ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I express my sincere gratitude to DELHI METRO RAIL CORPORATION for training

me and providing me with the technical knowledge in the Signal
&Telecommunication Department of Delhi Metro Rail Corporation(BRKR)
I am thankful to Mr. Sunil Pathakk and his staff, for their active technical and
administrative support.


















Brief history
Planning for the metro started in 1984, when the Delhi Development Authority
and the Urban Arts Commission came up with a proposal for developing a multi-
modal transport system for the city. The Government of India and the
Government of Delhi jointly set up the Delhi Metro Rail Corporation (DMRC) in
1995.Construction started in 1998, and
The first section, on the Red Line, opened in 2002,
Followed by the Yellow Line in 2004,
The Blue Line in 2005, its branch line in 2009,
The Green and Violet Lines in 2010 and
The Delhi Airport Metro Express in 2011.














Telecommunication department
It is the department of DMRC, which deals with the protection, supervision and
operation of the train. In short it the department that manages the metro traffic
on the rails. Transmission of information is possible through co-axial cables,
wireless media, fibre optics. Communication at a distance by electronics
transmission of impulses, as by telegraph, cable, telephone, radio, or television
constitutes telecommunication.



















Telecom system
The different types of telecom system are used in DMRC which are of following
types.
1. Fiber Optics Telephone System [FOTS]
2. Transmission Exchange/EPABX
3. AFC
4. PIDS/PAS
5. CCTV
6. RADIO

Clocks
Clock system is used to provide accurate time to staff, passengers and time
reference to systems at DMRC. Accurate and synchronized time information is
obtained from Global Positioning System (GPS) by Master Clock at OCC
The equipments which require time reference are:
ATS
AFC
SDH
EPABX
CCTV
PIDS/PAS
CLOCKS
RADIO

Some other sources of time are:
GPS
PRC (ATOMIC CLOCK)
NTP (NETWORKING TIME PROTOCOL)

The preferences of time sources are:
GPS>PRC>NTP
Atomic clock is crystal oscillator which generates frequency of 2.043 MHz by
taking input of time pulse. Thus, PRC is a more reliable source than the GPS.

Types of clock used at the stations:

1) Digital Clock:
In DMRC single-sided and double sided clocks are used. LED segment of high
luminance provide excellent readability of display from all view angles. Manual or
automatic adjustment of LED display light intensity. Since digital clocks have
memory, they keep working when they stop receiving data from sub-master
clock.

Basic properties:
Digit height 57, 100 or 180 mm which corresponds to readability of
approximately 25, 40 or 65 m.
Manual or automatic adjustment of LED display light intensity.
Time Display in 12 or 24 hour cycle, 4 digit (HH: DD) or 6 digit (HH:MM:SS)
format. Digits of same Height on request (HH:MM:SS); Optionally 4 digit or 6 digit
Format (Including Indications of the year).
8 digit display format on request (Time: HH: MM; date: DD: MM)

2) Analog Clock:
Double sided analog clocks have been used at platforms and concourse zone in
DMRC. These clocks gets time information from Sub-Master Clock through feed
box and stop working when they stop receiving data.


Fots
It is the transmission system that uses optical fiber as communication media. Thus
optical fiber communication is the method of transmitting information through
optical fibers. FOTS can be termed as the backbone of DMRC telecommunication
network. Fiber optics eases up the data and voice communication or access to
various systems at different stations. This network is based on fiber optical cables
on both sides of the track. The number of fibers is determined in order to comply
with redundancy. The fiber is redundant for security and protection. In case of
fiber optic failure, communication can take place via spare fiber while the fiber
that is down may be fixed.

The FOTS has a high speed of transmission (Tx). It works on a high bandwidth with
a range of 1310 nm to 1550 nm. In case FOTS the transmission takes place for
larger distances as compared to copper wires in which the data loss occurs. In
FOTS the interferences do not occur which occur in the copper wires.

FOTS is further differently prescribed in following ways
SDH
Access Mux
Networks

SDH
Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) are standardized multiplexing protocols that
transfer multiple digital bit streams over optical fiber using lasers or highly
coherent light from light-emitting diodes (LEDs). At low transmission rates data
can also be transferred via an electrical interface. The method was developed to
replace the Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy (PDH) system for transporting large
amounts of telephone calls and data traffic over the same fiber without
synchronization problems
The STM-1 (Synchronous Transport Module, level 1) frame is the basic
transmission format for SDHthe first level of the synchronous digital hierarchy.
The STM-1 frame is transmitted in exactly 125 s; therefore, there are 8,000
frames per second on a 155.52 Mbit/s OC-3 fiber-optic circuit.

The SDH is used due to the following reasons:
Simpler multiplexing: A low SDH level can be directly identified from higher SDH
level.
Simple D&I of traffic channels: It allows a direct access to lower level systems
without synchronization.
Allows mixing of ANSI and ETSI PDH systems
SDH is open for new applications: SDH can carry PDH, ATM, HDTV, MAN, IP, etc.
SDH provides TMN (ECCs): SDH helps in providing the centralized network
control.

The Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) helps to convert the electrical signals
into optical signals. It helps to maintain the data rate through the speed of
transmission. The data is transmitted in SDH through E-1 link that has a speed of
2.048 mbps. If the data rate in case of SDH is less then Access Mux and PDH are
added to it.
Access mux
In telecommunications and computer networks, multiplexing (also known as
muxing) is a method by which multiple analog message signals or digital data
streams are combined into one signal over a shared medium. In DMRC, the Time
Division Multiplexing is used. The Time-division multiplexing (TDM) is a digital
technology. TDM involves sequencing groups of a few bits or bytes from each
individual input stream, one after the other, and in such a way that they can be
associated with the appropriate receive. In DMRC, the Time Division Multiplexing
is used. The Time-division multiplexing (TDM) is a digital technology. TDM
involves sequencing groups of a few bits or bytes from each individual input
stream, one after the other, and in such a way that they can be associated with
the appropriate receive.
If data rate is less than 64 Mbps then, it is termed as sub-rate. If data rate is more
than 64 Mbps then it is termed as super rate. Access-MUX is used for systems
requiring transfer rate below 2.048 Mbps.

Networks
It consists of two or more computers that communicates and share their
information.
Three types of network are:
LAN (Local Area Network)
WAN (Wide Area Network)
MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)

OSI Layers (Open System Interconnection):
OSI is the name for the set of standards for communicating among computers.
The primary purpose of OSI standards is to serve the structural guideline for
exchanging information between computers, workstations and networks.
















Epabx
EPABX is stands for Electronics Private Automatic Branch Exchange. For purpose
of planting communication link between different stations, DMRC has its self-
sustained telephone exchange. This system works on -48 V DC from SMPS. Data is
processed at a rate of 64k bps.

The EPABX has the following two uses:
It provides interface for all phones
It helps in switching.

There are two types of hooks in EPABX. These are:
On hook: There is no flow of current in this hook.
Off hook: The current starts flowing in this hook.

The EPABX has different functions. The functions are as follows:
EPABX gives a dial tone.
It prepares a dialing register.
It helps in call switching.
Ring voltage and RBT.
Supervise.
Call billing.


There are two exchanges used by DMRC:
Siemens: Siemens is a communication server. The model no. used is HI PATH
4000.
OMNI PCX: This exchange is two types:
M2: This exchange is used at stations where the number of users is less. There are
maximum 14 slots in this exchange.
M3: This exchange is used at all the depots and the OCC. There are two shelves in
this exchange. The maximum number of slots in this exchange is 56. These 56
slots are divided into the two shelves as 28 each.
There are two networks used in DMRC:
EPABX: This acts as the administration.
Direct Line Network: This is used only by the concerned higher authorities.
These networks are used when the network is congested like in the season of
festivals, in case of emergency, in any tragic situations, etc.
CPU: A CPU has all the priority information saved. This has a power to connect or
disconnect any call or connection whenever it requires doing so in any
emergency.









AFC
AFC Department of DMRC deals with the fare collection system. DMRC uses
automatic fare collecting machines. The AFC machines are installed at the entry of
the station.
DMRC classified AFC in various things :-
1.Ticket Office Machine (TOM)
The Ticket Office Machine (TOM) is a ticket transport semiautomatic vending and
consulting machine, handling Contactless Smart Cards and Tokens.
The Ticket Office Machine is operated by an authorised operator to sell, add
value, refund, replace, analyse cards and eventually make adjustment in case of
surcharge detection. At the same time, passengers can follow the operations with
help of the patron display.

2.GATES
Equipment which controls the access of patrons from free area to paid area & vice
versa according to business rules that device, which demarcates the paid &
unpaid area, is known as a Gate.
There are two types of gates:
ENTRY ONLY
This gate is only used for the entry. From this gate passenger cant exit or
leave the concourse
EXIT ONLY
This gate is only used for the Exit. From this gate passenger cant take
entry.
HYBRID/BIDIRECTINAL
This type of gate is used for physically challenged people. It is wider than
the simple gate and is appropriate for any standard wheel chair to pass
through.

3.TOKENS
These are the advanced tickets used in DMRC. It is used for Travelling or Entry in
the Metro Stations.
There are two types of tickets by which we can do our journey:
Contact less smart token:
It is a coin like device, which has a chip in which read & write operation can be
performed. It also consists of a coil, which is charged through electromagnetic
induction on interaction with the gate. A special machine known as R/W module
is used for the R/W operation in token.

Contact less smart card:
The external structure of CSC is like an ATM card or a credit card, in which R/W &
processing operation take place. It has an electromagnetic coil at its edges, which
is used for taking power through radio waves, which is in micro volts. Before using
it, it is initialized i.e. password is encoded by DMRC through bulk initialization
machine during manufacturing.

TOKEN TYPES
Contact less Smart Token Contact less Smart Card
Single Journey Token Stored Value Type
Return Journey Token Tourist Type
Free Exit Token Agent Type

4.EMERGENCY SWITCH.

First Step for emergency is to use the GRCU in emergency mode. In case of
problem use the emergency switch in the EFO. But because gates will be powered
off you will lose the control of Gates. The Emergency switch located in the EFO in
front of the gate array is used to power off all the gate machines so that all the
flap are automatically open to facilitate the escape of patrons through the
passages

















Pids/pas
Need of PIDS/PAS:
DMRC, being a Public Transport System, requires PIDS/PAS to address
Passenger/Staff about:
Emergency and Evacuation Information, in case of any Emergency in DMRC
System.
Real-Time Train Arrival/Departure Information at Stations.
Public awareness, Safety and Security related Information.
The bilingual Information (English & Hindi) is displayed in written form on the
display panels and is synchronized with voice announcements played in PAS Zones
in Stations.
Mode of Operation:
Automatic Mode (No User intervention is required)
Manual Mode (Station/OCC)
Timed Mode i.e. Scheduling Mode (Station/OCC)

The Operational Control Center: this refers to all the equipments installed in the
OCC. the details are :
Server
Assistant to Chief Controller PIDS /PAS workstation
PIDS Backup Control Panel
The Station System: this refers to all the equipments installed in the terminal
stations. the details are :
WorkStation
Ultra Bright LED Panels

Central Passenger Information System: it is located at OCC and includes the
system server and the Assistant Chief Controller Workstation.
The Remote Passenger Information System: It is located at each station and
includes the station server, the station MMI (Man Machine Interface) position and
Ultra Bright LED Panels. The station server located in each station receives
periodic data at location information from the OCC server. In this manner it
manages and controls the local Ultra Bright LED Panels.
Passenger Address System (PAS)
It is one of the systems that create a user friendly ambience in the DMRC
computer services and it plays a very important role as well. As of date this
system receives information from the TIMS (management software) which is
something similar to train timetable as per the present time it sends information
to this system and the address is made. This is one of the reasons that a universal
clock is required and that is the reason the network is incorporated with a master
clock server.
The scheme is such that the train driver has information about the timings and he
has to see that the train reaches a particular station as per the time frame it has
been allotted, which is similar to normal railways. The thing that is making it a
little bit different from the railway is that this timetable is a static one and so fixed
and is totally computerized while that in the railways is a dynamic one and it is
user controlled




CCTV
The main purpose of the CCTV surveillance system is to provide the real time
surveillance and recording system by using IP CCTV system Equipment .The CCTV
monitoring is done locally at every station as well as remotely at respective OCC.
Facility for the Failover mode of central management server (BOSCH VMS & VRM)
at each OCC and failover recording at each station is also provided. The system
will cover platform area, concourse area as well as certain area in car park at each
station. The CCTV system is based on the latest network video technology, making
use of sophisticated computer controlled systems, and high sensitivity colour CCD
cameras both Fixed and PTZ. The station surveillance CCTV system will be
accessed for monitoring important areas by using the station surveillance CCTV
control equipment located in the TER at the each stations and the OCC for the
following locations -
Key areas of the concourse such as the ticketing area, AFC etc.
Monitoring entraining and detraining of passengers at the platform.
Monitoring the car parking area.

CAMERAS
1.Fixed Indoor CCTV Camera
The BOSCH LTC 0455/11 provided at the underground and elevated stations are
compact rugged, 1/3-inch image format digital color CCD cameras. Their superior
sensitivity, resolution and picture quality provide optimal performance in virtually
all situations. This fully automatic camera is ready to work for you, and is easy to
install in even the most demanding applications. On-screen Displays (OSD)
provide quick and easy access to all camera features.

2.PTZ/ Dome CCTV Camera
The VG4-313-ECS0P Day/Night Auto Dome camera with housing mounting
provided at the underground and elevated stations offers all of the features
needed for any surveillance application. Auto Dome lets you focus on details
missed by other cameras.
Image control and quality are integral aspects of any indoor surveillance system.
The VG4-313-ECS0P Day/Night Auto Dome camera offers 26X optical zoom lenses
and a full 12x digital zoom once the end of the optical zoom is reached. In
addition, the patented scaling feature ensures that you have optimal control for
viewing at all zoom settings.

The CCTV system will be synchronised with the master clock system. In case of
failure of one OCC, the backup servers at other OCC will take over the complete
control thus allowing all the operators/station to continue working with full
control of the system. There is one video wall in each OCC. There are workstations
(MMIs) with the Chief controller, traffic controller. A work station in the security
control room for Security Controller. A Nortel core switch is provided &
configured at each OCC by FOTS contractor.

MMI for Operators on Elevated Stations
For local monitoring at station, MMI will be provided at:
Station Control Room ( SCR)
Police Control Booth (PB)

The MMI Comprises of:
Workstation with Dual 22 LCD monitors
PC Keyboard & Mouse
CCTV Keyboard with Joystick.

Using the configuration client software the MMI can be customized for each type
of operators.
5.3.2 The Client MMI on LCD monitor will have a tree like structure giving the list
of cameras for which the operator currently logged-in is authorized to see as well
as the maps of the platform with cameras seeded on the actual locations. The
video can be dragged and viewed in any of the video windows available within the
GUI. The Second LCD can be used as spot monitor where normally a set of
important cameras is always viewed and in case of alarm the alarm cameras can
be popped up in full screen mode















Ebts / radio
EBTS stands for enhanced base transceiver system. EBTS is another important
equipment of DMRC. This system enables the access to the radio services while
roaming within the radio coverage. EBTS provides all the remote site
functionality. EBTS has all features of mobile communication and broadcasting of
any information which are not available with the telephone system. The radio
communications system is designed for providing system-wide voice and data
communication to support the operation and maintenance for Delhi Mass Rapid
Transport System (DMRTS). It provides two-way voice and data radio
communication throughout the operational areas of DMRTS, to provide efficient
and effective train radio dispatching operation for Barakhambha OCC. One more
plus point of this system is that it adds to the level of redundancy to the
communication network of DMRC if FOTS (Fiber Optical Transmission system)
breaks down as whole communication between the source and destination does
not takes place through FOTS. This system transfers data at a rate of 128 kbps.

THE NEED OF RADIO SYSTEM IN DMRC IS DUE TO THE FOLLOWING REASONS:
Communicate with other trains.
One too many group communication.
Decodes the encrypted language.

The system provides services to three groups of users:
Radio Users The mobile users in the system that can roam throughout the
radio coverage area provided by the system. The radio users access the system
services using Mobile Stations that communicate with the Base Stations in the
infrastructure using the TETRA air-interface protocol.

Controllers The users at fixed locations that have access to advanced features
and facilities provided by the system. These features enable Controllers to
efficiently communicate with and manage fleets of mobile users.

Network Managers responsible for managing and maintaining the Dimetra IP
system. The system provides numerous applications that allow the network
managers to efficiently manage the system.

Wireless transmission has the advantage of not having to install physical
connections at every point, but is limited to Line of Sight (LOS). EBTS sites are
place 25 to 75 miles apart. Thus, DMRC has total 15 EBTS sites out of which 9
EBTS sites are at line3. EBTS sites are similar to an antenna except for one thing
i.e., it requires GPS synchronization signal through the GPS. Underground areas
cannot have EBTS sites hence, Leaky Co-axial Cables (LCX) are used, with
Bidirectional Antenna (BDA).

Essential features of an EBTS system:
Leaky Coaxial Cable: When the signals in the underground trains get weak, these
signals are maintained back through the leaky coaxial cables
Outside Telephone Communications: This feature is the one by which all tetra
calls can be made to an outside network.
Cost Saving: This system is cheap as compared to others.
PA from Radio: This system helps to make announcements in case of
emergencies immediately.

Requirements for Radio communication:

Antenna: The antennas are put at the appropriate locations throughout the
spread of the network.
EBTS/MTS: The EBTS helps in local data transmission. It consists of two links: E-1
link, with a speed of 2 mbps, and X-21 link, with a speed of 128 kbps.
Leaky Coaxial Cable: When the signals in the underground trains get weak, these
signals are maintained back through the leaky coaxial cables.
Bidirectional Amplifier (BDA): When the signals are lost in underground stations,
BDA helps to replicate the signals.