
memarcxene politikuri platfromis mqone jgufebi (magaliTad
nacional-bolSevikebis axalgazrduli frTa) gamoirCevian.
gakerZoebuli saxelmwifo Zalauflebis Carevisgan damoukide-
beli marginalizebuli socialuri sivrceebi, romlebic TviTor-
Tavi meore
30
ganizebisa da TviTmobilizebis ama Tu im xarisxis unars floben,
xSir SemTxvevaSi erovnuli da religiuri identobis sazRvrebze
gadis. marTalia, ZalauflebiTi Careva da am sivrceebis zemodan
konstruireba postsabWoTa ruseTisTvis maxasiaTebeli praqti-
kaa (realurad ar arsebobs sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis romelime
sfero, romelSic saxelmwifo ar ereva, maT Soris sulieri da
kulturuli sivrceebi), swored Carevis Sedegad Camoyalibebul
koniunqturebTan konfliqtSi mosuli, an am koniunqturebisgan
gansxvavebuli religiuri da nacionalisturi proeqtebi sajaro
sivrcidan idevnebian, rac am xedvebis matarebel socialur
jgufebs antisistemuri TviTorganizaciis gzaze ayenebs. Sesabam-
isad msgavsi proeqtebis ganxorcielebis, socialur sivrceze
gafarToebis Tu gamoxatvis formebi, aseve radikaluri da xSir
SemTxvevaSi eqstremistulia.
Zalauflebis saxelmwifo-centristuli modeli TavisTavad
ver egueba misgan alternatiuli socialuri, politikuri da
ekonomikuri aqtivobis sivrceebis formirebas, razec misi pasuxi
saxelwifos represiuli manqanis gaZlierebaa (rac gamoixateba,
erTi mxriv, sazogadoebrivi komunikaciebis, rogorc formaluri,
ise araformaluri sistemis kontrolis gaZlierebaSi, meore
mxriv, Zaladobis gamoyenebaSi). amis Sedegi gamoxatvis, sityvis
Tavisuflebis, Sekrebebisa da sxva fundamenturi samoqalaqo
uflebebis darRvevaa.
amgvarad, miuxedavad im susti da mcire masStabis saxelmwifos
Carevisgan alternatiulad arsebuli TviTorganizebadi social-
ur-politikuri sivrceebis warmoqmnisa, ruseTis sajaro-poli-
tikuri sivrce xasiaTdeba mdgomareobiT, rodesac, erTi mxriv,
Tavad arasistemuri tipis sazogadoebrivi mdgomareoba da mis-
Tvis damaxasiaTebeli socialuri konfiguracia saSualebas
aZlevs Zalauflebis mpyrobelT SeinarCunon Zalauflebis ganx-
orcielebis saxelmwifo-centristuli modeli, da meore mxriv,
Tavad es modeli apirobebs pasiuri paternalisturi tipis TviT-
kmari da TviTreproducirebadi sazogadoebrivi mdgomareobis
SenarCunebas.
Tavi meore
Tavi mesame.
ruseTi rogorc ganviTarebis
saxelmwifo-centristuli matricis
ukiduresi magaliTi:
refleqsiebi ruseTis
istoriuli ganviTarebis gzebze
rodesac ruseTis sazogadoebrivi da politikuri sistemebis
postsabWoTa ganviTarebis problemebze vsaubrobT, da am process
dasavluri liberalur-demokratiuli da sabazro urTierTobe-
bis modelidan gadaxvevad vafasebT, rac demokratiuli tranzi-
tis miznad iyo gacxadebuli, upriania mimovixiloT rusuli siste-
mis genezisi, misi Camoyalibebis gzebi. imis mizezebi, Tu ratom
gviwevs saubari sazogadoebis amorful konfiguraciasa da in-
ertulobaze, masze daSenebuli ZalauflebiTi urTierTobebis
saxelmwifo-centristul modelze, romlebsac TviTkmar da TviT-
reproducirebad socialur-instituciur substratebad vaxas-
iTebT, ruseTis bolo xuTi saukunis istoriaSi unda veZioT.
1991 wlis komunisturi rRveva da misi Semdgomi 1993 wlis sab-
WoTa dacureba ruseTis winakomunisturi ganviTarebis ramden-
ime plasts aSiSvlebs, romlebic miuxedavad sabWoTa reJimisa
mainc agrZelebdnen arsebobas Tu naxevrad arsebobas ruseTis
sazogadoebriv struqturaSi. amgvari mdgomareoba pirdapir ukav-
Sirdeba ZalauflebiTi urTierTobebis ruseTSi gamokveTil sqe-
mas `reformebi-kontrreformebi".
37
politikuri qmedebebis es sqe-
ma, romelic TiTreproducirebadi avtokratiuli modelis
safuZvels warmoadgenda, upirveles yovlisa mimarTuli iyo im
problemebis mogvarebaze, romlebic saxelmwifos Zalauflebi-
37
, . // Pro et Contra. N4, 1999.
32
Ti urTierTobebis sistemis stabilurobis sakiTxs ukavSirdebod-
nen. reforma-kontrreformis sqema Semdegnairad muSaobda, jer
tardeboda reformebi, romlebic asustebdnen im problemebs,
romlebic Tavis mxriv Zalauflebis mocemul models emuqrebo-
da (destabilizaciis, daumorCileblobis da sxvaTa saxiT) Tun-
dac moqmedi xelisuflebis Zaladobrivi Secvlis gziT (sasaxlis
gadatrialebebi, SeTqmulebebi, da bolos XX saukunis dasawyisis
revolucia), da Semdgom xdeboda am reformebis Sedegebis Tan-
mimdevruli Sekveca, raTa aRmofxvriliyo is sazogadoebrivi
cvlilebebi, romlebic Zalauflebis Tavisufali gamoyenebis
sivrces zRudavdnen. reforma-kontrreformad am qmedebebis
jaWvis dayofa arsebiTad aris damokidebuli damkvirveblis pozi-
ciaze. Tavad am qmedebebis gamtareblebis, anu ruseTis xelisu-
falTa poziciaze Tu vimsjelebT maT arasodes hqoniaT raime sax-
is pozicia, iqneboda es liberaluri Tu reaqcionistuli. Sesa-
bamisad, maTi mxridan gadadgmuli nabijebi arc reformebad da
arc kontrreformebad ar SegviZlia SevafasoT, vinaidan es iyo
mxolod garkveuli saxis zomebi raTa arsebul saxelmwifoebriv-
ZalauflebiT models stabiluri arsebobisa da funqciobis ga-
rantiebi mieRo. umaRlesi saxelmwifo Zalaufleba Tavad gamo-
dioda rogorc revolucioner-reformatoris (aleqsandre II-is
reformebi - revolucia zemodan), ise kontrreformatoris
rolSi. ruseTis ZalauflebiT urTierTobebSi revoluciisa da
reaqciis Tanaarseboba da garkveuli saxis erToba Zalauflebis
avtokratiuli modelis TviTkmarobiTa da TviTreproducire-
badobiT ganisazRvreba (iqneboda es TviTmpyrobeloba, komunizmi
Tu postsabWoTa reJimebi). Zalauflebis es ori Tviseba mxolod
maSin ikargebian, rodesac Zalaufleba kargavs an xelidan uSvebs
zemodan gardaqmnebis moxdenis privilegiaze monopolies.
38
ma-
galiTad, rodesac TviTmpyrobelobam uari Tqva revoluciur re-
formebze, an sabWoTa kavSiri ideologiuri dogmebis tyve gaxda
da socialuri cvlilebebisadmi moqnilobisa da gaxsnilobis un-
ari dakarga.
Tavi mesame
38
Peter Reddaway, Dmitri Glinski. Tragedy of Russias Reforms: Market Bolshevism Against
Democracy. United States Institute of Peace Press. 2001, p. 123.
33
Zalauflebis avtokratiul-diriJistuli modelis istoriu-
li Zirebi oqros urdos sistemaSia saZiebeli,
39
romelmac Secva-
la Zalauflebis tradiciuli qristianuli gageba (arsobrivad
mravalsubieqtiani da pluraluri), da warmoqmna qmediTi Zalau-
flebiTi prerogativebisa da mimarTulebebis Semcveli monosub-
ieqti. Tuki ruseTis saxelmwifoebrivi warmonaqmnebisTvis manam
damaxasiaTebeli iyo oTxganzomilebiani ZalauflebiTi urTier-
Tobebis sistema - mTavari, veCe (xalxi), boiaroba (ekonomikuri da
politikuri elita) da eklesia (socialuri mobilizaciisa da
zewolis arasaxelmwifoebrivi instituti), ukve XIV saukunidan
mTavari, romlis zurgs ukanac oqros urdo dgas, zemoT CamoTvi-
lili ZalauflebiTi agentebis yvela funqcias ikrebs.
40
sazoga-
doeba (veCes saxiT), elita (boiarobis saxiT) da socialuri aq-
tivobisa da TviTorganizaciis arasaxelmwifo institutebi
(rogoric iyo eklesia) kargaven TavianT funqciebs, iqcevian meo-
rexarisxovan kategoriad da krebiTi saxelis - mosaxleobis qveS
gaigebian.
41
monocentruli Zalaufleba mTavris (mogvianebiT me-
fis) saxiT politikis erTaderTi mqmedia, rac sakuTriv poli-
tikuri sivrcis (Zalauflebis, gavlenisa da cvlilebebis sakiTx-
ebze mraval subieqturi interaqciis sivrce) dakninebas da praq-
tikulad gaqrobas iwvevs.
urdos sistemis ruseTis socialur da politikur struq-
turaze misadagebam da morgebam rusuli ZalauflebiTi modelis,
rogorc TviTkmari subieqtis Camoyalibeba moaxdina, romlis
funqcioba Zalauflebis alternatiuli centrebis arsebobas
ubralod gamoricxavs, misTvis miuRebelia sazogadoebis klaso-
brivad orientirebuli struqturac ki, mas turbulenturi
jgufebi da susti sazogadoebrivi struqturebi sWirdeba. am mi-
marTulebiT ikveTeba sakuTrebaze monopoliis tendencia.
sakuTrebaze da simdidreze xelmisawvdomoba Zalauflebis TviT-
kmari subieqtis nebazea damokidebuli da mis mier ganisazRvreba,
Tavi mesame
39
Charles J. Halperin, Russia and the Golden Horde: The Mongol Impact on Medieval
Russian History. Indiana University Press. 2002, p. 68.
40
Paul Miliukov. Russia: Today And Tomorrow. Kessinger Publishing. 2007 (republished), p.
23.
41
, . // Pro et Contra. N4, 1999.
34
anu Tuki mTavars Tu mefes moesurveboda mas SeeZlo keTilganwy-
obis niSnad samflobelos micema, da aseTive warmatebiT wyromis
SemTxvevaSi warTmeva Tu CamorTmevac.
Zalauflebis aRniSnuli Tviseba, Zalaufleba pirveladia da
yvelaferi danarCeni meoradi, gansazRvravs Zalauflebisa da
sakuTrebis erTobasac. sakuTreba, rogorc ZalauflebiTi urT-
ierTobebis nivTieri gamoxatuleba, da rogorc ubralod qone-
ba, garkveuli saxiT uflebaa (magram ara bunebrivi xasiTisa),
romelic eboZeba Zalauflebis TviTkmari subieqtis mier, an mi-
iReba Zalauflebis aRniSnul modelSi monawileobis gziT.
42
Za-
lauflebisa da sakuTrebis erTobis am logikis farglebSi savse-
biT TvalnaTeli xdeba ruseTis politikuri ganviTarebis zogi-
erTi tendenciac. socialur-politikuri stabilurobisa da
areulobis fazebi moicavs simdidris (Zalauflebis nivTieri sub-
stanciis) dagrovebisa da gadanawilebis etapebs ZalauflebisTvis
brZolis gziT.
43
Sesabamisad ikveTeba tendencia, romlis fargleb-
Sic Zalauflebisa da sakuTrebis gadanawilebis fazebi (bolo
xuTasi wlis ganmavlobaSi ruseTma oTxi aseTi faza gaiara)
ekonomikuri aRmavlobisa da simdidris dagrovebis etapebis
Semdgomi krizisebis kvaldakval modiodnen. ivane IV-s droinde-
li `opriCnina", petre I didis gvardielebis aRmasvla, revoluciis
Semdgomi bolSevikuri reJimi da sabWoTa kavSiris rRvevis Semdgo-
mi reformatoruli reJimebi, ekonomikuri ganviTarebisa da sa-
zogadoebaSi nivTieri substanciis dagrovebas mohyva kvalad.
44
sakuTrebis gadanawilebis yovel am fazas vertikaluri xasiaTi
hqonda, bolos gamoklebiT, romelSic decentralizaciis ele-
mentebi SeiniSneboda da rac imdenad kanononzomierebis darRve-
va ar gaxldaT, ramdenadac Zalauflebis monocentristuli mod-
elis erTpirovnulobis gagebis daknineba.
imisTvis rom ukeT gavigoT ruseTis dRevandeli mdgomareobis
specifika da am mdgomareobis mizezebi, saWiroa ruseTis Zalau-
flebiTi modelis ganviTarebis sabWoTa fazis analizi. manam ar-
Tavi mesame
42
Lee A. Farrow. Between Clan And Crown: The Struggle To Define Noble Property Rights
In Imperial Russia. University of Delaware Press. 2004, pp. 35-67.
43
, . // Pro et Contra. N4, 1999.
44
iqve.
35
sebuli tradiciuli diqotomia Zalaufleba-mosaxleoba (Zalau-
fleba yvelaferia, yvelaferi danarCeni ki araferi) trans-
formirda, magram ara im mimarTulebiT, rom sazogadoeba, anu
mosaxleoba, Tanaswori subieqtis, qmediTi aqtoris rangSi moiaz-
rebodes. sinamdvileSi moxda Zalauflebisa da mosaxleobis mono-
subieqtSi gaerTianeba.
45
Zalauflebis pirvelmizezobrioba Zala-
Si darCa, magram igi Tavis TavSi mocemuli politikuri velis pop-
ulacias aRiqvams, rogorc Tavisi moqmedebis wyaros da adresats.
sabWoTa periodSi Zalaufleba moicavs sazogadoebrivi cxovre-
bis yvela formalur da araformalur aspeqts, sakuTreba misgan
ganuyofeli rCeba, erTi mxriv, istoriuli tradiciis, meore
mxriv, socialuri cxovrebis organizebis principebidan gamom-
dinare (socialisturi, komunisturi wesrigi). 1950-iani wlebidan
yvelaferi icvleba, Zalaufleba-populaciis struqturaSi moq-
medi Zalaufleba-sakuTrebis plasti ver egueba totalur kon-
trols. ekonomikuri aRmavlobisa da materialuri sikeTeebis
dagrovebis fonze Zalauflebis mpyrobelebi, anu biurokratia,
cdiloben moicvan aralegaluri ekonomikuri saqmianobis
sivrcec, raTa sargebeli miiRon saerTo dagrovebis procesSi
individualur doneze. 1953 wels uqmdeba e.w. sameulebi, rac par-
tiul nomenklaturas da masTan dakavSirebuli administraciu-
li aparatis moxeleebs saSualebas aZlevT gaTavisufldnen yov-
lismomcveli kontrolisagan da SeaRwion aralegaluri
ekonomikuri saqmianobis sferoSi. am TvalsazrisiT breJnevis epo-
qa Crdilovani Zalauflebisa da ekonomikis ayvavebis `oqros xa-
nad" iqca. am cvlilebebma materialuri dovlaTis socialuri
velis erT mxares (biurokratia da partiuli nomenklatura) da-
groveba da meore mxares gamofitva gamoiwvia. ukve 1980-iani wleb-
isTvis igrZnoba cvlilebebis aucilebloba arsebul Zalaufle-
ba-populaciis paradigmaSi, vinaidan, erTi mxriv, es paradigma ki
gulisxmobs socialuri velis sruli speqtris CarTulobas
sameurneo-politikur sistemaSi, magram, meore mxriv, ekonomikuri
sikeTeebis araTanabar ganawilebas iZleva. Sesabamisad es para-
Tavi mesame
45
. -
. . 1997 . .
216-221.
36
digma materializebuli privilegiebis fiqsaciis da dasakuTre-
bis saqmeSi Zalauflebisa da sakuTrebis mpyrobelTaTvis xelis-
SemSleli gaxda,
46
anu Tuki mocemul momentSi biurokrati
sakuTrebas flobda an akontrolebda misgan Semosul mogebas, igi
cdilobda es faqtobrivi mflobeloba xangrZlivvadian perspeq-
tivaSi gadaetana da memkvidreobiTad eqcia. swored amgvarma
mdgomareobam gamoiwvia sabWoTa kavSirSi mocemuli ryevebisTvis
ufro damangreveli Zalis micema da komunizmis saboloo msxvre-
va. anu sabWoTa kavSiris ngreva sinamdvileSi Zalauflebis da
sakuTrebis Semdgomi gadanawilebis mizniT momxdari Zalaufle-
ba-populaciis paradigmis rRveva iyo.
mocemuli paradigmis rRvevas 1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi Tan
axlda gaWianurebuli politikuri da socialur-ekonomikuri
ryevebi, romlis stabilizaciis tendencia Zlieri saxelmwifo
regulaciis meqanizmebis aRdgenis saxiTukve 1990-ianebis bolos
gamoikveTa da vladimir putinis saxelmwifos saTaveSi mosvliT
gaformda. es tendencia demokratiuli konsolidaciis gziT ar
xasiaTdeboda da cxadi iyo, rom xdeboda ruseTisTvis tradici-
uli saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebas Soris urTierTobis modelis
aRdgena, romlis farglebSic saxelmwifo gamodis sazogadoebis
amorfuli organizmis integraciis rogorc wamyvani da erTad-
erTi qmediTi Zala.
47
am tendenciis gaZliereba imiTacaa gamowveu-
li, rom 1990-ian wlebSi saxelmwifos dakninebis fonze sazoga-
doebam ver SeZlo politikis alternatiuli centrebis generire-
ba, da saxelmwifos kontrolisgan gamoTavisuflebuli sivrcee-
bis Sevseba, Sesabamisad ver SeZlo am sivrcis sajaroobis uzrun-
velyofa. sazogadoebis mxridan amgvari funqciis ganxorcielebis
SeuZlebloba societaluri ganviTarebis saxelmwifo-centris-
tul matricaSi unda veZioT, romelzec zemoTac iyo saubari, da
romlis gadaxarSvac ruseTis sazogadoebam ver SeZlo. Sesabamis-
ad miuxedavad adreuli 1990-iani wlebis molodinebisa, rom sa-
zogadoebriv-politikuri sivrcis struqturireba Tavisufal
Tavi mesame
46
Gail W. Lapidus, The New Russia: Troubled Transformation. Westview Press, 1994, pp.
213-224.
47
Rick Fawn, Russia After Communism. Routledge, 2002, pp.110-132
37
Tavi mesame
ganviTarebaze mindobili ekonomikisa da amis Sedegad aRmoceneb-
uli socialuri jgufebis mier moxdeboda ar gamarTlda. sinamd-
vileSi moxda yovelive amis inversia, sazogadoebam ver SeZlo
Camoyalibebuliyo ekonomikis da socialuri sivrcis saxelmwi-
fosgan damoukidebel maformirebel Zalad
48
da es bunebrivic
iyo, ruseTis istoriuli ganviTarebis gzidan gamomdinare. Tavi-
si istoriis ganmavlobaSi ruseTis sazogadoeba amorful, ara-
konstruirebul organizmad rCeboda romelsac ar SeeZlo kriz-
isebis Semdegac ki damoukidebeli moTamaSis roli eTamaSa. Za-
lauflebaze damokidebuleba ruseTis sazogadoebis ZiriTadi
maxasiaTebeli da sazogadoebis Sinagani sisustis ZiriTadi faq-
toria. Tavis mxriv, saxelmwifo axdens ra ekonomikuri, social-
uri da politikuri regulirebis funqciebis koncentracias, sa-
zogadoebas aranair SesaZleblobas ar utovebs damoukidebel
mqmedad CamoyalibebisTvis, da integraciisa da institucional-
izaciis sakuTriv socialuri meqanizmebis SeqmnisTvis. es uka-
naskneli, Tavis mxriv, saxelmwifosa da Zalauflebis kerZo xasi-
aTiTacaa ganpirobebuli, rac ruseTs Tavisi istoriis ganmavlo-
baSi Tan sdevs, da romelic xels uwyobs saxelmwifos centridan-
ul tendenciebs yovlismomcveli kontrolis miRwevaSi.
48
, /
/ . 6, 2002.
Tavi meoTxe.
putinis ruseTi:
monocentristuli politikuri
reJimis konturebi
1999 wlis 31 dekembers prezident elcinis gadadgomiTa da ruse-
Tis saTaveSi vladimir putinis mosvliT,
49
saxelmwifos ganvi-
TarebaSi axali etapi daiwyo. Tumca zemoT mimoxiluli kanonzom-
ierebebis gaTvaliswinebiT ismis sakiTxi, Tu ramdenad warmoad-
genda siaxles is cvlilebebi, rac putinis epoqas boris elcinis
periodisgan ganasxvavebda. amasTan eWvs ar iwvevs is faqti, rom
putinis reJimi arsebiTad gansxvavdeba elcinis reJimisagan. pirve-
li da albaT umniSvnelovanesi gansxvaveba naklebadaa saZiebeli
saxelmwifo Zalauflebis bunebis cvlilebaSi, igi rogorc manam
kerZo xasiTisa rCeba, rac politikuri cxovrebis mraval faqtor-
Si vlindeba. es sxvaoba ufro metad reJimis sicocxlisunari-
anobaSi unda veZioT.
50
Tuki putinis xelisuflebaSi mosvla sasax-
lis gadatrialebis saxes atarebda,
51
mis reJims memkvidreobiTo-
bis elementebi axasiaTebs. Tuki 1999 wlis 31 dekembers putinis
prezidentobis pirvelive dRes (elcinis gadadgomis dRes) elcin-
ma da misma ojaxma saxelmwifosgan xelSeuxeblobis garantiebi
miiRes (specialuri dekretis ZaliT), putinis prezidentobidan
49
jer rogorc prezidentis movaleobis Semsrulebeli (2000 wlis ianvari-
marti), Semdeg rogorc orgzis arCeuli prezidenti (2000 wlis marti 2008 wlis
maisi).
50
Michael Steven Fish, Democracy Derailed in Russia: the Failure of Open Politics. NY:
Cambridge University Press, 2006, pp. 243-246.
51
Joel M. Ostrow, Georgiy A. Satarov et al., The Consolidation of Dictatorship in Russia: An
Inside View of the Demise of Democracy. Westport, CT: Praeger Security International, 2007, pp.
112-114.
39
wasvlas msgavsi dokumenti ar mohyolia.
52
msgavsi gansxvaveba sim-
bolurad mainc gviCvenebs, rom putinis epoqa misi gadarCeviT jer
ar dasrulebula da mas sicocxlisunarianobis ufro meti po-
tenciali gaaCnia, risi mizezebic reJimis specifikur instituci-
ur maxasiaTeblebSi unda veZioT.
putinis reJims garegnulad bevri saerTo aqvs wina periodis
elcinur sistemasTan, politikuri aqtorebis didi nawili jer
kidev arian warmodgenilni, aseve ucvlelad gamoiyurebian el-
cinis epoqaSi Camoyalibebuli institutebi.
53
magram rac ufro
xangrZlivi iyo putinis reJimis pirobebSi maTi funqciobis praq-
tika, miT ufro TvalnaTeli xdeboda maTi butaforiuloba.
aRsaniSnavia isic, rom rTuli gaxda putinis reJimisTvis
pirovnuli asociaciebisgan damoukidebeli adekvaturi saxelis
moZebna. misi periodis ruseTis daxasiaTebisas xSirad gamoiyeneben
sam ZiriTad cnebas `qarizmatuli", `avtoritaruli", `biurokra-
tiuli", da amis kvaldakval am sityvebidan nawarmoeb sityvaTa
SeTanxmebebs: `avtoritarul-biurokratiuli" an `qarizmatul-
biurokratiuli". putinis saxelTan dakavSirebuli politikuri
wesrigis klasifikaciis unifikaciis SeuZleblobis pirobebSi,
eqspertebi da publicistebi (mag. lilia Sevcova, ana politkovs-
kaia) ufro xSirad gamoiyenebdnen piradad mis saxelTan dakav-
Sirebul iseT sityvaTa SeTanxmebas, rogoricaa `putinis ruse-
Ti".
eWvs gareSea putinis reJimis umTavresi specifikuroba bi-
urokratiisa da piradi qarizmis Taviseburi kombinaciaa, romel-
ic monocentrizmisTvis efeqtur safuZvels qmnis,
54
da rac reJi-
mis sxva maxasiaTeblebis ukeT gagebaSi dagvexmareba. axal siste-
52
marTalia 2001 wlis 12 Tebervals miRebul iqna federaluri kanoni saxelm-
wifo garantiebis Sesaxeb yofili prezidentebisa da maTi ojaxis wevrebisTvis,
magram igi zemoT aRniSnuli dekretis legitimaciis konteqstSi unda iqnas ganx-
iluli, romelic piradad elcinis da misi ojaxis wevrebis xelSeuxeblobas
gulisxmobda.
53
Anders Aslund, Russias Capitalist Revolution: Why Market Reforms Succeeded and De-
mocracy Failed?. Washington, DC: Peterson Institute for International Economics, 2007, pp. 205-
208.
54
Lilia Shevtsova, Putins Russia. Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International
Peace, 2005, pp. 75-77.
Tavi meoTxe
40
mas Zvelisgan gansxvavebiT Zalauflebis Zlieri centris gaCena
axasiaTebs, romelmac yvelaferi sxva ukan gadaswia. axali poli-
tikuri sistema maqsimalurad moergo kremls da yovelmxriv Secv-
ala gadawyvetilebis miRebis meqanizmebis vertikaluri sistema
im kuTxiT, rom ioli da swrafi yofiliyo kremlidan wamosuli
iniciativebisa da gadawyvetilebebis yvela doneze winaaRmde-
gobebis gareSe gatareba.
55
Tavisi bunebiT putinis sistemis es max-
asiaTebeli, monocentrizmi, Tavisi winamorbedis antipodad gvev-
lineba, da romelsac pirobiTad mainc, ZalauflebiTi centris
araqmediTobis wyalobiT, policentruli SeiZleba vuwodoT.
sainteresoa is, Tu riT SeiZleba davaxasiaToT elcinis reJimi
da misi ganviTarebis dinamika, da amis kvaldakval vipovoT Semdgo-
mi politikuri reJimis ganmasxvavebeli niSnebi:
gavlenisa da Zalauflebis centrebis mravalferovneba
miuxedavad imisa, rom elcinis periodis sistemas policentriz-
mis niSnebi gaaCnda, ZiriTadi centri masSi mainc iyo gamokveTili,
da mis mimarT wayenebuli braldebebi rusul politikaSi anarqi-
isa da qaosis Semotanis TvalsazrisiT safuZvels moklebulia.
aseTi centris funqcias prezidentis Zalaufleba atarebda,
56
rac
imdenad Zlier da qmediT centrs warmoadgenda, rom ruseTis
SemTxvevaSi `supersaprezidento respublikis" Sesaxeb uwevdaT
saubari. SesaZloa msgavsi formulireba gadaWarbebulic ki iyos,
im TvalsazrisiT, rom miuxedavad saprezidento Zalauflebis
mniSvnelobisa, sistema egueboda politikis ZiriTadi aqtorebis
farTo avtonomiurobas da eyrdnoboda kidec mas.
kremlsa da elitebs Soris kavSiri
zemoaRniSnul politikis ZiriTad aqtorebs Soris moiazrebi-
an prezidenti, regionuli liderebi, saxelmwifo saTaTbiro,
oligarqebi, media, partiebi (ufro metad damoukideblobiT ruse-
55
Ibid. pp. 140-143.
56
Michael Steven Fish, Democracy Derailed in Russia: the Failure of Open Politics. NY:
Cambridge University Press, 2006, pp. 226.
Tavi meoTxe
41
Tis federaciis komunisturi partia gamoirCeoda).
57
maT Soris
urTierTobebi gauxmovanebel SeTanxmebas - politikuri loialo-
ba farTo avtonomiis sanacvlod - efuZneboda.
58
am sistemaSi
politikis dinamikis pirvelwyaro Tavdapirevelad kremlisa da
komunisturi partiis dapirispireba iyo (1990-iani wlebis pirvel
naxevarSi). SemdgomSi politikis dinamikis katalizatoris roli
Seicvala da kremlis xelmisawvdomobisTvis oligarqebs, axali
istebliSmentis wevrebs Soris brZola gaxda,
59
ramac saboloo
jamSi kremlis winaaRmdeg elitebis brZolis saxe miiRo.
60
politikuri Suamdgomlebis Zliereba
Zvel policentristul politikur sistemaSi gansakuTrebiT
did rols sistemuri elitebi TamaSobdnen (saerTo instituci-
ur-korporatiuli interesis irgvliv aRmocenebuli gaer-
Tianebebi Zalovnebis, prezidentis administraciis, ekonomikuri
blokis saministroebis maRali rangis moxeleebis da maTTan dakav-
Sirebuli biznes jgufebis saxiT),
61
romlebic komunizmis kraxis
Sedegad aRmocendnen. aseve didi iyo damoukidebeli mediis roli,
romelic droTa ganmavlobaSi politikuri velis moTamaSeTa
57
Tumca ruseTis politikaSi partiebis damoukidebel rolze saubari elci-
nis periodSic ki rTuli iyo saubari, arsebuli politikuri partiebis (yovel
SemTxvevaSi sistemaSi monawile partiebis) adgili mkveTrad iyo gansazRvruli
prezidentis CrdilqveS. rogorc memarcxene ise memarjvene orientaciis sapar-
lamento partiebi gamudmebiT cdilobdnen sakuTari Tavi saprezidento xazis
mxardamWerebad warmoeCniaT da prezidentis mxardaWera moepovebinaT, am mxriv
gamonakliss mxolod ruseTis federaciis komunisturi partia warmoadgenda
(Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom dRemde igive saxiT axdens rusul politikaSi
TviTdamkvidrebas), romelic Tavis Tavs arsebuli sistemis mowinaaRmdeged da
prezidentis oponentad moiazrebda.
58
Thomas F. Remington, Democratization and New Political Order in Russia // Karen Daew-
isha and Bruce Parrott (ed.), Democratic Changes and Autoritarian Reactions in Russia, Ukraine,
Belarus and Moldova. NY: Cambridge University Press, 1999, p. 103.
59
Anders Aslund, Russias Capitalist Revolution: Why Market Reforms Succeeded and De-
mocracy Failed?. Washington, DC: Peterson Institute for International Economics, 2007, pp. 187-
189.
60
momZlavrebulma oligarqebma, im pirobebSi, rodesac erTmaneTs Soris
konkurenciaSi ver igrZnes kremlis batonis~ mxridan gamokveTili arCevani,
brZola daiwyes kremlSi umaRlesi Zalauflebis mqone piris sakuTari kandi-
datiT Canacvlebaze.
61
Joel M. Ostrow, Georgiy A. Satarov et al., The Consolidation of Dictatorship in Russia: An
Inside View of the Demise of Democracy. Westport, CT: Praeger Security International, 2007, pp.
80-83.
Tavi meoTxe
42
Soris urTierTobebis gaSualebis mZlavr meqanizmad Camoyalib-
da. kremlis mxridan am jgufebze dayrdnoba ganapirobebda
swored sistemis policentrul xasiaTs da misi sicocxlisunari-
anobac didwilad iyo damyarebuli maTi mxridan mxardaWeraze an
ubralod loialobaze, rac maT garkveulwilad angariSgasawev
Zalad aqcevdaT (prezidentis Zalauflebis stabiluroba damok-
idebuli xdeboda maT poziciaze).
62
demokratiuli institutebis adgili policentrul sistemaSi
policentruli sistemis ZiriTad moTamaSeebs Soris konfliq-
ti da TanamSromloba ZiriTadad or sivrceSi, oficialursa da
araformalurSi, mimdinareobda. 1993 wlidan dawyebuli ruseTis
ZalauflebiTi sistema formalurad mainc regularulad ganic-
dis demokratiul ganaxlebas. zedapirulad magram mainc xdeba
demokratiuli institutebis institucionalizacia, iqneba es
Tavad arCevnebi, Tu arCeviTi institutebi (prezidenti, saxelm-
wifo saTaTbiro, regionuli xelisuflebis organoebi) da par-
tiebi. Tumca gasaTvaliswinebelia is Tu ramdenad mimdinareobda
msgavsi procesebi formaluri institutebis konsolidaciis gziT.
problemas warmoadgenda is, rom centraluri xelisuflebis mier
funqciebis delegireba sxvadasxva RerZul (dargobriv) da hori-
zontalur (adgilobrivi)
63
ZalauflebiT sistemebSi zemoaRwer-
ili urTierTobebis logikaSi jdeboda, anu policentristuli
politikuri velis aqtorebi maqsimalur avtonomias iRebdnen
centris mimarT loialobis sanacvlod. Sesabamisad es srulia-
dac ar gulisxmobda, WeSmaritad demokratiuli TamaSis wesebis
danergvas. mimdinare cvlilebebi sajaro sivrcis mzard partiku-
larizacias uwyobdnen xels.
64
formalurad demokratiuli in-
stitutebis safuZvelze elcinis policentristuli sistemis kon-
solidaciis SeuZlebloba imiT iyo gamowveuli, rom am poli-
62
Lilia Shevtsova, Putins Russia. Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International
Peace, 2005. pp. 50-52.
63
magaliTad, 1996 wlidan gubernatorebi aRar iniSnebodnen kremlidan da maT
adgilebze irCevdnen. es wesi 2004 wlidan Seicvala.
64
Anders Aslund, Russias Capitalist Revolution: Why Market Reforms Succeeded and De-
mocracy Failed?. Washington, DC: Peterson Institute for International Economics, 2007, pp. 137-
142.
Tavi meoTxe
43
tikuri sistemis demokratiul birTvs Zalzed viwro socialuri
sayrdeni gaaCnda. 1990-ian wlebSi Camoyalibebuli politikuri
sistema da sazogadoeba komunizmis kraxiT, gzas acdenili saba-
zro reformebiT da Zlieri saprezidento mmarTvelobiT
gamowveuli ideologiuri dapirispirebis mdgomareobaSi imyo-
febodnen. am dapirispirebis asaxva formalur politikur sivrce-
Si ruseTis federaciis komunisturi partiis saSualebiT xdebo-
da, romelic pirobiTad sistemis nawili ki iyo, magram realurad
antisistemur poziciaze idga da federalur sakanonmdeblo or-
ganoSi Tavisi soliduri warmomadgenlobis saSualebiT Zlier
winaaRmdegobas uqmnida saprezidento ZalauflebiTi centridan
wamosul iniciativebs. Tuki politikis dinamikas am konkretuli
partiis da kremlis urTierTobebis WrilSi ganvixilavT, prezi-
dentsa da saxelmwifo saTaTbiros Soris konfliqti elcinis po-
licentristuli sistemis mudmivad maxasiaTebeli Tvisebaa 1994-
1999 wlebSi.
65
`saxelisuflebo partia"
elcinis policentristuli sistemisTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo
demokratiuli da oligarqiuli sawyisebis erTgvari gadaxlarT-
va, magram droTa ganmavlobaSi es ukanaskneli sul ufro da ufro
aviwrovebda da iqvemdebarebda pirvels. policentrizmis Tavise-
bur simbolos warmoadgenda oligarqiisa da formalurad poli-
tikuri erTobis hibridi e.w. `saxelisuflebo partia". es iyo krem-
lisadmi da piradad prezident elcinisadmi loialurad ganwyo-
bili elitebis gaerTianeba, romelsac gaaCnda politikuri parti-
isaTvis damaxasiaTebeli garegani atributebi da romelic aRmas-
rulebeli xelisuflebis saparlamento warmomadgenlobis fun-
qcias asrulebda.
66
TandaTanobiT gamoikveTa kremlis sistemur
elitebze damokidebulebis tendencia, rac saxelisuflebo par-
65
Robert G. Moser, Executive-Legislative Relations in Russia, 1991-1999 // Zoltan Barany
and Robert G. Moser (ed.), Russian Politics: Challenges of Democratization. NY: Cambridge
University Press, 2005, pp. 98-105.
66
Michael Urban and Vladimir Gelman, The Development of Political Parties in Russia //
Karen Daewisha and Bruce Parrott (ed.), Democratic Changes and Autoritarian Reactions in
Russia, Ukraine, Belarus and Moldova. NY: Cambridge University Press, 1999, pp. 189-201.
Tavi meoTxe
44
tiebis SigniT gadajgufebebSi an saerTod maTi axali partiebiT
CanacvlebaSi gamoixateboda (sxvadasxva dros eseni iyvnen par-
tiebi " ", "", "" an saxelmwifo saTaT-
biros farglebSi mocemuli maTi gaerTianebebi).
gavlenis `Crdilovani" centrebis gaZliereba
1996 wlis saprezidento arCevnebis Semdeg policentristul
sistemaSi politikuri konkurencia sul ufro da ufro iRebda
axali istebliSmentis SigniT brZolis saxes.
67
gavlenisa da Za-
lauflebis araformaluri centrebi mravldebodnen da maT
safuZvelze Camoyalibebuli ZalauflebiTi urTierTobebis re-
aluri sistema sul ufro da ufro Sordeboda konstituciiT gan-
sazRvrul formalur politikur sistemas. politikasa da
ekonomikaSi strategiuli gadawyvetilebebis miRebis sistema
elitebs Soris urTierTobebisa da urTierTqmedebis instituci-
urad arareglamentirebul sivrceSi inacvlebda. am sivrceSi
politikur konkurencias aregulirebda ara formalurad gaw-
erili da konstituciasa Tu kanonmdeblobaSi asaxuli demokra-
tiuli normebi, aramed konvencionaluri SeTanxmebebi, romleb-
sac simyare ar gaaCndaT da nebismier dros SeiZleba gadaxedil-
iyo da Secvliliyo.
68
axali istebliSmentis SigniT calkeuli aq-
torebis Zlierebis kvaldakval sul ufro da ufro sustdeba
politikuri konfliqtisa da garigebebis regulaciis say-
ovelTaod miRebuli wesebi da maTze dafuZnebuli regulaciis
meqanizmebi.
ZalauflebiTi vertikalis decentralizacia
regionebSi formaluri demokratiuli sistemis gafarToebis
kvaldakval ZalauflebiTi vertikalis decentralizacia mox-
da. ruseTis federaciis subieqtebma adgilebze miiRes avtonomi-
urobisa da suverenitetis manam arnaxuli xarisxi. Tumca im
67
Michael Steven Fish, Democracy Derailed in Russia: the Failure of Open Politics. NY:
Cambridge University Press, 2006, pp. 23-24
68
Anders Aslund, Russias Capitalist Revolution: Why Market Reforms Succeeded and De-
mocracy Failed?. Washington, DC: Peterson Institute for International Economics, 2007, pp. 165-
167.
Tavi meoTxe
45
pirobebSi, rodesac krizisuli ekonomikisa da politikuri de-
zorientaciis fonze sazogadoebis saxelmwifosgan gaucxoeba
saerTo rusuli movlena iyo, adgilebze damoukideblobis maRal-
ma xarisxma adgilobrivi elitebis gaZlierebas da maT, rogorc
Zalauflebis mpyrobelTa legitimacias Seuwyves xeli.
69
am viTare-
baSi ruseTis federalur centrSi gaZlierebuli aRmasrulebel
xelisuflebasTan dakavSirebuli elitebi politikurad wagebul
situaciaSi aRmoCndnen, isini gabatonebul mdgomareobas kargavd-
nen, centris Zalauflebis dasustebis pirdapirproporciulad
sustdebodnen. maTi dasustebis fonze, erTi mxriv, Tavad region-
uli elitebi gaZlierdnen, meore mxriv, federalur centrSi kon-
centrirebuli biznes-elitebi da oligarqebi.
70
ruseTis poli-
tikuri sistemis aseTi decentralizacia, rac faqtobrivad re-
gionuli politikuri reJimebis konglomeratis saxiT gamoixate-
boda, savaraudod nayofier niadags Seqmnida qveynis momavali
demokratizaciisTvis misi konfederaciad gadaqcevis gziT, Tum-
ca ganviTarebis es modeli miuRebeli aRmoCnda kremlis irgvliv
gaZlierebuli sistemuri elitebisTvis.
71
reJimis oligarqizacia
elcinis policentristuli sistemis politikur bazisSi sa-
zogadoebis roli sul ufro da ufro mcirdeboda.
72
elcinis prez-
identobis bolo periodSi misi reJimisTvis bazisur samkuTxedSi
`saxelmwifo-elitebi-sazogadoeba", sistemisgan sazogadoebis
ganuxreli gaucxoebis kvaldakval dezintegracia daiwyo, rasac
1998 wlis ekonomikurma krizisma Seuwyo xeli. federaluri da
regionuli donis elitebis mimarT sazogadoebrivi ndobis da
mxardaWeris xarisxs Tu SevadarebT, aSkaraa, rom sazogadoebaSi
69
Cameron Ross, Federalism and Democratization in Russia. Manchester UK: Manchester
University Press, 2002, pp. 33-35.
70
Kathryn Stoner-Weiss, The Russian Central State in Crisis: Center and Periphery in Post
Soviet Era // Zoltan Barany and Robert G. Moser (ed.), Russian Politics: Challenges of Democ-
ratization. NY: Cambridge University Press, 2005, pp. 121-122.
71
Peter Reddaway, Dmitri Glinski, The Tragedy of Russias Reforms: Market Bolshevism
against Democracy. Washington, DC: United States Institute for Peace, 2001, pp. 489-494.
72
Richard Rose, William Mishler and Neil Munro, Russia Transformed: Developing Popular
Support for a New Regime. Cambridge UK: Cambridge University Press, 2006, pp. 29.
Tavi meoTxe
46
am ukanasknelT meti avtoriteti hqondaT.
73
policentristuli
sistemis ganviTareba ruseTis Semdgomi decentralizaciis gziT
midioda, da am veqtoris SenarCunebis SemTxvevaSi federaluri
centri da kremli minimaluri gavlenis mqone cvladad gadaiq-
ceoda. am fonze, rodesac `supersaprezidento" reJimi TandaTan
scileboda sazogadoebas, Zlierdeboda misi damokidebuleba
oligarqiebze, romelTa gankargulebaSi arsebul ekonomikur da
simbolur kapitals (maT xelT arsebuli media saSualebebis da
maTTan asocirebuli partiebis saxiT) meti stabilurobis da
mdgradobis micema SeeZloT sistemis funqciobisTvis.
74
Sesabam-
isad oligarqia sust saprezidento centrsa da politikurad de-
zorientirebul sazogadoebas Soris gaSualebis funqciasac
iRebs. elcinis periodis dasasruls kremlma sabolood dakarga
sazogadoebisadmi politikuri apelirebis SesaZleblobebi da
misi politikuri bazisi mTlianad damokidebuli gaxda feder-
alur centrSi arsebul ramdenime klanze.
elitebis avtonomizacia
kremlsa da elitebs Soris urTierTobebis Tavdapirveli siste-
ma da masze dafuZnebuli ierarqia etapobrivad daiSala. elitebi
sul ufro da ufro avtonomiurebi gaxdnen. maT sakuTari
ekonomikuri, politikuri da simboluri resursebi gaaCndaT, rac
kremlisgan desubordinaciis etapobrivi dawyebis safuZveli gax-
da. isini kremlTan urTierTobaSi sul ufro da ufro damoukide-
blebi gaxdnen, riTac maT Soris Zalauflebis saprezidento cen-
trisTvis brZola gaiSala;
policentrizmis gadagvareba
elcinis mmarTvelobis bolo periodSi moxda reJimis poli-
centristuli bazisis gaSla ukiduresi decentralizaciis mima-
rTulebiT, ramac sistemis dezintegraciis saxe miiRo. amis Sede-
gi sistemis instituciuri paralizeba da misi nominaluri cen-
73
Ibid. pp. 78-79.
74
Lilia Shevtsova, Putins Russia. Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International
Peace, 2005, p. 23.
Tavi meoTxe
47
tris marginalizacia iyo.
75
elitebis politikuri desubordina-
cia kremlis winaaRmdeg maTi faqtobrivi `amboxiT" dasrulda.
elitebma gadaxedes dasustebul saprezidento centrTan Tavi-
anTi Tanaarsebobis formulas da arsebuli saprezidento Zalau-
flebis demontaJi ganizraxes, rac 1999 wlis saxelmwifo saTaT-
biros arCevnebSi gacxadda, rodesac saarCevno kampaniis erT-erT-
ma favoritma evgeni primakovma (gaerTianebidan " -
") mTavrobis formirebis wesis gadaxedva moiTxova da misi
gansazRvra saxelmwifo saTaTbiroSi gasuli partiebis eleq-
toraluri mxardaWeris proporciulad ganizraxa (Sesabamisad
sustdeboda mTavrobis CamoyalibebaSi prezidentis roli).
ruseTis politikur sistemaSi 1990-iani wlebis bolos mimdinare
cvlilebebi saboloo jamSi gulisxmobda, erTi mxriv, an siste-
muri elitebisTvis sasargeblo balansis aRdgenas, an urTierT-
konkurentuli oligarqiebisTvis misaRebi status-kvos miRwevas.
76
elitebis am or sxvadasxva jgufs Soris strategiebi emyarebod-
nen ara mxolod ekonomikuri da politikuri Zalauflebis siste-
mis sasurveli, ufro stabiluri modelis damkvidrebis gaazre-
bas, aramed sakuTari partikularuli miznebidan gamomdinare
piradi Zalauflebis gamyarebis survilsac. manam uCinari puti-
nis aRmasvlis da Semdgom misi gaprezidentebis kvaldakval ruse-
Tis politikur velze aSkarad gamoikveTa multiaqtoruli poli-
tikis dakninebis tendencia, Zalauflebis centrebis mravalfer-
ovnebis polusidan maTi nivelirebis da politikis Semoqmedi ve-
lis unifikaciis mimarTulebiT. elcinis bolo periodis poli-
tikis bevri figuranti, yvelaze gavleniani oligarqebis bere-
zovskis, xodarkovskis, gusinskis, patarkaciSvilis da sxvaTa CaTv-
liT, politikis sivrcidan gamoidevnen. amasTan gasaTvaliswine-
belia, rom es tendencia ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos wina periodis
ZalauflebiTi urTierTobebis modelis srul aRmofxvrad, ufro
75
Joel M. Ostrow, Georgiy A. Satarov et al., The Consolidation of Dictatorship in Russia: An
Inside View of the Demise of Democracy. Westport, CT: Praeger Security International, 2007, pp.
43-45.
76
Lilia Shevtsova, Putins Russia. Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International
Peace, 2005, p. 334.
Tavi meoTxe
48
upriania saubari TamaSidan calkeuli moTamaSeebis gandevnaze
da sistemuri korporatiuli elitebis mxridan darCenili Zveli
moTamaSeebisTvis axali pirobebis SeTavazebaze. Tuki elcinis
periodis multiaqtoruli politikis formula `farTo avtono-
miuroba politikuri loialobis sanacvlod" iyo, putinis poli-
tikis formula sxvagvarad JRerda. kremlis irgvliv dajgufe-
buli Zalovani sistemuri elitis ZalisxmeviT politikuri da
ekonomikuri sivrcis Zvel moTamaSeebs ubralod loialoba ki ar
moeTxovebodaT, aramed maTi SedarebiTi avtonomiuroba mTli-
anad kremlis mxridan nebadarTulobaSi gamoixata. Sesabamisad
Tuki elcinis politika kremlsa da sxva politikur-ekonomikur
aqtorebs Soris Tanaswor urTierTobebs emyareboda, putinis
politika am aqtorebs Soris regulaciis Tu arbitraJis Tval-
sazrisiT kremlis, da mis irgvliv dajgufebuli sistemuri eli-
tis rolis gaZlierebazea mimarTuli.
77
federalur centrSi momxdari es cvlilebebi manam damkvi-
drebuli ZalauflebiTi urTierTobebis bazisur samkuTxedSic
`saxelmwifo-elitebi-sazogadoeba" aisaxa. Tuki elcinis
mmarTvelobis bolo periodSi sazogadoeba am sqemidan amovarda
da kremli mTlianad elitebze, oligarqiaze gaxda damokidebu-
li, putinis reJimSi balansi Seicvala, kremlma orientacia sa-
zogadoebaze, xalxze aiRo,
78
da misgan miRebuli legitimaciiT
elitebis didi nawili (Tuki kremls aseve elitad ganvixilavT da
ara rogorc formaluri politikuri institutebis erTobas)
Tavisze damokidebuli gaxada. swored am tipis urTierTobebSi
mkvidrdeba rusuli politikis monocentristuli modelis ze-
moT aRniSnuli axali formula `avtonomiuri moqmedebisa da ar-
sebobis nebarTva kremlis CarTulobis sanacvlod".
kremlsa (Zalauflebis saprezidento centri da mis irgvliv
dajgufebuli politikur-ekonomikuri elita) da sazogadoebas
Soris pirdapiri, gauSualebeli kavSiri, rac elcinis Semdgomi
rusuli politikis qvakuTxedi gaxda, garkveuli saxiT sabWoTa
77
Anders Aslund, Russias Capitalist Revolution: Why Market Reforms Succeeded and De-
mocracy Failed?. Washington, DC: Peterson Institute for International Economics, 2007, p. 203.
78
Richard Rose, William Mishler and Neil Munro, Russia Transformed: Developing Popular
Support for a New Regime. Cambridge UK: Cambridge University Press, 2006, pp. 22-24.
Tavi meoTxe
49
paradigmis `Zalaufleba-mosaxleoba" reanimaciaa. saxelmwifom
uari uTxra, yovel SemTxvevaSi garegnulad mainc, komunizmis msx-
vrevis Sedegad Camoyalibebul politikur da ekonomikur aq-
torebs materialuri da simboluri sikeTeebis generirebasa da
gadanawilebaSi pirdapir monawileobaze,
79
riTac is socio-
fsiqologiuri plasti gaacocxla, romelic rusul sazogadoe-
baSi jer kidev XVI saukunidan yalibdeboda. Sesabamisad axalma
elitam legitimaciis is xarisxi miiRo, romelic XX saukunis 30-
50-iani wlebidan moyolebuli albaT arcerT sabWoTa Tu rusul
mTavrobas ar hqonia. SemTxveviTi araa, rom putinis monocentris-
tuli reJimis safuZveli reitingia, romelic mWidrod akavSirebs
prezidentis figuras saxalxo molodinebTan, rac reJimis mdgra-
dobis da stabilurobis qvakuTxeds warmoadgens.
reitingis, rogorc axali politikuri reJimis amosavali
RerZis aRmoCena 1999 wlis Semodgomaze CeCneTis meore omis daw-
yebas ukavSirdeba. putinis popularoba aRmavali tempiT izrde-
boda 1999 wlis agvistodan 1999 wlis noembramde (Sesabamisad 31%-
dan 80%-mde). am momentidan ikveTeba kremlsa da xalxs (sazoga-
doebas) Soris myari kavSiri, Cndeba e.w. `putinuri umravlesobis"
fenomeni, romelsac daemyara politikuri stabiluroba da
romelzec daefuZna monocentrizmis legitimacia. levada cen-
tris gamokiTxvebis safuZvelze 2007 wlis noemberSic ki putinis
mimarT sazogadoebrivi mxardaWera 82% iyo,
80
rac xangrZlivi
politikuri karieris bolosTvis msoflios arc erT liders ar
hqonia.
monocentristuli sistemis politikur safuZvelSi reitingis
centralurobas principuli mniSvneloba aqvs. axali politikuri
sistema Rrma socialuri Zvrebis da mwvave socio-fsiqologiuri
travmebis pirobebSi Camoyalibda, romlis pirobebSic sazogadoe-
bis udidesi nawili Zveli mdgomareobisken dabrunebis albaTobas
79
oligarqebma putinis CrdilSi gadainacvles, maTi mxridan ekonomikuri
saqmianobis avtonomiuroba kremlis mxridan keTilganwyobazea damokidebuli,
isini vinc TamaSis am wess iReben agrZeleben TavianT saqmianobas (mag. roman abra-
moviCi, vladimir potanini, oleg deripaska da sxv.), xolo isini, romlebic ver
Seeguvnen Zalauflebis Zveli modelis msxvrevas sajaro sivrcidan gairiynen
(mag. boris berezovski, vladimir gusinski, mixail xodorkovski da sxv.).
80
// -. http://www.levada.ru/prezident.html
Tavi meoTxe
50
dadebiTad aRiqvamda. am fonze kremlma imTaviTve miiRo saxelm-
wifo-centristuli politikis ganaxlebisTvis aucilebeli sa-
zogadoebrivi mxardaWeris resursi da monocentristuli reJi-
mis CamoyalibebisTvis saWiro `zneobrivi mandati". amgvarma `so-
cialurma kontraqtma" xalxTan saSualeba misca kremls Zvel
elitebs Soris brZolaSi sakuTari TamaSis wesebi Seetana da Tavi-
si adgili ZiriTadi maregulireblis da arbitris rolSi daemkvi-
drebina.
kremlis axali adgili mis Tanabar wvdomadobaSi gamoixateba.
policentrizmis dasasruls kremli ruseTis politikur siste-
maSi Zalauflebis nominaluri centri iyo, monocentrizmma ki mas
Zalauflebis erTaderTi da realuri centris funqcia daakisra.
81
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT putinma mTavari moqmedi politikuri
figurisa da arbitris funqciebi SeiTavsa. Sesabamisad poli-
tikuri velis yvela institutisa da aqtoris mimarT kremlis mier
oficialurad gacxadebuli da mis mier realurad aRebuli fun-
qcia erTmaneTs emTxveva, kremli Tanabradaa CarTuli yoveli maT-
ganis funqciobaSi. Tavdapirvelad putini `elcinis ojaxisgan"
damoukidebel moTamaSed ar aRiqmeboda, amitom misi konfliqte-
bi berezovskisTan da gusinskisTan ubralod politikur SurisZ-
iebad aRiqmeboda. mis irgvliv TandaTanobiT Zalovanebis jgufis
koncentrirebam es mosazrebebi gaabaTila da aSkara gaxda, rom
ruseTis politikis scenaze TamaSis axali wesebi mkvidrdeboda,
romlis mixedviTac kremli Zveli elitebisgan upirobo morCile-
bas iTxovda (am strategias dRemde miyvebian roman abramoviCi,
oleg deripaska, sergei pugaCovi da sxv.).
82
TamaSis es wesebi krem-
lis irgvliv dajgufebul ZalovanTa sistemur elitaze da e.w.
putinis klientelaze, `piterelebzec" vrceldeba.
83
politikuri
81
Joel M. Ostrow, Georgiy A. Satarov et al., The Consolidation of Dictatorship in Russia: An
Inside View of the Demise of Democracy. Westport, CT: Praeger Security International, 2007, p.
113.
82
Lilia Shevtsova, Putins Russia. Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International
Peace, 2005, pp. 345-346.
83
ase magaliTad, boris grizlovi da ilia klebanovi, romlebic putinis gun-
dis wevrebi arian, Tanamdebobrivi gadaadgilebebis msxverplni gaxdnen. kle-
banovi ruseTis federaluri mTavrobidan (mTavrobis Tavmjdomaris moadgilis
da SemdgomSi mrewvelobis ministris posts ikavebda) gadaiyvanes da Crdilo-
Tavi meoTxe
51
velis dayofa `Cvenianebsa" da `ucxoebze", ra Tqma unda xdeba, ma-
gram rogorc Cans xelSeuxebeli figurebi, korporaciebi da
klanebi putinisTvis ar arsebobs. es, ra Tqma unda, ar gulisxmobs
putinis miukerZoeblobas, Tu mis ganyenebulobas romelime
jgufisgan, misi damokidebuleba politikuri velis moTamaSeebis
da maT Soris sakuTari gundis mimarT ukiduresi instrumenta-
lobiT xasiaTdeba. mxolod ase SeuZlia prezidents Tavisi
pirovnuli Zalaufleba da damoukidebloba aCvenos sazogadoe-
ba-xalxs da miiRos elitis antipodis imiji, romelic mis mdgrad
da maRal reitings apirobebs.
84
putinis dasayrdeni jgufis kompozicia Taviseburad ucnauria,
igi naklebi gavlenis mqone politikuri klanis `piterelebis" eqs-
pansiis Sedegad warmoiqmna da Tavdapirvelad erTmaneTTan erTi
SexedviT SeuTavsebeli dajgufebebis `liberalebisa" da
`Zalovnebis" simbiozs warmoadgenda.
85
Zalovnebis interesebis da
poziciebis primatis aSkaraoba putinis reJimSi ueWvelia, sul sxva
sakiTxia ramdenad gabatonebuli iyvnen misi gundis is liberali
wevrebi, romlebic amaze pretenzias acxadeben. Tu gaviTval-
iswinebT axal politikur istebliSmentSi statusur gadatriale-
bas, romelmac wamyvani poziciebi `piterelebsa" da `Zalovnebs"
mianiWa, `liberalebis" gamoyofa, rogorc calke gundisa, rTu-
li gaxdeba. am amorful jgufSi ufro modernizaciaze orien-
tirebuli administraciuli elita da teqnokratebi
86
(magali-
Tad ruseTis rux kardinalad cnobili ruseTis prezidentis ad-
ministraciis xelmZRvanelis TanaSemwe vladisalav surkovi)
87
, da
dasavleTis federalur olqSi prezidentis rwmunebuli gaxda, xolo boris
grizlovi Sinagan saqmeTa ministris gavleniani postidan saxelmwifo saTaT-
biros spikeris nominalur Tanamdebobaze wavida.
84
saxalxo simpaTiebis kavSiri antielitur ganwyobebTan da Sesabamisad poli-
tikuri lideris mier oficialuri istebliSmentisgan Tavisi ganyenebulobiT
manipulireba, ruseTis sazogadoebrivi sivrcisTvis stalinis periodidana aris
nacnobi. stalinis kulti aseve mis erTaderTobas da jgufuri kuTvnilebisgan
ganyenebulobas emyareboda.
85
Lilia Shevtsova, Putins Russia. Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International
Peace, 2005, p. 238.
86
Stephen White, Russias New Politics: The Management of a Post-Communist Society.
Cambridge UK: Cambridge University Press, 2000, p. 389.
87
surkovi 1999 wels putinTan erTad movida kremlis administraciaSi da
dResac igive posti ukavia prezident medvedevis administraciaSi.
Tavi meoTxe
52
aseve memarjvene-liberaluri mimarTulebis partiebis mcire
speqtri (magaliTad memarjvene ZalTa kavSiri, romelic imTav-
iTve mxars uWerda prezident putins da mis iniciativebs, aseve am
partiis federaluri sabWos wevri da saaqcio sazogadoeba ruse-
Tis erTiani energoqselebis aw ukve yofili Tavmjdomare anato-
li Cubaisi)
88
unda moviazroT. marTalia am memarjvene partiis
distancireba putinisgan, an piriqiT putinis daSoreba maTgan jer
kidev 2002 wels daiwyo da 2003 wlis saxelmwifo saTaTbiros
arCevnebis Sedegad am partiis sistemidan sruli amovardna mox-
da (vercerTi adgili ver miiRo federalur sakanonmdeblo or-
ganoSi da igive ganmeorda 2007 wlis arCevnebzec), oligarqiuli
klanebis saSualebiT e.w. liberalebis kavSiri axal ZalauflebiT
centrTan SenarCunda.
89
am TvalsazrisiT `liberalebi" putinis
ZalauflebiTi centris mxridan etapobrivad igive sibrtyeSi
ganixilebodnen, rogorc sxva dajgufebebi da putinis sayrdeni
jgufis birTvis funqcia
90
dakarges. Sesabamisad e.w. `lib-
eralebma" iseve, rogorc sxva dajgufebebma (oligarqebma, re-
gionulma liderebma, e.w. `moskovelebma") pirvandeli poziciebi
dakarges. isini im ierarqiaSi Caewernen, romelsac TavianTi cen-
traluri mdgomareobiT federaluri administraciuli da siste-
muri elitebi apirobeben da qmnian.
88
aRsaniSnavia rom anatoli Cubaisi, iseve rogorc putinis sxva TanamebrZole-
bi, magaliTad misi memkvidre dimitri medvedevi, leningradis meris anatoli
sobCakis gundidan modis. 1990 wels Cubaisi sobCakis mTavari mrCeveli iyo
ekonomikis dargSi, aseve ikavebda leningradis aRmasrulebeli komitetis
Tavmjdomaris moadgilis posts.
89
Cameron Ross, Russian Politics Under Putin. Manchester UK: Manchester University Press,
2004, p. 169.
90
liberalebis~ mier am funqciis Sesruleba putins da mis irgvliv dajgufe-
bul sistemur elitebs taqtikuri mosazrebebidan gamomdinare sWirdebodaT.
manam sanam putinis reJimis konsolidacia moxdeboda, saWiro iyo dasavleTis
darwmuneba ruseTis demokratiuli ganviTarebis ualternativobaSi. lib-
eralebis~ pirobiTma inkorporirebam, an maTi calkeuli warmomadgenlebis gav-
lenam axal ZalauflebiT centrSi, demokratiisa da sabazro reformebisadmi
axali reJimis erTgulebis iluzia Seqmnes.
Tavi meoTxe
Tavi mexuTe.
putinuri modernizacia:
ruseTi `suverenuli demokratiis"
Camoyalibebis gzaze
termini `suverenuli demokratia" rusul politikur
leqsikonSi gacilebiT ufro gvian gaCnda vidre politikuri sivr-
cis struqturirebis Tu misi institutebis xelaxla gadaazrebis
mTeli is procesi warimarTa, romelmac ruseTi sabolood daa-
Sora demokratiisa da sabazro ekonomikis sakuTriv dasavlur
gagebas. cnebis gamogoneba ruseTis prezidentis administraciis
xelmZRvanelis moadgiles vladislav surkovs miewereba, romel-
mac igi pirvelma gamoiyena 2006 wlis 22 Tebervals " "-
s partiuli aqtivis yrilobaze. surkovis ganmartebis mixedviT
ruseTis suverenuli demokratia es aris `sazogadoebis poli-
tikuri cxovrebis is stili, rodesac xelisufleba, misi orga-
noebi, qmedebebi irCeva, yalibdeba da warimarTeba mxolod da mx-
olod ruseTis eris mier ... yoveli moqalaqis, xalxis da social-
uri jgufis keTildReobis, Tavisuflebis da samarTlianobis
uzrunvelyofisTvis".
91
ruseTis politikis ruxi kardinalis mier
mowodebuli formula saxalxo doneze ufro martivad gaigeba
da misive xeldasmiT Camoyalibebuli axalgazrduli moZraoba
""-s
92
wamyvani analitikosi vitali trofimovi termins Sem-
degnairad ganmartavs: `suverenuli demokratia araliberaluri,
egalitaruli demokratiis saxea, romelSic calkeuli adamianis
politikuri, ekonomikuri da sazogadoebrivi Tavisufleba sa-
zogado interesiTa da upirveles yovlisa saxelmwifos suveren-
91
//
. . , , 28 2006, .
92
am organizacias xumrobiT putiniugendsac~ uwodeben.
54
itetiT Semoifargleba".
93
aRniSnuli ganmartebis farglebSi raRa Tqma unda mniSvnelo-
vania imis garkveva, Tu rogor gaigeba Tavad saxelmwifo da misi
suvereniteti da ra gardaqmnebs ganicdis sistema e.w. `suverenul
demokratiad" Camoyalibebis gzaze. rogorc wina TavebSi aRvniS-
neT saxelmwifo rogorc farTo sazogadoebaSi, anu xalxSi, ise
sakuTriv axal politikur elitaSi ukiduresad daviwrovebuli
gagebiT, `kremlis", igive centris farglebSi aRiqmeba. Tavad krem-
li, Tavis mxriv, politikuri velis erT-erT, magram ZiriTad da
politikuri ierarqiis ganmsazRvrel moTamaSes warmoadgens. am
TvalsazrisiT politikuri sistemis ganviTarebaSi erTi cen-
traluri xazi ikveTeba, xdeba mTlianad sistemis xelaxali Camoy-
alibeba, misi calkeuli aqtorebis gadajgufeba centris axali
politikuri statusis irgvliv.
Sinaganad gaerTianebuli da politikurad gaZlierebuli
saprezidento Zalauflebis centri (kremli) sistemis birTvi gax-
da, romelmac mTeli danarCeni velis sakuTari centralurobisa
da pirvelsawyisobis irgvliv struqturizacia da ierarqizacia
moaxdina. axali politikuri sistemis Camoyalibebis sawyis etapze
2000-2002 wlebSi cvlilebebis Semdegi mimarTulebebi gamoikveTa:
politikuri aqtorebis deavtonomizacia;
elitebSi mkacri ierarqiis da subordinaciis
danergva;
Zalauflebis monopolizacia;
elitis modernizacia;
sazogadoebis `damSvideba".
policentristuli sistema elitebis farTo avtonomiurobas
gulisxmobda. mis safuZvelSi oficialurad dafiqsirebuli da
konvencionalurad aRiarebuli ufleba-mosilebaTa garkveuli
moculoba iyo mocemuli. elitebis avtonomia gulisxmobda cen-
tris mxridan xelSeuxebel kontrols eqskluziur korporati-
ul `domenebze" (samflobeloebze, romlebic uwyebebis, terito-
riebis, msxvili kompaniebisa da holdingebis saxiT iyo mocemu-
li). msgavsi avtonomiuroba politikuri resursebis solidur
93
// . 43(537), 20 2006 .
Tavi mexuTe
55
paketsac gulisxmobda,
94
am TvalsazrisiT yvelaze STambeWdavi
politikuri resursebiT regionuli elitebi iyvnen aRWurvilni,
95
romlebsac araformalur resursebTan erTad qveynis konstitu-
cia da kanonmdebloba avtonomiurobis legitimur CarCoebs uqm-
nida. isini erTmaneTs uTavsebdnen TavianT mdgomareobas Zalau-
flebiT vertikalSi da politikuri aqtorebis legitimur av-
tonomiur statuss. maT federalur centrSi sakuTari warmomad-
genlobebi hqondaT, adgilebze hyavdaT centrisgan damoukide-
beli `saxelisuflebo partiebi" da adgilobrivi ekonomikis
resursebsac akontrolebdnen.
96
amaTgan gansxvavebiT oligarqe-
bi, romlebsac administraciul-politikur dayofaze mimagre-
buli legitimurobis resursi ar gaaCndaT, TavianT avtonomi-
urobas media imperiebis saSualebiT imyarebdnen.
97
maT aseve gaaCn-
daT federalur centrSi gaSlili kavSirebis mTeli qseli da
mWidro ekonomikuri TanamSromlobiT iyvnen dakavSirebuli re-
gionul elitebTan.
98
orive es jgufi Tavis politikur da
ekonomikur resursebs efeqturad iyenebdnen TavianTi pozicieb-
is gasamyareblad arsebul `domenebSi" da mis gareT eqspansi-
isTvis, da rac mTavaria centrTan politikuri vaWrobisTvis.
sazogadoeba-xalxSi myari dasayrdenis mopovebisTanave krem-
lma axali urTierTobebis awyoba daiwyo politikuri velis moT-
amaSeebTan. centrs kargad esmoda, rom reJimis konsolidaci-
isTvis yvelaze mTavari winaRoba elitebis avtonomiuroba da maT
xelSi koncentrirebuli ekonomikuri da politikuri resursebi
iyo. Sesabamisad, kremlis pirveli nabiji elitebis deavtono-
mizaciis mimarTulebiT gadaidga. putinis umTavres amocanad iqca
mizanmimarTulad emuSava elitebisTvis damoukidebeli
ekonomikuri da politikuri resursebis mopovebis gzebis mo-
94
Peter Baker, Susan Glasser, Kremlin Rising: Vladimir Putins Russia and the End of
Revolution. Potomac Books Inc. 2007, pp. 330-334.
95
Cameron Ross, Federalism and Democratization in Russia. Manchester UK: Manchester
University Press, 2002, pp. 112-113.
96
Ibid. 120.
97
Anders Aslund, Russias Capitalist Revolution: Why Market Reforms Succeeded and De-
mocracy Failed?. Washington, DC: Peterson Institute for International Economics, 2007, pp. 208-
210.
98
Ibid. 187-188.
Tavi mexuTe
56
saWrelad. mas Semdeg rac es amocana miRweul iqna da federaluri
centri aRar iyo damokidebuli elitebis mxardaWeraze, maT
dakarges `xelSeuxeblobis" statusi da ukve kremlze da misi `me-
patronis" keTilganwyobaze gaxdnen damokidebulni. amis miRweva
putinma 2000 wels gatarebuli ori aqciis saSualebiT SeZlo: `an-
tioligarqiuli kampania",
99
romelsac Sinagan saqmeTa saministro
eweoda da federaluri urTierTobebis cvlileba (avtonomiuri
respublikebis daqvemdebareba federaluri olqebisTvis da fed-
eraciis sabWos reforma).
100
zemoT aRniSnulis gagrZeleba Camoyalibebis momentSive axali
reJimis politikuri bazis konfiguraciis cvlileba gaxda. prez-
identis reitingis fenomeni uCvenebda ra yvela gamaSualebeli
institutis diskreditirebulobas, dRis wesrigSi ayenebda prez-
identsa da sazogadoeba-xalxs Soris pirdapiri urTierTobebis
meqanizmebis daxvewas, rac sainformacio sivrcis monopoliza-
cias gulisxmobda. mediis calmxriv muSaobaze agebuli politika
saSualebas iZleoda politikuri procesis sxva moTamaSeebisa da
Suamavlebis gariyva, maTi rolis daknineba an gardaqmna umtkiv-
neulod momxdariyo. sainformacio sivrceze kontrolis dawese-
bis kvaldakval sazogadoebisTvis SeumCnevlad elitebis sta-
tusebis gadaxedva, axali ierarqiis damkvidreba da politikuri
warmomadgenlobis formatis xelaxali gansazRvra moxda.
regionuli liderebis mimarT ierarqiis daweseba or etapad
moxda. pirveli nabiji 2000 wlis saprezidento arCevnebis peri-
odSi gadaidga, rodesac forsmaJorul, lamis sagangebo situa-
ciaSi (CeCneTis meore omis fonze) prezidentis arCevisas region-
ul elitebs situaciaSi garkvevis saSualebac ki ar miecaT,
101
Se-
sabamisad putinis figuris CamoyalibebaSi maT aranairi wvlili
ar miuZRodaT. ufro metic, sruliad ucnobi kandidatis swraf
aRmasvlaSi wvlilis ver SetaniT urTierTdamokidebulebis faq-
99
David Hoffman, The Oligarchs: Wealth And Power In The New Russia. Public Affairs, 2003,
pp. 357-358.
100
Cameron Ross, Federalism and Democratization in Russia. Manchester UK: Manchester
University Press, 2002, p. 143.
101
Lilia Shevtsova, Russia - Lost in Transition: The Yeltsin and Putin Legacies. Carnegie
Endowment for International Peace, 2007, p. 299.
Tavi mexuTe
57
tori ver Seiqmna, aqedan gamomdinare regionuli elitebi maTgan
damoukidebeli politikuri figuris mimarT urTierTobebSi
gaurkvevlobis da gauTvlelobis viTarebaSi aRmoCndnen. region-
uli liderebis kremliseul ierarqiaSi moqcevis meore nabiji
Svidi federaluri olqis da prezidentis rwmunebulis institu-
tis SemoReba, da aseve federaciis sabWos reforma iyo.
102
am uka-
nasknelis ZaliT regionulma liderebma dakarges federalur
centrSi mudmivi warmomadgenlobis yolis, da Sesabamisad dakarg-
es federalur ZalauflebiT elitaSi mudmivad yofnis saSuale-
ba. maTi politikuri statusi wminda regionuli politikuri
doniT ganisazRvra.
regionuli liderebisgan gansaxvavebiT oligarqebis axal ier-
arqiaSi Cawera sxvagvarad moxda. kremlTan subordinaciis axali
pirobebis `gaformeba", romelic 2000 wlis gazafxul-zafxulis
`antioligarqiuli kampaniis" farglebSi moxda, da ramac xelSeux-
eblobis garantiebis Sekveca da avtonomiurobis axali pirobeb-
is Camoyalibeba moitana, ar gamoiwvia am jgufebis federaluri
elitidan amovardna.
103
am gansxvavebis mizezi imaSi mdgomareob-
da, rom gubernatorebi da respublikebis prezidentebi Camoyal-
ibebis procesSi myofi putiniseuli ZalauflebiTi vertikalis
nawilad moiazrebodnen, oligarqebi ki ara. am garemoebam maT sa-
Sualeba misca gavlenis sust (ufro kremlis damxmare) centrad
darCeniliyvnen federalur elitaSi.
prezidentis reitingis fenomenis, rogorc monocentrizmis
socialuri safuZvelis Camoyalibebis Tanmdev da ganmapirobebel
movlenad, rogorc zemoT iqna aRniSnuli, kremlis mxridan media
sivrcis monopolizacia gaxda. am procesis yvelaze dramatul
momentebad damoukidebeli telearxebis -sa da 6-is saxelm-
wifos kontrolis qveS moqceva gaxda. Tumca es movlenebi im xan-
grZlivi procesebis logikuri dasasruli iyo, romlebmac jer
kidev elcinis mmarTvelobis bolo periodSi media politikuri
102
Cameron Ross, Federalism and Democratization in Russia. Manchester UK: Manchester
University Press, 2002, p. 132.
103
Anders Aslund, Russias Capitalist Revolution: Why Market Reforms Succeeded and
Democracy Failed?. Washington, DC: Peterson Institute for International Economics, 2007, p.
238.
Tavi mexuTe
58
procesis periferiaze gadaitana da damxmare moTamaSed aqcia.
104
putinis politikur reJimSi mediis inkorporirebis ori Ziri-
Tadi faqtori SeiZleba gamoiyos. erTi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom
axali reJimisTvis miuRebeli iyo mediis tradiciuli roli,
romelic xelisuflebisadmi opoziciurobaSi gamoixateboda, me-
ore ki imaSi, rom zemoxsenebuli reitingis Seqmnis erTaderTi
qmediTi meqanizmi media sivrceSi kritikuli an alternatiuli
xedvebis (upirveles yovlisa prezidentis mimarT) aRmofxvra iyo.
meore mxriv, putinis administraciis politika damoukidebe-
li mediis reJimSi inkorporirebis mimarT imiTac iyo ganpirobe-
buli, rom igi aRiqmeboda, rogorc `demokratiuli areulobis"
produqti, da romelic aqedan gamomdinare orientirebuli iyo
im epoqisTvis damaxasiaTebel kulturul stilistikaze. Tavad
es kulturuli stilistika kremlis mesveurTaTvis negatiuri
emociebisa da masobrivi SiSebis reproducirebaSi gamoixatebo-
da, rac, Tavis mxriv, politikis gaSuqebisas xelisuflebis miuRe-
blobasa da mis kritikaSi aisaxeboda. 1990-iani wlebis bolos sax-
elmwifosgan sazogadoebis gaucxoebam piks miaRwia, raSic puti-
nis reJimi aseve damoukidebeli mediis muSaobis kvals xedavda,
amitom sapirispiro efeqtis (saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebis daax-
loebis) misaRebad damoukidebeli media kremlis monocentris-
tuli politikis bunebrivi samizne gaxda. gansakuTrebiT didi
brZolebi putinma berezovskis da gusinskis media imperiebTan
gadaitana. saxelmwifo administraciul resursze monopoliis
wyalobiT, ra Tqma unda, es bataliebi kremlis sasargeblod das-
rulda. mZlavr nacionalur telearxebze kontrolis damyare-
biT, romlebic sazogadoebrivi sainformacio sivrcis srul
speqtrs moicavda, kremlma prezidentis reitingis warmoebis mTe-
li fabrika Seqmna, ris gamoc beWdviT media saSualebebSi kritikis
garkveuli centrebis mimarT Semguebluri pozicia daiWira.
105
104
sakmarisia gavixsenoT putinis aRzevebis saqmeSi federaluri eleqtronu-
li mediis mier CeCneTis meore omis gaSuqebis saSualebiT Setanili wvlili.
Tumca, mogvianebiT rodesac maTi mflobelebis interesebs safrTxe daemuqra,
putinis figuris warmodgena kritikis kuTxiTac daiwyes.
105
Lilia Shevtsova, Putins Russia. Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International
Peace, 2005, p. 178.
Tavi mexuTe
59
Tumca aseTi damokidebulebac didi xani ar gagrZelebula da krem-
lis marwuxebi gazeTebmac male igrZnes. aqve aRsaniSnavia is faq-
ti, rom eleqtronuli media sivrcis Sekvecis Semdeg bevrma wamy-
vanma Jurnalistma, romlebic e.w. media elitas qmnidnen, swored
gazeTebs da radio sadgurebs Seafares Tavi, Sesabamisad kremlis
momdevno periodis strategia ukve aRar ganisazRvreboda media
saSualebebis ubralo daxurviT da am elitis warmomadgenlebze
`wertilovan dartymebSi" (SantaJidan da gatacebebidan dawyebu-
li, mkvklelobebiT dasrulebuli) gamoixata,
106
risi yvelaze cini-
kuri magaliTic putinis dabadebis dRes Jurnalist ana politk-
ovskaias mkvleloba iyo.
mediis garda monocentristuli `suverenuli demokratiis"
Camoyalibebis gzaze erT-erT winaaRmdegobas saxelmwifosa da
sazogadoebas Soris urTierTobebis gaSualebis iseTi meqanizmic
qmnida, rogoric sasamarTlo sistemaa. Zvel policentristul
sistemaSi mosamarTleebi iseTive rols asrulebdnen, rogorc
damoukidebeli media.
107
maTi gavlena sasamarTlos damoukide-
blobis im xarisxis kvaldakval, rasac susti policentristuli
sistemis Tundac garegnuli sakanonmdeblo baza iZleoda, Zalian
didi iyo. federalur da respublikebis sakanonmdeblo bazebs
Soris gansxvavebebi, aseve sasamarTlo praqtikis unifikaciis da-
bali xarisxi, arbitraJisa da kanonebis farTo interpretaciis
safuZvelze mosamarTleebs damoukidebeli moqmedebis vrcel
vels utovebdaT, relurad maT didi wvlili SehqondaT TamaSis
im wesebis SeqmnaSi, romlebic policentristul reJims, rogorc
Tanabar woniani moTamaSeebis sistemas, Tvisobrivad apirobebd-
nen. amas Tan erTvoda isic, rom samarTlis gamoyenebis am rgolSi
kerZo moTamaSeebic (oligarqebi da regionuli elitebi) iyvnen
106
es praqtika CeCneTis meore omis dasawyisidanve iqna aprobirebuli, magal-
iTad andrei babickis mimarT ganxorcielebuli devna. igi aseve mxolod rusi
JurnalistebiT ar Semoifargleboda, magaliTad CeCneTis omis sakiTxebze mo-
muSave saqarTveloSi myofi italieli Jurnalistis antonio rusos mkvlelo-
ba.
107
Joel M. Ostrow, Georgiy A. Satarov et al., The Consolidation of Dictatorship in Russia: An
Inside View of the Demise of Democracy. Westport, CT: Praeger Security International, 2007, pp.
120-123.
Tavi mexuTe
60
SeWrilni da sistemis saTavisod muSaobas uzrunveyofdnen.
108
am
fonze kremlis mier wamowyebuli sasamarTlos reforma gulisx-
mobda, erTi mxriv, sasamarTloebis, rogorc damoukidebeli moT-
amaSeebis nivelirebas, da meore mxriv, maTze mkacri kontrolis
dawesebis gziT oligarqebsa da regionul elitebs kerZo poli-
tikuri resursis saxiT sasamarTloebis gamoyenebis saSualebas
ar aZlevda.
sazogadoebasa da saxelmwifos Soris urTierTobebis gamaSu-
alebel institutebze kontrolis daweseba efeqtur niadags qm-
nida monocentrizmis veqtoris kidev ufro gaRrmavebisTvis. Zve-
li policentristuli sistemisTvis damaxasiaTebeli centridan-
uli tendenciebi ganviTarebis centriskenulma tendenciebma
Caanacvles. am procesis RerZuli maxasiaTebeli ZalauflebiTi
urTierTobebis yvela sferos kremlze mibma gaxda, rac Zalau-
flebiTi sistemis rogorc vertikalis, ise horizontalis erT
mTelad integraciaSi gamoixata, da rac saSualebas aZlevda
kremls winaRobebis gareSe gaetarebina TavisTvis sasurveli yve-
la iniciativa.
ZalauflebiTi vertikalis gamyareba, rogorc zemoT aRiniSna
kremlis mier regionuli elitebis subordinaciis TavisTvis sa-
survel sistemaSi moqcevis gziT ganxorcielda. am process win
uZRoda saxelmwifo saTaTbiroze politikuri kontrolis dawese-
ba 2000 wlis ianvarSi (rodesac gamarjvebulma partiebma ruseTis
federaciis komunisturma partiam, ""-m da mcire warmo-
madgenlobis mqone memarjvene ZalTa gaerTianebam proputinuri
aliansi Sekres evgeni primakovis " - "-s winaaRm-
deg,
109
da rac Tavis mxriv saprezidento arCevnebisTvis mzadebis
nawili iyo), da aseve 2000 wlis martis saprezidento arCevnebiT,
108
Cameron Ross, Federalism and Democratization in Russia. Manchester UK: Manchester
University Press, 2002, pp. 201-203.
109
1999 wlis dekembris saxelmwifo saTaTbiros deputatTa arCevnebSi gamar-
jvebulebs Soris adgilebi Semdegnairad ganawilda: ruseTis kompartia 113
adgili; - 64; - 75; memarjvene ZalTa
gaerTianeba 29; Jirinovskis bloki 17; - 20; - 7;
- 2; - 2;
- 1; ( ) - 1;
- 1; - 1;
- 1; damoukidebeli deputatebi 107.
Tavi mexuTe
61
romlebmac regionuli elitebi im faqtis winaSe daayena, rom urT-
ierToba maTTvis ucnob ZalasTan mouwevdaT. ZalauflebiTi ver-
tikalis gamyarebam saSualeba misca kremls politikuri siste-
mis sxva ubnebze gaeSala Tavisi eqspansia.
ZalauflebiTi vertikalis gamyareba ZalauflebiTi horizon-
talis fragmentirebulobis aRmofxvris paralelurad midioda.
saxelmwifo saTaTbiros mravalpartiul konfiguraciaSi puti-
nis oponentebis winaaRmdeg aliansebis Sekvris mTavari mizani
mTavrobis formirebis iseTi meqanizmis miRweva iyo, romelic
prezidentis gundsa da danarCen politikur vels Soris erTg-
varovnebis xarisxs aamaRlebda.
110
garda amisa, monocentristu-
li politikuri sistemis farglebSi saWiro iyo sakanonmdeblo
organosa da kanonmdeblobiT procesze sruli kontrolis dam-
yarebac. am mimarTebiT gadadgmuli pirveli nabiji e.w. moZravi
umravlesobis Seqmna iyo (2000 wlis ianvridan 2001 wlis Teberv-
lamde), romelmac tradiciulad antisistemurad ganwyobili ko-
mpartiac ki moicva.
111
meore etapze, ki rodesac moZlierebuli
putiniT ukmayofilo kompartiam misgan distancireba daiwyo,
112
es roli saxelmwifo saTaTbiroSi gamokveTil centristul `oTx-
Ta koalicias" gadaeca (fraqciebi "", saxalxo deputati,
ruseTis regionebi da " - ").
113
aRmasrulebel
xelisuflebasa da federalur sakanonmdeblo organos Soris
urTierTobebis am periodSi gansakuTrebuli roli eniWeba
`winaswari konsultaciebis" reJimSi muSaobas, rac kremls saTaT-
biros qveda palatis Wreli partiuli speqtris gulis mogebis
saSualebas aZlevda. ukve 2003 wlidan kremls aRar sWirdeboda
110
Henry Hale, Why not Parties in Russia?: Democracy, Federalism, and the State. Cambridge
University Press, 2007, p. 145.
111
Ibid, p. 156.
112
2001 wlis TebervalSi saxelmwifo saTaTbirom pirvelive wakiTxviT miiRo
kanoni partiebis Sesaxeb, romelic registraciisa (registraciisTvis saWiro
wevrebis odenobis zRvari xuTjer gaizarda) da dafinansebis (finansebis Semod-
inebasa da xarjvaze saxelmwifo kontrolis gazrda) axali procedurebis dan-
ergviT mkveTrad asustebda partiebis damoukideblobas da amcirebda maT
raodenobas. am kanonproeqts mkveTrad daupirispirdnen da ruseTis ko-
munisturi partia.
113
Henry Hale, Why not Parties in Russia?: Democracy, Federalism, and the State. Cambridge
University Press, 2007, p. 161.
Tavi mexuTe
62
saxelmwifo saTaTbiros qveda palatis mravalpartiulobaze wux-
ili, tendencia partiebis raodenobis da saxelisuflebo parti-
is (2003 wlidan " ") oponentebis warmomadgenlobis
Semcirebisken gamoikveTa.
114
Tuki 2000-2003 wlebis saTaTbiros qve-
da palataSi cameti partia iyo warmodgenili, 2003-2007 wlebSi
maTi raodenoba TerTmeti iyo,
115
xolo amJamindel saTaTbiroSi
(2007-2011 ww) mxolod oTxi partiaa
116
warmodgenili.
saxelmwifo saTaTbiros qveda palatis garda kremlisTvis
aranakleb mniSvnelovani iyo parlamentis zeda palatis, fed-
eraciis sabWos sakuTar Targze gamoWra. 2000 wels gatarebuli
cvlilebebis saSualebiT kremlma regionul liderebs feder-
alur sakanonmdeblo procesSi pirdapiri monawileobis saSualeba
mouWra. Tavdapirvelad saTaTbiros zeda palataSi kremlis
dasayrdens qmnida jgufi `federacia", romelic putinis erTgu-
li axali senatorebiTa da Zveli senatorebis loialuri nawiliT
iyo dakompleqtebuli.
117
2002 wlis dasawyisSi rotaciis perio-
dis dasasruls da komitetebis xelmZRvanelTa (umniSvnelovane-
si kremlisTvis ekonomikuri profilis komitetebi iyvnen, vinaidan
swored maTi saSualebiT moxdeboda respublikebsa da olqebSi
ekonomikur resursebze xelmisawvdomobis wesebis Secvla da reg-
ulacia) gadaxalisebis, aseve federaciis sabWos spikeris egor
stroevis sergei mironoviT (putinTan daaxloebuli politiko-
si, `piterelebis" gundis wevri) Canacvlebis Semdeg, federaciis
sabWo sabolood Caewera putinis monocentristuli sistemis kon-
figuraciaSi.
118
putinis mmarTvelobis adreul periodSi saxelm-
wifo saTaTbiros qveda palatis partiuli siWrelidan gamom-
114
Cameron Ross, Russian Politics Under Putin. Manchester UK: Manchester University
Press, 2004, p. 220.
115
- 308; ruseTis federaciis komunisturi partia 46; ruse-
Tis liberalur-demokratiuli partia 35; - 29; - 12;
damoukidebeli deputatebi 17; - 4; memarjvene ZalTa gaerTianeba 3;
ruseTis agraruli partia 3; socialuri samarTlianobisa da pensioenerebis
partia 1; ruseTis aRorZinebisa da ruseTis sicocxlis partia 3.
116
- 315; ruseTis federaciis komunisturi partia 57; ruse-
Tis liberalur-demokratiuli partia 40; samarTliani ruseTi 38.
117
jgufi federacia 2001 wlis TebervalSi Seiqmna da federaciis sabWos 177
wevridan Tavis rigebSi 102-s aerTianebda.
118
Stephen White, Developments in Russian Politics 6. Duke University Press, 2005, pp. 198-
203.
Tavi mexuTe
63
dinare, zeda palatis kremlis kontrols qveS daqvemdebarebas
(rac ufro ioli Canda) didi mniSvneloba hqonda. kanonmdeblo-
biT procesSi federaciis sabWos gazrdil uflebamosilebebs,
kremlTan mimarTebaSi misi politikuri erTgvarovnebis gaTval-
iswinebiT, monocentristuli sistemis gamyarebis saqmeSi udavod
didi wvlili Sehqonda.
119
aRniSnuli cvlilebebis Sedegad moxda
sakanonmdeblo organosTvis daqvemdebarebuli statusis gan-
sazRvra, xolo federaciis sabWos gavliT kremlis sakanonmdeb-
lo iniciativebis umtkivneulod gatarebis SesaZleblobebi
udavod gaizarda.
federalur sakanonmdeblo organoSi ganxorcielebuli cv-
lilebebi, romlebic kremlis kontrolis gamyarebaze iyo mima-
rTuli, bunebrivia ruseTis politikur sivrceSi partiebis ro-
lis da adgilis gadaazrebasac gulisxmobda. es tendencia, Tu
kremlis mizani 2001 wlis kanonSi partiebis Sesaxeb, aseve saarCevno
kodeqsSi miRebul cvlilebebSi gacxadda. kremlis politika mi-
marTuli iyo dominanturi tipis mmarTveli partiis Seqmnaze,
romelic putinis prezidentobis pirvel etapze jer kidev ar
arsebobda (rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT kremls saxelmwifo saTaT-
biroSi mocemul Wrel partiul speqtrSi lavireba uwevda). krem-
lis es swrafva, romelic politikur sistemaSi RerZuli poli-
tikuri jgufis Seqmnisken iyo mimarTuli, etapobrivad reJimis
gapartiulebaSi gamoixata. dominanturi tipis partiis Seqmna
putinis administraciis mxridan im mosazrebas emyareboda, rom
igi saSualebas miscemda kremls klanuri brZolebi instituciur
CarCoebSi moeqcia, da amiT am ukanasknelis mxridan reJimis
mmarTvel gundze madestabilirebeli gavlena Seerbilebina.
120
amavdroulad, SesaZlebeli xdeboda politikuri velis sxva moT-
amaSeebisgan (upirveles yovlisa regionuli da ekonomikuri
elitebisgan) kremlis avtonomiurobis da dominanturi statu-
sis institucionalizaciac.
121
am ukanasknelis TvalsazrisiT krem-
119
Cameron Ross, Russian Politics Under Putin. Manchester UK: Manchester University
Press, 2004, pp. 203-204.
120
Stephen White, Developments in Russian Politics 6. Duke University Press, 2005,. p. 178.
121
Cameron Ross, Russian Politics Under Putin. Manchester UK: Manchester University
Press, 2004, p. 135.
Tavi mexuTe
64
lma aramarto federaluri donis partiebis ierarqiaSi Casma,
aramed regionuli elitebis kerZo `saxelisuflebo partiebis"
alagmvac ganizraxa, rac federaciis sabWos gadaxalisebasTan
erTad maTTvis politikur resursebze damoukidebeli xelmis-
awvdomobis SezRudvis saerTo politikis nawili iyo. putinis mi-
marT loialurad ganwyobilma saxelmwifo saTaTbiros centris-
tulma fraqciebma miiRes cvlilebebi kanonSi ruseTis moqalaqe-
Ta saarCevno uflebebisa da referendumis uflebis Sesaxeb, rom-
lis ZaliT gaTvaliswinebulia regionis liderebis arCevisas
orturiani sistemis gamoyeneba, amasTan gansazRvrulia pirobe-
bi, rom kandidatebs ar SeuZliaT arCevnebs gamoeTiSon xmis mice-
mis wina dRes da arc pirveli turis dasrulebis Semdeg. kanonSi
Setanili es cvlileba regionul liderebs administraciuli
resursebis mniSvnelovan nawils aclis xelidan.
aranakleb mniSvnelovani sfero, romelzec kremlis Semdgomi
eqspansia gaiSala administraciuli elita gaxldaT. zemoT ukve
iyo saubari imis Taobaze, Tu rogor moaxdina kremlma oligarqe-
bis deavtonomizacia da maTi Tavis monocentristuli reJimis
ierarqiaSi Casma. amaT Semdeg jeri e.w. `saxelmwifo oligarqebze"
midga. TamaSis axali wesebis danergva federaluri centris ad-
ministraciul elitaSic daiwyo, romelic imTaviTve putinis ko-
aliciis Semadgeneli nawili iyo. eseni iyvnen armiis da samarTal-
damcvelTa maRali ierarqiis warmomadgenlebi, aseve e.w. Sida
oligarqebi,
122
rogorebic iyvnen nikolai aksionenko (gzebisa da
kavSirgabmulobis ministri 1997-2002 ww.), rem viaxirevi (gazpro-
mis generaluri direqtori 1992-2001 ww., 2001 wlidan direqtor-
Ta sabWos Tavmjdomare). `sakadro revoluciis" saxeliT cnobili
administraciuli sistemis putinisadmi damorCilebis procesi
ekonomikis seqtoris saxelmwifo uwyebebis farglebSi aRmoceneb-
uli `kerZo mamulebis" mflobelebis araTu kontrolis qveS mo-
qcevas, aramed maTi TamaSidan gayvanas gulisxmobda.
123
Sesabamis-
122
Anders Aslund, Russias Capitalist Revolution: Why Market Reforms Succeeded and
Democracy Failed?. Washington, DC: Peterson Institute for International Economics, 2007, p.
243.
123
David Hoffman, The Oligarchs: Wealth And Power In The New Russia. Public Affairs,
2003, p. 342.
Tavi mexuTe
65
ad am cvlilebebis saboloo mizani, ekonomikuri resursebis ma-
kontrolebeli da ganmkargavi struqturebis kremlis axali me-
patronisTvis sando kadrebisTvis gadabareba iyo. administraci-
ul elitaSi TviTmmarTveli `memamuleebis" () adgils krem-
lis `momsaxureebi" () iWeren. administraciuli elitis
formirebis axali formulis mixedviT, sakuTreba da Zalaufle-
ba piradi damsaxurebis kvalobaze `zemodan" dasaSvebi droebiTi
kategoriaa da elcinis reJimis periodisgan gansxvavebiT aRar
warmoadgens kerZo iniciativiT mopovebul samudamo privilegias.
administraciulma elitam dakarga `insaideruli" mdgomareobiT
miniWebuli upiratesobebi, romlebic gulisxmobdnen sakuTari
socialuri kavSirebis ekonomikuri kapitalis dagrovebis mizniT
gamoyenebas da biurokratiuli servisebis urTierTgacvlisa da
Crdilovani komerciuli garigebebis saSualebiT sakuTari av-
tonomiurobis Seqmnas. aqedan gamomdinare, myardeba garedan
dawesebuli disciplina da subordinacia emTxveva formalurad
dawesebul Tanamdebobriv ierarqias, romelSic kremli da prezi-
denti ierarqiis umaRlesi donea. Sesabamisad SegviZlia
davaskvnaT, rom Zalauflebisa da sakuTrebis erTobis manam arse-
buli paradigma sistemis modernizaciaze mimarTul putiniseul
politikas ar daurRvevia, piriqiT misi gamyareba da reJimis sta-
bilurobis saWiroebaze morgeba moxda.
ekonomikis seqtorSi kremlma aranaklebi yuradReba dauTmo
saxelmwifos gareT arsebul korporatiul-samoqalaqo gaer-
Tianebebis gadaformatebas. biznessa da saxelmwifos Soris urT-
ierTobebis sakuTriv saxelmwifo-administraciuli sistemis krem-
lis irgvliv struqturirebis Semdeg, mniSvnelovani gaxda inter-
esTa jgufebisa da biznesis profesiuli asociaciebis axal Targ-
ze gamoWrac,
124
rac aseve gaadvilebda ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos
Carevis warmarTvas. ukve 2001 wlis Semodgomaze dasrulda krem-
lTan TanamSromlobaze orientirebuli rusuli biznesis korpo-
ratiuli organizaciebis Seqmna.
125
2001 wlis bolosTvis aseve ga-
124
Michael Steven Fish, Democracy Derailed in Russia: the Failure of Open Politics. NY:
Cambridge University Press, 2006, pp. 177-180.
125
ruseTis mrewvelTa da mewarmeTa kavSiri; saqmiani ruseTi; wvrili da saSu-
alo mewarmeobis saerTo rusuli organizacia .
Tavi mexuTe
66
naxlda ruseTis savaWro-samrewvelo palata, romelsac evgeni
primakovi xelmZRvanelobda, da romelmac Tavis prioritetad
kremlTan mWidro TanamSromloba gamoacxada. biznesis sferoSi
samoqalaqo aqtivobis garda kremlma farTo gagebiT samoqalaqo
sazogadoebis struqturirebis amocanac daisaxa. kremlis mier
inicirebuli samoqalaqo forumis mizani kremlsa da ruseTis mas-
StabiT moqmedi arasamTavrobo organizaciebs Soris saqmianobisa
da iniciativebis mWidro koordinirebis miRweva iyo. kremlma
samoqalaqo seqtoris mxridan wamosuli iniciativebis saTavisod
warmarTvis mizniT, am seqtoris korporativizaciac moaxdina
sazogadoebriv saqmeTa palatis saxiT.
126
TavisTvis sasurveli aRniSnuli cvlilebebis ganxorcieleba
kremlisTvis warmoudgeneli gaxdeboda sakuTriv reJimis birTvis,
misi mamoZravebeli gundis Sesabamisi adamianuri resursebiT
uzrunvelyofis gareSe, amitom jer kidev monocentrizmis Camoy-
alibebis procesSi gamoikveTa elitis ganaxlebis tendencia.
127
amasTan gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom elitis modernizaciis
aucilebloba axali politikuri reJimis mxolod elementaruli
moTxovnilebebiT ar iyo ganpirobebuli (`Zvelebis" `axlebiT", an
ucxoebis sando adamianebiT Canacvleba), aramed ufro siRrmiseu-
li socialuri mizezebiTac, romlebic axali politikuri reJi-
mis geneziss ukavSirdeba. axali reJimi Rrma socialuri Zvrebis
Sedegad aRmocenda da sazogadoebriv molodinebSi gaSlili
daqsaqsuli Zirebi gaaCnia. massa da Zvel elitebs Soris, romelic
man Zveli elcinuri sistemisgan memkvidreobiT miiRo, imTaviTve
Rrma naprali warmoiqmna. aseTi situacia elitis modernizaciaze
mimarTuli politikisTvis nayofier niadags qmnida. jer erTic
axal reJims ar hqonda raime saxis valdebulebebi Zveli elitebis
mimarT, meorec Tavad sazogadoeba, romelic mtrulad iyo ganw-
yobili am ukanasknelTa mimarT, bunebrivia iolad miiRebda axal
saxeebs, Sesabamisad yovelive aman subelitur jgufebSi karieru-
126
Peter Baker, Susan Glasser, Kremlin Rising: Vladimir Putins Russia and the End of
Revolution. Potomac Books Inc. 2007, p. 256.
127
Lilia Shevtsova, Putins Russia. Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International
Peace, 2005, pp. 337-338.
Tavi mexuTe
67
li winsvlis molodinebi da SesaZleblobebi Seqmna.
128
aseve aR-
saniSnavia elitebis modernizaciis gansakuTrebuli stili,
romelic putinis reJims axasiaTebda, da romelic mxolod
`sakadro revoluciebsa" da maT Tanamdev sakadro wmendaSi, an
Zalovanebis mier administraciuli aparatis sakontrolo rgo-
lebis gaZlierebaSi ki ar gamoixateboda, aramed imaSic, rom xde-
boda istebliSmentis gaJRenTva axalgazrda, menejeruli
gamocdilebis mqone teqnokratebiT (magaliTad vladislav surk-
ovi, german grefi, aleqsei kudrini, dmitri kozaki, aleqsei mile-
ri, oleg dobrodeevi), romlebic Zvel elitebTan susti kavSire-
bis gamoisobiT iolad Caewernen axali reJimis avangardSi.
129
mod-
ernizaciis meore nakads administraciul da politikur Tanam-
debobebze biznesis sferodan kadrebis rekrutireba qmnida. pu-
tinis wina periodTan SedarebiT istebliSmentSi saqmiani wree-
bidan wamosuli pirebis odenoba gacilebiT didia (am tendencias
biZgi 2001 wels federaciis sabWos gadaxalisebam misca, romlis
axal SemadgenlobaSic bevri biznesmeni moxvda).
putinisieuli `suverenuli demokratiis" instituciuri Car-
Coebi ruseTis sustad struqturirebul sazogadoebriv orga-
nizmze amozrdili socialuri mastabilizirebelis, `sazogadoe-
bis damamSvideblis" rols asruleben. swored sazogadoebrivi
velis amorfuloba, razec SesavalSi iyo saubari, da rasac so-
cialuri konfiguraciis saxeliT vixseniebdiT, saSualebas aZlevs
monocentristul reJims sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis TiTqmis
uklebliv yvela sferoSi SeiWras da areguliros. reJimis mxri-
dan socialur sivrceSi msgavs eqspansias Tu intervencias, erTi
mxriv, obieqturi socialur-ekonomikuri mizezebis garda, e.w.
sazogadoebrivi dakveTac apirobebs (socialuri konfiguraciis
mier TviTregulaciis uunaroba regulaciis gare meqanizmebis
gaZlierebas iTxovs), meore mxriv, ki am socialur, Sinaganad ara-
stabilur fonze Tavad reJimis ZalauflebiTi sistemis stabil-
urobis uzrunvelyofis moTxovnileba dgeba. Sesabamisad, ruse-
Tis politikuri sistemis dRevandeloba damoukidebeli arsebo-
128
Ibid. p. 356.
129
Ibid, pp. 336-337.
Tavi mexuTe
68
bis SiSiT Sepyrobili sazogadoebisa, Tu gansazogadoebrivebu-
li adamianebis masisa da yovlis momcveli ZalauflebiTi siste-
mis erTgvar simbiozs gviCvenebs. am rTuli urTierTkavSirebis
fonze monocentristuli reJimi Tavis erT-erT umTavres miRwe-
vad da upirveles politikur prioritetad swored sazogadoe-
briv sivrceSi stabilurobis Setanas miiCnevs. mediis, saxelmwi-
fos administraciuli sistemis, kontrols daqvemdebarebuli sa-
zogadoebrivi seqtoris (partiebi, samoqalaqo sazogadoeba) sa-
SualebiT sazogadoebasTan mkacrad struqturirebuli kavSire-
bi, romlis Sedegic da gamoxatulebac prezidentis (axla ukve
premier-ministris) myari reitingia, TviTreproducirebadi mono-
centrizmis umTavres politikur resursad warmoCindebian. ms-
gavs resurss ideologiuri unifikaciis meqanizmic qmnis. erTian
sainformacio sivrceSi saxelmwifo Zlierebis da erovnuli
siamayis aRqmis simboloebis mTeli sistemis danergva sazogadoe-
brivi emociebis erTi mimarTulebiT warmarTvas apirobebs. amit-
om SemTxveviTi araa Tundac is simboluri reintegracia ruseTis
warsulsa da momavals Soris, romlis konstruirebas putinis re-
Jimis ideologebi `sazogadoebis damSvidebis" mizniT axdenen. amis
erT-erTi meqanizmi Zveli sabWouri da imperiuli ideologiebis
da simboloebis aRdgena gaxda, romlebic sabWoTa socialisturi
respublikebis kavSiris saxelmwifo himnis ruseTis federaciis
himnad gamocxadebaSi, sabWoTa saxelmwifo droSis ruseTis armi-
is droSad aRiarebaSi, nacionalistur-imperiul ritorikaze age-
buli istoriuli kinematografis dafinansebasa Tu kremlis
etiketSi samefo karis ceremoniebis SetanaSi gamoixateba.
Tavi mexuTe
Tavi meeqvse.
ruseTis politikuri sistemis
Tvisobrivad axali maxasiaTeblebi
da gamowvevebi
gatarebuli da mimdinare cvlilebebis Sedegad ruseTis poli-
tikuri sistema arsebiTad Seicvala, institutebisa da moTama-
Seebis axali ierarqia warmoiqmna. magram umTavresi Tvisobrivi
siaxle elcinis periodis politikur sistemasTan SedarebiT ima-
Si mdgomareobda, rom moxda multiaqtoruli politikisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli politikuri konfliqtis sajaro sivrcidan gan-
devna (konfqlitis marginalizacia), da Sesabamisad politikis
sferoSi Tavad sajaro-sazogadoebrivi komponentis gaqroba.
130
konfliqtis marginalizacia
politikur sistemaSi aqtorebs Soris urTierTqmedeba, raxan
kremlze sworebas emyareboda, naklebi konfliqturobiT xasiaT-
deba. saxelmwifo saTaTbiroSi memarjvene centristuli umrav-
lesoba da federaciis sabWos ZiriTadi birTvis loialoba puti-
nis urTierTobebs sakanonmdeblo organosTan aramxolod Tanam-
SromlobiTs, aramed kremlidan marTuls xdida, aqedan gamom-
dinare konfliqtma politikuri sistemis periferiaze gadainacv-
la
131
(oficiozsa da mediis marginalur nawils Soris urTierTo-
ba, kremlsa da antisistemur sazogadoebriv-politikur gaer-
Tianebebs Soris urTierToba).
130
Michael Steven Fish, Democracy Derailed in Russia: the Failure of Open Politics. NY:
Cambridge University Press, 2006, pp. 99-101.
131
Andrew Jack, Inside Putins Russia: Can There Be Reform without Democracy?. Oxford
University Press, 2005, p. 231.
70
politikaSi sazogadoebrivi monawileobis minimizacia
Zvel policentristul sistemaSi politikuri procesis saja-
roobas ori faqtoris Tanxvedra apirobebda: politikis aqtorebs
Soris konfliqturobis maRali xarisxi, rac maTi mxridan Sesa-
bamisi sazogadoebrivi mxardaWeris mobilizebas iTxovda, da wamy-
vani media saSualebebis mier mimdinare procesebis Tanmimdevru-
li gaSuqeba. konfliqtis marginalizaciam da mediis politikuri
rolis cvlilebam (kremlis samsaxurSi gadasvlam), Sesabamisad
mimdinare politikis sainformacio gaSuqebis ufro wynar reJim-
Si gadayvanam, sazogadoebrivi jgufebis mxridan monawileobis
motivacia daadabla.
132
kremlma politikuri sajaroobis axali tipi daamkvidra,
romelic demonstraciulobasa Tu TeatralurobaSi gamoixate-
ba. politikuri velis moTamaSeebis mkacr ierarqiaSi Casma mTli-
anad aqrobs politikur procesSi moulodnelobis efeqts, yov-
el SemTxvevaSi amas sazogadoebrivad xiluls ar xdis. sajaro
politika da gadawyvetilebebis miReba proceduruli RonisZie-
bebis nacvlad media aqciebad iqceva. Sesabamisad politikis sain-
formacio mxardaWera kremlidan dadgmuli `scenarebis" mixed-
viT, an mkacri cenzuris pirobebSi mxolod imis gaSuqebiT xdeba,
rac dasaSvebi an misaRebia.
aseTi sainformacio velis pirobebSi gadawyvetilebebis miRe-
ba wydeba sazogado interesebs, an sazogado interess viwro par-
tikularul korporatiul xedvebze argebs da Zalauflebisa da
ekonomikuri resursebis klanuri gadanawilebis logikaSi
aqcevs.
133
Sesabamisad erTia Tu ra msjelobebi uZRvis win mniS-
vnelovan politikur gadawyvetilebebs kremlis kuluarebSi, da
meorea Tu rogor ewodeba es gadawyvetilebebi sazogadoebas sax-
elmwifo saTaTbiros derefnebSi gakeTebuli siuJetebis saSu-
132
Lilia Shevtsova, Russia - Lost in Transition: The Yeltsin and Putin Legacies. Carnegie
Endowment for International Peace, 2007, pp. 298-299.
133
Anders Aslund, Russias Capitalist Revolution: Why Market Reforms Succeeded and
Democracy Failed?. Washington, DC: Peterson Institute for International Economics, 2007, pp.
258-261.
Tavi meeqvse
71
alebiT. marTalia elcinis periodSi sainformacio sivrcis sa-
jaroobis uzrunvelyofa aseve problematuri iyo da politikis
Teatralurobis xarisxi maSinac maRali iyo (magaliTad 1990-iani
wlebidan moyolebuli vladimir Jirinovskis figura iseTive me-
dia produqti iyo, rogorc 1999-2000 wlebSi putinisa), mediis
damoukidebloba da masTan oligarqebis kavSiri mainc uzrunve-
lyofda (marTalia xSirad calmxrivad) iseTi sainformacio kam-
paniebis warmoebas, romlebsac sazogadoebis garkveuli jgufeb-
is saxelmwifosgan damoukidebeli mobilizaciis muxtis gaRvive-
ba SeeZloT.
134
putinis reJimis pirobebSi sainformacio-politikuri kompe-
tenciis sxva tipi warmoiSva. yvela tipis politikur resursze
kontrolis dawesebam gaaqro mediis mokavSired moxmobis auci-
lebloba, politikuri velis aqtorebze zewolisTvis sazogadoe-
brivi azris mobilizeba mxolod kremlis umaRlesi ierarqiis
pirebs ZaluZT,
135
swored isini weren kremlis politikuri Teat-
ris scenarebs. yvela danarCen aqtors pirispir faruli mola-
parakebebi da garigebebi uwevT, romlis lamazad SefuTvasa da
sazogadoebisTvis mediis saSualebiT miwodeba `zemdgomTa"
amocanaa.
politikis sajaroobis dakninebis kidev erTi aspeqti poli-
tikuri opoziciis kooptaciaa.
136
kremlma Secvala xelisufle-
basa da opozicias Soris urTierTobebis tipi, riTac es ukanaskne-
li metad rTul situaciaSi Caayena. Zlieri ZalauflebiTi cen-
tris pirobebSi, romelic xels uSlis opozicias media sivrcis
Tavisufal xelmisawvdomobaSi dilemis winaSe ayenebs mas: an mi-
iRos sainformacio-politikur sivrceSi damkvidrebis kremlis
mier nakarnaxevi pirobebi, sajarod moaxdinos Tavisi ususuro-
bis demonstrireba da gadawyvetilebebis miRebaze gavlenis moxde-
nis SeuZlebloba, da amiT darCes sazogadoebisTvis cnobadi (Se-
134
Lilia Shevtsova, Putins Russia. Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International
Peace, 2005, pp. 280-281.
135
Richard Rose, William Mishler and Neil Munro, Russia Transformed: Developing Popular
Support for a New Regime. Cambridge UK: Cambridge University Press, 2006, pp. 56-57.
136
Joel M. Ostrow, Georgiy A. Satarov et al., The Consolidation of Dictatorship in Russia: An
Inside View of the Demise of Democracy. Westport, CT: Praeger Security International, 2007, p.
118.
Tavi meeqvse
72
sabamisad antisistemurad ganwyobili susti socialuri jgufeb-
is saxiT mcire sazogadoebrivi sayrdeni mainc Seiqmnas), an uari
Tqvas yvelafer amaze, dakargos identoba da politikis aRqmis
velidan saerTod gaqres. kremli aqtiurad iyenebs kooptaciis
strategias saxelmwifo saTaTbiros SigniT Tu mis farglebs ga-
reT myof calkeul partiebTan (iqneba es `iabloko" Tu komunis-
turi partia). kooptaciis es strategia oficialurad `konsul-
taciebis reJimiT" iyo saxeldebuli da oponentebTan prezident
putinis regularul Sexvedrebs gulisxmobda.
137
realurad gada-
wyvetilebis miRebaze msgavsi konsultaciebiT gavlenis moxdena
opoziciur partiebs ar SeeZloT, magram maTTvis es Sansi iyo sak-
uTari xedvebi gaecnoT sazogadoebisTvis. kremlisTvis ki msgav-
si formatis Sexvedrebi isev da isev imijmeikingis meqanizmi iyo
da amiT xazs usvamda putinis `zepartiulobas" da romelime
jgufisgan damoukideblobas (2008 wlis aprilamde, rodesac prez-
identobidan wasvlis Semdeg igi " "-s Tavmjdomared
airCies) da saxelmwifo interesebisTvis, saerTo miznebisa da
erovnuli TanxmobisTvis kompromisebisTvis mzaobaze yofnas.
138
putinis periodis ruseTis politikur sistemas Zalauflebis
erTi centris irgvliv politikuri gavlenis swrafi mobilizaci-
isa da koncentraciis fonze ikveTeba garkveuli sakiTxebi, erTg-
vari gamowvevebi, romelTa gadaWrac mocemuli politikuri re-
Jimis stabilurobisTvis mniSvnelovania. maTi arseboba
gamowveulia, rogorc politikuri reJimis konstruqciuli
Taviseburebebis, aseve misi dausruleblobis gamo.
139
am tipis sa-
137
Henry Hale, Why not Parties in Russia?: Democracy, Federalism, and the State. Cambridge
University Press, 2007, p. 201.
138
Cameron Ross, Russian Politics Under Putin. Manchester UK: Manchester University
Press, 2004, p. 167.
139
magaliTad yvelaze TvalSisacemia imis gaurkvevloba, Tu rogor moxdeba
momavalSi Zalauflebis realuri centris funqcioba mas Semdeg rac putini
prezidenti aRaraa. aSkaraa, rom Zalaufleba mis pirovnebasTanaa mijaWvuli
da kremlis formalur instituciur konfiguraciasTan mimarTebaSi misi gaore-
ba xdeba. erTi mxriv, saxezea formaluri wesebiT arCeuli prezidenti medvedevi,
da meore mxriv, saxelisuflebo partiis Tavmjdomare da mTavrobis meTauri
putini. aseve aSkaraa, rom am ukanasknels meti sazogadoebrivi mxardaWera (ix.
sazogadoebrivi azris gamokiTxvis Sedegebi http://www. levada. ru/press/
2008073104.html) da realuri Zalaufleba aqvs. magram dgeba sakiTxi ramdenad
didxans gastans msgavsi mdgomareoba, moxdeba Tu ara putinis pirovnebisgan
Tavi meeqvse
73
kiTxebs Soris SeiZleba Semdegi gamowvevebi moviazroT:
Tanabar wvdomadobis xarvezebi
kremlis axali unari, romelic man putinis prezidentobisas
SeiZina da politikuri, socialuri da ekonomikuri velis yvela
sivrcis Tanabar wvdomadobaSi gamoixateboda, rac Zalauflebis
koncentraciis bazisur pirobad iqca, da rac prezidents Tavis-
ufali politikuri manevrirebisa da avtonomiurobis xarisxs
aZlevda, mas Semdeg rac prezidenti putini axalma prezidentma,
dimitri medvedevma Secvala, politikuri konfliqtis potenci-
ur wyaros warmoadgens. moxdeba Tu ara kremlis avtonomiurobis
safuZvelze axali politikuri gundis an aliansis Sekvra for-
maluri prezidentis irgvliv, da gauCndeba Tu ara am `axal" da-
jgufebas Tanabar wvdomadobis unaris gamoyenebis survili poli-
tikur, ekonomikur da socialur velze monopoliuri kontro-
lis damyarebisTvis, didad gansazRvravs ruseTis momavali gan-
viTarebis gzas. jerjerobiT ki putinis `saprezidento" reitingi
saSualebas aZlevs mas Zlieri politikuri poziciebi hqondes.
sazogadoebrivi sainformacio sivrcis daxSuloba
erTi mxriv media sivrceze kontroli stabilurobas sZens krem-
lis irgvliv Camoyalibebul politikur konfiguracias, saSuale-
bas aZlevs sazogadoebrivi mxardaWeris da ganwyobebis swrafi da
sasurveli mimarTulebiT mobilizacia moaxdinos. meore mxriv,
ki aseT pirobebSi, rodesac es sivrce ar gulisxmobs alterna-
tivebis ganxilva-deliberacias da mTlianad pozitiuri molod-
inebis kultivirebazea mimarTuli,
140
SeuZlebels xdis SesaZlo mo-
mavali krizisebis (politikuri iqneba es, Tu ekonomikuri) SemTx-
vevaSi sazogadoebrivi frustraciis da politikuri reJimisgan
Zalauflebis gadacoceba kremlis realur instituciur konfiguraciaze, Se-
sabamisad medvedevis imave gavleniT aRWurva rac Tavis droze mis winamorbeds
hqonda. es sakiTxi jerjerobiT Riaa da politikuri movlenebis momavali ganvi-
Tareba Tu gascems pasuxs (aq isic gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom axali prezidentis
kandidaturaze msjeloba ukiduresi sifrTxiliT da didi drois ganmavlobaSi
xdeboda, Sesabamisad putinis mxridan medvedevze arCevanis SeCereba winaswari
gaTvlebis gareSe arc moxdeboda).
140
Lilia Shevtsova, Putins Russia. Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International
Peace, 2005, pp. 171-174.
Tavi meeqvse
74
gaucxoebis (rac SesaZloa anarqias, Zaladobas, da radikalurad
antisistemuri ZalauflebiTi centris Camoyalibeba-aRzevebasac
ki uwyobdes xels) Tavidan acilebas.
mmarTveli gundis klanuri dayofa
mmarTveli gundis konsolidirebulobis xarisxi `pitereleb-
is" dajgufebis centraluri poziciebiT da kremlis madisci-
plinirebeli xasiaTiTaa ganpirobebuli. politikuri erTg-
varovnebis uzrunvelyofis meTodi putinis reJimma Zveli, elci-
nuri sistemisgan miiRo. igi prezidentisadmi pirad loialobas
efuZneba, magram klanur dayofas ver aRmofxvris.
141
amis Ser-
bilebis saSualebad putini mmarTveli gundis warmomadgenlebis
urTierTkonkurentul `korporaciebsa" da klanur jgufebSi Cas-
mas ganixilavda. Tumca am `korporatiul" dajgufebebs Soris
ideologiuri sxvaobebi prezidentis mier daniSnulTa gavlenas,
Tavis mxriv, aseve arbilebda. putinis reJimis safuZvelSi myofi
elitebis koalicias statusuri revanSis survili qsaqsavs.
142
ase
magaliTad `Zalovnebi" da tradiciuli administraciuli eli-
ta, elcinis da Semdgom putinis erTguli oligarqebi,
143
aseve da-
sustebuli magram jer kidev arsebuli regionuli elitebi erT-
maneTTan dapirispirebaSi da gavlenis eqspansiisTvis aucileblad
gamoiyeneben kremlis SigniT SesaZlo gadajgufebebs da Zvel kon-
fliqtebs axali ZaliT gaSlian.
elitis Senelebuli modernizacia
putinis reJimSi inkorporirebuli elitebis SesaZlebloba war-
marTon liberaluri ekonomikuri reformebi da modernizaciis
politika, eWvs qveS dgeba. elitebis modernizaciis procesi
nelad xorcieldeba da institutebis speqtris araTanabari
141
Cameron Ross, Russian Politics Under Putin. Manchester UK: Manchester University
Press, 2004, pp. 132-135.
142
Andrew Jack, Inside Putins Russia: Can There Be Reform without Democracy?. Oxford
University Press, 2005, pp. 187-188.
143
e.w. ojaxi, romelic putinis pirobebSi daiSala, magram misi ZiriTadi
moTamaSeebi mis gunds sxvadasxva viwro gaerTianebebis saxiT Seerwynen (mag.
aleqsandre voloSini, roman abramoviCi da sxv.).
Tavi meeqvse
75
mocviT xasiaTdeba.
144
gansakuTrebiT CamorCenili am mxriv sax-
elmwifo-administraciuli elitaa, romlis SigniT gansakuTre-
biT CamorCenilebi Zalovani uwyebebis tradicionalisturi ma-
Rali ierarqiaa, romelTa Canacvleba axleburad moazrovne me-
nejeruli gamocdilebis mqone pirebiT ver moxerxda. maT saxelm-
wifoebrioba sabWoTa stalinuri gagebiT esmiT da sabazro
sistemisa da politikuri demokratiis mimarT mtrulad arian
ganwyobilni.
145
putinis reJimis pirobebSi kremlis poziciebis
gasamyareblad ZalovanTa warmomadgenlebis gadayvana sxvadasx-
va administraciul Tanamdebobze, administraciuli elitebis am
rgolebis konservacias iwvevda.
elitebis modernizacia regionebSi, aseve Zalian Senelebulad
midioda. regionuli lideris dominirebuli tipi `Zlieri meur-
nis" postsabWoTa tipia
146
(mag. moskovis meri iuri luJkovi). mod-
ernizaciis donis TvalsazrisiT regionuli elita didad Camor-
Ceba centris aseve naklebad modernizirebul administraciul
elitas. aRsaniSnavia, rom im regionebSi sadac biznes-elitis in-
teresebi kremlis interesebs daemTxva da modernizacias region-
uli administraciebis federaluri donis biznes elitiT gajereba
Caenacvla (magaliTad roman abramoviCi CukotkaSi, aleqsandre
xloponini taimirsa da Semdeg krasnoiarskSi, boris zolotari-
ovi evenkeTSi) viTareba sxvagvaria.
147
amis Sedegad ramdenime re-
gionis politikuri elita ufro Tanamedrove gaxda, Tumca mTli-
anad daeqvemdebara im biznes struqturebs saidanac maTi
mmarTvelebi gamovidnen.
`saxelisuflebo partiis" RerZuli rolis bundovaneba
politikuri monawileobis sivrcis monopolizaciis da misgan
oponentebis gamodevnis tendencia sabolood saxelisuflebo
144
Andrew Jack, Inside Putins Russia: Can There Be Reform without Democracy?. Oxford
University Press, 2005, p. 146.
145
Zoltan Barany, Politics and the Russian Armed Forces // Zoltan Barany and Robert G.
Moser (ed.), Russian Politics: Challenges of Democratization. NY: Cambridge University Press,
2005, pp. 198-199.
146
Peter Baker, Susan Glasser, Kremlin Rising: Vladimir Putins Russia and the End of
Revolution. Potomac Books Inc. 2007, pp. 299-300.
147
Ibid, p. 332.
Tavi meeqvse
76
partiis Camoyalibebasa da institucionalizaciaSi gamoixata.
Tavdapirvelad bolomde ar iyo cxadi moxdeboda Tu ara domi-
nantur partiuli politikuri sistemis gziT ruseTis Camoyali-
beba, da Sesabamisad " " ufro kremlis politikur ar-
senalSi myof sazogadoebrivi mxardaWeris mobilizaciis da sa-
kanonmdeblo organoze kontrolis resursad gamoiyureboda
148
(prezidenti putini misgan distancirebulad aRiqmeboda). mogvi-
anebiT, rodesac putinis meore vada amowurvis piras iyo saxelisu-
flebo partiis rolis gadaazreba moxda, igi amieridan sakanonm-
deblo organoSi Tavisi farTo warmomadgenlobis wyalobiT pre-
mier-ministr putinisTvis Zalauflebis maRali xarisxis legiti-
maciis wyaro gaxda. TandaTanobiT " "-s igive funq-
cia ekisreba rac TiTqos naxevrad demokratiul reJimSi domi-
nantur partias unda hqondes, Tumca klasikuri tipis dominan-
tur partiebTan mimarTebaSi sxvaoba isaa, rom lideri ubralod
partiidan gamosuli politikuri figura ki ara misi pirvelw-
yaroa, Tavad partia dgas mis CrdilSi.
149
Sesabamisad, safrTxe,
romelic ruseTis momavali politikuri ganviTarebis winaSe wam-
oiWreba, erTi mxriv, imaSi mdgomareobs, Tu ramdenad realuria
albaToba imisa, rom Zalauflebis personifikaciam zemoaRniSnu-
li formaluri instituciuri konfiguraciis fonze (ruseTs hyavs
axali prezidenti, kremlis axali `mepatrone", romelic iseTive
ufleba-mosilebebiTaa aRWurvili, rogorc Tavis droze puti-
ni) axali konfliqtebis wamoWras Seuwyos xeli, da meore mxriv,
xom ar gamoiwvevs politikuri sistemis gapartiuleba arsebuli
wesrigis Semdgom personifikacias da iseT instituciur cvlile-
bebs, romlebic politikur sistemas normatiuladac amJamindel
premier-ministrs daukavSirebda (rac Tavis mxriv, politikuri
aqtorebis gadajgufeba-gadaxalisebis gziT axali konfliqteb-
is sababi gaxdeboda).
148
Henry Hale, Why not Parties in Russia?: Democracy, Federalism, and the State. Cambridge
University Press, 2007, p. 157.
149
, :
// http://www.polit.ru/research/2007/01/09/vorogejkina.html
Tavi meeqvse
77
stabilurobis gare parametrebis simyife
ruseTSi Camoyalibebuli politikuri reJimis monocentris-
tuli konstruqciis simyares ori ZiriTadi gare faqtori, dasav-
leTTan urTierToba da navTobis fasebze damokidebuli
ekonomikuri mdgradoba apirobeben,
150
romlebic kremlis mxri-
dan mTlianad kontrolirebadi ar arian. Sesabamisad ruseTis
politikuri sistemis amJamindeli saxiT arseboba didwiladaa
damokidebuli imaze Tu ramdenad xangrZlivi iqneba msoflio ba-
zarze navTobis maRali fasi, da ramdenad gauZlebs reJimi am
nedleulze fasebis vardnas, aseve mniSvnelovania Tu ramdenad
gauZlebs reJimi amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis swrafvas msof-
lio wesrigis Tavis konstruqciaSi ruseTi im saxiT CaerTos,
romelic am ukanasknelisTvis miuRebelia.
151
Tu maRalia imis al-
baToba, rom nedleulis eqsportze damokidebuli ruseTis
ekonomika igive tendenciiT ganviTarda rogorc dReisaTvisaa
mocemuli, maSin reJimis mobilizaciuri resursebi saSualebas
miscems mas gare politikur wnexsac gauZlos (dasavleTis mxri-
dan) da Sida stabilurobac SeinarCunos (daTrgunos Zalauflebis
alternatiuli centrebis warmoqmna an saSualeba ar misces mis
mimarT antisistemurad ganwyobil aqtorebs sazogadoebrivi mx-
ardaWera moipovon).
amgvarad, ruseTis politikis damkvirveblisTvis cxadi xdeba,
rom putinis mier Camoyalibebuli reJimi, romelsac misi mesveur-
ni `suverenuli demokratiis" saxeliT moixsenieben, ukiduresi
stabilurobiT xasiaTdeba. mocemuli politikuri sistemis safuZ-
vels monopolizebuli sajaro sainformacio sivrce warmoad-
gens, romlisTvisac ucxoa politikuri konfliqti da kremlis-
gan damoukidebeli alternatiuli xedvebis arsebobis SesaZle-
bloba. reJimis am fundaments Zalauflebisa da politikis erTa-
150
Anders Aslund, Russias Capitalist Revolution: Why Market Reforms Succeeded and
Democracy Failed?. Washington, DC: Peterson Institute for International Economics, 2007, pp.
277-280.
151
Peter Baker, Susan Glasser, Kremlin Rising: Vladimir Putins Russia and the End of
Revolution. Dulles VA: Potomac Books Inc. 2007, pp. 246-247.
Tavi meeqvse
78
derTi centridan yovlis momcveli kontroli da mis mier sazoga-
doebrivi sivrcis struqturirebis unari qmnis, romlebic Tavis
mxriv ekonomikuri da politikuri resursebis gankargvaze mo-
nopoliur zedamxedvelobas efuZnebian. miuxedavad imisa, rom
yovelive amis erToblioba reJimis efeqtiani funqciobisa da
ruseTis sazogadoebrivi sivrcis stabilurobis garantiaa, imis
albaToba, rom am faqtorebis rTuli urTierTgadaxlarTvidan
SesaZloa romelime komponenti amovardes, putinis reJimis kon-
figuraciis arevisa da mwvave politikuri konfliqtebis axali
ZaliT afeTqebis SesaZleblobas qmnis.
Tavi meeqvse
daskvna
rogorc vxedavT ruseTis politikuri ganviTarebis bolo
aTwleulis istoria, dawyebuli 1999 wlidan, saxelmwifos avtori-
taruli modelis reanimaciis Seuqcevad tendencias uCvenebs. mar-
Talia amis safrTxeebi jer kidev elcinis mmarTvelobis adreu-
li periodidan, 1993 wlidan gamoikveTa, magram maSin jer kidev
rCeboda modernizaciaze mimarTuli demokratiuli elitis kon-
solidaciis imedi. saboloo jamSi dRevandeli politikuri re-
Jimi swored im elitebis politikuri arCevanis Sedegad gvevline-
ba, romlebic Tavis Tavs demokratizaciis flagmanad moiazrebd-
nen. maT mier Camoyalibebuli `suverenuli demokratiis" koncep-
ti TiTqos ar gamoricxavs jer kidev sabWoTa kavSiris arsebobis
bolo Svidi wlis ganmavlobaSi gansazRvrul modernizaciasa da
demokratizaciaze mimarTul politikuri ganviTarebis kurss,
magram arsobrivad liberaluri demokratiis da sabazro urT-
ierTobebis normatiuli gagebisgan Sors dgas.
mocemul naSromSi SevecadeT gangvesazRvra is socialur-
politikuri da istoriuli faqtorebi, romlebic ruseTSi
dRevandeli saxis politikuri reJimis arsebobas apirobeben da
mis sicocxlis unarianobas uzrunvelyofen. aqedan gamomdinare
ruseTis dRevandeloba, erTi mxriv, xangrZlivi istoriuli gan-
viTarebis logikur Sedegad warmoCindeba, romelic sazogadoe-
brivi organizmis amorfulobas (TviTorganizebis da saxelmwi-
fosgan damoukidebeli mobilobis uunarobas) da Sesabamisad
Zlieri ZalauflebiTi centris erTaderT qmediT maorganizebel
Zalad yofnas apirobebs. meore mxriv, ruseTis Tanamedrove `suv-
erenuli demokratia" dausrulebeli modernizaciis produqti-
caa, romelic socialur da ekonomikur velSi saxelmwifos maqsi-
malurad farTo Carevis safuZvelze sazogadoebis xelaxali
80
struqturirebis gziT cdilobs cvalebad socialur garemoSi
reJimis stabilurobis da sicocxlis unarianobis uzrunvelyo-
fas. miuxedavad reJimis mesveurTa mier deklarirebuli miznisa,
rom msgavsi politikuri sistemis arseboba garkveuli saxis misi-
iTaa ganpirobebuli (sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis moderniza-
cia da etapobrivi gadasvla demokratiaze), sajaro-politikuri
sivrcis realuri mdgomareoba, rac mis ukidures partikular-
izaciaSi, administraciuli sistemis gakerZoebasa da sazogadoe-
brivi monawileobiTi sivrcis minimizaciaSi gamoixateba,
gviCvenebs rom reJimis mamoZravebeli Zala SiSveli Zalauflebi-
Ti urTierTobebia, romlebic Zalauflebisa da sakuTrebis ruseT-
Si istoriulad damkvidrebuli mankieri erTobis produqtia. Se-
sabamisad rTulia ruseTis dRevandeli politikuri sistemis
demokratiul veqtorze mimarTebis Sesaxeb saubari.
vaanalizebT ra postsabWoTa ruseTis politikuri ganviTare-
bis aRniSnul aspeqtebs, romlis farglebSic `suverenuli
demokratiis" putiniseuli modelis damkvidreba xdeboda, dgeba
sakiTxi, Tu ra saxis konstruqtzea saubari.
ruseTis federaciis prezidentad vladimer putinis lamis
plebisciturma arCevam qveynis ganviTarebis alternativebi TiTq-
mis minimumade daiyvana. politikuri, sazogadoebrivi da
ekonomikuri cxovrebis regulirebis saxelmwifosgan alterna-
tiuli, Canasaxobriv mdgomareobaSi myofi centrebis likvidire-
bam uCvena, rom elcinis periodSi Camoyalibebuli elitebisTvis
kremlisadmi morCilebisgan mosalodneli mogebebi gacilebiT
ufro mimzidveli iyo im Seferxebebis fonze, rac maTi mxridan
Tundac warmatebul winaaRmdegobas SeiZleba mohyoloda. Zalau-
flebis monopolizaciaze mimarTuli kremlis Tanmimdevruli
politika (damoukidebeli mediis alagmva, sasamarTlos
damoukideblobis SezRudva da SerCeviTi samarTlis praqtikis
danergva, sakanonmdeblo organos funqciebis kremlis mier SeT-
avseba, avtonomiebis suverenitetis minimizacia, da sxv.) TiTqmis
aranair winaaRmdegobas ar waawyda.
msgavsma transformaciam saxelmwifos formaluri sistemis
deinstitucionalizacia da sajaro sivrcis faqtobrivi gaqro-
daskvna
81
ba gamoiwvia. putinis gadarCevis Semdgomi situacia uCvenebs, rom
Camoyalibebul avtoritarul reJims institucionalizaciis sak-
marisi xarisxi ar gaaCnia da mTlianad personificirebul Zalau-
flebiT urTierTobebs emyareba. am situaciaSi reJimis mastabi-
lizirebeli institutebis kompensatoris rols xelisuflebis
maRal rgolebSi Zalovnebis momZlavreba da `piterelebis" kla-
nis batonobaa, romlebic sazogadoebaze kontrolisa da reJimis
stabilurobis garantebs warmoadgenen.
politikuri sistemis deinstitucionalizacia da Zalauflebis
personifikacia misi ganviTarebis alternativebis warmoqmis win-
aRobas ganapirobeben. reJimi Tavad qmnis struqturebs, romlebic
korufciis winaaRmdeg brZolis da saxelmwifo institutebis ga-
Zlierebis, aseve opoziciisa da samoqalaqo sazogadoebis imita-
cias axdenen, Sesabamisad am funqciebis ganxorcielebis realur
centrebs Camoyalibebis saSualebas ar aZlevs. am faqtors gadam-
wyveti mniSvneloba aqvs samoqalaqo aqtivobis da sakuTriv poli-
tikuri monawileobis sivrcis Camoyalibebis aRkveTisTvis. am
garemoSi Tavad xelisuflebis modernizaciis da ganviTarebis
alternativebis waxalisebac ki SeuZlebeli xdeba. am Tval-
sazrisiT ruseTis dRevandeloba ruseTis istoriis araerTxel
ganmeorebul tragikul kanonzomierebas acocxlebs. sistema ar
eqvemdebareba Signidan reformirebas (imis gamo, rom sazogadoe-
basTan urTierTobas vertikaluri kontrolis da marTvis, sax-
elmwifo-centristuli regulaciis principze agebs, sakuTar Tavs
stagnaciis CixSi amwyvdevs), Sesabamisad misi ganaxleba mxolod
sazogadoebasa da saxelmwifos Soris urTierTobebis am modelis
regeneraciis fonze momxdari kraxis safuZvelze SeiZleba moxdes.
putinis politikuri reJimis stagnaciis gamamyarebeli kidev
erTi mniSvnelovani damatebiTi faqtori energomatareblebis
msoflio bazarze dReisTvis arsebuli situacia da gazisa da nav-
Tobis eqsportze ruseTis ekonomikis damokidebulebaa. am seq-
toridan miRebuli Semosavlebi, romlebic ruseTis saxelmwifos
gakerZoebaze amozrdili jgufebis xelSia koncentrirebuli, sa-
Sualebas aZlevs maT, erTi mxriv, ekonomikis sxva seqtorebis (rom-
lebic met-naklebad saxelmwifosgan damoukidebeli aqtivobis
daskvna
82
saSualebas iZlevian) konservacia moaxdinon, meore mxriv, ki so-
cialuri `stabilizacia" ganaxorcielon (gadanawilebis sxva-
dasxva sistemis, `saxelmwifo"-legaluri, Tu aralegaluri, ma-
galiTad korufciis gziT), rac mosaxleobis cxovrebis garkveul-
wilad standartuli donis uzrunvelyofiT, samoqalaqo aqtivo-
bis modunebas iwvevs (xdeba marCenali saxelmwifos mimarT pasi-
uri, madlieri ganwyobebis kultivireba). aqedan gamomdinare
globalur ekonomikur struqturaSi ruseTis am saxiT CarTulo-
bas antimodernizaciuli gavlena aqvs, kvlav ikveTeba da repro-
ducirdeba Zalauflebis mpyrobel jgufebsa da `sazogadoebas"
(mosaxleobas) Soris urTierTobis ruseTisTvis tradiciuli, is-
toriulad aprobirebuli modeli, rodesac pirvels kontroli
aqvs uzomo simdidreebze, xolo meore arsebobis minimalur stan-
dartebs kmayofildeba.
am fonze kidev erTxel gviwevs im faqtis konstatacia, rom re-
Jimi mtruladaa ganwyobili nebismieri saxis damoukidebeli ini-
ciativebis mimarT da amavdroulad TviTon mis mimarT antisiste-
muri alternativis ganviTarebis albaTobac dabalia. aqedan ga-
momdinare, ekonomikur resursebze kontrolisa da politikuri
aqtivobis SezRudvis saSualebiT reJimis sicocxlis unariano-
bis (damokidebuli iqneba msoflio bazris dRevandeli koniunq-
turis xangrZlivobaze) miuxedavad dabalia putinis `suverenu-
li demokratiis" moqnilobisa da ganaxlebis unaric. mas ar gaaC-
nia sazogadoebasTan ukukavSiris efeqturi institucionalize-
buli meqanizmebi. reJims ar ZaluZs amgvari meqanizmebis konstru-
ireba da amis kompensirebas nawilobrivi represiebis da propa-
gandis saSualebiT cdilobs. Sesabamisad reJimi ukiduresad sus-
tia iseTi gamowvevebis mimarT, romlebic mis SigniT klanebis da-
pirispirebas an gare faqtorebis cvlilebas (msoflio
ekonomikuri sistema) SeiZleba mohyves.
daskvna
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Summary
Post-Communist State and Society in Russia
By Malkhaz Saldadze
End of the Cold War and break down of the USSR gave birth to fifteen
new states in Eurasia. Special attention of political scholars was paid to
Russia, as it remained to bear heavy burden of soviet legacy. Specific fea-
tures of historical development of this country: imperial legacy; societal
forces formed in soviet era; and political culture greatly defined unpredict-
ability of possible ways of Russia's development.
Despite the expectations emerged in the West in early 1990s, there is
obvious dissatisfaction with the regime that emerged as a result of the
transition. On one hand there is a trend of restoration of previous authori-
tarian-bureaucratic model of political development, and on the other hand it
is obvious that current political regime in Russia had emerged as a result of
unfinished modernization and transformation of social and political struc-
tures of the society. As a result of this dichotomy of Russia's political
development there emerge phenomena of the personification of power and
of weakening of formal institutions of political participation.
Taking into account these issues the given paper is mainly concentrat-
ed on:
1. Patron-client networks in state-administrative system;
2. Society and the public sphere in post-soviet Russia;
3. State-Centered Matrix of Development and its reoccurrence in con-
temporary Russia;
4. Emergence of the Putin's regime and frames of the mono-centrist po-
litical system;
5. Modernization in Putin's era and development of so called "Sovereign
Democracy"; and
6. Challenges faced by the Russian political regime.
bTkk-s saerTaSoriso
politikis kvlevebis seria
buferuli saxelmwifoebi
Tornike TurmaniZe, 2006.
rusuli sagareo politikuri
azrovneba postsabWoTa periodSi
erekle uruSaZe, 2006.
gadawyvetilebis miReba sust saxelmwifoSi
revaz baxtaZe, 2007.
ZalTa wonasworoba Tu safrTxis wonasworoba?
aliansebi samxreT kavkasiaSi.
giorgi gvalia, 2008.
putinis sagareo politika.
ioseb toroSeliZe, 2008

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