Completes a Half Century Vaiju Naravane Index Translationum tracks translations published all over the world. Its statistics provide insight into the cultural geography of publishing. T he Index Translationum whi ch officially cel ebrat es fifty year s of exi st ence, coul d be l i kened to a dowager dut chess hi di ng her age. For al t hough t he I ndex officially came i nt o bei ng as a UNESCO publ i cat i on in 1948, its real life pr edat es t hat of t he Or gani zat i on since it first saw t he light of day under t he aegis of t he League of Nat i ons in 1932. A uni que publ i cat i on, t he Index Translationum, whi ch is publ i shed in Paris by UNESCO, t he Uni t ed Nat i ons Educat i onal , Scientific and Cul t ur al Organi - zat i on, is an i nt ernat i onal bi bl i ogr aphy of t ransl at ed wor ks publ i shed in t he wor l d. Thr ough this list whi ch serves as a r ef er ence wor k, UNESCO pr ovi des bot h schol ars and t he general publ i c wi t h an i rrepl aceabl e tool for maki ng bi bl i ographi cal i nvent ori es of t ransl at i ons on a global scale. A Chequered History... The Index Translationum first came out in 1932 in t he f or m of a quar t er l y bul l et i n publ i shed by t he League of Nat i ons. It listed t he t ransl at i ons pub- This article was originally published by UNESCO and is adapted with their assistance. It de- scribes Index Translationum: International Bibliography of Translations. A yearly cumulative edition on CD-ROM from 1979-. The latest edition available: 6th 1979-1997 (1999) The statistics were established from the 4th edition. More detailed statistics may be found at http://firewalI.unesco.org/ culture/xtransfl~tmI_eng/indexl.htm. Address for correspondence: Maria Cristina Iglesias, Editor, Index Translationum, c/o UNESCO, 7, place de Fontenoy, 75352 Paris 07 SP France; or via e-mail at index@unesco.org 24 Publishing Research Quarterly/Winter 1999-2000 lished in six countries: Germany, Spain, United States of America, France, United Kingdom and Italy. The number of countries featured in the Index had increased to 14 by the time publication ceased in January 1940 due to the outbreak of World War II. Almost ten years were to elapse before the Index Translationum re-appeared under the auspices of UNESCO. The project to re- sume publication was the subject of a recommendation put forward by the Conference of Allied Ministers of Education held in London on 28 June 1945. The Index thus predates the Organization itself and can be said to be UNESCO's oldest programme. The first volume of the new series appeared in 1948. It contained 8,570 entries from twenty-six countries including Brazil, Canada, Chile, Egypt and Turkey. Ever since the Index Translationum has been published annually. The last volume to be published on paper was number 39, which covered 60,543 references from fifty-six countries. In 1993, keeping abreast of technological progress, the Index changed over from print to CD-ROM. Users can now take advantage of cumulative data built up since 1979, the year in which the Index was computerised. This anniversary edition, for example, contains almost one million entries from over 100 countries ranging from Albania to Zimbabwe. It covers every subject, including agriculture, architecture, art, biography, eco- nomics, education, geography, exact, natural and social sciences, history, law, literature, management, medicine, philosophy, psychology, religion, science and technology, spor t . . . Almost 200,000 authors are listed and 400 languages are mentioned. Every bibliographic entry carries the following information: author' s name, translated title of the work, translator's name, publisher' s name, year of publication, number of pages, the original language, and, in many cases, the original title. The subject matter is arranged to the Universal Deci- mal Classification (UDC) headings. Today some 60,000 new bibliographic ref- erences find their way into the Index each year. A Babel of Language s Translation exists because humanity speaks in many tongues. Why should human beings speak thousands of different, mutually incomprehensible lan- guages? One of the most central questions in the study of man' s cerebral and social evolution continues to baffle researchers and anthropologists alike. "Why does Homo Sapiens, whose digestive track has evolved and functions in precisely the same complicated ways the world over, whose biochemical fabric and genetic potential are, orthodox science assures us, essentially com- mon, the delicate runnels of whose cortex are wholly akin in all peoples and at every stage of social evolution--why does this unified, though individually unique mammalian species not use one common language?" asks Professor George Steiner in his book After Babel, Aspects of Language and Translation (1975). In fact man speaks in not one or two or half a dozen but over six thousand languages. These living languages themselves are the remnants of a much Naravane 25 larger number spoken in the past. In many parts of the worl d the l anguage map is a mosaic each of whose stones, some of t hem minuscule, is entirely or partially distinct from all others in colour and texture. For Mexico and Central America alone almost 200 languages have been listed not to speak of the veritable kaleidoscope that makes up the Asian and African linguistic landscape. Aba, an Altaic idiom spoken by Tartars is the first ent ry in the l anguage catalogue whi ch ends wi t h Zyriene, a Finno-Ugariatic speech used between the Urals and the Arctic shore. Barriers erected by lin- guistic differences have often led to mut ual contempt, hat red and strife be- t ween communities. In Asia, Africa or South America l anguage differences have prevent ed communities from coming together to fight economic isola- tion, from pooling their energies against foreign invaders. Depri ved of their own l anguage by conquerors and colonisers, many cultures have been stunted, never recovering a vital identity. This multiplicity of tongues has, t hroughout the ages, captured the religious and philosophic imagination. Among the Gnostics there are two mai n lines of conjecture: that God, in creating the Earth made an error whi ch resulted in the scattering of languages or that the divisions erected by languages are a form of divine puni shment . The occult tradition even holds that a single pri mal lan- guage, an Ur-Sprache lies behi nd the cacophonous dissonance of clashing tongues. It is via the German philosopher Gottfried Leibniz (1646-1716), and more recently J.G. Hamann, that l anguage mysticism enters the current of rational linguistic study. To Transl ate Or Not To Tr a ns l a t e . . . The key question that linguistic theory poses is whet her or not translation, especially bet ween different languages is possible at all. The universalist view, is that the underl yi ng structure of language is universal and common to man- kind, that the differences are essentially superficial. Translation is realisable precisely because those deep seated universals, genetic, historical, social, from whi ch all grammars derive can be located and recognised as operative in every human idiom, however singular or bizarre its superficial forms. To translate is to descend beneat h the exterior disparities of two languages in order to bring into vital pl ay their analogous, and, at the final depths, common principles of being. Here the universalist position touches closely upon the mystical intu- ition of a lost primal or paradigmatic speech. The opposi ng vi ew is the belief that real translation is impossible. What passes for translation is a convention of approximate analogies, a rough-cast similitude, just tolerable when the two relevant languages are cognate, but altogether spurious when remote tongues and far-removed sensibilities are in question. Most linguists and translators find themselves vacillating between these two extremes. Perhaps the most beautiful, profound, concentrated and acute comment ary 26 Publishing Research Quarterly / Winter 1999-2000 on t he act of t r ansl at i on itself has been offered by t he Ar gent i ne wr i t er Jorge Lui s Borges i n his st ory Pierre Menard, Author of Don Quixote (1939) i n whi c h Menar d, i n 1918, sets hi msel f t he t ask of total t r ansl at i on or t r ansubst ant i at i on. Thr ee cent ur i es after t he ori gi nal was wr i t t en, his ai m is not to make a me- chani cal copy of t he ori gi nal . Hi s i nt ent i on is to pr oduce a f ew pages whi c h wo u l d coi nci de, wo r d for wor d, line for l i ne wi t h t hose of Mi guel de Cervant es. Hi s a p p r o a c h to t he t ask, says Pr of es s or St ei ner , it " wa s one of ut t e r mi mesi s . . . i.e. to put onesel f so deepl y i n t une wi t h Cer vant es' bei ng as to re-enact , i nevi t abl y, t he exact s um of his real i sat i ons and st at ement s. The ar du- ousness of t he game is di zzyi ng . . . . In ot her wor ds , any genui ne act of t ransl a- t i on is, i n one r egar d at least, an e nde a vour to go backwar ds up t he escal at or of t i me and to re-enact vol unt ar i l y wha t was a cont i ngent mot i on of spi r i t . . To r epeat an al r eady ext ant book i n an al i en t ongue is t he t r ansl at or ' s "myst e- r i ous d u t y " . . , di ffi cul t past h u ma n i magi ni ng. " The New York Times once descr i bed Gr egor y Rabassa, wh o has br ought us t he books of Gabri el Garci a Mar quez i n Engl i sh as "t he finest t r ansl at or wh o ever d r e w br eat h". Whe n a t ransl at or comes ver y close to r epl i cat i ng t he origi- nal i n bot h l et t er and spirit, he becomes al most a mi r r or - r ef l ect i on of t he au- thor. Needl es s to say, such occasi ons are ext r emel y rare. Bridging Cultures Tr ansl at i on is per haps as ol d as wr i t i ng itself. Thr oughout t he cent ur i es t r ansl at or s have been at t empt i ng to br i dge cul t ur es and br eak d o wn bar r i er s be t we e n nat i ons, cont i nent s and civilisations. They have br ought t he past cl ose to t he pr esent , semant i cal l y conquer i ng t i me and space. They have been in- s t r ument al i n pr opagat i ng rel i gi ous beliefs and cul t ur al val ues. They have pl ayed a cruci al rol e i n shapi ng t he hi st or y of manki nd. A r o u g h and r e a dy di vi si on r uns t hr ough t he hi st or y and pract i ce of t ransl at i on and t her e is har dl y a t reat i se on t he subj ect whi c h does not di st i ngui sh bet ween t he t r ansl at i on of c o mmo n mat t er - - pr i vat e, commer ci al , clerical, e p h e me r a l - - a n d t he r ecr eat i ve t r ansf er f r om one l i t erary, phi l osophi c or rel i gi ous text to anot her . In t he annal s of rel i gi ous t ransl at i ons t he name of Saint Jerome, t he pat r on sai nt of t ransl at ors, is wr i t t en i n letters of gold. He was t he first per s on to t ransl at e t he Bible i nt o Lat i n and t he Ol d Test ament di r ect l y f r om t he He br e w i nt o Latin. But he had several ot her comr ades i n ar ms such as Wul fi l a wh o evangel i s ed the Got hs, Cyri l wh o has gi ven his name to t he Cyri l l i c al phabet . The i ncr edi bl e expansi on of Buddhi s m whi c h spr ead f r om I ndi a to Chi na, Japan and ot her part s of Sout h East Asia is due to ver y ear l y r udi me nt a r y t ransl at i ons dat i ng back to the 1st cent ur y al t hough t he first syst emat i c r ender - i ng of Buddhi s t texts i nt o Chi nese was unde r t a ke n by Kumar aj i va i n t he Vt h cent ur y. Ther e is no aspect of our life, scientific, historical, cul t ural , l i t er ar y or social whi c h has not been affect ed by t he ha nd of the t ransl at or. Today wi t h t he Naravane 27 world shrinking into a "global village", the need for translation is more keenly felt than ever. "To speak a language," said Frantz Fanon "is to take on a world, a culture." In seeking to transport words or texts from one language into another the translator cannot merely search for equivalent words in the "target language" to render the meaning of the "source." He has to be attentive to the larger cultural context whence they spring and which they express. As the expression of a culture, a means of communication, a language emerges to serve the community that uses it. Language evolves with the community, keep- ing in step with new economic, social and cultural developments, being the vehicle for the expression of changing needs, ideologies and philosophies. The influence a language wields derives from the wealth, economic, political intel- lectual or cultural, of the community to which it belongs. A language which clings rigidly to its past, refusing, for the sake of purity, to adapt to the constantly changing and growing world, inevitably gets left behind. The linguistic landscape has been forged by the historical process. Sanskrit or Ancient Egyptian, the languages of two of the greatest civilisations the planet has known have almost disappeared and have ceased to exist as "living languages." The craft of the translator is deeply ambivalent. The translator "re-exper- iences" the evolution of language itself. Our age, our personal sensibilities, writes Octavio Paz, are immersed in the world of translation, or more pre- cisely, in a world which is itself a translation of other worlds, of other systems. Shaking Off Colonial Shackles The question of colonialism is inherent in any discussion of translation and Third World writers are increasingly expressing their fears about how their works are translated and "appropriated" by the West. The process of transla- tion in making non-western cultures comprehensible and available in the West entails the exercise of colonial power and proceeds in a predictable direction-- alien cultural forms are recuperated via a process of familiarisation--whereby they are denuded of their foreignness and radical inaccessibility. Another exer- cise of Western power has to do with what and who gets translated. This has to do with the selection of certain voices, certain views, certain texts over others by the publishing industry and by reviewers and critics. Edward W. Said remembers the time an American publisher told him "The problem is that Arabic is a controversial language." Of all the major world literatures, he says, Arabic remains relatively unknown and unread in the West for reasons that are unique, even remarkable, at a time when tastes for the non-European are more developed than ever before and, even more com- pelling, cont emporary Arabic literature is at a particularly i nt erest i ng j unct ure. . . There almost seems to be a deliberate policy of maintaining a kind of monolithic reductionism where the Arabs and Islam are concerned. Comments social anthropologist Talal Assad: "From the coloniser's stand- 28 Publishing Research Quarterly / Winter 1999-2000 point the issue is not whether the colonised writer is "modern" but whether he or she is "good enough" to be accorded serious critical attention as part of what is called modern world culture. Rightly or wrongly it is the coloniser who has the power to make this judgement. And even if a novel like Tahar Ben Jalloun's La nui t sacrde is described both as "resister and liberator" it is the Prix Goncourt (France's most prestigious literary prize) that locates it unequivo- cally within modern world culture." Tahar Ben Jalloun himself is disappointed at the treatment meted out to several of his Moroccan contemporaries writing in Arabic: "They are almost never translated. For some reason, the West feels that only the Egyptians or Lebanese are worth translating from the Arabic into modern European lan- guages. If you do not use the language of the coloniser your chances of being translated into other modern European languages are very low." Rapi d Gr owt h Nevertheless, there is an increasing demand for translation. Just how hun- gry the world is for knowledge of the other, for exchange of every kind is evident from the spectacular growth in the number of translations published each year. The Index Translationum grew rapidly, reflecting the development of pub- lishing activity world-wide. The decolonising process was under way and more and more countries joined the United Nations system as i ndependent sovereign States. Enhanced levels of education, increased cultural exchange and the need, the desire to know and understand "the other" were other factors which contributed to the Index Translationum' s rapid growth. Thanks to continuing international co-operation the Index Translationum re- mains a work tool that is unique in the world. Each year national libraries or bibliography centres in the participating countries send UNESCO bibliographi- cal data concerning translated books in all fields of knowledge. Periodicals, articles from periodicals, patents and brochures are not included. Who Us e s t he I ndex? Librarians, documentalists, researchers, publishers, journalists, translators, students, book shops, all consult the Index Translationum to find out if an author has been translated, into what language and by whom. Furthermore, the Index is the best reference work for establishing statistics concerning trans- lations, allowing specialists to analyse international readership and publishing markets according to their needs. It is a huge storehouse of information from which we can determine trends such as: changes in the tastes of the interna- tional reading public, the most frequently translated authors, the influence of certain languages over others, reciprocal influences or subject preferences at regional or international levels. Naravane 29 UNESCO's sector for Culture is in charge of gathering, normalizing, enter- ing and checking the data. It is also responsible for constantly updating the Index Translationum database. At the Organization's headquarters in Paris, a small team of professionals painstakingly enters titles sent in by contributing Member States. Sometimes the data received is incomplete and inconsistencies cannot always be avoided. It is slow, careful, precise work. "Of course with the data that we have we cannot say anything about the quality of the translation, whether it is faithful to the original, if it seeks to subvert, oversimplify or manipulate," says Cristina Iglesias, who heads the unit. Historic Change The most powerful and earth-shaking change that has taken place over the past decade is indubitably the fall of the former Soviet empire. The fall of the Berlin Wall swept away an ideology that had held sway over the imaginations of several million people across the globe for over six decades. Its reverbera- tions have been felt strongly in the field of translations. For a long time Lenin regularly topped the charts as the most translated author of all time. He has now been dethroned by none other than one of the most assiduous and zeal- ous fighters of communism: Walt Disney, the emblematic figure of western capitalism. The fall of the Berlin Wall has resulted in many changes. Certain types of books were proscribed in the former Soviet Union. Anything to do with lifestyle, management, health and fitness, romance or pornography was frowned upon. There has been a remarkable surge in the translation of books on all these subjects, especially computer technology, management, health guides and ro- mance. Mills and Boon or Harlequin romances are being translated with in- creasing frequency. These books were banned because they were considered decadent. The newly emerging Eastern democracies are making up for lost time with a vengeance. English Dominates Another fact which emerges from the perusal of the Index Translationum is the dominance of the English language. Almost fifty per cent of all translations are made from the English into various languages. But only six percent of all translations are into English. The number of books translated each year also remains relatively small compared to the total number of books published in the world. A London publisher blamed this situation on a lack of good translators. "At least as far a literature is concerned it is extremely difficult to find good trans- lators, those who understand the cultural contexts of the source and the target language, people who can get under the skin of the author they are trying to translate. " she said. 30 Publishing Research Quarterly/Winter 1999-2000 Not ever yone at UNESCO shares this poi nt of vi ew. Even for l anguages consi der ed "di ffi cul t " t he Or gani zat i on has been able to fi nd excel l ent transla- tors for its series of Repr esent at i ve Works is hi ghl y appr eci at ed by scholars as wel l as t he general r eadi ng public. Cert ai n publ i shi ng houses t end to use t he di ffi cul t y of f i ndi ng good translators as an excuse to hi de t hei r rel uct ance to pay t ransl at i on rights. Some count ri es are evi dent l y mor e i n f avour of transla- t i on t han others. For i nst ance if a book has been publ i shed i n t he Engl i sh l anguage, f i ndi ng publ i sher s wi l l i ng to t ransl at e it i nt o Ger man, French, Span- i sh wi l l not be a probl em. But if it is t he contrary, t hat is if t he book has been publ i s hed i n French or Spani sh it is ver y difficult to fi nd a publ i sher wi l l i ng to pay t he ri ght s and publ i sh the title i n English. This is per haps one way of cont r ol l i ng the mar ket and mai nt ai ni ng t he cul t ural domi nance of Engl i sh and t he mar ket is cont r ol l ed t hr ough what is on offer, t hr ough t he avai l abi l i t y of pr oduct s sol d by t he i ndust r y of cul t ur e- - whet her it is musi c, or films or books. Several wri t ers wr i t i ng i n l anguages ot her t han Engl i sh be it French, Arabic, or Hi ndi compl ai n of t he over whel mi ng i nfl uence wi el ded by t he Angl o-Saxon publ i s hi ng i ndust ry. There is a cert ai n arrogance, t hey claim, on t he part of British and Amer i can publ i shi ng houses. It is as if t hey consi der anyt hi ng publ i s hed i n anot her l anguage to be aut omat i cal l y i nferi or to wha t appear s i n English. They are rel uct ant to translate forei gn books. So wi des pr ead is t he i nf l uence of Engl i sh as a l anguage t hat publ i shers i n Japan wi l l accept a book for t ransl at i on onl y if it has first been t ransl at ed i n English, as if bei ng accept ed by t he publ i shi ng i ndust r y t here had a dde d intrinsic val ue to t he wor k. And t hen t he t ransl at i on is oft en done f r om t he Engl i sh versi on, not f r om t he origi- nal. Robert Collison, f or mer BBC l i brari an wri t i ng i n t he UNESCO Courier i n 1958 poi nt ed to t he same probl em. The t ransl at i on of a t ransl at i on r uns t he risk of di st or t i ng t he sense or bei ng unfai t hful to t he original, he says. Spanish, The Fastest Growing Language Al t hough Ger man r emai ns t he l anguage whi ch accepts t he most t ransl at i ons Spani sh is undoubt e dl y t he l anguage whi ch is gr owi ng t he fastest f r om t he poi nt of vi ew of t he numbe r of titles t ransl at ed each year. This sort of opennes s can have di sast rous consequences for Spani sh writers. I a m sure t her e are cert ai n wri t ers who failed to fi nd publ i sher s i n Spai n because t her e wer e t oo ma ny t ransl at ed wor ks in t he market . A publ i sher has to s pend ver y little mone y on pr omot i ng a translation. The book is usual l y wel l k n o wn and all he has to pay is t he ri ght s and t he translator. Transl at i on can be a t wo e dge d s wor d- - i t can open ne w hor i zons for readers but it can also edge nat i onal wri t ers out of t he market . To make no mor e use of t he Index Translationum t han one woul d of a bibli- ogr aphy of i odi ne, of geront ol ogy, or of geneal ogy, woul d howe ve r be to Naravane 31 ignore completely its value as a significant human document, contends Robert Collison. By reading through the subject index to it is possible to gauge the change in public taste and the favour that authors find with their readers. UNESCO' s Col l e c t i on of Re pr e s e nt at i ve Works The collection includes over 1000 titles from more than 80 countries, trans- lated from a hundred or so different languages make up UNESCO's Collection of Representative Works which also celebrates 50 years of existence this year. The aim of the Collection is principally to encourage the translation, publica- tion and distribution in English, French, Spanish and Arabic, of works of liter- ary and cultural importance which are relatively unknown outside their lan- guages or countries of origin. The works translated under this programme are brought out as co-editions in partnership with publishers from all over the world. The Collection ranges very widely and includes works from contempo- rary minority cultures and languages as well as more traditional writings. A number of authors have achieved international recognition following the translation and publication of their books in this Collection. They include the Nobel Prize winners Yasunari Kawabata, Vicente A!eixandre, Ivo Andritch, George Seferis, Halldor K. Laxness and Wislava Szymborska. Since it was launched in 1948, the UNESCO Collection of Representative Works has en- deavoured to reflect the variety and wealth of the world' s literary heritage. UNESCO's contribution to this programme is both intellectual--selection of authors, works and translators--and financial--providing assistance for trans- lation and purchasing copies for distribution and sale. International, multilin- gual and pluricultural, the collection is in effect, a Library of Libraries which has opened wide its doors to new literary works from cultures that were either fragmented or marginalized. The Collection includes: anthologies of short stories and poetry, sagas, leg- ends, epic poems and epics, travelogues, poetry, fiction (including plays), and basic works of a philosophical, religious or historical nature. Chi l dr e n' s Books What emerges from a perusal of the Index Translationum as concerns books for children is that the classics remain perennial favourites. Danish author Hans Christian Andersen has been translated into some 60 languages includ- ing Albanian, Euskera (spoken in Spain's Basque region), Malay, Icelandic, Tadjik, Lithuanian . . . . Once again for this category, the ubiquitous Walt Disney tops the list. It is however doubtful if Walt Disney Productions can be considered an "original author" since most of the company' s creations are adaptations of all-time favourite classics, The Hunch Back of Notre Dame was written by Victor Hugo, The Little Mermaid by Hans Christian Andersen, Aladdin belongs to A Thousand 32 Publishing Research Quarterly / Winter 1999-2000 and One Nights, Snow White was created by the Grimm Brothers, The Jungle Book is Kipling's, Peter Pan was written by James Barry, Pinocchio by Carlo Collodi. The list is endless. While Disney' s adaptations have had a runaway success, the above men- tioned authors continue to be independently popular with children around the world. Adventure stories have an endless appeal as is evident from the innu- merable translations of Jules Verne, Alexandre Dumas, Jack London, Mark Twain, or Arthur Conon Doyle. With the exception of A Thousand and One Nights, there is a clear dominance by books from the West. The increasing power of the image over the power of the word is reflected in the fact that comic books are among the most translated titles for children. Asterix and Obelix the heroes of Gosciny and Uderzo' s adventure stories about the Gauls versus the Romans top the charts. Another favorite is TinTin, Herge' s reporter-detective, proving more popular than Batman, Superman, Spiderman, etc. put together. Space travel and extraterrestrial civilizations also appeal to young minds as is evident from the popularity of Star Trek. Th e Mo s t Tr a ns l a t e d Wr i t e r s . . . For a long time Vladimir Illyich Lenin was the most translated writer in the world. His speeches and writings were available in all the languages of the Soviet Union as well as in most of the world' s major languages. Up until the disintegration of the Soviet Union, that is. Now Lenin is living off past glory with the number of new translations at a standstill. There are still over 3,000 translations of Lenin available--until stocks last. For a long time Lenin, Queen of Crime Agatha Christie, The Bible and Walt Disney jostled for a place among the top four. Lenin having fallen into fourth place the triumvirate has Ms Christie, the Walt Disney Company and The Holy Book scrambling for first place. In these days of market capitalism Disney has a definite edge with surging new found popularity in the former Warsaw pact nations. The ten most translated authors in the world with over 1500 translations each are: 9 Agatha Christie 9 The Bible 9 Lenin 9 Jules Verne 9 Barbara Cartland 9 Enid Blyton Walt Disney Productions 9 William Shakespeare Naravane 33 9 Ha n s Chr i s t i an An d e r s e n 9 Th e Gr i mm Br o t h e r s 34 Publishing Research Quarterly / Winter 1999-2000 Country of Publication Germany France USA Spain Italy Switzerland Japan Brazil United Kingdom Portugal Poland Norway Sweden Finland Netherlands Yugoslavia Former USSR Denmark Bulgaria Total 128016 60187 27896 100776 22770 16822 48976 22584 14003 11005 20775 18007 18806 19822 40722 15637 92373 26282 13284 718743 Disciplines Applied Sciences Art/Games/Sports Education/Law/Social Sciences History/Geography Generalities / Information Literature / Children's Literature Natural and Exact Sciences Philosophy/Psychology Religion / Theology Total: 95077 48120 91501 61611 6679 449801 45044 49488 57123 904444 Language Original Target Arabic 4357 Bulgarian 12503 Classic Greek Czech 14383 Danish 25359 Dutch 48544 English 446724 69728 Finnish 18882 French 101154 79889 German 81935 153367 Hungarian 16124 Naravane 35 Language Original Target Italian 26354 25279 Japanese 49327 Latin Norwegian 17835 Polish 20369 Portuguese 35110 Romanian 6485 Russian 80176 50936 Slovak 10036 Spanish 18073 111701 Swedish 16256 19583 Turkish 7831 Ukrainian 4150 Total 770672 801778 Authors Ajtmatov, Cingiz 392 Alcott, Louisa May 371 Andersen, Hans Christian 1727 Andrews, Virginia C. 373 Anonymous 471 Aristoteles 401 Asimov, Isaac 1500 Bagley, Desmond 358 Balzac, Honore de 780 Beauvoir, Simone de 474 Benzoni, Juliette 453 Blyton, Enid 2203 Boll, Heinrich 365 Breznev, Leonid Ilic 635 Buck, Pearl Sydenstricker 619 Burroughs, Edgar Rice 458 Calvino, Italo 424 Camus, Albert 552 Carnegie, Dale 377 Caroll, Lewis 556 Cartland, Barbara 2331 Ceaucescu, Nicolae 395 Cehov, Anton Pavlovic 693 Chandler, Raymond 438 Chase, James Hadley 942 Clark, Mary Higgins 379 Clarke, Arthur Charles 431 Collins, Jackie 411 Conrad, Joseph 435 Cook, Robin 420 36 Publishing Research Quarterly / Winter 1999-2000 (continued) Aut hors Cookson, Catherine Cooper, James Fenimore Christie, Agatha Cronin, Archibald Joseph Dahl, Roald Dailey, Janet Deighton, Len Dickens, Charles Dostoevskij, Fedor Mihajlovic Doyle, Arthur Conan Du Maurier, Daphne Dumas, Alexandre Duras, Marguerite Eco, Umberto Engels, Friedrich Flaubert, Gustave Follet, Ken Forsyth, Frederick Freud, Sigmund Fromm, Erich Garcia, Marquez Gabriel Gardner, Erie Stanley Gibran, Kahlil Goethe, Johann Wolgang Gogol, Nikolaj Vasil'evic Golon, Anne Golon, Serge Gorkij, Maksim Goscinny, Rene Greene, Graham Grimm, Jacob Grimm, Wilhelm Haggard, Henry Rider Hailey, Arthur Hemingway, Ernest Herge Hesse, Hermann Higgins, Jack Highsmith, Patricia Holt, Victoria Homerus Hussein, Adam Joannes, Paulus II Papa Jordan, Penny Kafka, Franz 381 512 3953 390 627 509 372 1050 1101 1259 382 1406 428 435 1125 496 414 499 589 539 634 698 409 573 412 586 496 592 1292 797 1615 1618 364 355 951 6O0 760 693 466 1046 571 352 1224 378 568 Naravane 37 (continued) Aut hors King, Stephen Kippling, Rudyard Klepinina, Zoja Aleksandrovna Konsalik, Heinz Gunther Koontz, Harold Kundera, Milan Le Carte, John Lem, Stanislaw Lenin, Vladimir II'ic Lessing, Doris Lewis, Clive Staples Lindgren, Astrid London, Jack Ludlum, Robert Maclean, Alistair Makarycev, Jurij Nikolaevic Mann, Thomas Marx, Karl Mather, Anne Maugham, Sommerset Maupassant, Guy de May, Karl Mc Bain, Ed Miller, Henry Moliere Montgomery, Lucy Maud Moravia, Alberto Moro, Marija Ignatevna Murphy, Joseph Nabokov, Vladimir Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm Nosov, Nokolaj Nikolaevic Nostlinger, Christine Parramon, Vilasalo Joseph Perrault, Charles Poe, Edgar Allan Puskin, Aleksandr Sergeevic Rendell, Ruth Robins, Harold Sagan, Franqoise Saint Exupery Antoine de Satre, Jean-Paul Scarry, Richard Schulz, Charles Monroe Scott, Walter 1167 730 365 755 455 401 566 425 3391 456 470 948 1331 729 1139 394 418 1268 454 377 502 591 499 465 409 384 420 592 358 373 551 370 378 354 855 659 570 572 801 363 490 571 410 490 458 38 Publishing Research Quarterly / Winter 1999-2000 (continued) Aut hors Shakespeare, William Shaw, Irwin Sheldon, Sidney Simenon, Georges Singer, Isaac Bashevis Sjowall, Maj Smith, Wilbur A. Sophocles Steele, Daniele Steinbeck, James Steiner, Rudolf Stendhal Stevenson, Robert Louis Stout, Rex Stratemeyer, Edouard Swift, Jonathan Tagore, Rabindranath Tolkien, John Ronald Reuel Tolstoj, Lev Nikolaevic Turgenev, Ivan Sergeevic Twain, Mark Uderzo, Albert Vernes, Jules Villiers, Gerard de Wahloo, Per Wallace, Edgar Wells, Herbert George West, Morris Wilde, Oscar Zola, Emile 1760 384 688 1394 575 372 466 350 977 532 785 451 1066 393 455 453 361 547 1189 401 1284 489 2733 473 440 899 370 369 732 473
1982 A Midsummer Night's Sex Comedy (La Comedia Sexual de Una Noche de Verano) - Woody Allen - (DVDrip) (XviD 608x320x25) (MP3 Spanish + MP3 English) .En