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Laboratory 1
FRICTION LOSS IN PIPES, FITTINGS AN !AL!ES
O"#ECTI!E
The purpose of this laboratory is to demonstrate and estimate energy losses due to friction for a
Newtonian fluid flow through pipes.
T$EOR%
An energy balance in any flow system is given by the Bernoulli Equation.
gh
P
E W
gh
P
P
!
! !
v
+ +
= + + +
f
"!#
where$
P!% P$ pressure at points ! and % respectively "N&m
#
v!%v$ average flow velocity at points ! and % respectively "m&s#
$ density of the fluid in the pipe "'g&m
(
#
g$ gravitational acceleration ) *.+! m&s
#&4 5 1 v
& "#
where$
P$ pressure drop "N&m
# ) P2P!
f$ friction factor
3pipe$ length of pipe between points ! and "m#
4$ inside diameter of the pipe "m#
v$ average velocity "m&s#
1$ loss coefficients for pipe fittings
The energy requirement "loss# due to friction is composed of friction losses in a straight pipe of
length 3pipe% plus friction losses due to fittings.
The friction factor "f# depends on the nature of flow in the flow system. The flow inside a pipe is
characteri0ed by a dimensionless number called the 6eynolds number% 6e "N6e in 7ingh and
8eldman#. /or Newtonian fluids$
4 v
6e
=
"(#
where $ density% v $ average velocity% 4$ pipe inside diameter% $ viscosity.
The flow in a pipe can be characteri0ed by the value of 6e as follows$
(a)*+ar for 6e 9 !::
tra+,*t*o+ for !:: 9 6e 9 ;:::
t-rb-(e+t for 6e < ;:::
/or laminar flow%
6
!=
)
e
f
/or turbulent flows% the friction factor "f# is a comple. function of the 6eynolds number% the type
of material of the pipe and the roughness of the pipe. This is plotted in the >oody chart "/ig.
.!= of 7ingh and 8eldman#.
Pro.ed-re & Part A & P*pe F(o/
!. >easure the temperature of water.
. >easure the internal diameter of each test pipe sample by using a ?ernier 1aliper.
(. 1lose the inlet flow control valve ? and open the outlet flow control ?=.
;. 1hoose the appropriate pipe for the measurement of pressure drop. @pen and close the
appropriate valves to obtain flow of water through the required test pipe.
/or e.ample$ if you choose pipe % you should open ?; in pipe and close ?; in
v
2 h g
f
= ";#
where
Ef ) "f3pipe v
#&4 5 1fc v
&51ffelbow v
& 5 1ffvalvev
& "B#
The second term accounts for friction losses due to a sudden contraction where
1fc ) :.;"!.B 2 4
&4!
# at 4
&4!
:.A!B
1fc ) :.AB"!2 4
&4!
# at 4
&4!
> :.A!B
Pro.ed-re & Part " & Ta+1 ra*+*+2
(
!. /ill the tan' with water ma'ing sure that all valves are closed. 6ecord the temperature of the
water in the tan'.
. >easure the dimensions of the tan'% the length of the spout% number and type of fittings% etc.
4etermine the number of turns it ta'es to fully open the valves.
(. 6ecord the initial height of the water in the tan'. Placing a hand firmly under the no00le% open
the valve as directed. 6emoving the hand from under the no00le% capture the flow of water in
a buc'et for a short time "appro.. : sec.#. 6eturn the hand and close the valve. 6ecord the
time of flow and the final height of the water.
;. 6epeat the e.periment for both valves% opened as directed% with a total of three different initial
heights for each valve. O NOT ret-r+ t3e /ater to t3e ta+1 a4ter ea.3 tr*a(55
Re,-(t, a+d *,.-,,*o+ & Part " & Ta+1 ra*+*+2
!. 1alculate the e.pected flow rate from the tan' using the modified Bernoulli eq. IJse iterative
"successive substitution# method as shown in calculations hand out.K
. Draph
Theo
v
and E.p
v
vs. h. 1ompare and discuss calculated vs. observed flow rates. -n
which values are you more confidentL WhyL 4iscuss sources of error.
REFERENCES
8arper% ,.1.% Elements of Food Engineering% A?-% Westport% 1onnecticut% !*A=.
>c1abe and 7mith% Unit Operations of Chemical Engineering% (rd. ed.% >cDraw28ill -nc.% New
Mor'% !*=(% 1hap. ;2B.
Perry% ,.8.% Chemical Engineering Handbook% ;th ed.% >cDraw28ill -nc.% New Mor'% !*=(%
1hap. B.
7ingh% 6.P. and 4.6. 8eldman% Introduction to Food Engineering% Academic Press% -nc.% New
Mor'% pp. =2A:.
Toledo% 6.T.% Fundamentals of Food Process Engineering% A?- Publishing 1o.% Westport%
1onnecticut% !*+:% pp. !A(2!+=.
;
/igure !. 7chematic illustration of pipeline apparatus used to demonstrate friction
losses in Part A.
B
/igure . 7chematic illustration of tan' used to demonstrate friction loss in
Part B.
=
!
v
water
h
?alve% Dlobe or
Date
*: deg elbow
v
Ca(.-(at*o+, $a+do-t
Laboratory 1
Part A & P*pe F(o/
/irst calculate e.perimental pressure drop "PENP# and theoretical pressure drop "PT8E@#
for the pipe system. Then% graph PT8E@ H PENP vs. volumetric flow rate and discuss the
differences between the data "i.e. sources of e.perimental error#. Jse the following equations$
PENP ) OP! P PO "'Pa# ) readings from pressure meter.
PT8E@ ) "f3pipe v
#&4 5 1 v
4 v
) 6e
Det and for water from Table A.;.
ii# -f flow is RturbulentS "6e<;:::#% use the >oody chart "/ig. .!=# to find f. f is a
function of 6e and the relative roughness &4 of the pipe. Jse for galvani0ed
iron.
-f 6e9!:: flow is RlaminarS and
e
6
!=
) f
.
Now%
P
T8E@
can be calculatedT
Part " & Ta+1 ra*+*+2
/or this part you will calculate the e.perimental and theoretical average velocity
( ) v for
each trial. Then graph your results of
ENP
v and
T8E@
v
vs. h and discuss any differences. Jse
the following equations$
A
m
v
ENP
% where$
m mass flow rate in 'g & s
=
= 8 @ density in 'g & m
(
A ) cross sectional area of pipe
A
?
theo
) g h
Cfc5 Cffelbow 5 Cffvalve 5 ;4Lpipe& 5!
where$ g ) *.+! m&s
h ) h!2h where$
h!)"hi5hf#&) av. water height in m
h):
C
fc
) friction loss due to Rsudden contractionS
C
fc
= :.;"!.B 2 4
&4!
#
f ) friction factor 6$INT: "ra,, *, a dra/+ t-b*+278
4 ) pipe diameter in m
3 ) length of pipe in m
C
fvalve
% C
felbow
$ friction loss for valve and elbow.
7o% in order to solve for
T8E@
v
we must 'now Rf.S But% f depends on
T8E@
v
T We cannot solve
this equation directly% but must use an iterative method. The starting value is found by calculating
T8E@
v
assuming there was no friction% i.e. h g v
!
= . @nce this initial value is calculated% find
the 6eynoldQs number using
4 v
) 6e
n
where n)!. /rom the 6eynoldQs number% find the
friction factor "f!#% and calculate
T8E@
v v =
where f ) f!. -f :B . : v & # v 2 v "
!
"within BU of
each other#% then the guess was correct and you are finished in one iteration. 8owever% if
:B . : v & # v 2 v "
!
> then you must do another iteration with n). GG6ecalculate the 6eynoldQs
number using the newly calculated
n
v % find the new fn% and recalculate
T8E@ ! n
v v =
+
where f ) fn.
6epeat the calculations from GG until the velocity values between two consecutive calculations are
within BU of each other% i.e. :B . : v & # v 2 v "
! n ! n n
+ +
. The final
T8E@ ! n
v v =
+
is the answer to be
compared with
ENP
v .
+
Ra/ ata 4or Lab 1& Part A
Temperature$
P*pe 2 : 4) % 3) % /itting$
/low rate V P"'Pa#
?olume
"liters#
Time
"sec#
/low rate
W"m
(
&s#
?elocity
"m&s#
6eading ! 6eading Average
Trial !
Trial
P*pe 9 : 4) % 3) % /itting$
/low rate V P"'Pa#
?olume
"liters#
Time
"sec#
/low rate
W"m
(
&s#
?elocity
"m&s#
6eading ! 6eading Average
Trial !
Trial
P*pe 4 : 4) % 3) % /itting$
/low rate V P"'Pa#
?olume
"liters#
Time
"sec#
/low rate
W"m
(
&s#
?elocity
"m&s#
6eading ! 6eading Average
Trial !
Trial
RA' ATA FOR LA" 1 PART "&TAN0 RAINING
*
TANX 4->EN7-@N7 "3.W.8#
"in#
NJ>BE6 @/ TJ6N7 T@ /J33M @PEN D3@BE
?A3?E
NJ>BE6 @/ TJ6N7 T@ /J33M @PEN DATE
?A3?E
>A77 @/ 8@ BJ1XET
"'g#
4-A>ETE6 @/ 7P@JT
"in# "m#
3ENDT8 @/ 7P@JT
"in# "m#
8@ TE>P
"
1#
-N-T-A3
8E-D8T% hi
/-NA3
8E-D8T% hf
>ass of 8: H
Buc'et "'g#
T->E
"s#
D3@BE ?A3?E% "/ully or 8alf @penLYYYY#
T6-A3 ! "in#
"m#
"in#
"m#
T6-A3 "in#
"m#
"in#
"m#
T6-A3 ( "in#
"m#
"in#
"m#
DATE ?A3?E% "/ully or 8alf @penLYYYYY#
T6-A3 ! "in#
"m#
"in#
"m#
T6-A3 "in#
"m#
"in#
"m#
T6-A3 ( "in#
"m#
"in#
"m#
!: