Data Manipulating:

Data manipulation instructions that perform operation on data and provide the computational
capabilities for the computer. It is divided into three basic types
1. Arithmetic
2. Logical
3. Shift instruction
Arithmetic:
The four basic arithmetic operations are addition subtraction multiplication and division
Add = ADD, Subtract = SUB, Multiply = MUL, Division = DIV
Logical Instructions:
A Group of bits that represent binary-coded information.
Clear = CLR, Complement = COM, AND = AND, OR = OR, Exclusive-or = XOR, Enable interrupt = EI.
Shift Instructions:
Shifts are operation in which the bits of a word are moved to the left or right
Memory Role in CPU Data Manipulating:
RAM Random Access Memory volatile memory store instruction in it.
We can find the role of memory through this example.
User type input value 5+5
Computer output =10

What function perform CPU and memory in that output value, Let see.

Data (Two values) must be transferred from main memory to registers within the CPU. (BUS: Data
transfer from one place to another)
ALU: Values are added
Result stored in main memory (RAM)
And shows on output screen 10





















Three Schema Architecture:
In Three-Schema architecture is to separate the user applications and the physical database.
Three Levels are:
1. Internal level: Describes the physical storage structure of the database. The internal schema uses a
physical data model and describes the complete details of data storage and access paths for the
database.
2. Conceptual Schema: Describes the structure of the whole database for a community of users. It also
hides the detail of physical storage structures and concentrates on describing entities, data types,
relationships, user operations, and constraints. Implementation of data model can be used at this level.
3. External Schema: It includes a number of external schemas or user views. Each external schema
describes the part of the database that a particular user is interested in and hides the rest of the
database from user. Implementation data model can be used at this level.

IMPORTANT TO REMEMBER:

Three Schemas are only meta-data(descriptions of data).
Data actually exists only at the Physical level.
Mapping
DBMS must transform a request specified on an external schema into a request against the conceptual
Schema, and then into the internal schema.
Requires information in meta-data on how to accomplish the mapping among various levels.
Overhead (time-consuming) leading to inefficiencies.
Few DBMSs have implemented the full three-schema architecture.




As an example of logical implication, suppose the sentences P and Q are assigned as follows:
P = IF you study Hard.
Q = THEN you will pass the course.
In this instance, P Q is a true statement (assuming we not study) However, the statement
Q P is not necessarily true (you could fail). Logical implication does not work both ways. However,
the sense of logical implication is reversed if both statements are negated. That is,
(P Q) (-P -Q)
Using the above sentences as examples, we can say that if you not study hard, then you will fail. This is
always true. In fact, the two statements (P Q) -P -Q are logically equivalent.