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11:400:401 Updated 10/21/02

Laboratory 1
FRICTION LOSS IN PIPES, FITTINGS AN !AL!ES
O"#ECTI!E
The purpose of this laboratory is to demonstrate and estimate energy losses due to friction for a
Newtonian fluid flow through pipes.
T$EOR%
An energy balance in any flow system is given by the Bernoulli Equation.
gh
P
E W
gh
P


P
!

! !

v
+ +

= + + +

f
"!#
where$
P!% P$ pressure at points ! and % respectively "N&m

#
v!%v$ average flow velocity at points ! and % respectively "m&s#
$ density of the fluid in the pipe "'g&m
(
#
g$ gravitational acceleration ) *.+! m&s

h!% h$ flow head "height# at points ! and % respectively "m#


Ef$ energy requirement "loss# due to friction ",&'g#
Wp$ energy supplied by pump ",&'g#
-n this e.periment we will use the Bernoulli equation in two types of flow systems. Part A will
demonstrate its use in pipe flow and Part B in tan' draining.
!
PART A & PIPE FLO'
The flow geometry for this part is given in /ig. !. The pipe system is in a hori0ontal plane. -n this
geometry there is no change in potential energy and there is no pump wor'. Any change in
pressure is due to different forms of friction in the flow system. 1onsequently% the Bernoulli
equation is reduced to $
2 P& ) Ef ) "f3pipe v

#&4 5 1 v

& "#
where$
P$ pressure drop "N&m

# ) P2P!
f$ friction factor
3pipe$ length of pipe between points ! and "m#
4$ inside diameter of the pipe "m#
v$ average velocity "m&s#
1$ loss coefficients for pipe fittings
The energy requirement "loss# due to friction is composed of friction losses in a straight pipe of
length 3pipe% plus friction losses due to fittings.
The friction factor "f# depends on the nature of flow in the flow system. The flow inside a pipe is
characteri0ed by a dimensionless number called the 6eynolds number% 6e "N6e in 7ingh and
8eldman#. /or Newtonian fluids$

4 v
6e
=
"(#
where $ density% v $ average velocity% 4$ pipe inside diameter% $ viscosity.
The flow in a pipe can be characteri0ed by the value of 6e as follows$
(a)*+ar for 6e 9 !::
tra+,*t*o+ for !:: 9 6e 9 ;:::
t-rb-(e+t for 6e < ;:::
/or laminar flow%
6
!=
)
e
f
/or turbulent flows% the friction factor "f# is a comple. function of the 6eynolds number% the type
of material of the pipe and the roughness of the pipe. This is plotted in the >oody chart "/ig.
.!= of 7ingh and 8eldman#.
Pro.ed-re & Part A & P*pe F(o/
!. >easure the temperature of water.
. >easure the internal diameter of each test pipe sample by using a ?ernier 1aliper.
(. 1lose the inlet flow control valve ? and open the outlet flow control ?=.
;. 1hoose the appropriate pipe for the measurement of pressure drop. @pen and close the
appropriate valves to obtain flow of water through the required test pipe.
/or e.ample$ if you choose pipe % you should open ?; in pipe and close ?; in

Pipe !% ?; in pipe ( and A in pipe ;.


B. 7tart the pump "blac'$ onC red$ off#.
=. Dradually open the inlet flow control valve to allow water to flow along the test pipes and
into the volumetric tan'.
A. AdEust ? and ?= to obtain a suitable flow rate.
+. @pen bleed valves 1 and 4% record the pressure indicated by the pressure meter. Write
down two readings for each trial "flow rate# and get the average.
*. >easure the flow rate using the volumetric tan' in conEunction with flow control ?=. Time
"(:F =: sec# and increase in volume are to be noted down.
!:. Ta'e two measurements "different flow rates# for each pipe. 6epeat the procedure for
another test pipe.
!!. To stop the operation% close ?= followed by ?% then switch off the pump.

G >a'e sure that there are no air bubbles in the pipe while the e.periment is running.
Re,-(t, a+d *,.-,,*o+ & Part A & P*pe F(o/
!. 1alculate the pressure drop for the given flow conditions.
. Draph Ptheo H Pe.p vs. volumetric flow rate. 1ompare calculated and measured values and
discuss the results.
(. 4iscuss various sources of error in the e.periment.
Part " & TAN0 RAINING
The flow geometry for this part is shown in /ig. . -n tan' draining% the initial velocity of the
fluid% ?!% is negligibly small. Therefore% assuming that the e.periment is carried out fast enough to
'eep the height of water in the tan' relatively unchanged% the Bernoulli equation reduces to the
following$
E

v
2 h g

f
= ";#
where
Ef ) "f3pipe v

#&4 5 1fc v

&51ffelbow v

& 5 1ffvalvev

& "B#
The second term accounts for friction losses due to a sudden contraction where
1fc ) :.;"!.B 2 4

&4!

# at 4

&4!

:.A!B
1fc ) :.AB"!2 4

&4!

# at 4

&4!

> :.A!B
Pro.ed-re & Part " & Ta+1 ra*+*+2
(
!. /ill the tan' with water ma'ing sure that all valves are closed. 6ecord the temperature of the
water in the tan'.
. >easure the dimensions of the tan'% the length of the spout% number and type of fittings% etc.
4etermine the number of turns it ta'es to fully open the valves.
(. 6ecord the initial height of the water in the tan'. Placing a hand firmly under the no00le% open
the valve as directed. 6emoving the hand from under the no00le% capture the flow of water in
a buc'et for a short time "appro.. : sec.#. 6eturn the hand and close the valve. 6ecord the
time of flow and the final height of the water.
;. 6epeat the e.periment for both valves% opened as directed% with a total of three different initial
heights for each valve. O NOT ret-r+ t3e /ater to t3e ta+1 a4ter ea.3 tr*a(55
Re,-(t, a+d *,.-,,*o+ & Part " & Ta+1 ra*+*+2
!. 1alculate the e.pected flow rate from the tan' using the modified Bernoulli eq. IJse iterative
"successive substitution# method as shown in calculations hand out.K
. Draph
Theo
v
and E.p
v
vs. h. 1ompare and discuss calculated vs. observed flow rates. -n
which values are you more confidentL WhyL 4iscuss sources of error.
REFERENCES
8arper% ,.1.% Elements of Food Engineering% A?-% Westport% 1onnecticut% !*A=.
>c1abe and 7mith% Unit Operations of Chemical Engineering% (rd. ed.% >cDraw28ill -nc.% New
Mor'% !*=(% 1hap. ;2B.
Perry% ,.8.% Chemical Engineering Handbook% ;th ed.% >cDraw28ill -nc.% New Mor'% !*=(%
1hap. B.
7ingh% 6.P. and 4.6. 8eldman% Introduction to Food Engineering% Academic Press% -nc.% New
Mor'% pp. =2A:.
Toledo% 6.T.% Fundamentals of Food Process Engineering% A?- Publishing 1o.% Westport%
1onnecticut% !*+:% pp. !A(2!+=.
;
/igure !. 7chematic illustration of pipeline apparatus used to demonstrate friction
losses in Part A.
B
/igure . 7chematic illustration of tan' used to demonstrate friction loss in
Part B.
=
!
v
water
h
?alve% Dlobe or
Date
*: deg elbow

v
Ca(.-(at*o+, $a+do-t
Laboratory 1
Part A & P*pe F(o/
/irst calculate e.perimental pressure drop "PENP# and theoretical pressure drop "PT8E@#
for the pipe system. Then% graph PT8E@ H PENP vs. volumetric flow rate and discuss the
differences between the data "i.e. sources of e.perimental error#. Jse the following equations$
PENP ) OP! P PO "'Pa# ) readings from pressure meter.
PT8E@ ) "f3pipe v

#&4 5 1 v

& "Pa# where$ 4 is pipe inside diameter in m



(
@ 8
'g&m in

3pipe ) length of pipe "m#


Note: Lp*pe a+d f )-,t be .a(.-(ated5 1$ loss coefficient for pipe fittings

factor friction )
"m&s#C ?elocity v
f
=
a# /ind$ v
v ) volumetric flow rate & A% A) 6

"6 in m#% 6 ) 4&


b# /ind f$
i# /irst find 6eynoldQs number "6e#$

4 v
) 6e
Det and for water from Table A.;.
ii# -f flow is RturbulentS "6e<;:::#% use the >oody chart "/ig. .!=# to find f. f is a
function of 6e and the relative roughness &4 of the pipe. Jse for galvani0ed
iron.
-f 6e9!:: flow is RlaminarS and
e
6
!=
) f
.
Now%
P
T8E@
can be calculatedT
Part " & Ta+1 ra*+*+2
/or this part you will calculate the e.perimental and theoretical average velocity
( ) v for
each trial. Then graph your results of
ENP
v and
T8E@
v
vs. h and discuss any differences. Jse
the following equations$
A
m
v
ENP

% where$
m mass flow rate in 'g & s

=
= 8 @ density in 'g & m

(
A ) cross sectional area of pipe

A
?
theo
) g h
Cfc5 Cffelbow 5 Cffvalve 5 ;4Lpipe& 5!

where$ g ) *.+! m&s

h ) h!2h where$
h!)"hi5hf#&) av. water height in m
h):
C
fc
) friction loss due to Rsudden contractionS
C
fc
= :.;"!.B 2 4

&4!

#
f ) friction factor 6$INT: "ra,, *, a dra/+ t-b*+278
4 ) pipe diameter in m
3 ) length of pipe in m
C
fvalve
% C
felbow
$ friction loss for valve and elbow.
7o% in order to solve for
T8E@
v
we must 'now Rf.S But% f depends on
T8E@
v
T We cannot solve
this equation directly% but must use an iterative method. The starting value is found by calculating
T8E@
v
assuming there was no friction% i.e. h g v
!
= . @nce this initial value is calculated% find
the 6eynoldQs number using

4 v
) 6e
n
where n)!. /rom the 6eynoldQs number% find the
friction factor "f!#% and calculate
T8E@
v v =
where f ) f!. -f :B . : v & # v 2 v "
!
"within BU of
each other#% then the guess was correct and you are finished in one iteration. 8owever% if
:B . : v & # v 2 v "
!
> then you must do another iteration with n). GG6ecalculate the 6eynoldQs
number using the newly calculated
n
v % find the new fn% and recalculate
T8E@ ! n
v v =
+
where f ) fn.
6epeat the calculations from GG until the velocity values between two consecutive calculations are
within BU of each other% i.e. :B . : v & # v 2 v "
! n ! n n

+ +
. The final
T8E@ ! n
v v =
+
is the answer to be
compared with
ENP
v .
+

Ra/ ata 4or Lab 1& Part A
Temperature$
P*pe 2 : 4) % 3) % /itting$
/low rate V P"'Pa#
?olume
"liters#
Time
"sec#
/low rate
W"m
(
&s#
?elocity
"m&s#
6eading ! 6eading Average
Trial !
Trial
P*pe 9 : 4) % 3) % /itting$
/low rate V P"'Pa#
?olume
"liters#
Time
"sec#
/low rate
W"m
(
&s#
?elocity
"m&s#
6eading ! 6eading Average
Trial !
Trial
P*pe 4 : 4) % 3) % /itting$
/low rate V P"'Pa#
?olume
"liters#
Time
"sec#
/low rate
W"m
(
&s#
?elocity
"m&s#
6eading ! 6eading Average
Trial !
Trial
RA' ATA FOR LA" 1 PART "&TAN0 RAINING
*
TANX 4->EN7-@N7 "3.W.8#
"in#
NJ>BE6 @/ TJ6N7 T@ /J33M @PEN D3@BE
?A3?E
NJ>BE6 @/ TJ6N7 T@ /J33M @PEN DATE
?A3?E
>A77 @/ 8@ BJ1XET
"'g#
4-A>ETE6 @/ 7P@JT
"in# "m#
3ENDT8 @/ 7P@JT
"in# "m#
8@ TE>P
"
1#
-N-T-A3
8E-D8T% hi
/-NA3
8E-D8T% hf
>ass of 8: H
Buc'et "'g#
T->E
"s#
D3@BE ?A3?E% "/ully or 8alf @penLYYYY#
T6-A3 ! "in#
"m#
"in#
"m#
T6-A3 "in#
"m#
"in#
"m#
T6-A3 ( "in#
"m#
"in#
"m#
DATE ?A3?E% "/ully or 8alf @penLYYYYY#
T6-A3 ! "in#
"m#
"in#
"m#
T6-A3 "in#
"m#
"in#
"m#
T6-A3 ( "in#
"m#
"in#
"m#
!:

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