3454 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 29, NO.

7, JULY 2014
A Solar Power Generation System With
a Seven-Level Inverter
Jinn-Chang Wu, Member, IEEE, and Chia-Wei Chou
AbstractThis paper proposes a new solar power generation
system, which is composed of a dc/dc power converter and a new
seven-level inverter. The dc/dc power converter integrates a dcdc
boost converter and a transformer to convert the output voltage of
the solar cell array into two independent voltage sources with mul-
tiple relationships. This newseven-level inverter is conguredusing
a capacitor selection circuit and a full-bridge power converter, con-
nected in cascade. The capacitor selection circuit converts the two
output voltage sources of dcdc power converter into a three-level
dc voltage, and the full-bridge power converter further converts
this three-level dc voltage into a seven-level ac voltage. In this way,
the proposed solar power generation system generates a sinusoidal
output current that is in phase with the utility voltage and is fed into
the utility. The salient features of the proposed seven-level inverter
are that only six power electronic switches are used, and only one
power electronic switch is switched at high frequency at any time.
A prototype is developed and tested to verify the performance of
this proposed solar power generation system.
Index TermsGrid-connected, multilevel inverter, pulse-width
modulated (PWM) inverter.
I. INTRODUCTION
T
HE extensive use of fossil fuels has resulted in the global
problem of greenhouse emissions. Moreover, as the sup-
plies of fossil fuels are depleted in the future, they will become
increasingly expensive. Thus, solar energy is becoming more
important since it produces less pollution and the cost of fossil
fuel energy is rising, while the cost of solar arrays is decreas-
ing. In particular, small-capacity distributed power generation
systems using solar energy may be widely used in residential
applications in the near future [1], [2].
The power conversion interface is important to grid-
connected solar power generation systems because it converts
the dc power generated by a solar cell array into ac power and
feeds this ac power into the utility grid. An inverter is necessary
in the power conversion interface to convert the dc power to ac
power [2][4]. Since the output voltage of a solar cell array is
low, a dcdc power converter is used in a small-capacity solar
power generation system to boost the output voltage, so it can
match the dc bus voltage of the inverter. The power conversion
Manuscript received March 28, 2013; revised June 14, 2013 and August 11,
2013; accepted August 19, 2013. Date of current version February 18, 2014.
Recommended for publication by Associate Editor K. Ngo.
The authors are with the Department of Microelectronic Engineering,
National Kaohsiung Marine University, Kaohsiung 81157, Taiwan (e-mail:
jinnwu@mail.nkmut.edu.tw; peterchou.921@gmail.com).
Color versions of one or more of the gures in this paper are available online
at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.
Digital Object Identier 10.1109/TPEL.2013.2279880
efciency of the power conversion interface is important to in-
sure that there is no waste of the energy generated by the solar
cell array. The active devices and passive devices in the inverter
produce a power loss. The power losses due to active devices
include both conduction losses and switching losses [5]. Con-
duction loss results from the use of active devices, while the
switching loss is proportional to the voltage and the current
changes for each switching and switching frequency. A lter in-
ductor is used to process the switching harmonics of an inverter,
so the power loss is proportional to the amount of switching
harmonics.
The voltage change in each switching operation for a multi-
level inverter is reduced in order to improve its power conver-
sion efciency [6][15] and the switching stress of the active
devices. The amount of switching harmonics is also attenuated,
so the power loss caused by the lter inductor is also reduced.
Therefore, multilevel inverter technology has been the subject
of much research over the past few years. In theory, multilevel
inverters should be designed with higher voltage levels in order
to improve the conversion efciency and to reduce harmonic
content and electromagnetic interference (EMI).
Conventional multilevel inverter topologies include the diode-
clamped [6][10], the ying-capacitor [11][13], and the cas-
cade H-bridge [14][18] types. Diode-clamped and ying-
capacitor multilevel inverters use capacitors to develop sev-
eral voltage levels. But it is difcult to regulate the voltage of
these capacitors. Since it is difcult to create an asymmetric
voltage technology in both the diode-clamped and the ying-
capacitor topologies, the power circuit is complicated by the
increase in the voltage levels that is necessary for a multilevel
inverter. For a single-phase seven-level inverter, 12 power elec-
tronic switches are required in both the diode-clamped and the
ying-capacitor topologies. Asymmetric voltage technology is
used in the cascade H-bridge multilevel inverter to allow more
levels of output voltage [17], so the cascade H-bridge multilevel
inverter is suitable for applications with increased voltage lev-
els. Two H-bridge inverters with a dc bus voltage of multiple
relationships can be connected in cascade to produce a single-
phase seven-level inverter and eight power electronic switches
are used. More recently, various novel topologies for seven-
level inverters have been proposed. For example, a single-phase
seven-level grid-connected inverter has been developed for a
photovoltaic system [18]. This seven-level grid-connected in-
verter contains six power electronic switches. However, three
dc capacitors are used to construct the three voltage levels,
which results in that balancing the voltages of the capacitors
is more complex. In [19], a seven-level inverter topology, con-
gured by a level generation part and a polarity generation
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WU AND CHOU: SOLAR POWER GENERATION SYSTEM WITH A SEVEN-LEVEL INVERTER 3455
Fig. 1. Conguration of the proposed solar power generation system.
part, is proposed. There, only power electronic switches of the
level generation part switch in high frequency, but ten power
electronic switches and three dc capacitors are used. In [20], a
modular multilevel inverter with a new modulation method is
applied to the photovoltaic grid-connected generator. The mod-
ular multilevel inverter is similar to the cascade H-bridge type.
For this, a new modulation method is proposed to achieve dy-
namic capacitor voltage balance. In [21], a multilevel dc-link
inverter is presented to overcome the problem of partial shading
of individual photovoltaic sources that are connected in series.
The dc bus of a full-bridge inverter is congured by several
individual dc blocks, where each dc block is composed of a
solar cell, a power electronic switch, and a diode. Controlling
the power electronics of the dc blocks will result in a multilevel
dc-link voltage to supply a full-bridge inverter and to simulta-
neously overcome the problems of partial shading of individual
photovoltaic sources.
This paper proposes a new solar power generation system.
The proposed solar power generation system is composed of
a dc/dc power converter and a seven-level inverter. The seven-
level inverter is congured using a capacitor selection circuit
and a full-bridge power converter, connected in cascade. The
seven-level inverter contains only six power electronic switches,
which simplies the circuit conguration. Since only one power
electronic switch is switched at high frequency at any time to
generate the seven-level output voltage, the switching power loss
is reduced, and the power efciency is improved. The inductance
of the lter inductor is also reduced because there is a seven-
level output voltage. In this study, a prototype is developed and
tested to verify the performance of the proposed solar power
generation system.
II. CIRCUIT CONFIGURATION
Fig. 1 shows the conguration of the proposed solar power
generation system. The proposed solar power generation system
is composed of a solar cell array, a dcdc power converter, and
a new seven-level inverter. The solar cell array is connected to
the dcdc power converter, and the dcdc power converter is a
boost converter that incorporates a transformer with a turn ratio
of 2:1. The dcdc power converter converts the output power of
the solar cell array into two independent voltage sources with
multiple relationships, which are supplied to the seven-level in-
verter. This new seven-level inverter is composed of a capacitor
selection circuit and a full-bridge power converter, connected
in a cascade. The power electronic switches of capacitor selec-
Fig. 2. Operation of dcdc power converter: (a) S
D1
is on and (b) S
D1
is off.
tion circuit determine the discharge of the two capacitors while
the two capacitors are being discharged individually or in se-
ries. Because of the multiple relationships between the voltages
of the dc capacitors, the capacitor selection circuit outputs a
three-level dc voltage. The full-bridge power converter further
converts this three-level dc voltage to a seven-level ac voltage
that is synchronized with the utility voltage. In this way, the
proposed solar power generation system generates a sinusoidal
output current that is in phase with the utility voltage and is fed
into the utility, which produces a unity power factor. As can
be seen, this new seven-level inverter contains only six power
electronic switches, so the power circuit is simplied.
III. DCDC POWER CONVERTER
As seen in Fig. 1, the DCDC power converter incorporates a
boost converter and a current-fed forward converter. The boost
converter is composed of an inductor L
D
, a power electronic
switch S
D1
, and a diode, D
D3
. The boost converter charges
capacitor C
2
of the seven-level inverter. The current-fed forward
converter is composed of an inductor L
D
, power electronic
switches S
D1
and S
D2
, a transformer, and diodes D
D1
and
D
D2
. The current-fed forward converter charges capacitor C
1
of the seven-level inverter. The inductor L
D
and the power
electronic switch S
D1
of the current-fed forward converter are
also used in the boost converter.
Fig. 2(a) shows the operating circuit of the dcdc power con-
verter when S
D1
is turned ON. The solar cell array supplies
energy to the inductor L
D
. When S
D1
is turned OFF and S
D2
is turned ON, its operating circuit is shown in Fig. 2(b). Ac-
cordingly, capacitor C
1
is connected to capacitor C
2
in parallel
through the transformer, so the energy of inductor L
D
and the
solar cell array charge capacitor C
2
through D
D3
and charge
capacitor C
1
through the transformer and D
D1
during the off-
state of S
D1
. Since capacitors C1 and C2 are charged in parallel
by using the transformer, the voltage ratio of capacitors C
1
and
C
2
is the same as the turn ratio (2:1) of the transformer. There-
fore, the voltages of C
1
and C
2
have multiple relationships. The
boost converter is operated in the continuous conduction mode
(CCM). The voltage of C
2
can be represented as
V
c2
=
1
1 D
V
s
(1)
where V
S
is the output voltage of solar cell array and D is
the duty ratio of S
D1
. The voltage of capacitor C
1
can be
3456 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 29, NO. 7, JULY 2014
Fig. 3. Operation of the seven-level inverter in the positive half cycle,
(a) mode 1, (b) mode 2, (c) mode 3, and (d) mode 4.
represented as
V
c1
=
1
2(1 D)
V
s
. (2)
It should be noted that the current of the magnetizing induc-
tance of the transformer increases when S
D2
is in the ON state.
Conventionally, the forward converter needs a third demagne-
tizing winding in order to release the energy stored in the mag-
netizing inductance back to the power source. However, in the
proposed dcdc power converter, the energy stored in the mag-
netizing inductance is delivered to capacitor C
2
through D
D2
and S
D1
when S
D2
is turned OFF. Since the energy stored in
the magnetizing inductance is transferred forward to the output
capacitor C
2
and not back to the dc source, the power ef-
ciency is improved. In addition, the power circuit is simplied
because the charging circuits for capacitors C
1
and C
2
are in-
tegrated. Capacitors C
1
and C
2
are charged in parallel by using
the transformer, so their voltages automatically have multiple
relationships. The control circuit is also simplied.
IV. SEVEN-LEVEL INVERTER
As seen in Fig. 1, the seven-level inverter is composed of
a capacitor selection circuit and a full-bridge power converter,
which are connected in cascade. The operation of the seven-
level inverter can be divided into the positive half cycle and the
negative half cycle of the utility. For ease of analysis, the power
electronic switches and diodes are assumed to be ideal, while the
voltages of both capacitors C
1
and C
2
in the capacitor selection
circuit are constant and equal to V
dc
/3 and 2V
dc
/3, respectively.
Since the output current of the solar power generation system
will be controlled to be sinusoidal and in phase with the utility
voltage, the output current of the seven-level inverter is also
positive in the positive half cycle of the utility. The operation of
the seven-level inverter in the positive half cycle of the utility
can be further divided into four modes, as shown in Fig. 3.
Mode 1: The operation of mode 1 is shown in Fig. 3(a).
Both S
S1
and S
S2
of the capacitor selection circuit are OFF,
so C
1
is discharged through D
1
and the output voltage of the
capacitor selection circuit is V
dc
/3. S
1
and S
4
of the full-bridge
power converter are ON. At this point, the output voltage of the
seven-level inverter is directly equal to the output voltage of the
capacitor selection circuit, which means the output voltage of
the seven-level inverter is V
dc
/3.
Mode 2: The operation of mode 2 is shown in Fig. 3(b). In
the capacitor selection circuit, S
S1
is OFF and S
S2
is ON, so C
2
is discharged through S
S2
and D
2
and the output voltage of the
capacitor selection circuit is 2V
dc
/3. S
1
and S
4
of the full-bridge
power converter are ON. At this point, the output voltage of the
seven-level inverter is 2V
dc
/3.
Mode 3: The operation of mode 3 is shown in Fig. 3(c). In the
capacitor selection circuit, S
S1
is ON. Since D
2
has a reverse
bias when S
S1
is ON, the state of S
S2
cannot affect the current
ow. Therefore, S
S2
may be ON or OFF, to avoiding switching
of S
S2
. Both C
1
and C
2
are discharged in series and the output
voltage of the capacitor selection circuit is V
dc
. S
1
and S
4
of
the full-bridge power converter are ON. At this point, the output
voltage of the seven-level inverter is V
dc
.
Mode 4: The operation of mode 4 is shown in Fig. 3(d).
Both S
S1
and S
S2
of the capacitor selection circuit are OFF.
The output voltage of the capacitor selection circuit is V
dc
/3.
Only S
4
of the full-bridge power converter is ON. Since the
output current of the seven-level inverter is positive and passes
through the lter inductor, it forces the antiparallel diode of
S
2
to be switched ON for continuous conduction of the lter
inductor current. At this point, the output voltage of the seven-
level inverter is zero.
Therefore, in the positive half cycle, the output voltage of the
seven-level inverter has four levels: V
dc
, 2V
dc
/3, V
dc
/3, and 0.
In the negative half cycle, the output current of the seven-level
inverter is negative. The operation of the seven-level inverter can
also be further divided into four modes, as shown in Fig. 4. A
comparison with Fig. 3 shows that the operation of the capacitor
selection circuit in the negative half cycle is the same as that
in the positive half cycle. The difference is that S
2
and S
3
of the full-bridge power converter are ON during modes 5, 6,
and 7, and S
2
is also ON during mode 8 of the negative half
cycle. Accordingly, the output voltage of the capacitor selection
circuit is inverted by the full-bridge power converter, so the
output voltage of the seven-level inverter also has four levels:
V
dc
, 2V
dc
/3, V
dc
/3, and 0.
In summary, the output voltage of the seven-level inverter has
the voltage levels: V
dc
, 2V
dc
/3, V
dc
/3, 0, V
dc
/3, 2V
dc
/3, and
V
dc
.
The seven-level inverter is controlled by the current-mode
control, and pulse-width modulation (PWM) is use to generate
the control signals for the power electronic switches. The out-
put voltage of the seven-level inverter must be switched in two
levels, according to the utility voltage. One level of the output
voltage is higher than the utility voltage in order to increase the
lter inductor current, and the other level of the output voltage
is lower than the utility voltage, in order to decrease the lter in-
ductor current. In this way, the output current of the seven-level
WU AND CHOU: SOLAR POWER GENERATION SYSTEM WITH A SEVEN-LEVEL INVERTER 3457
Fig. 4. Operation of the seven-level inverter in the negative half cycle:
(a) mode 5, (b) mode 6, (c) mode 7, and (d) mode 8.
inverter can be controlled to trace a reference current. Accord-
ingly, the output voltage of the seven-level inverter must be
changed in accordance with the utility voltage.
In the positive half cycle, when the utility voltage is smaller
than V
dc
/3, the seven-level inverter must be switched between
modes 1 and 4 to output a voltage of V
dc
/3 or 0. Within this
voltage range, S
1
is switched in PWM. The duty ratio d of S
1
can be represented as
d = v
m
/V
tri
(3)
where v
m
and V
tri
are the modulation signal and the amplitude
of carrier signal in the PWM circuit, respectively. The output
voltage of the seven-level inverter can be written as
v
o
= d V
dc
/3 = k
pwm
v
m
(4)
where k
pwm
is the gain of inverter, which can be written as
k
pwm
= V
dc
/3V
tri
. (5)
Fig. 5(a) shows the simplied model for the seven-level in-
verter when the utility voltage is smaller than V
dc
/3. The closed-
loop transfer function can be derived as
I
o
=
k
pwm
G
c
/L
f
s + k
i
k
pwm
G
c
/L
f
I

o

1/L
f
s + k
i
k
pwm
G
c
/L
f
V
u
(6)
where G
c
is the current controller and k
i
is the gain of the
current detector.
The seven-level inverter is switched between modes 2 and 1,
in order to output a voltage of 2V
dc
/3 or V
dc
/3 when the utility
voltage is in the range (V
dc
/3, 2V
dc
/3). Within this voltage range,
S
S2
is switched in PWM. The duty ratio of S
S2
is the same as
(3). However, the output voltage of seven-level inverter can be
written as
v
o
= d V
dc
/3 + V
dc
/3 = k
pwm
v
m
+ V
dc
/3. (7)
Fig. 5. Model of the seven-level inverter under different range of utility volt-
age, (a) in the range of smaller than V
dc
/3, (b) in the range of (V
dc
/3, 2V
dc
/3),
(c) in the range of higher than 2V
dc
/3.
Fig. 5(b) shows the simplied model for the seven-level in-
verter when the utility voltage is within this voltage range. The
closed-loop transfer function can be derived as
I
o
=
k
pwm
G
c
/L
f
s+k
i
k
pwm
G
c
/L
f
I

o

1/L
f
s + k
i
k
pwm
G
c
/L
f
(V
u
V
dc
/3).
(8)
The seven-level inverter is switched between modes 3 and 2
in order to output a voltage of V
dc
or 2V
dc
/3, when the utility
voltage is in the range (2V
dc
/3, V
dc
). Within this voltage range,
S
S1
is switched in PWM and S
S2
remains in the ON state to
avoid switching of S
S2
. The duty ratio of S
S1
is the same as
(3). However, the output voltage of seven-level inverter can be
written as
v
o
= d V
dc
/3 + 2V
dc
/3 = k
pwm
v
m
+ 2V
dc
/3. (9)
Fig. 5(c) shows the simplied model for the seven-level in-
verter when the utility voltage is within this voltage range. The
closed-loop transfer function can be derived as
I
o
=
k
pwm
G
c
/L
f
s+k
i
k
pwm
G
c
/L
f
I

o

1/L
f
s+k
i
k
pwm
G
c
/L
f
(V
u
2V
dc
/3).
(10)
3458 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 29, NO. 7, JULY 2014
TABLE I
STATES OF POWER ELECTRONIC SWITCHES FOR A SEVEN-LEVEL INVERTER
As seen in (6), (8), and (10), the second term is the distur-
bance. Hence, a feedforward control, which is also shown in
Fig. 5, should be used to eliminate the disturbance, and the gain
G
f
should be 1/k
pwm
.
In the negative half cycle, the seven-level inverter is switched
between modes 5 and 8, in order to output a voltage of V
dc
/3
or 0, when the absolute value of the utility voltage is smaller
than V
dc
/3. Accordingly, S
3
is switched in PWM. The seven-
level inverter is switched in modes 6 and 5 to output a voltage
of 2V
dc
/3 or V
dc
/3 when the utility voltage is in the range
(V
dc
/3, 2V
dc
/3).Within this voltage range, S
S2
is switched
in PWM. The seven-level inverter is switched in modes 7 and
6 to output a voltage of V
dc
or 2V
dc
/3, when the utility
voltage is in the range (2V
dc
/3, V
dc
). At this voltage range,
S
S1
is switched in PWM and S
S2
remains in the ON state to
avoid switching of S
S2
. The simplied model for the seven-level
inverter in the negative half cycle is the similar to that for the
positive half cycle.
Since only six power electronic switches are used in the pro-
posed seven-level inverter, the power circuit is signicantly sim-
plied compared with a conventional seven-level inverter. The
states of the power electronic switches of the seven-level in-
verter, as detailed previously, are summarized in Table I. It can
be seen that only one power electronic switch is switched in
PWM within each voltage range and the change in the output
voltage of the seven-level inverter for each switching operation
is V
dc
/3, so switching power loss is reduced. Figs. 3 and 4 show
that only three semiconductor devices are conducting in series
in modes 1, 3, 4, 5, 7, and 8 and four semiconductor devices are
conducting in series in modes 2 and 6. This is superior to the
conventional multi-level inverter topologies, in which at least
four semiconductor devices are conducting in series. Therefore,
the conduction loss of the proposed seven-level inverter is also
reduced slightly. The drawback of the proposed seven-level in-
verter is that the voltage rating of the full-bridge converter is
higher than that of conventional multilevel inverter topologies.
The leakage current is an important parameter in a solar
power generation system for transformerless operation. The
leakage current is dependent on the parasitic capacitance and
the negative terminal voltage of the solar cell array respect to
ground [22], [23]. To reduce the leakage current, the lter in-
ductor L
f
should be replaced by a symmetric topology and the
Fig. 6. Conguration of the proposed solar power generation system for sup-
pressing the leakage current.
Fig. 7. Simulation results of the proposed solar power generation system: (a)
utility voltage, (b) negative terminal voltage for adding the symmetric lter in-
ductor, and (c) negative terminal voltage for adding the symmetric lter inductor
and the extra lter C
f
R
f
C
f
.
solar power generation systemis redrawn as Fig. 6. Fig. 7 shows
the simulation results of the proposed solar power generation
system. Fig. 7(b) is the negative terminal voltage of the solar
cell array for the seven-level inverter with the symmetric lter
inductor of 0.95 mH. As seen in Fig. 7(b), this voltage contains
a high-frequency ripple. The peak-to-peak value of the high-
frequency ripple is about 30 V, which is much smaller than that
of a full-bridge inverter with unipolar switching [22], [23]. This
high-frequency ripple will result in a leakage current of solar
cell array. If the leakage current of solar cell array is too high
to be accepted, an extra lter C
f
R
f
C
f
, as shown in Fig. 6,
can be added. Since the switching of S
4
is synchronized with
the utility voltage, the extra lter C
f
R
f
C
f
is only added in
the power-electronic leg (S
1
, S
2
). Fig. 7(c) shows the negative
terminal voltage of a solar cell array for the seven-level inverter
with the symmetric lter inductor and the extra lter C
f
R
f
C
f
of 1 F25 1 F. As seen in Fig. 7(c), the high-frequency
ripple is attenuated effectively, so the leakage current can be
further reduced.
V. CONTROL BLOCK
The proposed solar power generation systemconsists of a dc
dc power converter and a seven-level inverter. The seven-level
inverter converts the dc power into high quality ac power and
feeds it into the utility and regulates the voltages of capacitors C
1
and C
2
. The dcdc power converter supplies two independent
WU AND CHOU: SOLAR POWER GENERATION SYSTEM WITH A SEVEN-LEVEL INVERTER 3459
Fig. 8. Control block: (a) seven-level inverter and (b) dcdc power converter.
voltage sources with multiple relationships and performs maxi-
mum power point tracking (MPPT) in order to extract the max-
imum output power from the solar cell array.
A. Seven-Level Inverter
Fig. 8(a) shows the control block diagram for the seven-level
inverter. The control object of the seven-level inverter is its
output current, which should be sinusoidal and in phase with
the utility voltage. The utility voltage is detected by a voltage
detector, and then sent to a phase-lock loop (PLL) circuit in
order to generate a sinusoidal signal with unity amplitude. The
voltage of capacitor C
2
is detected and then compared with a
setting voltage. The compared result is sent to a PI controller.
Then, the outputs of the PLL circuit and the PI controller are
sent to a multiplier to produce the reference signal, while the
output current of the seven-level inverter is detected by a current
detector. The reference signal and the detected output current
are sent to absolute circuits and then sent to a subtractor, and
the output of the subtractor is sent to a current controller. The
detected utility voltage is also sent to an absolute circuit and
then sent to a comparator circuit, where the absolute utility
voltage is compared with both half and whole of the detected
voltage of capacitor C
2
, in order to determine the range of
the operating voltage. The comparator circuit has three output
signals, which correspond to the operation voltage ranges, (0,
V
dc
/3), (V
dc
/3, 2V
dc
/3), and (2V
dc
/3, V
dc
). The feed-forward
control eliminates the disturbances of the utility voltage, V
dc
/3
and 2V
dc
/3, as shown in (6), (8), and (10). The absolute value of
the utility voltage and the outputs of the compared circuit are sent
to a feed-forward controller to generate the feed-forward signal.
Then, the output of the current controller and the feed-forward
signal are summed and sent to a PWM circuit to produce the
PWM signal. The detected utility voltage is also compared with
zero, in order to obtain a square signal that is synchronized with
the utility voltage. Finally, the PWM signal, the square signal,
and the outputs of the compared circuit are sent to the switching-
signal processing circuit to generate the control signals for the
power electronic switches of the seven-level inverter, according
to Table I.
The current controller controls the output current of the seven-
level inverter, which is a sinusoidal signal of 60 Hz. Since the
feed-forward control is used in the control circuit, the current
controller can be a simple amplier, which gives good tracking
performance. As can be seen in (6), (8), and (10), the gain of
the current controller determines the bandwidth and the steady-
state error. The gain of the current controller must be as large as
possible in order to ensure a fast response and a lowsteady-state
error. But the gain of the current controller is limited because
the bandwidth of the power converter is limited by the switching
frequency.
B. DCDC Power Converter
Fig. 8(b) shows the control block diagramfor the dcdc power
converter. The input for the DC-DC power converter is the out-
put of the solar cell array. A ripple voltage with a frequency that
is double that of the utility appears in the voltages of C
1
and C
2
,
when the seven-level inverter feeds real power into the utility.
The MPPTfunction is degraded if the output voltage of solar cell
array contains a ripple voltage. Therefore, the ripple voltages
in C
1
and C
2
must be blocked by the dcdc power converter to
provide improved MPPT. Accordingly, dual control loops, an
outer voltage control loop and an inner current control loop, are
used to control the dcdc power converter. Since the output volt-
ages of the DC-DC power converter comprises the voltages of
C
1
and C
2
, which are controlled by the seven-level inverter, the
outer voltage control loop is used to regulate the output voltage
of the solar cell array. The inner current control loop controls
the inductor current so that it approaches a constant current and
blocks the ripple voltages in C
1
and C
2
. The perturbation and
observation method is used to provide MPPT [24]. The output
voltage of the solar cell array and the inductor current are de-
tected and sent to a MPPT controller to determine the desired
output voltage for the solar cell array. Then the detected output
voltage and the desired output voltage of the solar cell array are
sent to a subtractor and the difference is sent to a PI controller.
The output of the PI controller is the reference signal of the in-
ner current control loop. The reference signal and the detected
inductor current are sent to a subtractor and the difference is sent
to an amplier to complete the inner current control loop. The
output of the amplier is sent to the PWM circuit. The PWM
circuit generates a set of complementary signals that control the
power electronic switches of the dcdc power converter.
VI. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
To verify the performance of the proposed solar power gener-
ation system, a prototype was developed with a controller based
on the DSP chip TMS320F28035. The power rating of the pro-
totype is 500 W, and the prototype was used for a single-phase
utility with 110 Vand 60 Hz. Table II shows the main parameters
of the prototype.
Figs. 9 and 10 show the experimental results for the seven-
level inverter when the output power of solar power generation
system is 500 W. Fig. 9 shows the experimental results for the
3460 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 29, NO. 7, JULY 2014
TABLE II
PARAMETERS OF THE PROTOTYPE
Fig. 9. Experimental results for the ac side of the seven-level inverter:
(a) utility voltage, (b) output voltage of seven-level inverter, and (c) output
current of the seven-level inverter.
Fig. 10. Experimental results for the dc side of the seven-level inverter:
(a) utility voltage, (b) voltage of capacitor C2, (c) voltage of capacitor C1,
and (d) output voltage of the capacitor selection circuit.
AC side of the seven-level inverter. Fig. 9(b) shows that the out-
put voltage of the seven-level inverter has seven voltage levels.
The output current of the seven-level inverter, shown in Fig. 9(c),
is sinusoidal and in phase with the utility voltage, which means
that the grid-connected power conversion interface feeds a pure
real power to the utility. The total harmonic distortion (THD)
of the output current of the seven-level inverter is 3.6%. Fig. 10
shows the experimental results for the dc side of the seven-level
inverter. Fig. 10(b) and (c) show that the voltages of capacitors
C
2
and C
1
of the capacitor selection circuit have multiple re-
lationships and are maintained at 60 and 120 V, respectively.
Fig. 10(d) shows that the output voltage of the capacitor selec-
tion circuit has three voltage levels (60, 120, and 180 V). Fig. 11
Fig. 11. Experimental results of the dcdc power converter: (a) ripple current
of inductor, (b) ripple voltage of capacitor C2, and (c) ripple voltage of capacitor
C1.
Fig. 12. Output power scan of the solar cell array.
shows the experimental results for the dcdc power converter.
Fig. 11(b) and (c) shows that the ripple voltages in capacitors C
1
and C
2
of the capacitor selection circuit are evident. However,
the ripple current in the inductor of the dcdc power converter
is less than 0.5 A when the average current of inductor is 8 A,
as shown in Fig. 11(a). Therefore, the ripple voltages in C
1
and
C
2
are blocked by the dcdc power converter. Fig. 12 shows
the output power scan for the solar cell array when the output
voltage changes from 40 to 70 V. Fig. 13 shows the experimen-
tal results for the beginning of MPPT for the dcdc converter.
Fig. 13 shows that the output power of the solar cell array is
almost constant when maximum power tracking is achieved
and its value is very close to the maximum power shown in
Fig. 12. Fig. 14 shows the experimental results for the power
efciency of the proposed solar power generation system. The
solar cell array was replaced by a dc power supply to simplify
the adjustment of output power in the experimental process.
With higher step-up gain of the dcdc power converter, there is
lower power efciency. Hence, the higher input voltage of solar
power generation system will result in better power efciency
WU AND CHOU: SOLAR POWER GENERATION SYSTEM WITH A SEVEN-LEVEL INVERTER 3461
Fig. 13. Experimental results for the MPPT performance of the proposed solar
power generation system.
Fig. 14. Experimental results for the power efciency of the proposed solar
power generation system.
of the dcdc power converter. Since a transformer is used in the
dcdc power converter of the proposed solar power generation
system, this degrades the power efciency of the proposed solar
power generation system. However, the power transferred by
the transformer is less than one third of the solar output power
in the proposed dcdc power converter, and the energy stored
in the magnetizing inductance of the transformer is transferred
forward to the output capacitor. Hence, the degradation of power
efciency caused by use of the transformer in the proposed solar
power generation system is not serious.
VII. CONCLUSION
This paper proposes a solar power generation system to con-
vert the dc energy generated by a solar cell array into ac energy
that is fed into the utility. The proposed solar power generation
system is composed of a dcdc power converter and a seven-
level inverter. The seven-level inverter contains only six power
electronic switches, which simplies the circuit conguration.
Furthermore, only one power electronic switch is switched at
high frequency at any time to generate the seven-level output
voltage. This reduces the switching power loss and improves
the power efciency. The voltages of the two dc capacitors in
the proposed seven-level inverter are balanced automatically,
so the control circuit is simplied. Experimental results show
that the proposed solar power generation system generates a
seven-level output voltage and outputs a sinusoidal current that
is in phase with the utility voltage, yielding a power factor of
unity. In addition, the proposed solar power generation system
can effectively trace the maximum power of solar cell array.
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Jinn-Chang Wu (M07) was born in Tainan, Taiwan
in 1968. He received the Graduation degree from Na-
tional Kaohsiung Institute of Technology, Kaohsiung,
Taiwan, in 1988, and the M.S. and Ph.D. degrees from
National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, in
1992 and 2000, all in electrical engineering.
Since 2007, he has been an Associate Professor at
the Department of Microelectronic Engineering, Na-
tional Kaohsiung Marine University, Kaohsiung. His
research interests include power quality and power
electronic applications.
Chia-Wei Chou was born in Taipei, Taiwan in 1986.
He received the M.S. degree in microelectronic engi-
neering from National Kaohsiung Marine University,
Kaohsiung, Taiwan, in 2013.
He is currently with the R&D Division, Taiwan
Jenfort Enterprise Company Ltd., Taipei, Taiwan.
His research interests include power electronic
applications.