SOURCE: http://legalresearch.

org/writing-
analysis/legal-memorandum/
Preparing a legal memorandum
A legal memorandum is a highly structured type of writing that follows certain conventions. The
structure and conventions are discussed below, and a sample memorandum is included.
Because each legal problem is distinct, no two memoranda will be organised in precisely the
same way. Do not slavishly follow the sample memorandum. Rather, focus on learning about
the general structure and components of this form of writing, and apply them to your research
assignment in the most effective way for your particular problem.
A legal memorandum is comprised of certain standard elements:
the heading
a summary of the relevant facts
succinct identification of the legal issues
a discussion of the law relevant to the legal issues, and application of that law to the facts
a conclusion that is responsive to the legal issues.
Each of these elements is discussed in greater detail below.
The heading
The heading should identify the author and recipient of the memorandum, and include the date,
client identification, and subject matter. See the Sample Memorandum for an example of a
typical heading.
Facts
The Facts portion should list the relevant facts on which you have relied in researching and
preparing the memorandum. If you have made assumptions, indicate this.
State the facts objectively and clearly. Usually, the order is chronological. Use definitions to
standardize terminology for persons and things that will be referred to frequently in the
memorandum. This prevents clutter and inconsistent references to the same thing.
The Facts portion can either precede or follow the Issues and Conclusions portions of the
memorandum. Various formats are listed below. If the Issues and Conclusions will not make
sense without reference to the Facts, then put the Facts first. Alternatively, if the Facts portion
of the memorandum is quite lengthy, your reader may want to see the Issues and Conclusions
first.
See the Sample Memorandum for an example of the Facts portion of a legal memorandum.
Issues
The Issues portion of the memorandum is crucial. You must succinctly identify the correct legal
issues, within the context of the facts of your case. Include legal elements that are essential to
resolution of the issues.
The more narrow and descriptive your issue statement is, the more effective it will be. Compare
these three issue statements, derived from the sample memorandum research problem:
#1 Is the security enforceable?
#2
Will security documents signed and registered using the debtors common law name be
enforceable against the debtor and the debtors creditors if the debtor later changes to using his
legal name?
#3
Will personal property security documents granted in favour of the Bank, signed and
registered in British Columbia using the Debtors common law name David Black, be
enforceable against the Debtor and the Debtors creditors now that the Debtor has changed to
using his legal name David Brown?
#1 asks the basic question that needs to be answered. However, when compared to #2
and #3, it is clearly inadequate.
#2 is a good issue statement. It provides a concise summary of the legal issue, and
includes the essential elements. It is less wordy than #3, making it easier to read and
understand. However, it is less complete than #3, because it does not incorporate the
specific facts of the case.
#3 is an excellent issue statement. It sets out the precise legal issue to be resolved. Just
as each legal case is decided within the confines of the facts of that case, a legal
memorandum is intended to address the narrow legal issue raised by a particular problem.
If there is more than one issue to be addressed, list the issues in the order in which you will be
discussing them in the memorandum.
See the Sample Memorandum for an example of the Issues portion of a legal memorandum.
Conclusions
When preparing a legal memorandum, remember that your reader does not want to be kept in
suspense. A crisp, clear, responsive answer must be provided as near the beginning of your
memorandum as possible. See the Sample Memorandum for an example of the Conclusions
portion of a legal memorandum.
Which format?
There are various ways of dealing with conclusions in a legal memorandum:
Format 1 Format 2 Format 3 Format 4
Facts
Issues
Conclusions
Discussion
Issues
Conclusions
Facts
Discussion
Facts
Issues
Brief Answer
Discussion
Conclusion
Issues
Brief Answer
Facts
Discussion
Conclusion
Format 1 is the simplest approach, and is the format used in the sample memorandum. In this
format, the Conclusions section follows immediately after the Issues section. Alternatively,
Formats 3 and 4 include a Brief Answer immediately after the Issues section, and a longer
Conclusion section at the end of the memorandum.
Most legal writing books advise that Formats 3 or 4 be adopted. However, students often have
difficulty keeping their Brief Answer sufficiently brief, and usually end up repeating its contents
verbatim in the Conclusion section. Also, an extremely short Brief Answer (such as Yes or No)
does not provide your reader with enough information to understand why you reached that
conclusion.
If your research problem requires a lengthy conclusion, you may want to follow one of the Brief
Answer formats. That way, you can provide a short answer near the beginning of the
memorandum, and provide a more detailed conclusion at the end. If your Brief Answer and your
Conclusion are likely to be identical, use Format 1.
Equivocation
One of the hardest parts of writing a legal memorandum is to reach a defensible conclusion when
the law is uncertain generally, or as it applies to your facts. Since the purpose of the
memorandum is to answer the legal question posed, you cannot simply say that the law is unclear
and leave it at that. In some circumstances there may be a practical solution that enables you to
avoid confronting the uncertainty in the law. The sample memorandum provides an example of
this. However, usually you have to make a decision about what a court would likely do if faced
with your fact situation.
Try to avoid using equivocal language in your memorandum. This is particularly important in the
Conclusion section. The Discussion portion of the memorandum should also be reviewed for
equivocal language. Sentences that begin with the phrase It would appear that or It seems
that should alert you to equivocation.
By all means indicate where the law is unclear. But also state what you think is the better view or
probable outcome.
Discussion
The Discussion section is the heart of the memorandum. It provides the venue for explaining and
analysing the law, and applying it to your facts. The Discussion section should be broken down
into a separate part for each discrete legal issue covered in the memorandum. The discussion of
each issue should include an introduction, an explanation of the applicable legal rule, an
application of the rule to the legal problem, and a conclusion in respect of that issue. The classic
formulation for this is known as IRAC.
I
The first step is to state the legal issue. This can be done in a couple of ways. You can
summarize the issue in the form of a topic sentence or question. The most effective style is to
use a thesis sentence or paragraph that not only indicates what the issue is, but tells the reader
briefly what your conclusion is on the issue. The issue can also be referred to in the heading for
this part of the Discussion section.
R
The second step is to determine the applicable legal rule. This involves a review and analysis
of the relevant cases, statutes, and secondary sources. It is sometimes referred to as rule
explanation. Depending on the nature of the legal rule, you may need to review the history of
the rule and consider the policy rationale for the rule. You may find there are different lines of
cases, each resulting in a different formulation of the rule. Try to approach this section using
rules synthesized from the cases, rather than simply listing a series of individual cases. Avoid
lengthy quotations from cases. This section includes analysis of the rule, but does not include
application of the rule to your facts.
A
The third step is to apply the legal rule to your facts. This involves further analysis and
weighing of individual cases, distinguishing cases, making counter-arguments, and considering
policy issues.
C
The last step is to state your conclusion on the legal issue being discussed. Although you will
include an overall conclusion elsewhere in your memorandum, it is also important to reach a
conclusion on each legal issue as it is dealt with in turn.
IRAC need not be applied rigidly. Your decision about how to divide up the legal issues will
influence the way that you apply IRAC.
For example, if you are dealing with cases from a number of different jurisdictions you
can structure your discussion separately for each jurisdiction, or cover all jurisdictions
when you deal with a particular issue.
You may want to discuss each sub-issue separately. However, if that would result in
repetitive discussion of the same cases in different sections of the memo, it might be
better to combine your discussion of some of the sub-issues.
See the Sample Memorandum for an example of the Discussion portion of a legal memorandum.