The document discusses various medical topics in a list format without full descriptions. It includes:
1. Treatments for hepatic encephalopathy such as lactulose and ursodiol.
2. Symptoms of neonatal abstinence syndrome from maternal heroin use such as crying inconsolably and hypersensitivity.
3. Causes of hypercalcemia in multiple myeloma such as IL-1 and TNF.
4. Mechanism of action of erythromycin involving interfering with amino-acyl translocation during protein synthesis.
5. Risk of lactic acidosis from excessive metformin consumption.
The document discusses various medical topics in a list format without full descriptions. It includes:
1. Treatments for hepatic encephalopathy such as lactulose and ursodiol.
2. Symptoms of neonatal abstinence syndrome from maternal heroin use such as crying inconsolably and hypersensitivity.
3. Causes of hypercalcemia in multiple myeloma such as IL-1 and TNF.
4. Mechanism of action of erythromycin involving interfering with amino-acyl translocation during protein synthesis.
5. Risk of lactic acidosis from excessive metformin consumption.
The document discusses various medical topics in a list format without full descriptions. It includes:
1. Treatments for hepatic encephalopathy such as lactulose and ursodiol.
2. Symptoms of neonatal abstinence syndrome from maternal heroin use such as crying inconsolably and hypersensitivity.
3. Causes of hypercalcemia in multiple myeloma such as IL-1 and TNF.
4. Mechanism of action of erythromycin involving interfering with amino-acyl translocation during protein synthesis.
5. Risk of lactic acidosis from excessive metformin consumption.
sphincter tone in scleroderma both decreased Tx of hepatic encephalopathy lactulose Ursodiol reduces cholesterol absorption and can dissolve cholesterol gallstones Lactulose decreases NH3 production by bacteria and acts as a laxative for hepatic encephalopathy Bisacodyl stimulant laxative 12 hours after birth baby begins sucking frantically and crying inconsolably, also overreacts to stimuli around him and has a marked startle response, symptoms resolve in 2-3 weeks, what was the mother using heroin cause of hypercalcemia in multiple myeloma IL-1, TNF structure that attaches to the cervical region and extends posteriorly uterosacral ligament a mutation in 50% of material mitochondrial DNA present in 100% of her children is explained by heteroplasmy painless blood-tingued uring and hx of smoking in 55 YO bladder cancer problem in brothers who die of mycobacterial infection IFN-gamma receptor deficiency Cardiac tumor with scattered mesenchymal cells in an abundant extracellular matrix myxoma Molecular problem if trismus and opisthotonos blockade of inhibitory NT release Micafungin targets fungal cell wall Megaloblastic anemia, increased methylmalonic acid and total homocysteine suggest a deficiency in B12 Histological sign of diffuse alveolar damage alveolar hyaline membrane Virulence factor of E. coli causing pyelonephritis adhesins Major risk with too much metformin consumption lactic acidosis We can administer bevacizumab even though it is a foreign protein because it is a humanized antibody Cancer type and tumor antigen with high antibody titer cervical cancer and HPV 16, E6 protein Osteoporosis is associated with an increase in what cytokine IL-1 Tyrosine kinases do what phosphorylate targets by taking a phosphate from ATP Defective protein if glucagon does not correct hypoglycemia in a strain of mice but epinephrine does glucagon receptor Erythromycin mechanism interferes with amino- acyl translocation Metabolic process impaired if rapid red fibers oxidative phosphorylation Best diet for obese person wanting to avoid diabetes low calorie Staghorn caliculus think Proteus mirabilis AATAAA at 3' end encodes cleavage and polyadenation Muddy brown cast of ATN is a type of granular cast Two weeks after granular cast seen and none since then, we expect to see regenerating tubular epithelium Greatest risk for death a few weeks after strep infection and PE that reveals pericardial friction rub and quiet heart sounds, but not pathogens myocarditis Seminal vesicles secrete fructose, glandins all the other stuff Cause of hyperglycemia in a type I diabetic activation of hepatic adenylyl cyclase ANP function opposite of aldosterone (inhibits renin) Where do the adductors of the hip attach femur and ischium Cough suppressant treatment that does not cause constipation and has a low potential for substance abuse dextromethorphan Aspirin induced asthma is due to leukotrienes Watery diarrhea, hypokalemia, achlorhydria VIPoma Tx of fetal pulmonary hypertension nitric oxide (monitor for methemoglobinemia) Receptor causing uterine relaxation B2 Receptor causing increased myocardial contractility B1 Receptor causing internal urethral sphincter contraction A1 Receptor causing lipolysis B1, B2 Receptor causing pilomotor contraction A Receptor causing pupillary dilation A1 Hypochondriasis requires disproportionate fear of serious illness Laryngeal neoplasm in a smoker squamous cell Decreased MCV, red, swollen, tender tongue, angular stomatitis, spoon-shaped nails iron deficiency Neutropenia, giant granules in neutrophils, white hair, pale skin, blue irises, red pupils Chediak Higashi (defect on phagolysosome fusion) Neuraminidase inhibitor mechanism of action prevents release of virus from infected epithelial cells Baby gets GBS from a vaccinated mother, means mother only made one ab isotype IgM Parasitic drug that increases the permeability of the cell membranes to calcium causing paralysis, dislodgement, and death praziquantel Why are patients with CF chronically infected with pseudomonas biofilm formation in the lower respiratory tract Cuboidal lung epithelial cells with dense lamellar bodies 1-2 u in diam surfactant Erectile dysfunction is caused by decreased testosterone Everything has been normal for a woman but she cannot conceive, what should we give her next clomiphene Trisomy 21 associated with increased risk of which cancers? ALL and AML Hydronephrosis causes? Increased tubular hydrostatic pressure from blockage Chronic HTN, heavy heart? Hypertrophy of heart Valproic Acid MOA inhibits HISTONE ACETYLASE - Histones were in DNA - transcription error Chloroquine, primaquine MOA Chloroquie kills malaria/ Primaquine kills hypnozoites Pain with thumbs down, shoulders up Arm up Thumbs down sign... supraspinatus... Left Axillary line holosytolic murmur Mitral Regurg - Left Axillary line holosystolic murmur Oculomotor palsy from aneurysm? Posterior Communicating Artery Anuerysm Dental procedure, bug? Strep Mitis - alpha hemolytic HDL with age in woman? HDL of a 25 year old vs. 55 year old, high in 25, low in 55 (estrogen) Organophosphate poisoning- first antidote Atropine first/Pralidoxime second Partial vs complete mole Partial 1 egg two sperm 69XXY vs paternal complete 46XX 2 sperm no egg EPO doping = ? EPO will increase RBC's erythroid precursors Ammonia source in ammonioagenesis Aspartate & GLUTAMINE donate NH4 ( amonia ) in renal ammoniaagenesis long-chain-fatty-acids? LCFA - peroxisomes Salmonella post antibiotic? prolonged fecal excretement post antibiotic Hypokinesis of Posterior Left Ventricle? Stenosis of the right coronary artery Pain upper abdomen, refered to shoulder Diaphram ulceration phrenic nerve Oligomenorrhea increased estrogen in adipose tissue metabolic alkalosis with volume contraction loop diuretic drug overdose? respiratory acidosis suprasellar mass, hormone excess? prolactin RNA splice error skipping of exons metastaic colon cancer spread MOA Hematogenous spread of Liver Tumor from Colon via Portal Venous System Diabetic neuropathy pain? burning pain pinpoint pupils, unconscious heroin OD Why deoxyHB can carry CO2 better than OxyHB? DeoxyHB = better buffer Recurrent severe mycobacterial diseases INF-gamma receptor defect Insulin increases? glucokinase activity Stain Drug effects Upregulates LDL receptors Lithium induced Nephrogenic DI, where? Collecting tubule MOA IKB lkb --> NF-KB post phosphorylation for IL- 1/IL-6 fever induction Zanamavir MOA Zanamivir MOA - inhibit virion release CML treatment Imatinib. BCR-ABL 9:22 Low blood solubility = slow or fast induction? 141) low blood solubility --> rapid induction, low potency Screening for CD markers? Immunohistochemistry acute ischemic injury = kidney findings? Acute Tubular Necrosis - Muddy Brown Casts with epithelial cells cyt a/a3 blocked by CO poisoning (requires oxygen) capillary hemangioma embryological origin endothelial Lambert-Eaton MG Autoantibodies to presynaptic Ca2+ channel = proximal muscle weakness, improves with use Highest immunogenic tumor cell response cervical cancer to HPV 16, E6 protein bevacizumab properties humanized antibody inhibiting VEGF metformin overdose lactic acidosis erythromycin MOA Bind 50S, prevent release of uncharged tRNA after it has donated its amino acid (aka translocation) relative risk under/over 1 under one = decreased risk, over one = increased risk pulmonary vs bronchial circulation pulmonary circulation = larger percentage of CO (=CO vs. bronchial circ is much less of CO) muscle misuse increased protein degradation not myosin activity MPO deficiency decreased production of bleach aka hydroxy-halide radicals = susceptibility to yeast infections features of apoptosis cell shrinkage, eosinophilia, condensed cytoplasm, apoptotic bodies amphetamine intox pupillary dilation, diaphoresis, agitation, confusion heroin intox euphoria, resp, CNS depression, pupillary constriction, seizures seminal vesicle secretions fructose (bulbourethral gland/Cowper = mucous, prostate =acid phosphate and PSA ) mitochondrial inheritance expression heteroplasmy = variable expression treatment for hepatic encephalopathy lactulose location of bone that heals fracture periosteum (includes osteoblasts) CREST achalsia dysmotility and decreased LES pressure Hypercalcemia in MM vs Sarcoid MM = IL1 (osteoclast activating factor), Sarcoid = elevated 1,25 vit D ab pain, nausea, vomiting after party, normal temp, low BP enterotoxin ingestion (S. aureus, usually rapid onset in 1-8 hours) cerebellar vermis damage truncal ataxia, dysarthria (vermis is tree like) cerebellar hemisphere intention tremor, limb ataxia, loss of balance, fall towards side of lesion hyochondriasis fear of serious disease aspirin induced asthma mediated by? Treat with? leukotrienes (montelukast, zirlukast) Nephrogenic DI (PCT, DCT, CT) PCT = always isotonic, DCT and CT = hypotonic because ADH acts here and action is blocked in DI nitric oxide reduces pulmonary vascular resistance (watch for metglobinemia) Beta2 agonists decrease uterine tone bupivicaina MOA amide local anesthetic = decreased permeability of Na blood supply of esophagus branches off aorta cough suppressant without constipation and low addiction dextrometorphan suspensory ligament connects ovaries to lateral pelvic wall, contains ovarian vessels carcinoid tumors (3 most common sites) appendix, ileum, rectum (once mets outside GI tract = carcinoid syndrome) Hunter's syndrome accumulation iduronate sullfatase deficiency = heparan sulfate, dermatan sulfate (mild developmental delay, gargoylism, airway obstruction + aggression) protease inhibitor MOA inhibits cutting up of long enzyme chain into smaller pieces = no new viruses, lack mature core Excess IL1 in elderly woman osteoporosis diabetes lipid levels low HDL, high TG, high free fatty acids placenta accreta placenta attahed to myometrium after birth = massive bleeding increased UC bilirubin Gilbert syndrome gestational trophoblastic disease high hCG, nausea, vomiting, large uterus, associated with complete mole (male, male, no egg parts, 46 complete, 69 Partial) uterosacral ligament attaches to cervical region and extends posteriorly Limited healing in lateral collateral ligament tear impaired blood supply thoracentesis location above the 9th rib, midscapular line micafungin/caspofungin MOA cell wall inhibitor, blocks B-glucan synthesis staghorn calciulus bugs urease-positive (Proteus, Staph, Klebsiella) praziquantel MOA increased cell membrane permeability partial beta agonists pindolol, acebutolol (PAPA) musculocutaneous nerve sensation on lateral forearm, loss of elbow flexion