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UNIT NAME:
UNIT CODE:
TITLE:
EEE 2302
NAME:
REG NO.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
LECTURER:
MR. OMBATI
DATE DUE:
10 TH AUGUST,2012.
Page 0
Contents
OBJECTIVE OF THE EXPERIMENT...............................................................................2
EQUIPMENT......................................................................................................................2
1. THEORY.....................................................................................................................2
2. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM.................................................................................................3
3. PROCEDURE..............................................................................................................4
4. RESULTS....................................................................................................................4
4.1. Clipping.................................................................................................................5
4.2. Sample output waveforms obtained......................................................................5
5. DISCUSSION..............................................................................................................6
6. CONCLUSION............................................................................................................9
7. REFERENCE..............................................................................................................9
Page 1
EQUIPMENT
1.THEORY
A Wien bridge oscillator is the most commonly used type of oscillator
because it gives better oscillations than RC phase shift oscillators. It can
output a large range of frequencies. The basic Wien bridge oscillator
comprises four resistors and two capacitors and it is known for its low
distortion. The key to a low distortion oscillator is effective amplitude
stabilization. The amplitude of electronic oscillators tends to increase
until clipping or other gain limitation is reached. This leads to high
harmonic distortion, which is often undesirable.
A common way of stabilizing the amplitude is by using non-linear
elements, such as diodes, to modify the resistance of the negative
feedback network.
As with other oscillators, the condition Av = 1 is required for oscillations
to be initiated. For the oscillations to be sustained, then there must be
positive feedback. Combining the two conditions gives the absolute
condition for oscillations to be initiated and sustained at constant
amplitude.
Av = 1 0 Barkhausen condition.
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2.CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Page 3
3.PROCEDURE
1. The circuit was connected as shown above, then the theoretical
frequency of oscillation was calculated and then the experimental
oscillation frequency was determined from the oscilloscope and
compared with the theoretical one.
2. Simultaneously, both Vf and Vo were displayed on the dual slope
oscilloscope and their peak-to-peak voltages were measured and their
ratios were taken. The ratio was then compared with the theoretical
value.
3. The waveforms of voltages Vo, Vx and Vf were displayed on the
oscilloscope and their amplitude and phases were compared.
4. The variable resistor R1 was varied and the changes in the behavior of
the output signal were observed.
5. The two diodes were disconnected from the circuit and variable
resistor R1 was varied and the behavior of the output signal was
observed and compared with the behavior when the diodes were
connected.
6. R4 was exchanged with a variable resistor and varied then the changes
in the signal generated were observed.
4.RESULTS
Theoretical frequency of oscillation =
=1591.55HZ
=10k+RL=10+34=44k
1 clipping=10+37.5=47.5k
1 oscillation
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4.1. Clipping
V o=18.5v
V f = 6v
Vx=10.8v
After disconnecting diode clipping was 34.4k+RL+10K=78.4K
Crossover distortion was observed.
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Page 6
R1 = R2 = R = 10k
C1 = C2 = C = 10nF
f = 1/ (2 x 10x103 x 10x 10-9)
= 1.59 kHz
The experimental oscillation frequency from the oscilloscope was;
T = 0.7 ms
F = 1/T = 1/0.7 x 10-3
= 1.43 kHz
The values of the theoretical and the experimental frequencies
were almost equal but the theoretical frequency of oscillation was
slightly higher than the experimental frequency due to;
The tolerance of the resistors was not taken into consideration.
Parallax error in reading the accurate values from the oscilloscope.
Vf(pp) = 1.1 V,
Vo(pp) = 2.8 V
Therefore measured ratio = Vf(pp)/ VO(pp) = 1.1/2.8 = 0.39
The theoretical voltage ratio () is given by;
= Vf/ Vo = Z2/ (Z1+Z2)
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The amplitude of the output voltages Vo, Vf and Vx as measured from the
oscilloscope were;
a) Vo = Vx = 2.8V
b) Vf = 1.1V
Page 8
With the diodes in the circuit the amplitude of the output signal was
stable but when the diodes were disconnected, the amplitude of the
output signal was unstable. Therefore the function of the two diodes is to
stabilize the amplitude of the output signal by modifying the resistance of
the negative feedback network.
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7.CONCLUSION
The experiment was conducted successfully and the operation of the
Wien Bridge oscillator was investigated and compared with the expected
theoretical operation. The objective of the experiment was thus met.
There were some deviations from the expected theoretical values
expected due to error as above mentioned.
8.REFERENCE
1. Advanced techniques in power amplifier design by Steve .C.
Cripps 2002 Artech House INC.
2. Analog and digital circuits for electronic control systems
applications by Jerry Luecke Newnes, pages 69 71.
3. Electrical Technology by A. K. Theraja
4. Analogue Electronics 3 Lecturers Notes.
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