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VOCABULARY

To be in to expect someone to hold on


To be back to let someone know she should be here shortly
to be nuts to calm down to find out
to freak out to tell the truth an urge to
cant help it refund to fine
shore storm by hand
ought to ( should ) to spoil remarkable
sibling to lead to ( to cause ) target
widespread ( extendido) to enable ( to make possible ) nevertheless ( how ever )
to cope with ( deal , manage) gun to quit ( v + ing )
to afford ( inf. ) to consider ( v + ing ) to worry about ( v + ing )
to be excited about ( v + ing ) to be interested in ( v + ing ) to be good at ( v + ing )
without to enrich to lower
to be stranded (inmovilizado) to pinpoint ( sealar, identificar ) skills
elderly to go behind someones back to establish
to back someone up trust compromise
lenient toddler ( one to two years old ) to pet ( acariciar )
peer ( colega, mirar ) enhance ( improved, make bigger ) pamper ( mimar )

To raise: to bring to adulthood
to praise: to express approval
role: socially expected behavior
development: growth or progress
at first glance: initial impression
trend: a current tendency or style
to drift: go without direction
to wipe: limpiar, pasar un trapo
striking: attracting attention, unusual
well rounded: balanced, fully developed






CAUSE AND EFFECT is used to express situations that are NORMALLY TRUE
WHEN/ IF + S+ VSPresent +/- , S+ SHOULD OR HAVE TO in the result + VSF
WHEN you get sick, you should stay home
WHEN you mix blue and yellow, you get green.

FUTURE POSSIBLE conditional is used to express situations that are true IN SPECIFIC CIRCUMSTANCES
IF + S + Vpresent +/-, S + will , can or may + VSF
IF I have time tonight , I will watch TV

PRESENT UNREAL Conditional to describe IMAGINARY SITUATIONS in the present or the future
IF + S + VPAST +/- , S + WOULD, MIGHT OR COULD + VSF
what would you do IF + S + VSF
If we were in Hawaii, we could go swimming every day
If I were you, I would see a doctor.
what would you do if you saw a man having a heartattack ?
I wouldnt do anything if I saw a man having a heartattack.

PAST UNREAL conditional to describe IMAGINARY SITUATIONS in the past. These situations can have
CONSEQUENCES IN THE PRESENT
IF + S + HAD ( NOT ) + VPP , S + WOULD, COULD, MIGHT + HAVE + VPP ( PAST )
, S + WOULD , COULD, MIGHT + VSF ( PRESENT )
If Tony hadnt broken his leg, he could ve gone to Europe with his parents
If he hadnt broken his leg, he would be in Paris right now.






MODAL AUXILIARIES
Have/ has to : necessity , obligation should : regret, recommendation
can : ability , opportunity be able to : ability
must : deduction may/ might : uncertainty

OBLIGATION
Joe has to do his homework pr
I wont have to wash the dishes f
Did you have to travel last month ? pa

ABILITY AND OPPORTUNITY
My sister can sing very well
She will be able to finish the course
When I was young I couldnt ride a bike, but I was able to play soccer.

RECOMMENDATION / REGRET
You should study before an exam.
We should wake up early tomorrow.
You shouldnt have smoked

UNCERTAINTY
She may be sleeping, but Im not sure.
He might come back later.
Elsa might have eaten a lot, but I really dont know for sure.

LOGICAL DEDUCTION
Thats a beautiful suit, it must be expensive ( present )
He mustve bought it in Antara.


PASSIVE VOICE is when the subject is not doing the action :
The entire beach is being covered in thick black oil
is covered
was covered
will be covered

PASSIVE VOICE WITH MODAL AUXILIARIES
S + AUX + BE + VPP ( CAN, COULD, HAVE TO, HAD TO, WILL HAVE TO, SHOULD, MAY, MIGHT )
The ships engines couldnt be started again.
the ship had to be abandoned.
Oil tankers should be inspected regularly.
Local residents might be moved to another location.
Many animals can be saved.
The work has to be done by hand.

PASSIVE VOICE WITH MODAL AUXILIARIES HAPPEN IN THE PAST
S + AUX + HAVE BEEN + VPP ( MUST HAVE, MIGHT HAVE, SHOULD HAVE, COULD HAVE )
Most of the animals mustve been killed instantly.
Many more animals mightve been affected further south.
This ship should never have been taken out

ANOTHER AND OTHER
Another + noun SINGULAR Other + noun PLURAL
Another example of violence in media is the motion picture industry
Other people feel that this is simply coincidence.
Another singular Others plural, without the noun
In one game players use a variety of guns, while in another the object is to kill every other player
While some people blame the influence of media, others feel that violence is the result of more complex
causes.


THE NAME OF AN ACTIVITY CAN BE USED AS THE SUBJECT OR THE OBJECT OF A SENTENCE
Swimming is good exercise.
I enjoy swimming on the weekends.
We use the name of an activity as the Subject:
Working 14 hours a day is tiring.
We use the name of the activity as the Object after certain verbs
He had to finish preparing a presentation
After these verbs use verb + ing prepositions
Enjoy reading be tired of
keep washing feel like
avoid listening think about
finish preparing instead of
mind talking look forward to
dislike eating put of
deny seeing be responsible for
consider kissing object to
quit be fed up with
postpone get around to
practice be afraid of
detest be excited about
miss worry about
be interested in
be good at
without
be used to
insist on
apologize for
before
after






INFINITIVE ( TO LEAVE )
Decide to intend to forget to
refuse to learn to struggle to
need to warn to allow to
offer to plan to afford to
agree to prepare to promise to
appear to want to seem to
threaten to hope to

AFTER SOME VERBS WE NEED TO USE AN OBJECT + VSF , when we want to indicate that the speaker
causes the object of the sentence to do something.
MAKE indicates that the subject forces someone to do the action.
The thief made me give him my money
HAVE indicates that the subject arranges for or hires someone to do the action
William will have his wife send Wallace some information.
LET indicates that the subject permits someone to do something
Her parents dont let her go out by herself

SUGGEST OR RECOMMEND
We can use these reporting verbs in present or past
S + recommend/suggest + THAT + S + VSF
I suggest that you call your mother.
Vince recommended that his sister buy a new car
Jennys friends suggested that she call Dr Judy
Dr. Judy recommends that Jenny not be so strict

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