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C H A P T E R 9
Conics, Parametric Equations,

and Polar Coordinates
Section 9.1
Conics and Calculus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Section 9.2
Plane Curves and Parametric Equations . . . . . . . . . . 188
Section 9.3
Parametric Equations and Calculus
Section 9.4
Polar Coordinates and Polar Graphs . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
Section 9.5
Area and Arc Length in Polar Coordinates
Section 9.6
Polar Equations of Conics and Keplers Laws . . . . . . . 210
Review Exercises
. . . . . . . . . . . . 192
. . . . . . . . 205
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
Problem Solving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
C H A P T E R 9
Conics, Parametric Equations, and Polar Coordinates
Section 9.1
Conics and Calculus
Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises

3. x 32 2 y 2
1. y 2 4x
5.
Vertex: 0, 0
Vertex: 3, 2
p1 > 0
p 12 < 0
Opens to the right

Matches graph (h).
Opens downward
Matches graph (e).
x2 y 2
1
9
4
7.
Center: 0, 0
Ellipse
Matches (f)
Hyperbola
Center: 0, 0
Vertical transverse axis.
Matches (c)
9. y 2 6x 4 32 x
11. x 3 y 22 0
Vertex: 0, 0
y 22 4 14 x 3
3
Focus: 2 , 0
Directrix: x
y2
x2
1
16
1
3
2
Vertex: 3, 2
(0, 0)
12
Focus: 3.25, 2
4
x
Directrix: x 2.75
( 3, 2)
8
2
2
13. y2 4y 4x 0
15. x2 4x 4y 4 0
y 2 4y 4 4x 4
x 2 4x 4 4y 4 4
y 22 41x 1
x 22 41 y 2
Vertex: 1, 2
Vertex: 2, 2
Focus: 0, 2
Directrix: x 2
Focus: 2, 1
( 2, 2)
Directrix: y 3
(1, 2)
6
2
2
2
2
6
4
177
178
Chapter 9
17. y 2 x y 0
19. y 2 4x 4 0
y2 y 14 x 14
y 12 2 4 14 x 14
1
1
Vertex: 4 , 2
1
Focus: 0, 2
y 2 4x 4
41x 1
Vertex: 1, 0
Focus: 0, 0
Directrix: x 2
Directrix: x 2
y 22 42x 3
21.
23.
x h2 4p y k
x2 46 y 4
y 2 4y 8x 20 0
x2 24y 96 0
y 4 x2
25.
x2 y 4 0
27. Since the axis of the parabola is vertical, the form of the
equation is y ax2 bx c. Now, substituting the values of the given coordinates into this equation, we obtain
29. x2 4y 2 4
x2 y 2
1
4
1
3 c, 4 9a 3b c, 11 16a 4b c.
Solving this system, we have a
Therefore,
5
3, b
14
3,
c 3.
Foci: 3, 0
3
33.
12
(1, 5)
Center: 1, 5
9x2 4y 2 36x 24y 36 0

9x2 4x 4 4 y2 6y 9 36 36 36
36
x 22 y 32

1
4
9
x
8
Vertices: 1, 10, 1, 0

4
e
5
Vertices: 2, 0
a2 25, b2 9, c2 16
Foci: 1, 9, 1, 1
(0, 0)
1
Center: 0, 0
e
x 12 y 52

1
9
25
a2 4, b2 1, c2 3
2
y 53 x2 14
3 x 3 or 5x 14x 3y 9 0.
31.
a2 9, b2 4, c2 5
y
Center: 2, 3
Foci: 2, 3 5
Vertices: 2, 6, 2, 0

e
( 2, 3)
2
5
x
6
Section 9.1
12x2 20y 2 12x 40y 37 0
35.
12 x2 x
x
3x
a2 4, b2 2, c 2 2
a2 5, b2 3, c2 2
Center:
Foci:
Center:
12, 1
Foci:
12 2, 1
Vertices:
9
1 9
2 y 2 2y 1 2 4
4
4 4
x 32 2 y 12

1
4
2
60
x 12 2 y 12

1
5
3
32, 1
32 2, 1

21, 1, 72, 1
Vertices:
12 5, 1
Solve for y: 2 y 2 2y 1 x2 3x
Solve for y:
y 12
20 y 2 2y 1 12x2 12x 37 20
y 12
57 12x 12x2
20
y 1
57 12x20 12x
y 1
1
2
3
3
41. Vertices: 3, 1, 3, 9

Minor axis length: 6
Vertical major axis
Center: 3, 5
39. Center: 0, 0

Focus: 2, 0
Vertex: 3, 0
Horizontal major axis
a 3, c 2 b 5
a 4, b 3
x2
x 32 y 52

1
9
16
y2
5
1
43. Center: 0, 0

Points on ellipse: 3, 1, 4, 0
Since the major axis is horizontal,
ax by 1.
2
Substituting the values of the coordinates of the given points into this equation, we have
a9 b1 1, and 16a 1.

2
The solution to this system is a2 16, b2 167.

Therefore,
x2
y2
x2
7y 2

1,

1.
16 167
16
16
1
2
4
1 7
3x x2
2 4
7 12x8 4x
(Graph each of these separately.)
(Graph each of these separately.)

1
179
x2 2y 2 3x 4y 0.25 0
37.
1
20y 2 2y 1 37 3 20
4
Conics and Calculus
180
45.
Chapter 9
y 2 x2
1
1
4
47.
x 12 y 22

1
4
1
a 1, b 2, c 5
a 2, b 1, c 5
Center: 0, 0
Center: 1, 2
Vertices: 0, 1
1
Asymptotes: y x
2
1
Asymptotes: y 2 x 1
2
Foci: 1 5, 2
Foci: 0, 5
1
x
1
x
2
4
5
9x2 y 2 36x 6y 18 0
49.
x2 9y 2 2x 54y 80 0
51.
9x2 4x 4 y 2 6y 9 18 36 9
x2 2x 1 9 y 2 6y 9 80 1 81 0
x 12 9 y 32 0
x 22 y 32

1
1
9
1
y 3 x 1
3
a 1, b 3, c 10
Center: 2, 3
Degenerate hyperbola is two lines intersecting at

1, 3.

Foci: 2 10, 3
Asymptotes: y 3 3x 2
2
2
4
6
53.
9y 2 x2 2x 54y 62 0
55.
9 y 2 6y 9 x2 2x 1 62 1 81 18
3x2 2y 2 6x 12y 27 0
3x2 2x 1 2 y 2 6y 9 27 3 18 12
y 32 x 12

1
2
18
a 2, b 32, c 25
Center: 1, 3
x 12 y 32

1
4
6
Vertices: 1, 3 2
9 y2 6y 9 x2 2x 62 81
x2 2x 19
9
1
y 3 x2 2x 19
3
(Graph each curve separately.)
1
5
Foci: 1 10, 3

7
Solve for y:
Center: 1, 3

Foci: 1, 3 25
y 32
a 2, b 6, c 10
Solve for y:
2 y 2 6y 9 3x2 6x 27 18
y 32
3x2 6x 9
2
y 3
3x
(Graph each curve separately.)
2x 3
2
Section 9.1
57. Vertices: 1, 0
Asymptotes: y 3x
Horizontal transverse axis
Center: 0, 0
181
59. Vertices: 2, 3

Point on graph: 0, 5
Vertical transverse axis
Center: 2, 0
a3
b
b
a 1, 3 b 3
a
1
Therefore,
Conics and Calculus
Therefore, the equation is of the form

y2 x 22
1.

9
b2
x2 y 2
1.
1
9
Substituting the coordinates of the point 0, 5, we have

25
4
21
9
b
9
or b2 .
4
Therefore, the equation is
61. Center: 0, 0

Vertex: 0, 2
Focus: 0, 4
Vertical transverse axis
63. Vertices: 0, 2, 6, 2

2
2
Asymptotes: y x, y 4 x
3
3
a 2, c 4, b2 c2 a2 12
Therefore,
y2 x 22

1.
9
94
Center: 3, 2
a3
y2
x2

1.
4
12
b
2
Slopes of asymptotes:
a
3
Thus, b 2. Therefore,
x 32 y 22

1.
9
4
65. (a)
x2
2x
x
y 2 1,
2yy 0,
y
9
9
9y
At x 6: y 3, y
At 6, 3 : y 3
93
(b) From part (a) we know that the slopes of the normal lines
must be 9 23 .
23
At 6, 3 : y 3
23
x 6
9
or 9x 23y 60 0
At 6, 3 : y 3
or 2x 33y 3 0
At 6, 3 : y 3
9
x 6
23
23
x 6
9
9
23
x 6
or 9x 23y 60 0
or 2x 33y 3 0
67. x2 4y 2 6x 16y 21 0
69. y2 4y 4x 0
71. 4x2 4y 2 16y 15 0
A 1, C 4
A 0, C 1
AC4
AC 4 > 0
Parabola
Circle
Ellipse
73. 9x2 9y 2 36x 6y 34 0
3x2 6x 3 6 2y2 4y 2
75.
AC9
3x2 2y2 6x 4y 5 0
Circle
A 3, C 2, AC < 0
Hyperbola
182
Chapter 9

79. (a) A hyperbola is the set of all points x, y for which the
absolute value of the difference between the distances
from two distance fixed points (foci) is constant.
77. (a) A parabola is the set of all points x, y that are
equidistant from a fixed line (directrix) and a fixed
point (focus) not on the line.
(b) x h2 4py k or y k2 4px h
(b)
(c) See Theorem 9.2.
y k2 x h2
x h2 y k2

1 or

1
2
2
a
b
a2
b2
b
a
(c) y k x h or y k x h
a
b
83. y ax2
81. Assume that the vertex is at the origin.
y 2ax
x2 4py
3 4p1
2
The equation of the tangent line is

y ax02 2ax0x x0 or y 2ax 0 x ax 02.
9
p
4
Let y 0. Then:
The pipe is located 94 meters from the vertex.
ax02 2ax0x 2ax02
ax02 2ax0x
Focus
Therefore,
( 3, 1)
x0
x is the x-intercept.
2
(3, 1)
1
x
2
(x0, ax02 )
y = ax 2
( x2 , 0)
0
85. (a) Consider the parabola x2 4py. Let m0 be the slope of the one tangent line at x1, y1 and therefore, 1m0 is the slope of
the second at x2, y2. From the derivative given in Exercise 32 we have:
m0
1
x or x1 2pm0
2p 1
1
1
2p
x2 or x2
m0
2p
m0
Substituting these values of x into the equation x2 4py, we have the coordinates of the points of tangency 2pm0, pm02
and 2pm0, pm02 and the equations of the tangent lines are
y pm02 m0x 2pm0 and
2p
x .
y mp 1
m
m
2
The point of intersection of these lines is
pm m 1, p and is on the directrix, y p.

2
x 2 = 4py
2p p
, 2
m0 m0
)
(2pm0, pm02)
x
y = p
( p(mm 1) , p)
0
CONTINUED
Section 9.1
Conics and Calculus
85. CONTINUED
(b) x2 4x 4y 8 0
x 22 4 y 1. Vertex 2, 1

2x 4 4
dy
0
dx
dy 1
x1
dx 2
At 2, 5, dydx 2. At 3, 54 , dydx 12 .

Tangent line at 2, 5: y 5 2x 2 2x y 1 0.
Tangent line at 3, 54 : y 54 12 x 3 2x 4y 1 0.
Since m1m2 2 12 1, the lines are perpendicular.
1
1
Point of intersection: 2x 1 x
2
4
5
5
x
2
4
x
1
2
y0
1
Directrix: y 0 and the point of intersection 2 , 0 lies on this line.
87.
y x x2
dy
1 2x
dx
At x1, y1 on the mountain, m 1 2x1. Also, m
y1 1
.
x1 1
y1 1
1 2x1
x1 1
x1 x12 1 1 2x1x1 1

x12 x1 1 2x12 x1 1
x12 2x1 2 0
x1
2 22 412 2 23

1 3
21
2
Choosing the positive value for x1, we have x1 1 3.

m 1 2 1 3 3 23
m
01
1

x0 1
x0 1
1
3 23
Thus,
x0 1
1
x0 1
3 23
3 23
1 x0
3
23
x0.
3
The closest the receiver can be to the hill is 233 1
0.155.
y
2
( 1, 1)
2
( x1 , y1 )
(x0, 0)
1
1
2
183
184
Chapter 9
89. Parabola
Vertex: 0, 4
Circle
Center: 0, k
Radius: 8
x2 4p y 4
x2 y k2 64
42 4p0 4
42 0 k2 64
p 1
6
x2 4 y 4
k 43
x2
y4
4
k2 48
x
2
(Center is on the negative y-axis.)
x2 y 43 64
y 43 64 x2
Since the y-value is positive when x 0, we have y 43 64 x2.

4
A2
4
x3
1
x
43x x64 x2 64 arcsin
12
2
8
64
1
163 248 32 arcsin
12
2
2 4x
2 16
x2
43 64 x2 dx
4
4
0
16 4 33 2
15.536 square feet

3
91. (a) Assume that y ax2.
( 60, 20)
(60, 20)
20
2
1
1 2

x
y
20 a60 a
360 180
180
2
(b) f x
1 2
1
x , fx x
180
90

60

1
x
1
90
S2
15
10
2
dx
90
60
902
dx
60 45 30 15
x2
60
2 1
x902 x2 902 ln x 902 x2
90 2
1
6011,700 902 ln 60 11,700 902 ln 90
90
1
180013 902 ln 60 3013 902 ln 90
90
2013 90 ln
60 9030
10 213 9 ln
13
(formula 26)
2 3 13
128.4 m
1 1
3
93. x2 4py, p , , 1, , 2
4 2
2
95.
As p increases, the graph becomes wider.

1
p=
1
4
p=2
p=
p=
3
2
1
2
p=1
24
16
16
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
x
15 30 45 60
Section 9.1
5
97. a , b 2, c
2
52
22
Conics and Calculus
3
2
The tacks should be placed 1.5 feet from the center. The string should be 2a 5 feet long.
c
a
e
99.
A P 2a
c
AP
a
2
caP
103.
AP
AP
P
2
2
c
A P2 A P

a A P2 A P
e
101. e
(a, 0)
P
35.34au 0.59au
AP
0.9672
AP
35.34au 0.59au
y2
x2
1
102 52
105. 16x2 9y 2 96x 36y 36 0

32x 18yy 96 36y 0
2yy
2x
2 0
102
5
y
y18y 36 32x 96
52x x

102y
4y
At 8, 3: y
y
32x 96
18y 36
y 0 when x 3. y is undefined when y 2.
8
2

12 3
At x 3, y 2 or 6.
Endpoints of major axis: 3, 2, 3, 6
The equation of the tangent line is y 3 3 x 8. It

2
25
will cross the y-axis when x 0 and y 3 8 3 3 .
2
At y 2, x 0 or 6.
Endpoints of minor axis: 0, 2, 6, 2
Note: Equation of ellipse is

1
x
4 x2 dx x4 x2 4 arcsin
2
2
107. (a) A 4
V 2
(b) Disk:
2
0
or, A ab 21 2
2
1
1
1
4 x2 dx 4x x3
4
2
3
x 32 y 22

1
9
16
2
0
8
3
1
y 4 x2
2
y
1 y2

2
S 22
x
24 x2
1 16 x 4x 16 4y 3x
16 3x2
CONTINUED
4y
dx 2 33x16 3x
16 arcsin
3x
2
0
2
9 43
21.48
9
185
186
Chapter 9
107. CONTINUED
V 2
(c) Shell:
x4 x2 dx
2x4 x212 dx
2
4 x232
3
2
0
16
3
x 21 y 2
x
1 x2
2y
1 y 2
1 1 4y y
S 22
21 y 2
1
3y2
1 y 2
1 3y 2
1 y 2
dy 8
1 3y 2 dy
436
8
3y1 3y 2 ln 3y 1 3y 2
23
1 e2 sin2 d
2100 10a a 20
For
x2
25
y2
49
Hence, the length of the major axis is 2a 40.
1, we have
a 7, b 5, c 49 25 26, e
C 47

34.69
Area ellipse ab a10
2
C 4a
3 ln 2 3
111. Area circle r 2 100
109. From Example 5,
c
26

.
a
7
2
1 4924 sin d
2
281.3558
37.9614
113. The transverse axis is horizontal since 2, 2 and 10, 2
are the foci (see definition of hyperbola).
115. 2a 10 a 5
c 6 b 11
Center: 6, 2
c 4, 2a 6, b2 c2 a2 7
Therefore, the equation is
x 62 y 22

1.
9
7
117. Time for sound of bullet hitting target to reach x, y:
Time for sound of rifle to reach x, y:
2c x c2 y 2

vm
vs
( x, y )
x c2 y 2
vs
2c x c2 y 2 x c2 y 2

Since the times are the same, we have:

vm
vs
vs
4c2
4c
x c2 y 2 x c2 y 2
x c2 y 2

2
vm
vmvs
vs2
vs2
x c2 y2
1 vv x
2
m
2
s
x2
c2vs2vm2
c2
vm2
y2
vm2x vs2c
vsvm
vv
y2
1
vs2vm2
2
s
2
m
1 c2
( c, 0)
rifle
(c, 0)
target
Section 9.1
Conics and Calculus
187
119. The point x, y lies on the line between 0, 10 and 10, 0. Thus, y 10 x. The point also lies on the hyperbola
x236 y264 1. Using substitution, we have:
x2
10 x2

1
36
64
16x2 910 x2 576
7x2 180x 1476 0
x
180 1802 471476

27
180 1922 90 962

14
7
Choosing the positive value for x we have:

x
90 962
160 962
6.538 and y
3.462
7
7
2y 2
x2
2y 2
x2
2 1 2 1 2, c 2 a2 b2
a2
b
b
a
121.
x2
2y 2
2y 2
x2
2 1 2 2
1
a2 b2
b
b
a b2
1
x2
x2
1
1
2
1 2 x2 2 2
2
a
a b2
a
a b2
x2
2aa2 b2
2ac
2a2a2 b2
x

2
2
2a b
2a2 b2
2a2 b2
2y2
1 2a2c 2
1 2
2
b
a 2a2 b2
y2
2yb
2a2
b2
b2
b4
b2
y
22a2 b2
22a2 b2
There are four points of intersection:
2ac
2a2
b2

b2
,
22a2 b2
2ac
2a2
b2
b2
22a2 b2
2y2
2x 4yy
b2x
x2
2 1 2 2 0 ye 2
2
a
b
a
b
2a y
a2
At
2y 2
2x 4yy
b 2x
x2
2 1 2 2 0 yh 2
2
b
b
c
b
2c y
2ac
2a2
ye
,
b2
b2
2a2
b2
, the slopes of the tangent lines are:
22a2 b2
2a b
2ac
22a
b2
b2
c
a
b2
and
yh
2c 2
2ac
2a2 b2
22a
b2
2
b2
a
c
Since the slopes are negative reciprocals, the tangent lines are perpendicular. Similarly, the curves are perpendicular at the
other three points of intersection.
123. False. See the definition of a parabola.
125. True
127. False. y2 x2 2x 2y 0 yields two intersecting

lines.
129. True
188
Chapter 9
Section 9.2
Plane Curves and Parametric Equations
1. x t, y 1 t
(b)
(a)
t
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
(c)
3
1
(d) x2 t
y 1 x2, x 0
5. x t 1
3. x 3t 1
y 2t 1
y2
x 3 1 1
7. x t 3
y t2
y 12 t 2
y x 12
x t 3 implies t x13
y 12 x 23
2x 3y 5 0
4
y
1
4
x
3
2
2
2
9. x t, t 0
11. x t 1
yt2
t
t1
y t2
y
x1
x
y

x4
x
2
2
2
y
4
4
x
1
y
y x2 2, x 0
y
13. x 2t
15. x et, x > 0
y
5
y e3t 1
y x3 1, x > 0
3
2
1
2 1
x
1
12
Section 9.2
17. x sec
19. x 3 cos , y 3 sin
y cos
x
y 2 cos 2
2
x
sin2 2
16
x2 y 2 9.
xy 1
y
x 4 sin 2
21.
Squaring both equations and

adding, we have

,
<
2 2
0 <
y2
cos2 2
4
1
x

1, y 1
y2
x2
1
16
4
4
4
1
x
2
3
x 4 2 cos
23.
x 4 2 cos
25.
y 1 sin
y 1 4 sin
x 4
cos2
4
x 42
cos2
4
y 12
sin2
1
y 12
sin2
16
x 42 y 12

1
4
1
x 42 y 12

1
4
16
x 4 sec
27.
10
29. x t 3
y 3 tan
x2
sec2
16
x et
31.
y 3 ln t
y e3t
3 x ln x
y 3 ln
et
y2
tan2
9
x2
y2
1
16
9
1
x
3 y
et
3

y
1
x
y
1
x3
x > 0
y > 0
9
3
6
1
5
1
189
190
Chapter 9
33. By eliminating the parameters in (a) (d), we get y 2x 1. They differ from each other in orientation and in restricted
domains. These curves are all smooth except for (b).
(a) x t, y 2t 1
(b) x cos
1 y 3
dx
dy

0 when 0, , 2, . . . .
d d
y 2 cos 1
1 x 1
2
1
(c) x et
(d) x e t
y 2et 1
x > 0
y > 1
x > 0
y > 1
1
x
y 2et 1
x
1
35. The curves are identical on 0 < < . They are both smooth. Represent y 21 x2
37. (a)
(b) The orientation of the second curve is reversed.
(c) The orientation will be reversed.

6
(d) Many answers possible. For example, x 1 t,

y 1 2t, and x 1 t, x 1 2t.
39.
x x1 tx2 x1
x h a cos
41.
y y1 t y2 y1
y k b sin
x x1
t
x2 x1
y y1
xh
cos
a
xx xx y
1
yk
sin
b
y1
x h2 y k2

1
a2
b2
y y1
y y1 2
x x1
x2 x1
y y1 mx x1
43. From Exercise 39 we have
x 5t
x 2 4 cos
y 2t.
y 1 4 sin .
Solution not unique
Solution not unique

a 5, c 4 b 3
x 5 cos
y 3 sin .
Center: 0, 0
Solution not unique
Section 9.2
51. y 3x 2

a 4, c 5 b 3
53. y x3
Example
Example
x 4 sec
x t,
y 3t 2
x t,
y t3
y 3 tan .
x t 3,
y 3t 11
3 t,
x
yt
x tan t,
y tan3 t
Center: 0, 0
Solution not unique
55. x 2 sin
57. x 32 sin
59. x 3 cos3
y 21 cos
y 1 32 cos
y 3 sin3
6
2
16
7
1
Not smooth at 2n
61. x 2 cot
Not smooth at x, y 3, 0 and

0, 3, or 12 n.
63. See definition on page 665.
y 2 sin
2
Smooth everywhere
65. A plane curve C, represented by x f t, y gt, is smooth if f and g are
continuous and not simultaneously 0. See page 670.
67. x 4 cos
69. x cos sin
y 2 sin 2
y sin cos
Matches (d)
Matches (b)
71. When the circle has rolled radians, we know that the center is at a, a.
sin sin180
191
C BD
b

AP
cos cos180
b
or
or
BD b sin
AP b cos
Therefore, x a b sin and y a b cos .

73. False
x t2 x 0
x t2 y 0
The graph of the parametric equations is only a portion of the line y x.
P
b
A
C
a
D
192
Chapter 9
75. (a) 100 mihr
1005280 440

ftsec
3600
3
x v0 cos t
(d) We need to find the angle (and time t) such that

x
440
cos t
3
y3
y h v0 sin t 16t 2

3
(b)
sin t 16t

440
3
cos t 400

440
3
sin t 16t
440
3
10 3
1200
1200
sin
16
440
3
440 cos
440 cos
7 400 tan 16
400
0
It is not a home runwhen x 400, y 20.

(c)
10.
From the first equation t 1200440 cos . Substituting

into the second equation,
30
400 tan 16
60
120
44
sec2
tan
120
44
2
1.
We now solve the quadratic for tan :

16
120
44
tan2 400 tan 7 16
120
44
tan 0.35185 19.4
400
0
Yes, its a home run when x 400, y > 10.
Section 9.3
1.
dy dydt 4 2

dx dxdt
2t
t
3.
dy dydt 2 cos t sin t

1
dx dxdt
2 sin t cos t
Note: x y 1 y 1 x and dydt 1

5. x 2t, y 3t 1
7. x t 1, y t 2 3t
dy dydt 3

dx dxdt 2
dy 2t 3

1 when t 1.
dx
1
d 2y
0 Line
dx2
d 2y
2 concave upwards
dx2
9. x 2 cos , y 2 sin
dy
2 cos

cot 1 when .
dx 2 sin
4
d 2y
csc2
csc3

2 when .
2
dx
2 sin
2
4
concave downward
11. x 2 sec , y 1 2 tan

2 sec2
dy

dx
sec tan
2 sec

2 csc 4 when .
tan
6
d 2y
2 csc cot

dx2
sec tan
2 cot3 6
3 when
concave downward

.
6
0
Section 9.3
13. x cos3 , y sin3
15. x 2 cot , y 2 sin2
3 sin2 cos
dy

dx
3 cos2 sin
4 sin cos
dy

2 sin3 cos
dx
2 csc2
tan 1 when

.
4
At
sec2
1
d 2y

dx2
3 cos 2 sin 3 cos4 sin
3 2
, 23, and dydx 3 8 3.
y
Tangent line:
sec4 csc 4
2

when .

3
3
4
3 3
3
2

x
2
8
3
3x 8y 18 0
At 0, 2,
concave upward
dy

, and
0.
2
dx
Tangent line: y 2 0
At 2
3,
3
1

dy
, , and

.
2
6
dx
8
y
Tangent line:
3
1

x 2
3
2
8
3x 8y 10 0
17. x 2t, y t2 1, t 2
(a)
19. x t 2 t 2, y t3 3t, t 1
(a)
10
(b) At t 2, x, y 4, 3, and
(b) At t 1, x, y 4, 2, and
dx
dy
dy
2,
4,
2
dt
dt
dx
dx
dy
dy
3,
0,
0
dt
dt
dx
(c)
dy
2. At 4, 3, y 3 2x 4
dx
y 2x 5
(d)
(c)
dy
0. At 4, 2, y 2 0x 4
dx
y2
(d)
10
(4, 2)
(4, 3)
5
5
4
21. x 2 sin 2t, y 3 sin t crosses itself at the origin, x, y 0, 0.
At this point, t 0 or t .
dy
3 cos t

dx 4 cos 2t
At t 0:
3
dy 3
and y x. Tangent Line
dx 4
4
At t ,
3
dy
3
and y
x Tangent Line
dx
4
4
193
194
Chapter 9
23. x cos sin , y sin cos

Horizontal tangents:
dy
sin 0 when 0, , 2, 3, . . . .
d
Points: 1, 2n 1, 1, 2n where n is an integer.

Points shown: 1, 0, 1, , 1, 2
dx
3 5
cos 0 when ,
,
,. . ..
d
2 2 2
Vertical tangents:
1
2n 1
, 1n1
2

3

5
Points shown: , 1, , 1, , 1
2
2
2
n1
Points:
25. x 1 t, y t 2
27. x 1 t, y t 3 3t
dy
2t 0 when t 0.
dt
dy
3t 2 3 0 when t 1.
dt
Points: 0, 2, 2, 2
dx
1 0; none
dt
Vertical tangents:
Point: 1, 0
Vertical tangents:
3
dx
1 0; none
dt
(2, 2)
4
2
(1, 0)
(0, 2)
29. x 3 cos , y 3 sin

dy
3
3 cos 0 when , .
d
2 2
31. x 4 2 cos , y 1 sin
Points: 0, 3, 0, 3

dx
3 sin 0 when 0, .
d
Vertical tangents:
dy
3
cos 0 when , .
d
2 2
Points: 4, 0, 4, 2

dx
2 sin 0 when x 0, .
d
Vertical tangents:
Points: 3, 0, 3, 0
Points: 6, 1, 2, 1

2
(0, 3)
(4, 0)
0
6
( 3, 0)
(3, 0)
(2, 1)
(6, 1)
(4, 2)
(0, 3)
4
35. x t 2, y 2t, 0 t 2
33. x sec , y tan

dy
sec2 0; none
d
Vertical tangents:
dx
sec tan 0 when x 0, .
d
Points: 1, 0, 1, 0

4
( 1, 0)
(1, 0)
dydt
dx
dy
dx
2t,
2,
dt
dt
dt
4t 2 4 4t 2 1
s2
t 2 1 dt
t
t 2 1 ln t
t2 1
2
5 ln 2
5 5.916
Section 9.3
37. x et cos t, y et sin t, 0 t

2

2

dx
dt
dy
dt
2
dt
2e2t dt
2
2
et1 dt

2et

21 e2 1.12
1
1
9 dt
4t
2
dx
3a cos2 sin ,
d
dy
3a sin2 cos
d
1 u2 du
1
ln
37 6 6
37 3.249
12
dt
dx
dy
a1 cos ,
a sin
d
d
S2
a2 1 cos 2 a2 sin2 d
sin cos
cos2 sin2 d

2
2a
6a
2

dt
43. x a sin , y a1 cos ,
9a2 cos4 sin2 9a2 sin4 cos2 d
12a
1 36t
1
ln
1 u2 u u
1 u2
12
2
S4
1
6
u 6
t, du
41. x a cos3 , y a sin3 ,
2

1
S
195
dx
1 dy

,
3
dt
2
t dt
39. x
t, y 3t 1,
dx
dy
etsin t cos t,
etcos t sin t
dt
dt
s
1 cos d
2
sin 2 d 3a cos 2
2
6a
2
2a
sin
1 cos
4
2a
1 cos
d

8a
45. x 90 cos 30t, y 90 sin 30t 16t 2

(a)
(d) y 0 90 sin t 16t2 t
35
x 90 cos t

0
240
0
(b) Range: 219.2 ft

(c)
dx
dy
90 cos 30,
90 sin 30 32t.
dt
dt
y 0 for t
45
.
16
90 cos 302 90 sin 30 32t2 dt
902
2 cos 2 0 45
32

By the First Derivative Test, 45
4
maximizes the range.
dx
90 cos ,
dt
90
dy
90 sin 32 90 sin 32
sin 90 sin
dt
16
s
230.8 ft
902
902
cos sin
sin 2
16
32
x
4516
s
90
sin
16

9016sin
90 cos 2 90 sin 2 dt
9016sin
9016sin
90 dt 90t
90
sin
16
ds
902

cos 0
d
16
2
By the First Derivative Test, 90 maximizes the
arc length.
196
Chapter 9
47. (a)
x t sin t
x 2t sin2t
y 1 cos t
y 1 cos2t
0 t 2
0 t
The time required for the particle to

traverse the same path is t 4.
49. x t, y 2t,
dx
dy
1,
2
dt
dt
51. x 4 cos , y 4 sin ,
2t
1 4 dt 4
5
S 2
t dt
2
5 t 2
32
2
dx
dy
3a cos2 sin ,
3a sin2 cos
d
d
2
4
61. x r cos
, y r sin
r sin
r 2 sin2
r 2 cos2
d
sin
d
2r 2 cos
2
1 cos
r 2
32
59. s

a
2
dx
dt
dydt
2
12 2
a
5
dt
See Theorem 9.8, page 678.
x t, y t.
12a2
sin5
5
sin4 cos d
2
57. One possible answer is the graph

given by
See Theorem 9.7, page 675.
2r 2
2
t dt
a sin3
9a2 cos4 sin2 9a2 sin4 cos2 d 12a2
dy dydt

dx dxdt
cos d 32 sin
2
16
5
53. x a cos3 , y a sin3 ,
S 2
4 cos
4 sin 2 4 cos 2 d

5 t 2
55.
2
t
1 4 dt 2
5

dx
dy
4 sin ,
4 cos
d
d
32
5
S 4
3
(b) S 2
y 1 cos 2 t
3
(c) x 12 t sin 12 t
(a) S 2
(b) The average speed of the particle on the

second path is twice the average speed of
a particle on the first path.
Section 9.3
197
63. x
t, y 4 t, 0 t 4
A
4 t
x
y
3
16
3
32

1
2
t
dt
1
2
4t12 t12 dt
28
t 3t
t
1
0
4
4 t 2
2
1 t dt 323 4 t dt 323 4t t2
4
4 t
t
1
2
t
dt
3
64
16t12 8t12 t32 dt
16
3
3
4
3
16
2
32
t t
t t 2
t
64
3
5
8
5

3 8
x, y ,
4 5
65. x 3 cos , y 3 sin ,
dx
3 sin
d
V 2
2
3 sin 23 sin d

54
sin3 d
2
0
54
1 cos2 sin d
2
54 cos
67.
cos3
3
2
36
x 2 sin2
y 2 sin2 tan
dx
4 sin cos
d
A
2
0< 2
2 sin2 tan 4 sin cos d 8
sin4 d
3
sin3 cos 3
8
sin cos
4
8
8
69. ab is area of ellipse (d).
75. (a) x
2
2
1
x
1
1
2
3

2
71. 6a2 is area of cardioid (f).
73. 83 ab is area of hourglass (a).
1 t2
2t
, y
, 20 t 20
1 t2
1 t2
The graph is the circle x 2 y 2 1, except the point 1, 0.

Verify: x2 y 2
11 tt 1 2t t
2 2
2
1 2t 2 t 4 4t 2 1 t 22

1
1 t 22
1 t 22
(b) As t increases from 20 to 0, the speed increases, and as t increases from 0 to 20, the speed decreases.
77. False
d g t
d 2y
dt f t
f tgt g t f t

dx2
f t
f t3
198
Chapter 9
Section 9.4
1.
Polar Coordinates and Polar Graphs
4, 2
3.
5. 2, 2.36

0
2

x 4 cos
2 4
y 4 sin
x 4 cos
y 4 sin
4, 3
x 2 cos2.36 1.004

2
3

y 2 sin2.36 0.996
x, y 1.004, 0.996
3 23
x, y 2, 23
x, y 0, 4
(4, 36 )
2, 2.36 )
( 4, 3 )
0
1
0
1
7. r, 5,
3
4
9. r, 3.5, 2.5
11. x, y 1, 1

r 2
x, y 2.804, 2.095
x, y 3.5355, 3.5355
tan 1
5
5

, , 2, , 2,
4 4
4
4
1
4
(3.54, 3.54)
1
3
2
x

(2.804, 2.095)
(1, 1)
x
1
13. x, y 3, 4
r 9 16 5
tan
( 3, 4)
43
4
3
2.214, 5.356, 5, 2.214, 5, 5.356
2
1
4
x
1
5 4
17. x, y 2 , 3
15. x, y 3, 2
r, 3.606, 0.588
r, 2.833, 0.490

y
19. (a) x, y 4, 3.5
(b) r, 4, 3.5
(4, 3.5)
0
(4, 3.5)
1
x
1
Section 9.4
21. x2 y 2 a2

y4
23.
r sin 4
ra
r 4 csc
0
a
0
2
3x y 2 0
25.
y 2 9x
27.
3r cos r sin 2 0
r 2 sin2 9r cos
r3 cos sin 2

r
r
2
3 cos sin
9 cos
sin2
r 9 csc2 cos
0
1
0
1
r3
29.
y2
r sin
31.
r
33.
r 2 r sin
r2 9
x2
y2
9
x2 y
x2
1
2
tan r tan
y
2
tanx2 y 2
1
4
x2 y 2 arctan
x2 y 2 y 0
y
x
y
x
y
x
y
2
1
2
x
1
2
35.
r 3 sec
37. r 3 4 cos
r cos 3
1
2
0 < 2
12
x3
x30
x
1
39. r 2 sin
41. r
0 < 2
4
2
1 cos
Traced out once on

< <
10
5
2
199
200
Chapter 9
43. r 2 cos
32
45. r2 4 sin 2
0 < 4
0 <

2
r 2h cos k sin
47.
Radius: h2 k 2
Center: h, k
r 2 2rh cos k sin

r 2 2hr cos kr sin
x2 y 2 2hx ky
x2 y 2 2hx 2ky 0
x2 2hx h2 y 2 2ky k2 0 h2 k 2

x h2 y k2 h2 k 2
49.
4, 23, 2, 6
51. 2, 0.5, 7, 1.2

d 22 72 227 cos0.5 1.2

20 16 cos 2 5 4.5
2
d
42
22
2

242 cos
3
6
53 28 cos0.7 5.6
53.
55. (a), (b) r 31 cos
r 2 3 sin
dy 3 cos sin cos 2 3 sin

dx 3 cos cos sin 2 3 sin
2 cos 3 sin 1

2 cos 3 sin 1

3 cos 2 2 sin
6 cos2 2 sin 3

2 x, y 0, 3
r, 3,
Tangent line: y 3 1x 0
y x 3
dy
(c) At ,
1.0.
2 dx
57. (a), (b) r 3 sin
5
1
r,
3 2 3, 3 x, y 3 4 3, 94

Tangent line: y
33
9
3 x
4
4
y 3x
(c) At
dy
,
0.
2 dx
dy
2
At 2, ,
.
dx
3
3 dy
,
0.
At 1,
2
dx
At 5,
9
2
dy
,
3 1.732.
3 dx
Section 9.4
59.
r 1 sin
61.
dy
1 sin cos cos sin
d
201
r 2 csc 3
dy
2 csc 3 cos 2 csc cot sin
d
cos 1 2 sin 0
3 cos 0
1
3 5
cos 0, sin , , ,
2
2 2 6 6
3
,
2 2
2, 32, 12, 6 , 12, 56
5, 2 , 1, 32
Horizontal:
dx
1 sin sin cos cos
d
sin sin2 sin2 1
2 sin2 sin 1
2 sin 1sin 1 0
sin 1, sin
Vertical tangents:
1
7 11
, ,
2
2 6 6
32, 76, 32, 116

65. r 2 csc 5
63. r 4 sin cos2
10
12
12
2 , 3, 32
Horizontal tangents: 7,
0, 0, 1.4142, 0.7854, 1.4142, 2.3562

r 3 sin
67.
69. r 21 sin
r2 3r sin
Cardioid
0
x 2 y 2 3y
x2 y
3
2
Circle r
3
2
9
4

Symmetric to y-axis,
2
32
Center: 0,
Tangent at the pole: 0

71. r 2 cos3
Rose curve with three petals

Symmetric to the polar axis
Relative extrema: 2, 0, 2,

2
, 2,
3
3

0
2

6

4

3

2
2
3
5
6
2
2
Tangents at the pole:
5
, ,
6 2 6

2
202
Chapter 9
73. r 3 sin 2
Rose curve with four petals

Symmetric to the polar axis, , and pole
2
Relative extrema: 3,
5

, 3,
4
4

Tangents at the pole: 0,
0
3

2
, 3
2 give the same tangents.
75. r 5
77. r 41 cos
Cardioid
Circle radius: 5
x2 y2 25
0
2
79. r 3 2 cos
r 3 csc
81.
10
y3
Symmetric to polar axis

0
r sin 3
Limaon

3

2
2
3
Horizontal line
0
1
83. r 2
Spiral of Archimedes
Symmetric to

2

4

2
3
4
5
4
3
2

2
3
2
2
5
2
3
0
1
Tangent at the pole: 0

85. r2 4 cos2
Lemniscate

Symmetric to the polar axis, , and pole
2
Relative extrema: 2, 0
0

6
2

4
0
3
,
4 4
Section 9.4

2

89. r
87. Since
r 2 sec 2
1
,
cos
Hyperbolic spiral
r as 0
the graph has polar axis symmetry and the lengths at the
pole are

,
.
3 3
r
2
2 2 sin 2 sin

r
r sin
y
y
2 sin

x = 1
4
Furthermore,

r as
2
lim
0
2 sin
2 cos
lim
2
0

1
4
3

r as .
2
Also, r 2
y=2
1
r
r
2
2
cos
r cos
x
3
1
rx 2x r
r
2x
.
1x
Thus, r as x 1.
91. The rectangular coordinate system consists of all points of the form x, y where x is the directed
distance from the y-axis to the point, and y is the directed distance from the x-axis to the point.
Every point has a unique representation.
The polar coordinate system uses r, to designate the location of a point.
r is the directed distance to the origin and is the angle the point makes with the positive x-axis,
measured clockwise.
Point do not have a unique polar representation.
97. r 31 cos
95. r 2 sin circle
93. r a circle
b line
Cardioid
Matches (c)
Matches (a)
99. r 4 sin
(a) 0

2
(b)

2
(c)
0
1

2
2
0
1
0
1
203
204
Chapter 9
101. Let the curve r f be rotated by to form the curve r g. If r1, 1 is a point on
r f , then r1, 1 is on r g. That is,
(r, + )
g1 r1 f 1.
Letting 1 , or 1 , we see that
(r, )
g g1 f 1 f .
103. r 2 sin
(a) r 2 sin
2

2
sin cos
4
2
(b) r 2 cos 2 cos

4
(d) r 2 cos
(c) r 2 sin 2 sin
105. (a) r 1 sin
(b) r 1 sin

4
Rotate the graph of

r 1 sin
0
1
107. tan
r
21 cos

dr
d
2 sin
At , tan is undefined
109. tan

.
2
At
r
2 cos 3

dr
d 6 sin 3

, tan 0 0.
6
2
0
1
through the angle

4.
Section 9.5
111.
r
6
dr
6 sin
61 cos 1

1 cos
d 1 cos 2
6
r
1 cos
1 cos
tan

dr
6 sin
sin
d
1 cos 2
2
At
, tan
3
21
1
3
3.

, 60
3
113. True
115. True
Section 9.5
1. (a) r 8 sin
(b) A 2
12
8 sin
2
64
d
2
sin2 d
32
2
1 cos 2 d
32
0
2
sin 2
2
2
16
A 42 16
3. A 2
1
2
6

1
sin 6
6
2 cos 32 d 2
6

3
5. A 2
7. A 2
2
1
2
2
1 sin 2 d
1
2
4
1
1
sin 4
2
4
9. A 2
2
32 2 cos 41 sin 2
2
3
2
cos 22 d
1
2
2 3
4

8
1 2 cos 2 d
3 4 sin sin 2
2 3
2 33
2
11. The area inside the outer loop is
12
2 3

1 2 cos 2 d 3 4 sin sin 2
2 3
4 33
.
2
From the result of Exercise 9, the area between the loops is

4 33
2 33

33.
A
2
2
205
206
Chapter 9
13. r 1 cos
15. r 1 cos
r 1 cos
r 1 sin
Solving simultaneously,
1 cos 1 cos
1 cos 1 sin
2 cos 0
cos sin
tan 1
3
, .
2 2
Replacing r by r and by in the first equation
and solving, 1 cos 1 cos , cos 1, 0.
Both curves pass through the pole, 0, , and 0, 0,
respectively.
2 , 1, 32, 0, 0
Points of intersection: 1,

3 7
, .
4 4
Replacing r by r and by in the first equation

and solving, 1 cos 1 sin , sin cos 2,
which has no solution. Both curves pass through the pole,
0, , and 0, 2, respectively.
Points of intersection:
17. r 4 5 sin
19. r
r 3 sin
2 3
2 2
2 7
, 2 2

2
, 0, 0
r2
4 5 sin 3 sin
sin
1
2
Solving simultaneously, we have

0
2 2, 4.
5
, .
6 6
2, 4, 2, 4
Both curves pass through the pole, 0, arcsin 4 5, and
0, 0, respectively.
32, 6 , 32, 56, 0, 0
21. r 4 sin 2
r2
r 4 sin 2 is the equation of a rose curve with four petals and is symmetric to the polar axis,
2, and the pole. Also, r 2 is the equation of a circle of radius 2 centered at the pole.
4 sin 2 2
2

5
,
6 6
5
, .
12 12
Therefore, the points of intersection for one petal are 2, 12 and 2, 5 12. By symmetry, the other points of
intersection are 2, 7 12, 2, 11 12, 2, 13 12, 2, 17 12, 2, 19 12, and 2, 23 12.
0
1
Section 9.5
23. r 2 3 cos
sec
2
r
25. r cos
r = sec
2
r 2 3 sin
0, 0, 0.935, 0.363, 0.535, 1.006

4
The graphs reach the pole at different times ( values).
r = 2 + 3 cos
The graph of r 2 3 cos is a limaon with an inner

loop b > a and is symmetric to the polar axis. The graph
of r sec 2 is the vertical line x 1 2. Therefore,
there are four points of intersection. Solving simultaneously,
2 3 cos
r = cos
sec
2
r = 2 3 sin
6 cos2 4 cos 1 0
cos
2 10
6
arccos
2 6 10 1.376
arccos
2 6
10
2.6068.
Points of intersection: 0.581, 2.607, 2.581, 1.376

27. From Exercise 21, the points of intersection for one petal are 2, 12 and 2, 5 12. The area within one petal is
12
1
2
12
16
Total area 4
29. A 4
1
2
2
1
sin 4
4
12
12
5 12
sin22 d 2
12
8
5 12
1
2
4 sin 22 d
12
1
2
2
5 12
4 sin 22 d
d (by symmetry of the petal)
5 12

2
22 d
4
3.
3
43 3 163 43 34 4 33

3 2 sin 2 d
2
2 11 12 cos sin2
11 24
6
12
6
31. A 2
4 sin 2 d
6
12 41 sin2
16
1
2
2
6
8
2
23 4 33
3
3
5
2

4
22 d
6

33. A 2
a2
1
2
a 1 cos 2 d
32 2 sin sin42
3a 2 a 2 5a 2

2
4
4

0
a2
4
a 2
4
207
208
Chapter 9
35. A

a 2 1

8
2
a 2 a 2

8
2
a 2
8
a 2
8
a1 cos 2 d
2
2
32 2 cos cos22 d
sin 2
3
2 sin
2 2
4
a2
32 34 2 2 2
a2
2a
2
a2
37. (a) r a cos2
(b)
a=6
a=4
r3 ar2 cos2
6
x 2 y 23 2 ax 2
(c) A 4
12
2
6 cos2 2 4 cos2 2 d 40
10
2
cos4 d 10
2
2
1 cos 22 d
4
1 2 cos 2 1 cos
d 10 32 sin 2 81 sin 4
2
2
15
2
39. r a cosn
For n 1:
For n 2:
r a cos
A

a
2
r a cos 2
a 2
4
A8
4
a cos 22 d
a 2
2
For n 3:
For n 4:
r a cos 3
A6

1
2
r a cos 4
12
6
a cos 32 d
a 2
4
A 16
12
8
a cos 42 d
a 2
2
0
a
In general, the area of the region enclosed by r a cosn for n 1, 2, 3, . . . is a 2 4 if n is odd and is
a 2 2 if n is even.
Section 9.5
43. r 1 sin
41. r a
r
0
s
r
cos
2

a2 02 d a
2
0
2a
s2
(circumference of circle of radius a)
3 2
2
1 sin 2 cos 2 d
3 2
22
2
1 sin d
3 2
22
cos
1 sin
2
42 1 sin
d
3 2
2
42 2 0 8

2
45. r 2, 0
1
47. r , 2

49. r sin3 cos , 0

1
0.5
0.5
1
2
1
53. r ea
r
aea
r
6 sin
Length 4.39
Length 0.71
51. r 6 cos
S 2
0.5
Length 4.16
2
S 2
6 cos sin 36 cos2 36 sin2 d
72
2
ea cos ea2 aea2 d
2
sin cos d
21 a2
2
e2a cos d
36 sin2
2
21 a2
36
21
4a2 1
a2
2a
ea 2a
r
8 sin 2
S 2
4
4 cos 2 sin 16 cos2 2 64 sin2 2 d
32
4
cos 2 sin cos2 2 4 sin2 2 d 21.87
Area
Arc length
1
2
f 2d
1
2
59. (a) is correct: s 33.124.
r2 d
f 2 f
2 d
r2
ddr
d
2
4ae 1 2a cos sin
55. r 4 cos 2
57.
0.5
209
210
Chapter 9
61. Revolve r a about the line r b sec where b > a > 0.`
f a
f 0
S 2
2a
a
2
b a cos a2 02 d
2a b a sin
2a2b
2
0
4 2ab
63. False. f 1 and g 1 have the same graphs.

65. In parametric form,
s
dx
dt

dydt
2
dt.
Using instead of t, we have x r cos f cos and y r sin f sin . Thus,
dx
dy
f cos f sin and
f sin f cos .
d
d
It follows that
ddx
ddy
2
Therefore, s
Section 9.6
1. r
f 2 f2.
f 2 f2 d
Polar Equations of Conics and Keplers Laws
2e
1 e cos
(a) e 1, r
3. r
2
, parabola
1 cos
2e
1 e sin
(a) e 1, r
2
, parabola
1 sin
(b) e 0.5, r
1
2

, ellipse
1 0.5 cos 2 cos
(b) e 0.5, r
1
2

, ellipse
1 0.5 sin 2 sin
(c) e 1.5, r
3
6

, hyperbola
1 1.5 cos 2 3 cos
(c) e 1.5, r
3
6

, hyperbola
1 1.5 sin 2 3 sin
e = 1.0
e = 1.5
e = 0.5
4
e = 1.5
e = 1.0
4
e = 0.5
Section 9.6
5. r
4
1 e sin
(a)
(b)
e = 0.1
30
5
30
30
30
e = 0.25
e = 0.5
e = 0.75
e = 0.9
40
40
The conic is a parabola.
The conic is an ellipse. As e 1, the ellipse becomes

more elliptical, and as e 0 , it becomes more
circular.
(c)
e = 1.1
80
e=1
e=2
90
90
40
The conic is a hyperbola. As e 1, the hyperbolas opens more slowly, and as e
, they open more rapidly.
7. Parabola; Matches (c)
13. r
9. Hyperbola; Matches (a)
1
1 sin
15. r
Parabola since e 1
1 3
Vertex: ,
2 2
6
2 cos
17. r 2 sin 4
r
3
1 12 cos
Ellipse since e
11. Ellipse; Matches (b)
1
< 1
2
Vertices: 2, 0, 6,

0
1
4
2 sin
2
1 12 sin
Ellipse since e
Vertices:
1
< 1
2
43, 2 ,
4, 32
0
1
0
1
19. r
5
5

1 2 cos 1 2 cos
Hyperbola since e 2 > 1
5
Vertices: 5, 0, ,
3
21. r
3
32

2 6 sin 1 3 sin
Hyperbola since e 3 > 1

Vertices:
38, 2 ,
43, 32
0
4
0
1
211
212
Chapter 9
23.

Ellipse
25.
Parabola
2
2
27. r
1

1 sin
4
29. r
Rotate the graph of

r
2 cos

6
Rotate the graph of
1
1 sin
r

counterclockwise through the angle .
4
6
2 cos

clockwise through the angle .
6
5
2
2
10
31. Change to

:r
4
5 3 cos

4
33. Parabola
e 1, x 1, d 1
r
35. Ellipse
1
e , y 1, d 1
2
r
ed
1 e sin
12
1 12 sin
1
2 sin
41. Ellipse
Vertices: 2, 0, 8,
3
16
e ,d
5
3
r

ed
1 e cos
165
1 35 cos
16
5 3 cos
ed
1

1 e cos 1 cos
39. Parabola
37. Hyperbola

2
e 2, x 1, d 1
Vertex: 1,
2
ed

r
1 e cos 1 2 cos
e 1, d 2, r
43. Hyperbola
Vertices: 1,
3
3
, 9,
2
2
5
9
e ,d
4
5
r
ed
1 e sin
94
1 54 sin
9
4 5 sin
2
1 sin
45. Ellipse if 0 < e < 1, parabola

if e 1, hyperbola if e > 1.
Section 9.6
1
< 1
2
213
4
49. a 5, c 4, e , b 3
5
47. (a) Hyperbola e 2 > 1

(b) Ellipse e
r2
(c) Parabola e 1
9
1 1625 cos 2
(d) Rotated hyperbola e 3

51. a 3, b 4, c 5, e
5
3
53. A 2
16
r2
1 259 cos 2
9

1
2
3
2 cos
d
2
1
d 10.88
2 cos 2
55. Vertices: 126,000, 0, 4119,

a
126,000 4119
c
40,627
84,000
65,059.5, c 65,059.5 4119 60,940.5, e
, d 4119
2
a 43,373
40,627
r
411984,00043,373
345,996,000
ed

1 e cos 1 40,62743,373 cos 43,373 40,627 cos
When 60, r
345,996,000
15,004.49.
23,059.5
Distance between the surface of the earth and the satellite is r 4000 11,004.49 miles.
57. a 92.957 106 mi, e 0.0167
r
59. a 5.900 109 km, e 0.2481
92,931,075.2223
1 e2a

1 e cos 1 0.0167 cos
r
5.537 10 9
1 e 2 a

1 e cos 1 0.2481 cos
Perihelion distance: a1 e 91,404,618 mi
Perihelion distance: a1 e 4.436 10 9 km
Aphelion distance: a1 e 94,509,382 mi
Aphelion distance: a1 e 7.364 10 9 km
61. r
5.537 109
1 0.2481 cos

9
1
2
(a) A
1
2
9
1
2
248
1
2
(b)
10
1 5.537
0.2481 cos
2

d 9.341 1018 km2
10
d
1 5.537
0.2481 cos
5.537 10
1 0.2481 cos d
9
1 0.2481 cos
5.537 109
21.867 yr
d 9.341 1018
0.8995 rad
In part (a) the ray swept through a smaller angle to generate the same area since the length of the ray is longer than in part (b).
(c) r
s
5.537 10 90.2481 sin

1 0.2481 cos 2
9
10
1.3737297 10 sin

1 5.537
0.2481 cos
1 0.2481 cos

d 2.559 109 km
2.559 109 km
1.17 108 kmyr
21.867 yr
s
0.899
10
1.3737297 10 sin

d 4.119

1 5.537
0.2481 cos
1 0.2481 cos

4.119 109 km
1.88 108 kmyr
21.867 yr
109 km
214
Chapter 9
63. r1
ed
ed
and r2
1 sin
1 sin
Points of intersection: ed, 0, ed,

ed
ed cos
cos
sin
dy
1 sin
1 sin 2
r1:

dx
ed
ed cos
sin
cos
1 sin
1 sin 2

At ed, 0,

dy
dy
1. At ed, ,
1.
dx
dx
ed
ed cos
cos
sin
dy
1 sin
1 sin 2
r2:

dx
ed
ed cos
sin
cos
1 sin
1 sin 2

At ed, 0,

dy
dy
1. At ed, ,
1.
dx
dx
Therefore, at ed, 0 we have m1m2 11 1, and at ed, we have m1m2 11 1. The curves
intersect at right angles.
Review Exercises for Chapter 9

1. Matches (d) - ellipse
3. Matches (a) - parabola
16x 2 16y 2 16x 24y 3 0
5.
x
x

1
3
9
3
1
9

y2 y

4
2
16
16 4 16
1
x
1
x
2

2
3
y
4
1
2
1
,
2
Circle
Center:
3
4
12, 43
Radius: 1
3x 2 2y 2 24x 12y 24 0
7.
3x 2 2y 2 12x 12y 29 0
9.
3x 2 8x 16 2 y 2 6y 9 24 48 18
3x 2 4x 4 2 y 2 6y 9 29 12 18
x 4 2 y 3 2

1
2
3
x 2 2 y 3 2

1
13
12
Hyperbola
Ellipse
Center: 4, 3
Center: 2, 3
Vertices: 4 2, 3
Asymptotes: y 3
Vertices:
32 x 4
2, 3
2
1
6
3
4
2
x
(2, 3)

13. Vertices: 3, 0, 7, 0
11. Vertex: 0, 2
15. Vertices: 4, 0
Directrix: x 3
Foci: 0, 0, 4, 0
Foci: 6, 0
Parabola opens to the right
Center: 0, 0
p3
Center: 2, 0
y 2 4 3x 0
a 5, c 2, b 21
a 4, c 6, b 36 16 25
y 2 4y 12x 4 0
x 22 y 2

1
25
21
x2
y2

1
16 20
17.
215
5
x2 y2
1, a 3, b 2, c 5, e
9
4
3
19. y x 2 has a slope of 1. The perpendicular slope is 1.

y x 2 2x 2
By Example 5 of Section 9.1,

C 12
2
dy
1
5
2x 2 1 when x and y .
dx
2
4

1
5
sin2 d 15.87.
9
y
Perpendicular line:
5
1
1 x
4
2
4x 4y 7 0
21. (a) V abLength 12 16 192 ft 3
(b) F 262.4
8
4
3 y 9 y 2 dy 62.4 3
3
3
3
3
8
3
9
3 9
62.4

3
2 2
2
2

3
y9 y 2 dy
y
1
3
8
y 9 y 2 9 arcsin
9 y 2 32
62.4
3
2
3
3
9 y 2 dy
3
3
38 62.4272 7057.274
(c) You want 4 of the total area of 12 covered. Find h so that

h
x=
4
9 y 2 dy 3
3
9 y 2 dy

y
1
y 9 y 2 9 arcsin
2
3
h
0
y
4
3
y2
9
8
Area of filled
tank above
x-axis is 3.
2
x
2
2
9

8
Area of filled
tank below
x-axis is 6.
h3 94.
h9 h 2 9 arcsin
By Newtons Method, h 1.212. Therefore, the total height of the water is 1.212 3 4.212 ft.
(d) Area of ends 212 24
Area of sides PerimeterLength
16

2
1
256
167 sin d 16 from Example 5 of Section 9.1

2
122
1 167 sin 0 41 167 sin 8 21 167 sin 4
2
1 167 sin 38 1 167 sin 2 353.65
4
Total area 24 353.65 429.05
216
Chapter 9
23. x 1 4t, y 2 3t
t
x1
x1
y23
4
4
2
1
11
3
y x
4
4
4y 3x 11 0
x
1
Line
25. x 6 cos , y 6 sin
6x 6y
2
x2
y2
27. x 2 sec , y 3 tan
1
x 22 sec2 1 tan2 1 y 32
x 22 y 32 1
36
4 2
Circle
x
2
Hyperbola
4
2
29. x 3 3 2t 3 5t
31.
x 3 2 y 4 2

1
16
9
y 2 2 6t 2 4t
Let
(other answers possible)
x 3 2
y 4 2
cos 2 and
sin 2 .
16
9
Then x 3 4 cos and y 4 3 sin .

35. (a) x 2 cot , y 4 sin cos , 0 < <
33. x cos 3 5 cos

y sin 3 5 sin
12
7
12
(b) 4 x2y 4 4 cot2 4 sin cos
16 csc2
16
sin cos
cos
sin
82 cot
8x
37. x 1 4t
y 2 3t
(a)
dy
3

dx
4
(b) t
x1
4
(c)
5
No horizontal tangents
3
3x 11
y 2 x 1
4
4
2
1
x
217
39. x 1
t
y 2t 3
(a)
dy
2
2t 2

dx 1t 2
(b) t
No horizontal tangents
t 0
1
x
y
(c)
2
3
x
4
2
x
41. x
1
2t 1
y
1
t 2t
y 2 5 sin
(a)
2t 2
dy
t 2 2t 2
t 12t 1 2

0 when t 1.
(a)
dx
2
t 2t 2 2
2t 1 2
Point of horizontal tangency:
(b) 2t 1
13 , 1
1
1 1
1
t
x
2 x
dy
5 cos
3

2.5 cot 0 when , .
dx 2 sin
2 2
Points of horizontal tangency: 3, 7, 3, 3
(b)
x 3 2 y 2 2

1
4
25
y
(c)
1
1 1x
2
x

12 1 x x 2
4x 2
4x 2

2
1 x 4x1 x 5x 1x 1

(c)
y
3
2
1
2
45. x cos 3
y 4 sin 3
(a)
dy
12 sin 2 cos
4 sin

4 tan 0 when 0, .
dx 3 cos 2 sin
cos
But,
dy dx

0 at 0, . Hence no points of horizontal tangency.
dt
dt
(b) x 23
4y
23
1
(c)
4
43. x 3 2 cos
y
8
4
218
Chapter 9
47. x cot
x r cos sin
49.
y rsin cos
y sin 2 2 sin cos

(a), (c)
dx
r cos
d
dy
r sin
d
sr
dx
1
dy
dy
(b) At ,

4,
1, and
6 d
d
dx
4

2 cos 2 2 sin 2 d
r
d
51. x, y 4, 4
1 2
r
2
x
1
r, 42,
7
,
4

42,
3
4
4
5
r 3 cos
r2
(4, 4)
r 2 2r 1 cos
3r cos
x 2 y 2 2 x 2 y 2 2x
x 2 y 2 2x 2 4x 2 y 2
x 2 y 2 3x 0
r 2 cos 2 cos 2 sin 2
r 21 cos
55.
x 2 y 2 3x
r4

7
4
57.
r 4 2 4 2 42
53.
r 2

2
r2
cos 2
59.
r 2 sin 2
r 4 cos 2 sec
4 2 cos 2 1
x 2 y 2 2 x 2 y 2
cos1
r cos 8 cos 2 4
x8
x
x2
4
y2
x 3 xy 2 4x 2 4y 2
y2 x2
61. x 2 y 2 2 ax 2y
63. x 2 y 2 a 2 arctan
r 4 a r 2 cos 2 r sin

ra
cos 2
y
x
r2 a22
sin
65. r 4
67. r sec
Circle of radius 4
1
cos
r cos 1, x 1
Centered at the pole

Symmetric to polar axis,
2, and pole
44 xx
0
2
Vertical line
0
1

69. r 21 cos
71. r 4 3 cos
Cardioid
Limaon

3

2
2
3
4
3
2
1
73. r 3 cos 2

3
5
2

2
2
3
11
2

Symmetric to polar axis,

, and pole
2
0
4
3

Relative extrema: 3, 0, 3, , 3, , 3,
2
2

3
,
4 4
75. r 2 4 sin 2 2
r 2 sin 2

, and pole
2

3
Relative extrema: 2, , 2,
4
4

Tangents at the pole: 0,
2
Symmetric to the polar axis,
77. r

3
cos 4
79. r 4 cos 2 sec
Graph of r 3 sec rotated through an angle of 4

5
Strophoid
Symmetric to the polar axis

r as
2

r as
2

7
219
220
Chapter 9
81. r 1 2 cos
(a) The graph has polar symmetry and the tangents at the pole are

, .
3
3
(b)
2 sin 2 1 2 cos cos

dy

dx 2 sin cos 1 2 cos sin
Horizontal tangents: 4 cos 2 cos 2 0, cos
When cos
3 4
3 4
3 4
3 4
1 33
1 33
,r12
8
8
1 1 32 1 33

8
8
3
4 33,

1 8 33 0.686, 0.568
33
1 33
, arccos
0.686, 0.568
8
33
1 33
, arccos
2.186, 2.206
8
33
1 33
, arccos
2.186, 2.206.
8
33
, arccos
Vertical tangents:
1
sin 4 cos 1 0, sin 0, cos ,
4
0, , arccos
14, 1, 0, 3,
12, arccos 41 0.5, 1.318

(c)
2.5
2.5
83. Circle: r 3 sin

sin 2
dy 3 cos sin 3 sin cos
dy

tan 2 at ,
3
dx 3 cos cos 3 sin sin cos 2 sin 2
6 dx
Limaon: r 4 5 sin
dy 5 cos sin 4 5 sin cos
dy 3

at ,
dx 5 cos cos 4 5 sin sin
6 dx
9
Let be the angle between the curves:
tan
23.
3 39
1 13
Therefore, arctan
2 3 3 49.1.


85. r 1 cos , r 1 cos
The points 1, 2 and 1, 32 are the two points of intersection (other than the pole). The slope of the graph of
r 1 cos is
m1
r sin r cos
dy
sin 2 cos 1 cos

.
dx r cos r sin sin cos sin 1 cos
At 1, 2, m1 11 1 and at 1, 32, m1 11 1. The slope of the graph of r 1 cos is
m2
sin 2 cos 1 cos

dy

.
dx sin cos sin 1 cos
At 1, 2, m2 11 1 and at 1, 32, m 2 11 1. In both cases, m 1 1m 2 and we conclude that
the graphs are orthogonal at 1, 2 and 1, 32.
87. r 2 cos
A2
1
2
89. r sin
2 cos 2 d 14.14
9
2

A2

1
2
0.10
cos 2
2
sin cos 2 2 d
32
0.5
3
0.5
0.5
0.1
91. r 2 4 sin 2
A2
93. r 4 cos , r 2
12
2
4 sin 2 d 4
A2
12
2
3
22 a
1 cos d 22 a
2
,e1
1 sin
Parabola
sin
d 42 a1 cos 12
1 cos
99. r

0
8a
6
2
2

,e
3 2 cos 1 23cos
3
Ellipse
4 6
4 cos 2 d 4.91
a 21 cos 2 a 2 sin 2 d
97. r
1
2
4 d
95. s 2
3
221

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C H A P T E R 9

Conics, Parametric Equations,

Conics and Calculus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177

Plane Curves and Parametric Equations . . . . . . . . . . 188

Parametric Equations and Calculus

Polar Coordinates and Polar Graphs . . . . . . . . . . . . 198

Area and Arc Length in Polar Coordinates

Polar Equations of Conics and Keplers Laws . . . . . . . 210

Problem Solving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222

Conics and Calculus

Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises

Opens to the right

Conics, Parametric Equations, and Polar Coordinates

9x2 4y 2 36x 24y 36 0

Vertices: 1, 10, 1, 0

Vertices: 2, 6, 2, 0

12 2, 1

32 2, 1

12 5, 1

Solve for y: 2 y 2 2y 1 x2 3x

20 y 2 2y 1 12x2 12x 37 20

57 12x20 12x

41. Vertices: 3, 1, 3, 9

39. Center: 0, 0

43. Center: 0, 0

a9  b1  1, and 16a 1.

The solution to this system is a2 16, b2 167.

(Graph each of these separately.)

(Graph each of these separately.)

Conics and Calculus

Conics, Parametric Equations, and Polar Coordinates

Center: 1, 2

Vertices: 1, 2, 3, 2

Foci: 1 5, 2

Degenerate hyperbola is two lines intersecting at

Vertices: 1, 3, 3, 3

Foci: 1 10, 3

Center: 1, 3

(Graph each curve separately.)

59. Vertices: 2, 3

Conics and Calculus

Therefore, the equation is of the form

Substituting the coordinates of the point 0, 5, we have

Therefore, the equation is

61. Center: 0, 0

63. Vertices: 0, 2, 6, 2

71. 4x2 4y 2 16y 15 0

Conics, Parametric Equations, and Polar Coordinates

(c) See Theorem 9.2.

81. Assume that the vertex is at the origin.

The equation of the tangent line is

The pipe is located 94 meters from the vertex.

ax02 2ax0x 2ax02

y pm02 m0x 2pm0 and

The point of intersection of these lines is

pm m 1, p and is on the directrix, y p.

Conics and Calculus

x 22 4 y 1. Vertex 2, 1

At 2, 5, dydx 2. At 3, 54 , dydx 12 .

x1 x12 1 1 2x1x1 1

2 22 412 2 23

Choosing the positive value for x1, we have x1 1 3.

12 2, 1

32 2, 1

12 5, 1

a9 b1 1, and 16a 1.

The solution to this system is a2 16, b2 167.

pm m 1, p and is on the directrix, y p.

At 2, 5, dydx 2. At 3, 54 , dydx 12 .

16 4 33 2

y18y 36 32x 96

y 0 when x 3. y is undefined when y 2.

or, A ab 21 2

Area ellipse ab a10

111. Area circle r 2 100

19. x 3 cos , y 3 sin

Not smooth at 2n

Not smooth at x, y 3, 0 and

69. x cos sin

Therefore, x a b sin and y a b cos .

75. (a) 100 mihr

x v0 cos t

y h v0 sin t 16t 2

sin t 16t

From the first equation t 1200440 cos . Substituting

tan2 400 tan 7 16

tan 0.35185 19.4

dy dydt 2 cos t sin t

Note: x y 1 y 1 x and dydt 1

, 23, and dydx 3 8 3.

(b) At t 2, x, y 4, 3, and

(b) At t 1, x, y 4, 2, and

23. x cos sin , y sin cos

Points: 1, 2n 1, 1, 2n where n is an integer.