Kim, Grace 22!"0#2 Qiong Li and Marilynn B. Brewer $hat %oes &t Mean to 'e an American( Patriotism, )ationalism, and American &dentity a*ter #+"" Summary ,i and 'rewer -200./ discuss the di0erence between 1atriotism and nationalism and attem1t to 2nd the relationshi1 between the two and inter3rou1 attitudes within the 4nited States5 6hey hy1othesi7e that 1atriotism would be 1ositively correlated with internationalist values, and that nationalism would show the reverse5 6wo *actors a0ectin3 the relationshi1 are common essence and common 3oal5 6hey carry out their e81eriment by conductin3 9uestionnaires with a 3rou1 o* colle3e students and a 3rou1 o* community members5 6he 9uestionnaire measured 1atriotism and nationalism, as well as e8amine diversity tolerance5 6hey also e8amined the e0ects o* the two *actors -mentioned 1reviously/ throu3h 1rimin3 mani1ulation, 3ivin3 hal* the 1artici1ants a biased e8cer1t includin3 the conce1t o* core essence, while 3ivin3 the other hal* an e8cer1t o* the conce1t o* common 3oal5 'y usin3 a 1atriotism score, a closeness ratin3, and a ratin3 on the vitality o* bein3 born in the 45S5, s1ea:in3 ;n3lish, and bein3 <hristian, they could measure the level o* tolerance amon3 the res1ondents5 6he results showed that the national identi2cation and avera3e tolerance level chan3ed very little with mani1ulation5 Additionally, there is a 1ositive correlation between 1atriotism and nationalism when essence=based 1rimin3 is involved, and this ty1e o* 1rimin3 also 1roduced a res1onse o* hi3her cultural intolerance with e8treme 1atriotism5 >owever, very minimal connections could be drawn between 1atriotism and nationalism when 3oal= based 1rimin3 was involved, and a relationshi1 between 1atriotism and intolerance could not be *ound either5 As *or nationalism, it could be connected to hi3her levels o* intolerance *or both ty1es o* 1rimin35 6hese results are meant to dis1lay the di0erence between 1atriotism and nationalism and the inde1endence o* one *rom the other5 6he relationshi1 that can be drawn *rom the two is de1endent on the two *actors that 1rovide a bac:dro1, essence=based or 3oal=based5 Such e0ects are vital as these conditions can be used as 1olitical tools to mani1ulate the 1ublic5 6hey conclude by statin3 how America is better o0 havin3 a common=3oal *oundation i* it desires to achieve a 1luralistic society5 Reaction ,i and 'rewer?s -200./ ar3ument is convincin3, but their e81eriment has a sli3ht issue that ta:es away *rom their ar3ument5 6heir subject 1ool is 9uite small and sli3htly biased as a majority o* the res1ondents were colle3e students5 & a3ree with their end result because & understand that 1atriotism and nationalism hold di0erent meanin3s, and because &?ve noticed American 1oliticians 1layin3 with the two conditions in order to 1ursue their own 3oals, but & still 2nd the e81eriment itsel* lac:in35 6his article su11orts the idea that 1rimin3 does a0ect the American 1ublic and that the 1ublic is vulnerable to mani1ulation5 >ence, it may be desirable to have a more educated electorate in order to minimi7e the ne3ative e0ects o* 1rimin3 -mani1ulation/5
Raising Mentally Strong Kids: How to Combine the Power of Neuroscience with Love and Logic to Grow Confident, Kind, Responsible, and Resilient Children and Young Adults