INTRODUCTION

This Manual is a guide to the graduate instruction in English for Specific Purposes (ESP).
Step-by-step procedures are outlined for assessing students needs, setting achievable goals, and
selecting appropriate materials and activities for the classroom. Out of the four language skills
the Manual describes three reading, writing, and speaking, and provides suggestions for
employing these skills as well as grammar and analysis skills.
The Manual does focus on the special case in teaching English as a tool of transnational
communication: teaching English for Specific Purposes, and the particular ways by which
professional objectives should be structured for the mastering of ESP.
Being a graduate student of English you have had a four-year long previous experience
learning English as a second language (ESL) or English as a foreign language (EFL), and your
first question on receiving your current assignment to learn ESP may be: "How is ESP different
from ESL?"

How is ESP different from English as a Second Language, or general English?
The major difference between ESP and ESL lies in the learners and their purposes for
learning English. ESP students are adults who already have familiarity with English and are
learning the language in order to communicate a set of professional skills and to perform
particular job-related functions. An ESP program is therefore built on an assessment of purposes
and needs and the functions for which English is required.
As a matter of fact, ESP is part of a shift from traditional concentration on teaching
grammar and language structures to an emphasis on language in context. ESP covers subjects
ranging from accounting or computer science to tourism and business management.
For students specializing in the English language and literature the field of professional
activity covers all kinds of transnational communication ranging from teaching ESL to
interpreting or translation in international tourism and business servicing. The ESP focus means
that English is not taught as a subject divorced from the students' future jobs; instead, it is
integrated into a subject matter area important to the learners.
Consequently, ESL and ESP diverge not only in the nature of the learner, but also in the
goals of instruction. In fact, as a general rule, while in ESL all four language skills; listening,
reading, speaking, and writing, are stressed equally, in ESP it is a needs analysis that determines
which language skills are most needed by the students, and the syllabus is designed accordingly.
The third point where EFL and ESP differ is in the emphasis on the skills to be
activated. Whereas in EFL/ESL all four language skills; listening, reading, speaking, and
writing, are stressed equally, in ESP a needs assessment determines which language skills are
most needed by the students, and the program is focused accordingly.
An ESP program might, for example, emphasize the development of reading skills in
students who are preparing for graduate work as analysts and translators in international
business; or it might promote the development of spoken skills in students who are studying
English in order to become tourist guides.
The students' interest in their prospective subject-matter fields, in turn, enhances their
ability to acquire English. The ESP class takes the meaningful context and shows students how
the same information is expressed in English. The teacher can exploit the students' knowledge of
the subject matter in helping them master English deeper and faster.
The graduate students approach the final period of their study of English through a field
that is already known and relevant to them. This means that they are able to use what they learn
in the ESP classroom right away in their work and studies. The ESP approach enhances the
relevance of what the students are learning and enables them to use the English they know to
learn even more English, since their interest in their field will motivate them to interact with
speakers and texts. ESP assesses needs and integrates motivation, subject matter and content for
the teaching of relevant skills.

What is the role of the learner and what is the task s/he faces?
The graduate students come to the ESP class with a specific interest for learning, subject
matter knowledge, and well-built adult learning strategies. They are in charge of developing
English language skills to reflect their native-language knowledge and skills. In this view, ESP is
a powerful means for creating opportunities in their professional work or further studies.
The more learners pay attention to the meaning of the language they read and analyze,
the more they are successful; and on the contrary, the more they have to focus on the linguistic
input or isolated language structures, the less they are motivated to attend their classes.
The ESP graduate students are particularly well disposed to focus on meaning in
authentic contexts and on the particular ways in which the language is used in functions that they
will need to perform in their fields of specialty or jobs.
Graduate students are generally aware of the purposes for which they will need to use
English. Having already oriented their education toward a specific field, they see their English
training as complementing this orientation. Knowledge of the subject area enables the students to
identify a real context for the vocabulary and structures of the ESP classroom.
Graduate students must work harder than they used to before, but the learning skills they
bring to the task permit them to learn more efficiently. The skills they have already developed in
using their English make the language learning abilities in the ESP classroom potentially
immense. They will be expanding vocabulary, becoming more fluent in their fields, and
adjusting their linguistic behaviour to new situations or new roles.
To summarize, students bring to ESP focus for learning, subject matter knowledge, adult
learning strategies. They can exploit these innate competencies in learning English because ESP
combines purpose, subject matter, motivation, context-relevant skills.
The teachers role in the ESP classroom is to organize programs, set goals and objectives,
establish a positive learning environment, evaluate students' progress.

Assessing students needs and skills
What language skills will the students need to develop in order to perform these tasks?
Will the receptive skills of reading and listening be most important, or the productive skills of
writing and speaking or some other combination?
The Common European Framework (CEF) describes what a learner can do at six specific
levels: Basic User (A1 and A2); Independent User (B1 and B2); Proficient User (C1 and C2).
These levels match general concepts of basic, intermediate, and advanced and are often
referred to as the Global Scale.
The Global Scale is not language-specific. In other words, it can be used with virtually
any language and can be used to compare achievement and learning across languages. For
example, an A2 in Spanish is the same as an A2 in Japanese or English.
The Global Scale also helps teachers, academic coordinators, and course book writers to
decide on curriculum and syllabus content and to choose appropriate course books, etc.
The Global Scale is based on a set of statements that describe what a learner can do. The
can do statements are always positive: they describe what a learner is able to do, not what a
learner cannot do or does wrong. This helps all learners, even those at the lowest levels, see that
learning has value and that they can attain language goals.

Common Reference Levels - The Global Scale
Basic A1
Can understand and use familiar everyday expressions and very basic phrases aimed at the
satisfaction of needs of a concrete type.
Can introduce him/herself and others and can ask and answer questions about personal details
such as where he/she lives, people he/she knows and things s/he has.
Can interact in a simple way provided the other person talks slowly and clearly and is prepared
to help.
Basic A2
Can understand sentences and frequently used expressions related to areas of most immediate
relevance (e.g. very basic personal and family information, shopping, local geography,
employment).
Can communicate in simple and routine tasks requiring a simple and direct exchange of
information on familiar and routine matters.
Can describe in simple terms aspects of his/her background, immediate environment and
matters in areas of immediate need.
Independent B1
Can understand the main points of clear standard input on familiar matters regularly
encountered in work, school, leisure, etc.
Can deal with most situations likely to arise while travelling in an area where the language is
spoken.
Can produce simple connected text on topics which are familiar or of personal interest.
Can describe experiences and events, dreams, hopes and ambitions and briefly give reasons and
explanations for opinions and plans.
Independent B2
Can understand the main ideas of complex text on both concrete and abstract topics, including
technical discussions in his/her field of specialization.
Can interact with a degree of fl uency and spontaneity that makes regular interaction with
native speakers quite possible without strain for either party.
Can produce clear, detailed text on a wide range of subjects and explain a viewpoint on a
topical issue giving the advantages and disadvantages of various options.
Proficient C1
Can understand a wide range of demanding, longer texts, and recognize implicit meaning.
Can express him/herself fl uently and spontaneously without much obvious searching for
expressions.
Can use language fl exibly and effectively for social, academic and professional purposes.
Can produce clear, well-structured, detailed text on complex subjects, showing controlled use
of organizational patterns, connectors and cohesive devices.
Proficient C2
Can understand with ease virtually everything heard or read.
Can summarize information from different spoken and written sources, reconstructing
arguments and accounts in a coherent presentation.
Can express him/herself spontaneously, very fluently and precisely, differentiating fi ner shades
of meaning even in more complex situations.
A detailed description of Level C1 and Level C2 is given below because these are the ones
graduate students are expected to have closely approached. Consequently, the ESP classroom
students are recommended to start by finding where they are and identify personal objectives to
be achieved with the help of this Manual.

C 1 C 2
Listening I can understand extended speech even when it
is not clearly structured and when relationships
are only implied and not signalled explicitly. I
can understand television programmes and
films without too much effort.
I have no difficulty in understanding any kind of
spoken language, whether live or broadcast, even
when delivered at fast native speed, provided. I
have some time to get familiar with the accent.
Reading I can understand long and complex factual and
literary texts, appreciating distinctions of style.
I can understand specialised articles and longer
technical instructions, even when they do not
relate to my field.
I can read with ease virtually all forms of the
written language, including abstract, structurally
or linguistically complex texts such as manuals,
specialised articles and literary works.
Speaking.
Spoken
Interaction
I can express myself fluently and
spontaneously without much obvious searching
for expressions. I can use language flexibly and
effectively for social and professional
purposes. I can formulate ideas and opinions
with precision and relate my contribution
skilfully to those of other speakers.
I can take part effortlessly in any conversation or
discussion and have a good familiarity with
idiomatic expressions and colloquialisms. I can
express myself fluently and convey finer shades
of meaning precisely. If I do have a problem I can
backtrack and restructure around the difficulty so
smoothly that other people are hardly aware of it.
Speaking.
Spoken
Production
I can present clear, detailed descriptions of
complex subjects integrating subthemes,
developing particular points and rounding off
with an appropriate conclusion.
I can present a clear, smoothly-flowing
description or argument in a style appropriate to
the context and with an effective logical structure
which helps the recipient to notice and remember
significant points.
W r i t i n g I can express myself in clear, well-structured
text, expressing points of view at some length.
I can write about complex subjects in a letter,
an essay or a report, underlining what I
consider to be the salient issues. I can select a
style appropriate to the reader in mind.
I can write clear, smoothly-flowing text in an
appropriate style. I can write complex letters,
reports or articles which present a case with an
effective logical structure which helps the
recipient to notice and remember significant
points. I can write summaries and reviews of
professional or literary works.

Students should receive practice in reading for different purposes, such as finding main
ideas, finding specific information, or discovering the author's point of view. Students should
have a clear idea of the purpose of their reading before they begin. Background information is
very helpful in understanding texts. Students need advance guidelines for approaching each
assignment. Knowing the purpose of the assignment will help students get the most from their
reading effort. From the title, for instance, they can be asked to predict what the text is about. It
is also helpful to give students some questions to think about as they read. The way they
approach the reading task will depend on the purpose for which they are reading.