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Learning Arabic

Language of the
UR'AN
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Learning Arabic
Language of the
Qur'an
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l.8t Edition: January 2010
Supervised by:
Abdul Malik Mujahid
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Maktaba Dar-us-Salam
Learning Arabic Language of the Our'an- Riyadh-2009
484 p, 14x21cm
ISBN: 978-603-500-065-9
1-0uran-language-study and teaching 2-Arabic
Language-Ouranic teaching I-Title
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ISBN: 978-603-500-065-9
~ ~ - - - - - - - - - - ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ p - - - - - - - - - - ~ ?
Learning Arabic
Language of the
Qur'an
By
Izzath U roosa
iJ
DARUSSALAM
GLOBAL LEADER IN ISLAMIC BOOKS
Riyadh. Jeddah. AI-Khobar .Sharjah
Lahore. London Houston. New York
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I CONTENT I
Fore word .................................................................... , .............. 17
Preface ........................................................................ , .............. 21
Introduction ................................................................................ 25
Acknow ledglnent ........................................................ " .............. 29
Word, Noun, Verb .................................................................... 31
............................................................................. 31
Noun - r)'I .............................................................................. 33
lUlca"tor 2
Numher - ;.:>...;JI .......................................................................... 41
Singular - ;).:JI, duals - jDl.. ................................................ .41
Plurals - ............................................................... , .............. 41
Sound Plural- ........................................... , .............. 43
Broken Plural- ......................................... , ............. .43
CAa"tor 3
Pronouns - ...................................................................... 51
5 Content
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Third person - ................................................................. 52
Second person - ............................................................ 56
First person - .................................................................... 60
O"aptllr
P
. . <-1" 65
reposItions - f. \ U3r ............................................................ .
Adverb of Time and Place - ............................ 75
O"aptllr 6
Demonstrative Pronoun - ........................................... 77
Near Distance - ................................................ 78
Far Distance - ......................................................... 78
O"aptllr 1
Relative Pronouns - r
1
.................................................. 85
O"aptllr 8
I
. P \ o,i\ ' 0 \ 89
nterrogatIve ronouns - ........................................ ..
O"aptllr 9
Possessive Phrase - ............................................... 95
O"aptllr 10
Descriptive Phrase - .......................................... 101
O"aptllr 11
Simple Nominal Sentence - H:i-I .................................. 1 07
6 Content
.................................................................... Learning AraiJ,c U 19uage of the QUR'AN
,
Subject - \ :1\ ......................................... .. ........................... 108
Predicate - ............................................................... , ...... 109
ltAaptuf l'1
Verb - .............................................. . .. ...................... 113
Past Tense: Consonants ......................... .. ......................... 113
Past tense table of - j;.1............................ .... .. ...................... j 15
Past tense table of- : ................................................. 118
'-
P bl
r ' ; , ., , 9
ast tense ta e OJ - : .................................................. J I ..
The use of - :J ........................................................................ 122
ltAaptut 13
Verbal Sentence - .lwl.-I .............................................. 125
H d'v
' b ;'''.> "" 1"1
an1zate er s - ............................................... .)
Hamzah as first radical - \ ........ .......... .. ............................ 131
Han1Zah as middle radical - JL. .............. . .. ....................... 132
Hamzah as third radical - b .................................................. 133
ltAaptl1t lfj
Weak Verbs \- ;k:11 jL;j\l1 - Assimilated V';rb- J'4\ .......... 135
The Assimilated waw - s))1 ......................................... 136
The Assimilated yaa - 01,:-11 ............................................. 138
7 Content
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eA"pttlr 16
Weak Verbs 11- ;k:\\ j:.;j'J1 - Hollow Verb - ............. 141
The Hollow Wa'A - 0.J\j1 .............................................. 141
The Hollow Yaa - - '11 .................................................. 146
eA"ptor 11
Weak Verbs III - 1\;::.1\ j:.;j'J1 - Defective Verb - ......... 149
The Defective W, w- 0",,\j1 ............................................ 149
The Defective Ya 1 - j\;;JI ............................................... 151
eA"ptor 18
Doubly Weak Verb - ..................................................... 159
eA"ptor 19
Double Lettered \-erbs - ........................................... 163
eA"ptor 20
Verbs with tixed prepositions - E ......... 167
eA"ptor 21
The Present Tense - ............................................. 177
Consonant Verbs - J:.;j 'lI ............................................ 177
eA"pttlr 22
The Imperfect Tense ................................................................ 185
Hamzated Verbs - ............................................ 185
. ...-"'- -;. J' f
Hamzah as first radIcal - I ........................................... 185
8 COlltellt
....... --------------------------- Learning Arabic Lang:.1age of the QUR'AN
Hamzah as second radical- jL : jb ..................................... 187
Hamzah as third radical- b : ........................................... 188
el!captor 23
The Imperfect Tens .................................................................. 191
Weak Verbs - ik:l1 UW\ .......................................... 191
Assimilated Verb - j'4l1 ......................................................... 191
The Assimilated Waw J'4lI ......................................... 191
The Assimilated Yaa - JYI J'4l1 ............................................. 195
Hollow Verb - .J;.. ............................................................... 196
The Hollow Waw -15-J1).\1 .J;.. .............................................. 196
The Hollow Yaa - J\JI .J;.. .................................................. 198
Defective Verb - Ji9UI ........................................................... 200
The defective Waw -15-J1).\1 ............................................ 200
The defective Yaa - Jl;jl ................................................ 201
el!captor
The Imperfect Tense ............................................................... 209
Doubly Weak Verb - Ulh:ll ................................ 209
el!captor 26
The Imperfect Tense ............................................................... 213
Double Lettered Verbs - Ulh:lI ......................... 213
9 Content
"""" ........................................................... Learning Arabic Language of the QURAN
t!AtlpifJr 26
Past Continuous - 0-,';';':-11 .................................... 217
t!AtlpifJr 21
Moods of the Imperfect Tense I - ......................... 219
The Subjunctive - ............................................ 220
t!AtlpifJr 28
Moods of the Imperfect Tense II - ........................ 229
The Jussive - ................................................... 229
t!AtlpifJr 29
The Imperative - >'1
1
....................................................... 243
Direct Command - .............................................. 244
t!AtlpifJr 30
The Imperative - ';;'11 ....................................................... 259
Indirect Command - 3 .................................... 259
t!AtlpifJr 31
Transitive and IntranSitive - -II) 0 Verbs ............. 261
t!AtlpifJr 32
The Past Passive Verb - .............................. 263
Passive Verb of Consonants - ...................................... 264
Hamzated Verbs - ......................................................... 268
10 Content
_ ............................................................ Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
Weak Verbs - ....................................................... 272
Doubly Weak Verbs -, 1)\\ ................................................... 277
Double Lettered Verbs - ............................................ 277
a4aptllr 33
The Imperfect Passive Verb - tJW\ ......................... 281
Passive Verb of Consonants - ..................................... 281
Hamzated Verbs - ........................................................ 283
Weak Verbs - ....................................................... 286
Doubly Weak Verbs -, 1)\\ ................................................... 288
Double Lettered Verbs - ............................................ 288
Double Emphasis - (1 - 0y ................................. 293
The Active Participle - t:l ............................................. 299
Hamzated and Assimilated Verbs - ..................... 301
Hollow Verbs - ............................................................. 303
Defective Verbs - .......................................................... 304
Double Lettered Verbs - ........................................... 305
a4aptllr 36
The Passive Participle - J);U\ t:l ........................................... 311
11 Content
=--=--""""'=--""""' ......................... """"'..... Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
Hamzated and\ssimilated Verbs ............................................ 314
Hollow Verbs - 0?-'11 ............................................................. 314
Defective Verrs - .......................................................... 316
Double Lettered Vabs - ........................................... 316
l!Aaptor 31
Verbal Noun- ......................................................... 319
l!Aaptor 38
Triliteral Verb - :,1)WI BI ................................ 325
Fonn II - fo ....... .................................................................... 327
Ollaptor'tO
Form III - ......................................................................... 333
l!Aaptor Itl
, 337
Form IV - ........................................................................ .
u
Fom1 V - j.:15 ......................................................................... 343
CAaptcr "3
Form V\ - j.C.W ........................................................................ 347
Form VII - ....................................................................... 351
12 Content
;;;;;;;;;;;;----------------------------- Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
lUl.ttpt 01 It 6
Form VIII - j;;.11 ...................................................................... 353
CAttptol 1t6
Form IX - .......................................................................... 359
CAttptol 1t1
Form X - , ....................................................................... 361
CAttptol ItS
Form XI - ........................................................................ 365
CAttptol 1t9
Four Lettered Verbs - '" ............................... 367
Form XII - ji:J ........................................................................ 367
CAttptol60
Derived Forms of 4-lettered Verbs - ... 369
Form XIll- ..................................................................... 369
Form XIV - .................................................................... 369
Form XV - .................................................................... 370
CAttptol61
Declension ofa Noun - ;"1j.;1 ............................................... 371
Indeclinable Nouns - ...................................................... 371
Declinable nouns - ........................................................ 373
13 Content
.............................................................. Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
OAapt.,62
Exception - .................................................................. 375
OAapt.,68
Absolute Negation - ':1 .............................................. 379
OAapt.,6ft
The Noun of Place and Time - j rl ....................... 381
OAapt., 6fj
Noun of Instrument - rl .................................................. 385
OAapt.,66
Feminine Gender - c:.JjJI rLJt ................................................. 387
OAapt.,61
Conditional Sentences - ........................................ 395
OAapt.,68
Inna and its Sisters -- j .............................................. .401
OAapt.,69
Kaana and its Sister" - j 0'6' ......................................... .403
OAapt.,60
The Accusative 1- .................................................. .405
Objects - u.:J\ ...................................................................... 405
D
Ob J' :'\ 405
lrect '!:i ......................................................... .
14 Content
""""""""""""'""""'''''''''"''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' .... Learning Arabc Language of the QUR'AN
Absolute Object - Jy; Ui ............................................... .406
J 0 0,.... , $
Object for Time or Place - J:;.w\ .......................... .408
Object to Express Aim or Purpose - ;J Jy; Ui ........................ .41 0
Object for Denoting Use of With -;,;;, JY;l:Ji ........................ .411
ltAttpttu 61
The Accusative II - ................................................. .413
Noun for State - J\3..\ ............................................................... .413
The Specification - .................................... " ................. .416
ltAttpttlt 62
Particles of Conjunction - ................................ .419
ltAttpttlr 63
The Interjection - J( q ................................................. .425
The Vocative - ....................................................... .425
J ,
Other Particles of Interjection - .............. .429
Adjectives - ................................................................. .433
ltAttpttlt 60
Noun of Pre-eminence - r-:l. .. .. .. .4
37
The Comparative - J .. .. .. .. .. .437
15 Content
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The Superlative J r:l .................................................. .440
(Ut.apttu 66
The Elative r:; ........................................................... .443
eftapttJr 61
The Numbers and its usage ............................. .447
The Cardinal Numbers ;J.;J\ ...................................... .447
The Ordinal Numt
1
ers -- )J.;J\ ........................................ .460

The Fractions ............................................................. .462
The Distributive Adjectives ......................... .463
eftapttJr 68
The Substitute - j-0i ............................................................. .469
eftapttJr 69
Various Unorthodox Verbs JJ- jW'l\ ............. .471
The Verb (not to he) ..................................................... .471
The Verb of Praisl' and Blame flll j C.:.JI jwt .................... .4 73
The Verbs of Wonder JwL ...................................... .474
The Verb (may be) ....................................................... .475
eftapttJr 10
Five Magnified N')UI1S :il ........................... .477
16 Content
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1 ____ F_o_r_e_w_o_r_d ___ _
.r
The message of the Qur'an is addressed to the entire Iluman
kind in Arabic language. Almighty Allah says:
"We have sent it down as an Arabic Qur'an that you may
understand." (12:2)
Arabic is a beautiful language. Every Verse in the Holy
Qur'an that was revealed to Prophet Muhammad (P.B.U.H.) in
Arabic some 1400 years ago is a specimen of eloquence. J'or the
believers, the Qur'an was opening a new world where e\il had
to be rejected and virtue promoted. The non-believers, on the
other hand, could sense the "magical effects" of the Qur an hut
did not want to change their lives. Therefore, wherevtT they
came across recitation of the Qur'an they tried to block their
ears with the fingers.
The appreciation of the beauty of the Qur'anic latlguage
could be gained through perfect understanding of Arabic. But
for a Muslim, it is not just eloquence or the beauty of the language
that matters. He or she would like to go deeper into its meaning
because it is the message that one wishes to imbibe in life.
17 Foreword
=== ................................................... Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
Some commentators of the Qur'an say that knowledge of
Arabic is mandatory for every Muslim. But majority of the
commentators are of the opinion that though knowledge of
Arabic is required :fi)r a Muslim, it is not compulsory. In any
case, it is a fact that knowledge of Arabic would help in better
understanding the Qur'an. Therefore, the better the authority
over the language thf better the comprehension of the Book that
guides us all on the right path.
Acquiring command over Arabic could be a relatively easy
task for those whose mother tongue it is. But its learning is
definitely difficult fc r the non-speakers of this language. The
study of Arabic, therefore, cannot be taken lightly.
The world market is flooded with books that claim to teach
Arabic the easy way. These books are helpful only to the job
seekers in the Middle East. The books that could impart
knowledge of Arabic that is required for the understanding of
the Qur'an are rare. The book in your hand is especially
designed for the learning of the language of the Qur'an. All the
examples used for explaining Arabic grammar have been taken
straight from the Holy Qur'an. This approach helps a beginner
to enter the world of the Qur' an directly. While the student is
learning Arabic grammar he or she begins to understand the
Qur'an. This is a very special feature of this book.
The other characteristics that make this book attractive and
useful are the simplicity of language, its clarity and effectiveness of
the expression in achieving its objective. The book could be
used by students of dif1erent age groups if their intention is to learn
Arabic with an eye on the proper understanding the of the Qur'an.
18 Foreword
.................................................................... Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
The author has profound knowledge of Arabic as well as
English. She also possesses deep insight of Qur'anic expressions.
She studied Arabic in Saudi Arabia and India. This comprehensive
book is the result of her diligence and commitment to learning and
teaching the Qur'anic Arabic. We hope that she would be writing
more useful books on this and other subjects related to Qur'anic
studies in the future. May Allah give her the reward for this
valuable service to the understanding of the Qur' an and make it
popular among the students and the academIc world at large.
Prof :Molisin Vsmani Wadwi,
'-/.

Professor of Arabic,
Dean Faculty of English and
Foreign Languages University
(formerly CIEFL),
Hyderabad, India.
19 Foreword
........... -- Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
20
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Preface
Arabic holds an eminent POSltlO:1 among the Semitic
languages. While most of the Semitic languages have slowly
faded out, Arabic, owing to its dynamic nature, is alive and still
growing. Also, viewed through the facl that languages do vary
in form and style according to the geographical location of their
speakers and changing times Arabic may be described as
unique. Amazingly it has not only survived but also retained the
same format it had some 1500 years agcl. The reason behind this
phenomenon is the Holy Qur'an.
During the time when Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon
him) started spreading the message of Islam, Arabic was used
differently in different parts of the Arabian Peninsula. But Allah
Subhanahu Wa Ta 'fa provided an 0pportunity to unify all
accents of Arabic by revealing the Qll"'an in the eloquent and
attractive Qureshi style, which was SOOI. adopted by all.
Along with the message of Islam, Arabic too moved into
different parts of the world. A time came \vhen large groups of
people who did not know Arabic had to adopt this language. For
this purpose they were required to know the grammar of the
language. Hazrath Ali (may Allah be pleased with him) realised
the importance of such a need and asked Abul Aswad Ad-
21 Preface
........................................ -............................ Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
Duwali to extract the grammar from the Qur'an and prepare a
guide. This guide later appeared as a well-developed base for
grammar. Among the Arabic grammar books, Alkitab of Sibawaih
is considered the most important.
In the meantime, writing of new grammar books continued.
Since India had begun to come under the Arab-Muslim influence
in the eighth century, the need to understand Arabic grammar in
a proper way was keenly felt. Consequently some grammar
books were writ len here. Later responding to the needs of
English speaking people, numerous books were also written on
the subject in English.
The long tradition of works on Arabic grammar indicates the
significance attached to such tasks and their relevance in
learning and mastering the language. One other reason for
giving such attention to Arabic grammar is the fact that it is
different from the other languages. Arabic pronunciation is
based on erab or syntax. A little mistake in the use of erab could
change the entire meaning of a word.
The number of people who wish to learn Arabic grammar so
as to understand and appreciate the meaning of the Qur'an
properly is growing rapidly. But there is a dearth of books in
English which could satisfy the needs of the new generation of
learners. Keeping this vacuum in mind, a scholar of Arabic,
Mrs. Izzath Uroosa, who has had the good fortune of learning
the language and its grammar in Saudi Arabia and also obtaining
an M.A. degree in Arabic from the English and Foreign
Language University, Hyderabad, India, took up the daunting
task of preparing a book on the subject. She has successfully
22 Preface
................................................................. Learning Arabc Language of the QUR'AN
attempted to meet the requirements of the learners from varied
educational backgrounds. In her endeavor she has used the
added advantage of teaching groups of women from different
educational backgrounds for several y e a r ~
The hallmark of this book is its completeness, meaning, she
has dealt with every important aspect of Arabic grammar. The
other important feature of the book is the use of examples from
the Qur'an. She has taken pains to explain knotty points through
Qur'anic text by quoting relevant Verses. The third important
dimension of this book is its simple language, which can be
understood effortlessly. For this purpose she has used easier
translation of the verses. With all these features I would describe
this book as exemplary and unique.
May Almighty Allah make this book beneficial to the
learners and also give the author its ajr (reward) in this world
and hereafter.
cDr. rJ?.gsFliaNaseem Naawi,
Associate Professor of Arabic, English
and
Foreign Languages University
(formerly CIEFL),
Hyderabad, India.
23 Preface
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24
................................................................... Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
Introduction J
The language of the Qur'an is different from modem Arabic.
Therefore, the two streams of the same language of Divine
revelation need different approaches of learning. While there arc
numerous educational institutions that oftlr courses in modern
Arabic, the number of those that coach the 'anguage of Qur'an is
limited.
As I began to learn Qur'anic Arabic aboJt two decades ago in
Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, I started making notes of
things that could help a non-Arabic spcak:ng person in picking
up the language more comf0J1ably.
A few years later I became an Arabic teacher. During the course
of teaching in Hyderabad, India, I found flat the participants in
each class differed vastly in social and edLlcational background.
Some had little formal education and some others were degree
holders. A few of them did not know Urdu, some were well versed
in Hindi and most others wanted me to explain Arabic grammar in
English. I realised that if I could impart a ~ w basic principles of
the language to a learner, he or she could get the hang of grammar
and appreciate the nuances in Qur'anic Verses within a few weeks
into the course.
25 Introduction
................................... ---.------............ Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
The other thi!g that struck me was that there could not
possibly be a Sl1gk book capablc of serving students who
possessed no fO! mal education or had gone through various
stages of academ.c life. That is the reason, I told mysclf, that
there are so m n ~ books on the subject. Each one is attempting
to reach out to tl ~ sludent in a different manner. According to
my own understa Idillg and feedback this book could be filiing
up the gaps the le:rnus might have encountered in other books.
The examples have used to explain the grammar in this book
are all from the (!ur>:tn. The examples thus serve two purposcs.
They serve the ba:ic (lbjective of explaining a particular tcnTI and
also offer the studt nt an opportunity to understand a Verse and the
manner in which it has been used in the Qur'an.
In any casc, it :-; UP to the student to decide whether the book
has been of any hl Jp to him or her.
I have used th ~ English translation of the Verscs irom Mir
Aneesuddin's 'Th( Holy Qur'an," published by Islamic Academy
of Sciences, Hyderabad, India. Dr. Abdullah Abbas Nadwi's book
"Learn the Langua!e ofthe Holy Qur'an" has been of great help.
The book d o e ~ not claim to teach Arabic grammar in its
entirety. It providc: fUlldamental knowledge of the grammar that is
used in the Qur'ar. It can be safely said that once a student gocs
through the entire course that has been encapsulated in this book he
or she would begin to understand the meaning of the Qur'an in its
right perspective. As we know understanding of the Qur'an IS
essential to appreci:lte and practice Islam in its true sense.
26 Introduction
..................................................................... Learning Arabic Language ofthe QUR'AN
I am looking forward to your comments and suggestions so
as to improve the book in future editions.
27
:Mrs. Izzatli Vroosa
B.5c., M.A. B. Ed.
8-2-399/B/6, Hyder Manzil,
Road No.5, Banjara Hills,
Hyderabad, 500034, AP, India
e-mail:izzathuroosa@gmail.com
Introduction
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
28
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
Acknowledgment
[ would like to express my thanks to my teachers in Riyadh -
Dr. Anjum Tauseef and Dr. Wasifa Azeem who initiated me into
learning the Qur'anic language and enabled me to teach it to
others. My thanks are also due to my teachers at the English and
Foreign Languages University (formerly Central Institute of
English and Foreign Languages or CIEFL) at Hyderabad, India -
Prof. Mohsin Usmani Nadwi, Dr. Sycd Rashid Naseem Nadwi
and Dr Syed Jehangir who went through the text of this book
and made valuable suggestions. The book could not have been
completed without the enthusiastic SLlPP( Irt [ received from my
student Mrs. Naseha Mudassir who not ollly typed the entire text
but also carried out the corrections patiently. I would like to
place on record my thanks to Mr. Syed Iftekhar, the artist who
designed the cover page and gave a pwfessional touch to the
entire book, and Mr. Fauzan Azami who worked on the design
and layout.
[ am grateful to my ever-patient mother who saw the
fulfillment of some of her dreams in me and helped and guided
me through the thick and thin. She is undoubtedly my
29 Acknowledgment
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
inspiration and my best friend. My children who were very
young when I started learning the language bore the brunt of this
challenging task smilingly which I had undertaken and carried
on for long years. My prayers and special thanks are to them.
Over and above, I am indebted to my husband Mr. Syed
Abdul Mutakabbir Arshad, an avid reader of Islamic literature,
who has been a pillar of strength all through my life. Without his
unstinted support and encouragement I could not have learnt
Arabic grammar, interacted with people, taught my students and
also write this book.
In spite of all the efforts I have made and the help I have
received, some mistakes in the book might have gone
unnoticed. Please, direct my attention so that they could be
corrected in the future editions. I will be awaiting your response
as well as prayers.
30 Acknowledgment
Learning Arab,c Language of the QUR'AN
cvf'

----_._--- ---
I Chapter 1 ]


WORD, NOUN, VERB
Word -
A word is a unit of spoken or written language.
Example:
A hook

He knew
I
He wrote
Kinds of Words -
There are three kinds of words:

Noun " ':1\


Verb


Particle J)l\
Noun - r--:'j\: A Noun is the name of (l person, animal, place,
or thing.
31 1: Word, Noun, Verb
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
Examples:
r '!.:LI ____ A_l_la_h ____
Muhammad Sun
I __ / __________ S_to_n_e ____
J..,) Horse Morning
I __________ G_a_rd_e_n ____
I ,palm J;.! Elephant
I
.Ju i Fire Rope
i v.--
I
Bird City

Neck Spring/Eye
Face Star
Verb - \: A vcrb denotes action in relation to past, present or
future tense.
Example:
He opened
He hits
o / 0 \

Listen
-
Don't help
32 1: Word, Noun, Verb
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
Particle - : It is a word which does 110t convey complete
meaning when it stands alone. It gives meaning to a sentence
only when it is used with a verb or a nOlln. The particle does not
indicate the past, present or future tense
Examples:
From
From/About
J
NOUN
Nouns are divided into two kinds.

Indefinite

Definite


Indefinite Nouns .. :J) are names in general to a
living or non-living thing (common nouns).
Indefinite nouns end with nunnation (';')31';; )
, ,;;
Example:
51,
Man
J \
Punishment

,-!..AC
(ji!- 0
olJ.-ol
Woman Sky
Jl:.: Fish
'\
..y:'--
Earth

Water
0
,
Form
Jr
(j 0 J
:j
Kingdom

Mountain
..
33 1: Word, Noun, Verb
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AI
Definite Novns (.ij]"".l\ ~ ~ i \ ) are proper names given to
certain perso-l, place or an object.
Example:
(j "J
Ci"
-----
/(With nunnation JP/ ,::- ,::- ~ )
Important Cilaracteristics ora Noun:
The following are some important characteristics of a noun.
1. A Noun usually has a nunnnation (J}J/'::- ~ ) on it.
~ ,::-
Examples:
A House
A Chair
A Pen
A Book
A Messenger
34 1: Word, Noun, Vel
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
2. There are two conditions in which the nunnation

is dropped.
The indefinite noun can be changed to detinite by adding the
prefix' JI' (which is a defmite article) and the nunnation (';''';1

-;- is dropped.
Example:
8\ 9' +J\ M'
:. ;.
The + girl The girl
J 9
+ J\
The + news The news




+
J\
The + fruit The fruit
J ...... 0...... fj.... 0,.

The + ruler The ruler
J,.. 0 !i ,. 0 .....

The + silver The silver

f M
+ j\
fY-
The + day The day
35 1: Word, Noun, Verb
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
Note: The proper nouns like j,J'G.., are definite by nature.
Therefore, JI cannot be added to them.
When two nouns come together in the possessive form, the
nunnation (';'P/ ;<';<' !< ) is dropped from the first noun
while the corresponding harakah will remain.
The second noun will have kasrah (-::::-) or tanwin kasrah (-;-) .
In the possessive case, the possessor comes after the thing
pO'lsessed.
Lxam!J/es:
.tiJI + G
Fire + Allah Fire of Allah
.ili\ +
Messenger + Allah -7 Messenger of Allah
j o'r'l +
-f-y.-"-' . Jy:-"-'.
People + the grave People of the grave
oj jl3' 0' +0tS

Book + your -7 Your book (plural)
House + your -7 Your house (singular)
Nominative Case ;.:JI): When the noun is the
subjed (doer of the verb) of the sentence it will bear dammah
36 1: Word, Noun, Verb
Learning Arabi,: Language of the OUR'AN
(2..) or tanwin dammah (.i..). The noun \\ ith damlJlah will be in
the nominative case.
Examples:
- Nooh said. (71 :21)
j..1j - And the moon was split. (54: 1)
- And a caravan came. (12:19)
3. Accusative Case (\ .a.? 1\ When the noun is the
object of the sentence, it will bearfatha (.-::::...) or tamvinfatha
(.-::..). Here the noun will be in the accusative case.
Examples:
"Allah has made the Ka'bah.' (5:(17)
"And Allah sets forth an example.' (66: 1 1 )
"Then Allah sent a crow." (5:31)
4. Genitive Case ().l\ If the noun is preceded by a
preposition, it will bear kasrah (-:;-) (lr tanwin kasrah (-;;;-) .
Here the noun will be in the genitive case.
37 1: Word, Noun, Verb
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
Examples:

"From the evil ofthat which He has created." (113:2)
,j{, 4/.lc. . /)0-: }.,
"{ .... - ..-!.).... -.,,!J >f' j!'
"Then he will lead a life of pleasure." (101 :7)
"On the straight path." (36:4)
5. Some nouns such as: are exceptions to the rule and therefore
do not have nunnation (J),j/ '" ! nor kasrah (:::-) in the
- '"
genitive case. The genitive case will be denoted by fatha
jO \",0\ 0/ O. J/o"- J ",:0,,:
, , t=r ,
Examples:
"Go to Firawn, he has certainly rebelled." (79: 17)
(;-./
"And mention in the book (about) Maryam." (19:16)
Usually non-Arabic names and names which have more than 3
letters do not bear nunnation (J),j/ '" !.
- '"
Also nouns used as adjectives denoting colors do not bear
nunnation eJ),j/ '" !>)-
- '"
38 1: Word, Noun, Verb
Learning Arabc Language of the QUR'AN
Examples:
- Green
Black
Yellow
Red
White
Examples:

"He it is who made the tire for you from the green trees."
(36:80)

"You can distinguish the white thread." (2: 187)
39 1: Word, Noun, Verb
........................ ........................ Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'M
40
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
1 j.

.
NUMBER -
Singular I Dual and Plurals
In English there is only singular and plural. However, there are
three numbers in Arabic:

Singular


Dual
JSJI

Plural
8-
1
The dual is formed by adding the suffIX /atha, alif and noon with
kasrah in the nominative case i]\,;.) and fatha,
sukoon and noon with kasra (J-;-) in both the accusative and
genitive case for masculine nouns.
Examples of masculine duals:
0" ! ,.
-;,."

(Case)
Singular Dual


Nominative
/
dJ \,;. )
A Muslim Two Muslim';
41 2: Number
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
q.:;
A Muslim

Accusative


Two Muslims

Genitive

().ll Db.)
l
Two Muslims
F
A Muslim
Examples:
4 .
"'\ __ " __ J;. !Jr
"And as f(,r the wall, it belongs to two orphan boys in
the city." (18: 82)
For feminine ... , the nouns end in " 0 " ). This
changes to an ordinary "u " in the dual. The suffixes "01":::""
and "J..-;-" will be added as in masculine duals.
Examples of feminine duals:

J!.A
(Case)
Singular
Dual


Nominative
Db.)
A Muslim woman Two Muslim women

.0;: \ 0 J
Accusative
')
M

A Muslim woman
Two Muslim women

Genitive
. "

().ll iJb.)
A Muslim woman Two Muslim women
42 2: Number
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
Examples:

"We have assigned to one of them two gardens of
grapes." (18: 32)

"And for him who feared to stand before his Fosterer
are two gardens." (55:46)
There are two types of plurals in Arabic:
1. Sound plural
2. Broken plural
rJL:J\ 8-'

The Sound Plural (HL.:J\ 8--1) : In the formation of sound plural
the original form of the noun does not change. It has different
masculine and feminine forms and is iom1ed by suffixing dammah,
waw with sukoon and noon withfatha "0)2.." in nominative, and
kasrah, yaa with sukoon and noon with fatha ":;'-:;-" in the
accusative and genitive cases to the end of the masculine nouns.
Examples of masculine Sound Plurals:
A Muslim

y
Two Muslims
43
C!
Plural
0 , \ ' '.

Muslims
Nominative

2: Number
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
:

Accusative


A Muslim Two Muslims Muslims


F
Genitive

M ,
Oll Db.)
Muslims
Two Muslims
A Muslim
For feminine plurals fatha, aiif and taa with tanwin dammah
is suffixed for nominative, and fatha, alif and taa with
tanwin kesrah for accusative and genitive cases .
... J
:.""-'

.)fl-A

t: (Case)
Singular Dual Plural
Ii


Nominative


Muslim Two Muslim
Muslim women
Db.)
woman women
:

u
Accusative
-
"
Muslim Two Muslim Muslim

woman women women


. -

Genitive
"


u
Muslim Two Muslim
"
Oll Db.)
Muslim woman
women women
Note:
In the singular form we observe that the nominative, accusative
and genitive cases are evident by the harakah on the
last letter of ' : i. e. tanwin dammah , tanwin fatha
and tanwin kasrah (-;;-). This is called
44 2: Number
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
In the dual and plural forms, the are not evident with
harakah but represent the nominative, accusative
and genitive cases with the use of letters as (01-=.::..) (03 .2..)
(03-='::") (037) This is called:
Example:
"The Muslim men and the Muslim women, the believing men
and the believing women, the obedient men and the obedient
women and the truthful men and the truthful women, the
patient men and the patient womel1, the humble men and the
humble women, the men who give charity and the women
who give charity, the men who and the women who fast,
the chaste men and the chaste H'Oml'n and the men who
remember Allah much and the women who remember; Allah
is certainly (ready for theiT) protective forgiveness and has
prepared a great rewardfor them." (33:35)
The Broken Plural Unlike sound plurals where the
original form of the word is retained, the broken plural is formed
45 2: Number
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
by making internal changes to the structure of the noun by
means of deletions, prefixes and suffixes.
Examples of broken plurals for the word is as follows:
'0- f"
-:; .... ,


Singular Dual
"l:5' 'L;l:5'
((j !5'
Nominative
y
i.d.
(
Book Two books Books


, 'l:5'

Accusative
lp-; M

Book Two books Books

,
S
Genitive
lp-; M,
"
0.-\
Books Two books Book
Here we see that the formation of the dual is the same as that of
the sound plural in the nominative, accusative and genitive
cases.
46 2: Number
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
Listed below are some examples of broker pluralso
,OJ

Singular
:;J/
'J
Boy
[! "

Lord
Property
{jO-;
-*
River
(J ., '"
Uj
Wife

Foot
(jo ....

Eye
Sword
'"

Man
..... 0 \

Woman
t!
Plural

Boys
0l;'\
o oJ
Lords
j1;1
Properties
/ -*1
Rivers
<j 0-;'
c.1J)
Wives
Feet
(j J 0 \/ (j ., j J

Eyes

.0 j J

Swords
"
J
G-

Men
Women
, 'J
.)?
Singular
(jO\
r
Command/ A tlai r
!! -:

Prophet
tj 0 j
C-'J
Soul
(jO :.

Month
City
Ship
Heart
Mountain
House
rt
Pen
47
t!
Plural
J

Commands/Affairs
Prophets
\/0 I
C'JJ
Souls

Months
Ij j j
0...lA
Cities
tj j

Ships
Hearts


Mountains
{i 0 JJ

Houses
2: Number
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
Examples:
L 81 -;-v 1---:1 1:1 "'1,
"'t '"+'J ",Jr
"And these days (ups and downs) We keep on changing
among human beings by tum." (3:140)
"And gardens beneath which rivers flow." (3: 136)
"Are different masters better or Allah, the One, the
Omnipotent'?" (12:39)
"And the mountains pegs?" (78:7)
"They have hearts with which they do not understand."
(7:179)
if, :a,:---'('1.:,\1 \.::

"Then m,IITY from among the women who seem good to
you." (4:3)
"Some of YOllr wives and your children are certainly
your enem ies." (64: 14)
48 2: Number
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
"That was because there came to them their messengers
with clear proofs." (64:6)
1 1/. ;G Y / )i tJ .1 .,' G .1"("';\/ / J"
"t t::" 't::.;, '!I"--" - u C: . j!'
"There is no sin on you if you enter non residential
buildings wherein your provision (IS stored)." (24:29)
49 2: Number
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
50
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
i ____ C_h_a_p_te_r_l ____ i
r
PRONOUNS -
Pronouns are words used as a substitute for a noun like he, she,
his, her, their, them, I, etc.
There are basically two types of pronouns:
1. Attached Pronoun (j ;"1\) which come attached to a
noun, verb or particle.
2. Detached Pronoun hll) which comes separately
without attaching itself to a verb, noun or particle.
Pronouns can be classified according to:
I. Conversation - r')tS:J \:
a. Third person - I
b. Second person -
c. First person
2. Gender -
a. Mascul ine
b. Feminine
51 3: Pronouns
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
3. Number-
a. Singular
b. Dual jlJI
c. Plural t:-I
Note: Unlike English, Arabic uses a separate word for 'two'
which is ?I (dual).
Third Person Pronouns -
As these are used most often in the Qur'an, we will deal with
them first.
Table for masculine third person pronouns - :



c:-
3rd person Masculine
Singular Dual Plural

/j
\.:A.
' j


Detached Pronouns
He They two They all

j
\.:A.
' j
0

Attached Pronouns
His
Theirs (two)
Theirs (all)



For him
For them
For them
(two)
(all)

\.:A.GI
,j GI


Only them Only them
Only him
(two) (all)
52 3: Pronouns
Learning Language of the OUR'AN
Table for feminine third person pronouns JJ;':: :
"
..l:>G

I..:-l C-.)y
e:-
3
rd
person Feminine
Singular Dual Plural
Cj:
\..:..,':,
:;; J
<Y
Detached Pronouns She They two They all
--


:;; J
<Y
Attached Pronouns Her Theirs (two) Theirs (all)
lJ
W

For her For them (two) For them (all)


J G\
<Y
Only her Only them (two) Only them (aU)
Examples of detached pronouns - -;"1\:


e:-
Singular Dual Plural

J


v
.....Jl:,
Masculine
They are They are
He is a Muslim
Muslims Muslims
: Cj:

:;; J
<Y
Feminine
They both are They are
She is a Muslim
Muslims Muslims
53 3: Pronouns
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
Examples of attached pronouns (j II :t! bl \ ) with a noun:
Masculine
.....
4/
oJ!. ....
.'.1
r+.'.1
His Lord Their Lord Their Lord
Feminine

4/
:; ,.! ....
.'.1
0+.'.1
Her Lord Their Lord Their Lord
Examples of attached pronouns ej ...i1.......bJ\ ) with a verb:
Masculine
u.\';'
I:

He created He created He created
him them them
Feminine
4i1.;.


He created her
He created He created
them them
Examples:
"Say, 'Allah is One.'" (112:1)
"But the devil whispered to them both." (7:20)
54 3: Pronouns
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
"And he swore to them both, 'I am certainly a sincere
adviser to you. '" (7 :21)
"That you should not serve anyone except Him." (17:23)

"When they sat around it." (85:6)
"And spend from that which We have provided for
them." (2:3)
"And they are certain about the hereafter." (2: 4)
d, / -", '/
"{ t.:.,..lj jt
"And seek His protective forgiveness. He is certainly
the acceptor of repentance." (110:3)
d,'" L: CL;::);'"
"{ '-': -;.' - jt
"To make clear to us, what is it (exactly)." (2:70)
55 3: Pronouns
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
"So when they reach (the end of) their term, then either
hold them in a recognized (good manner) or separate
them in a recognized (good manner). " (65:2)
If --: - !. k'. \ I .... -" ?-:; J"
0.:;, r u!- r
"(That you) bring the (soul) back, if you are truthful?"
(56:87)
Second Person Pronouns -
Table for masculine second person pronouns - ybW\;i.:.D )W\

.:Ip
?
t:-
2nd person Masculine Singular Dual Plural

'

o : \
r
Detached Pwnouns You You both You all
'.bJ\ _ k
jj
lS
F
Attached Pronouns
Yours
Yours (two) Yours(all)
\.:SJ
tw
For you For you both For you all
--
llGI

lSGI


Only Only from Only from
I
from you you (two) you (all)
56 3: Pronouns
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
Table for feminine second person pronouns - ,-:-J;W\ )W\

.

?
2nd person Feminine Singular Dual Plural

cJ\
\

I
\
....... -'
uu'
Detached Pronouns You
I
You hoth
all I

.!J
i'
,
\...0...
P
Attached Pronouns
Yours
Yours two) Yours(all)
1
I
I

5.,

I
LSJ
r--
For you For you both For you all I
i

I
l:5
0f=G\
I
-- .. ;:

Only Only IrOm Only from
from you you (two) you (all)
Examples of detached pronouns -

?

Singular Dual Plural
:

I

Masculine
You are a You both are You all are
Muslim Muslims Muslims
(j



Feminine
You are a You both are You all are
Muslim Muslims Muslims
57 3: Pronouns
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
Examples of at ached pronouns (J with a noun:
Masculine
Feminine I
I
I

Singular
/, :!-'"

Your Lord
,\ ....

Your Lord
?

.Dual Plural

o J ....
. J
F-;J
Lord of you
Lord of you all
both

::;:; J !. ...
.J

Lord of you
Lord of you all
both
Examples of attached pronouns (J ) with a verb:

?
e
Singular Dual Plural
I

, - .
Masculine
\ Q .>-
He created He created He created you
you you both all

/ ...-;'


Feminine
He created He created He created you
you you both all
Examples:
58 3: Pronouns
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
"They (angels) replied, 'Glory be to You, we do not have
knowledge except of that which You taught us. You are
certainly the All-Knowing, the All-Wise. '" (2:32)
"0 Adam! You and your wife, dwell in the garden."
(2:35)
"You Alone do we serve and (from) You Alone do we
seek help." (1 :5)
"Did We not expand/or you your bosom?" (94: 1)
"And when the angels said, '0 Maryam! Allah has
certainly chosen you and cleaned you and chosen you
above the women of the worlds. '" (3: 42)
"0 Maryam! Be devoutly obedient to your Fosterer and
prostrate and bow down with those who bow down."
(3:43)
59 3: Pronouns
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
..
First Person Pronoun - r lS'j Q IJ ~ ~ I
In the third and second person, we have categorized singUlar,
dual and plural ac,..:ording to the number. However, dual does
not exist for the fi cst person pronoun. "::J" It is used for both
dual and plural.
As in English the first person pronouns are common for both
masculine and fem:ninc genders.
Examples:
~
First person
(Masculine/Femi nine)
I
Detached Prone> uns
\ ~ ~ 5 II ' ~ I
~ ~
Attached Prono
(To Noun)
~ I ~
Attached Prono
(To Verh)
I
:.IllS
I.IllS
.-
~
t:-
Singular Plural
d
)l 0-:
:y..
I We
~
~
My Our
~
~
Me Us
d
W
Forme For us
~ GI
IS _ ~
~ ~ l
Only mc Only us
60 3: Pronouns
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
Note:
When attached pronouns are used with a noun we suffix" -S " to
the noun. When they are used with a verb" 4 " is used.


My Lord He created me
Sometimes in first person possessive singular pronoun, " -S " is
not attached to the noun or verb but the possession is indicated
by accenting the last letter with a kasrah (7)

"I respond to the prayer of one who prays." (2: 186)

"For you, your religion (or jUdgment) and for me, my
religion (or judgment)." (109:6)
01 comes in the meaning of surely/certainly. It can be attached
to pronouns and used.
Surely we
- Surely you
;U\ - Surely he
.i r/'-;/,/,/ >.-:; j." '''''- :>/ ,..,/< A
"{ L.,.>\ji )t
"Then glorify your Fosterer by praising Him and seek
His protective forgiveness. He is certainly the acceptor
of repentance." (110:3)
61 3: Pronouns
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
sk
"Certainly 1 turn my attention towards Him Who initiated
the creation of the skies and the Earth." (6:79)
"We certainly gave you abundance." (108:1)
.:J
"You are certainly the All-Knowing, the All-Wise." (2:32)
Examples of detached pronouns - )I-h\\:
(+,:d

:?

<..)
Masculine
We two are We all are
I am a Muslim
Muslims Muslims
{i



0" 0>-

Feminine
We two are We all are
I am a Muslim
Muslims Muslims
Examples of detached pronouns (j )U\) with a noun:
Masculine/Feminine

.0

.'J
My Lord
Our Lord
62 3: Pronouns
Learning Arabc Language of the OUR'AN
Examples of detached pronouns ej J\ )W\) with a verb:
Masculine/Feminine
Examples:

Singular


He created me
c:-
Plural
He created us
"They say, 'We are but reformers'" (2: 11)
"Which We have sent down to Our servant." (2:23)

"When we glorify You by praisi;lg You and exalt Your
Holiness." (2:30)

"And J am not a server of that wbich you serve." (109:4)
,
"For you, your religion (or judgment) and for me, my
religion (or judgment)." (109:6)
63 3: Pronouns
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
"OW' Fosterer! Give us good in this world and good in
the h ~ r e f t e r and save us from the punishment of fire."
(2: 2(11)
"Ane then fear Me Alone." (2:40)
64 3: Pronouns
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
PREPOSITIONS - ~ I ~ ~
Words which combine with a noun or pnmoun to form a phrase
are called prepositions.
They have meaning of their own and have an effect on nouns
and pronouns.
Their effect on the noun is that they will ch,.nge the vowel of the last
letter of the noun from dammah (2..) orfatha ~ ) to kasrah (7).
The prepositions which act on nouns are as follows:
JC - on/upon
Jl to/towards
y
in/with
~
III
.y
-
from/than
::i-
-
from/about
1.\ like/as
65 4: Prepositions
Learning Arabic Language of the C
- until
J for/to
Examples:
I.
On + hearts -7 on hearts
"Upon their hearts and upon their hearings, and
their is a covering." (2:7)
2. + -7 Ji
Towards' the heaven -7 towards the heaven
He set the balance towards the sky, tht
balanced them (into) seven skies (higher levels)." C=
With ,. the people -7 with the people
"Say, 'l seek the protection of the Fosterer ofmank
(114:1)
4. lj + 0::? -7 y2:? lj
In + religion -7 in religion.
66 4: Preposl
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
,GJ ";:01
"And you see people enter the religion of Allah in
troops." (110:2)
5. j + -7
Swear by + the fig -7 swear by the fig
"By thefig (or the place Teen where Nuh's ship embarked),
and the olive (or Zaita in Jerusalam, were Isa ibn Maryam
received and preached the message of Allah)." (95:1)
6. + ili\ -7
7.
Swear by + Allah -7 swear by Allah
"They said, 'By Allah, you know for certain." (12:73)
J
'. + y '-!l \ -7 y'-!l \ -:
tY
In + hunger -7 in hunger
ef.-'; ..
"Who has fed them in hunger and given them security
from fear." (106:4)
8. :J;- + -7 J:-
From + the right -7 from the right
67 4: Prepositions
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN

"From your right and from your left, in groups?" (70:37)
9.
Like + like straw
d4 J Lt
"'t: _/__ . j?
"So thal He made them like eaten up straw (husk)." (105:5)
10. y + ll;i
For + Allah for Allah
db . .
"'t:.:e
J
J /
"Whatever is in the skies and whatever is in the Earth is
Allah's." (2:284)
II.
Until + break until break
if .: --:.il..k,: 1\.
, "..f?'" l. (.s> ,
"Peace! It is till the appearance of dawn." (97:5)
All the above mentioned prepositions have their effect on the
last letter of the nOLins.
However, only fOLir of the above prepositions i.e. jC, Jl, y,
act on the pron,)uns They give kasrah (-;:::-) to the
first letter of the pronoun.
68 4: Prepositions
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
There is no action of these prepositions on ai1Y other pronouns.
Example:
JC+
J
-7

0

-7

JC+
' ,
-7


JC+
:;; ,
-7

yo
The following table displays the effect of jC, y, on the
J oj :;::J
pronouns 0, , yo.
Him

On On him
Them both
\ :--:I c
On them
both

Them all
(M)
'le
rl:.
On them
all( M)
::: J
.f
Them all
(F)
0i
1c

On them
all(F)
Ji
Towards
Towards
Him

Towards
them both

T 0\\ ards Towards
them all them all
(M) (F)

In, With With him

In In him

With them
both
In them
both
o
Mi
With them
all (M)

In them all
(M)

69
0-i
With them
all (F)

In them all
(F)
4: Prepositions
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
Examples:

"Then whosoever makes it incumbent on himself to
perform the Hajj therein." (2: 197)
"There will neither be any fear on them nor will they
grieve." (2:38)
,,{
"{ , J
"He misleads many with it and He guides many with it,
but He does not mislead anyone with it except the
transgressors." (2:26)
As we have mentioned earlier there is no action of these prepositions
on other pronouns. Examples for these are stated below.
JC + 11 - No action of JC on 11.
J '0 . J
+ 0 - No actIOn of on o.
Examples:
70 4: Prepositions
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
"And do not follow other ways which will part you from
His way. That He directs you with, that you may guard
(against evil)." (6:153)
"And relieve you of your burden." (94:2
"And (tum away) from them conside:-ing themselves
great, those are the inhabitants of the they will stay
in it." (7 :36)
Exception:
At one place (48: 1 0) in the Holy Qur' an there is no action of JC
on and it is read c. Allah says,
f<,
'- - Y':" ___ ;. 0"'J ?'
"And whoever fulfils the agreement which he has made
with Allah, then He will give him a great reward."
(48:10)
In the chapter "Pronouns" we observe that the preposition
comes attached to pronouns as a prefix and takes the form of " j "
except in the first person pronoun 'IS'.
71 4: Prepositions
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN


J!-o
c:-
Masculine Singular Dual Plural
-
,
I

I

o 9t"
I
Ml
\
I 3
rd
person i
For him For them both For them all

j1J
Lk:l

I . 2
nd
!

for you For you both For you all
i
p
I
\.J
I
j
I
I
I
I
I st person
For me
-
For us all
Examples:

"For 1 rim is the kingdom and to Him is due (all) praise."
(64: I)
"We" i II bring out for them a living creature from the
Earth." (27:82)

"Did We not expandfor you your bosom." (94: I)
72 4: Prepositions
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
I.!...ly
?
c:-
Feminine Singular Dual Plural



r
d
person For her For them both For them all


\.:S:J
J=J
2
nd
person For you For you both For you all

d
IJ
1
5t
person Forme
-
For us all
Examples:

"For it, is (the benefit of) what it has earned and against
it, is (the harm of) what it has earned." (2: 286)
"For you your religion (or judgment) and for me my
religion (or judgment)." (109:6)
73 4: Prepositions
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
74
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
Chapter 5
ADVERB OF TIME AND PLACE
Some words have the same effect on the nouns and pronouns as
the prepositions although they are not prepositions. These kind
of words are used as adverb of time and place.
The following are examples of such words used in the Holy Qur'an:
Under/Beneath a Some
0"..

Above/Over
::0-:

All/Every
j
Before/In front

i
Other than
-: "J
I.J))
Before

Other than
After


Behind Near
,

Between


With

e
Around
Jy;.
With/from

75 5: Adverb of Time and Place
Examples:
L ),
"(
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
"From beneath your feet." (6:65)

"And strive along with His Messenger." (9:86)
;f '/,\ /' Y //';,
,It L...",
"And you were not with them." (3:44)
/ /' /",,}.,... ",,'/'/ !J,-/,1. '7/)".

"Nay, they live, finding their sustenance in the presence
oltheir Lord." (3: 169)
;f C"/

"From the All-Wise, the All-Knowing." (27:6)
"And whoever seeks a religion other than Islam." (3:85)

"We make no distinction between any of them." (3:84)
J) ,
"And He is Omnipotent (All Powerful) over His servants."
(6:611

"We may place them beneath our feet." (41 :29)
76 5: Adverb of Time and Place
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN


Chapter 6
.Y"
DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUN
Words that are used to point at some thing are known as
Demonstrative Pronouns r-:l).
For examPle.; Iii. is a book (complete senlence)
d\ o/G';1\ j , \
/" /J ;J /
- That book (incomplete sentence)
/
d\ ./G';1\ ' ' \
/" /J ;'J /
In the above examples \i.J, and are and
and are called (the pointed at).
77 6: Demonstrative Pronouns
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
Note that by prefixing JI to the the sentence
gives an incomplete meaning as in the above example
"that book."
r:l has two forms:
Near distance - :JI r:1
Far distance - r:l
These are con:-;idered to be proper nouns or definite nouns.
Table for demonstrative Pronouns- near distance - \1,)'\ r:l:
..

.....
Singular
}i:o
Masculine This
j
I'
Feminine This

;:
Dll8:I ...

These (two)

These (two)
(Accusative & Genetive Case)

These (two)


. r::.r;j
Plural;\

These (all)

These (all)
I These (two)
I I (Accusative & Genetive Case)
78 6: Demonstrative Pronouns
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
There is a plural form in the demonstrative pronouns that is
common to both genders - f; - which is llsed only for human
beings. Otherwise the singular form of the feminine - - is
enough to refer to the collective of plural non- human nouns and
broken plurals.
Example:
"This is yours community." (23:52)
Examples:
d, -'! - /".:'(1.1:;
"t . V --.l:! j!'
"And this is a book confirming (it) in Arabic language."
(46:12)

"He said, 'I am Yusuf and this is my brother. '" (12:90)
"They said These two are surely magicians." (20:63)

"How will this be brought (back) to life by Allah after its
death?" (2:259)
79 6: Demonstrative Pronouns
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
db ..:ill j ~ \ - ~ :J -I "-<Db. ~
~ / y ~ ~ j?
"Say, 'This is my way, I invite towards Allah. "'( 12: 1 08)
"This community of yours is certainly one community."
(21 :92)
"But do not go near this tree." (2:35)
"Then you are the persons who kill your own people."
(2:85)
Note: If the demonstrative pronoun comes in a possessive sentence
it will come a1ter the possessive phrase.
"He S<I id, . I intend to marry you to one of these two
daughters of mine. (28:27). '"
"Go with this shirt of mine and put it on the face of my
father." (12:93)
80 6: Demonstrative Pronouns
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
Table for demonstrative pronouns-far distance - r-:l:

?

Singular Dual Plural

,



Masculine That Those (two) Those (all)

Those (two)
(Accusative & Genetive Case)
- ,


,


Feminine That Those (two) Those (all)

, . -
Those (two)
(Accusative & Genetive Case)
,
The plural form - - is common to both genders in far
distance demonstrative pronouns and is used only for human
beings. Otherwise the singular form of the fentinine is used
to refer to the broken plurals.
"Those messengers." (2:253)

"These are the Signs of Allah." (2:252)
81 6: Demonstrative Pronouns
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
Examples:
"This is the Book; in it is guidance sure, without doubt."
(2:2)
Those messengers, We had made some to excel others."
(2:253)
In the above examples, J..\JS and ~ are also used for things of
the near distance in order to emphasize the greatness or
seriousness of the object pointed at.
"He (Musa) said, 'That is what we have been seeking for.'"
(18:64)
~ ~ 3 ~ ~ ( / ~ ~ ~ ,
So those two, are the proofs (of your prophethood) from
your Fosterer." (28:32)
"Those are on guidance from their Fosterer and those
are the persons who are successful." (2:5)
82 6: Demonstrative Pronouns
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
"That is (something) of what my Fosterer has taught
me." (12:37)
"That is Allah your Fosterer, so serve Him. Will you not
then mind?" (10:3)
Note: In the last two examples ~ S and ~ S are used.
Although they seem like dual and plural they are singular but the
pronouns used are dual and plural.
~ \ j 'here' and ~ ~ 'there and then' are demonstrative
pronouns for place and time, e.g.
"So you and your Fosterer go and fight, we will certainly
sit here." (5:24)
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ G ,
"There did Zakariyya pray to his Fosterer." (3:38)
83 6: Demonstrative Pronouns
............... Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'M
84
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
Chapter 7
RELATIVE PRONOUN
Relative nouns relate to or depend on the w{ ;rd before or after them.
They indicate a particular thing but do not make complete sense.
~ ~
~ c::-
Singular Dual Plural
~
~ \ j \
-:'j\
}1:0
' .:J I
IS,
lr.,
Masculine
That one whol Those two ~ hoi Those all whon'hat
That one which Those two which
whoffhose which
J5JI
Those two ~ hoi
I Those two yvhich
I (Accusative &
Genetivc Case)
. -:' ~
~ \
I
~ \ . J \
I
~ ~ \ / ~ ~ \
"':"""'y
Feminine
That one whol Those two ~ hoi Those whol
That one which Those two which Those which
85 7: Relative Pronoun
I
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN

Those two who/
Those two which I
(Accusative &
Genetive Case) i
The relatIve sentence that follows the relatIve pronoun IS called
;\ It completes the meaning ofthe relative sentence.
When the relative pronoun refers to any part of the H except
the subject it must be repeated by an attached pronoun known as
(j '\ - (j
the or tJJ. For example:
"Then be on your guard against the fire prepared for the
infidels whose fuel will be human beings and stones." (2:24)
Here \,;; is the attached pronoun - &1):
Examples:
t,p&.JI
"And if those who do not believe fight with you, they
would certainly tum (their) backs." (48:22)
86 7: Relative Pronoun
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
j{, ,/ \,..-;;('.J. // 'j.// /
"{ ..
"Those who believe and do righteous works." (13:29)
"And asfor the two men who are guilty of the (indecency)
from among you." (4: 16)
L i\::-...
"t u::;-!>'J v, '.. :J ,/
"Our Fosterer! Show us those who misled us from among
thejinn and human beings." (41:29)
j{, "" / .J./?// ,''(l.' .. 1-,' \:: .if
s r
"Repel (evil) with that which is better. Then he between whom
and you was enmity would become an intimate friend." (41 :34)
"And as for those of your women who are guilty of
indecency." (4:15)
"Andfor those of your women who have passed the age
of menstruation." (65:4)
"And your step daughters under your guardianship (born)
of your wives unto whom you have gone in." (4:23)
87 7: Relative Pronoun
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
"Their mothers are none other than those who gave them
birth." (58:2)
(who/whoever), \;. (what/whatever) are also used as relative
nouns. is used for living things and I,;, is used for non-living things.
Examples:
.J. /.J....... -:;".# /' ,.-

"And among mankind is he who disputes regarding Allah
without knowledge." (22:3)
;f .J...J'j //."./
r
"He prays to him whose harm is nearer than his benefit."
(22:13)
4
"WIIOC\'cr does righteous work, whether male or female ... "
(16:')7)
"And We will definitely reward, those who are patient,
with their reward (which will be) better than that which
they used to do." (16:96)
@
-.. (-;;;\/I// J./ 1/,
1J.:Ul \.A ...u.;.,' X.Y \.A
'\ f /' / '.) - "-
"Thut ll'hich is with you passes away and that which is
with Allah remains." (16:96)
88 7: Relative Pronoun
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
Chapter 8
INTERROGATIVE PRONOUN
Words used in the beginning of a sentence tl) ask a question are
called interrogatives.
What
Why

Who
' ,
0'"
For whom/for which


What
<-
did

When
&
Since
0 J

Where

In what Q
f From where/ '
l-IO\\

I Whc
Which one;' wh
Which one/wi
Do
About what
I
-low come
i
uch
I
I
11
I
I
I
I
ose (masc.) i
lose (Fern)
I
(\.:.+Y)
!hat
yO)
:;
j\

(b

v.
Ji
rJ,.'i.

' t
i
lS/(.1:-

,r
89 8: Interrogative Pronoun
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
Examples:
aJ i}u 9
"The: said, 'You! Are you indeed Yusuf'?" (12:90)

"Say. 'U71at thing is greater (as) witness'?" (6: 19)
i:::WI l)Ll J. ;-! \ 9
"Do 'IOU think that you will enter the garden?" (2:214)
"Wh( is there who can recommend to Him except by
His pcnnission? (2:255)

- /---.:!.r
"Ane what is that in the right hand, 0 Moses?" (20: 17)
L 5 j
"t - r
"They ask you what they should spend." (2:215)

"Why do you say that which you do not do?" (6:2)
90 8: Interrogative Pronoun
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
"He said, '0 Maryam! From where (does) this (provision)
come to you'?" (3:37)
"(She) said, '0 My Fosterer! How can I have a son.'" (3:47)

"How long did you stay (in the state of death)." (2:259)
"How We set them together." (2:259)

"He (Allah) said, , What! Do you not helieve'?" (2:260)

"To whom belongs the power this day?" (40: 16)
"Where are those whom you claimed (that they were
Our) partners?" (6:22)

"And how would you reject." (3: 1 0 1)
91 8: Interrogative Pronoun
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'/
"LJo you really bear witness?" (6: 19)
~ ~ 4 ~ ~ ~ ;11: clLJ ,
"jl1el7 which of the favors of your Lord will ye deny
(5:d3)
"// bOlft what do they ask one another?" (78: 1)
~ o let man see from what he was created." (86:5)
"When will Allah's help come?" (2:214)
"They ask, 'When is the Day of Judgment'?" (51: 12)
"I i
7
ho created the skies and the Earth?" (29:61)
"] '0 ll,hich place of turning back they will turn back
(2(1:227)
92 8: Interrogative PronOi
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
"Which of you has this (chapter of the Qur' an) increased
in belief?" (9: 124)
The combination of and 0i- is :J.i- (Ii'om whom) or is
combined with r\' the conjunction (or) as (or how/or who).
L - fi. /" /.J. ""'/,
,
"Is he who devoutly prostrates and stands (for worship)
during the hours of night. .. " (39:9)
"Or who is it that has power over the hearing and the
sight?" (10:31)

"Who is it, Who has created the skies and the Earth?"
(27:60)
"Who is it, Who responds to the distressed when he prays
to Him?" (27:62)
93 8: Interrogative Pronoun
t
94
Learning Arabic Lan;uage of the OUR'AN
""-
--------C-ha-p-te-r-9

r
POSSESSIVE PHRASE
The possessive phrase is a combination of tw,) nouns in which
the first noun is owned by or in possession of tIle second noun.
Examples:
jG
/ J
Allah's of Allah

Allah's Prophet
j'
/
Allah's Help
/
?.
The story of the armies

- .,?
The group or satans

The companion of the fish

The Day of Decision
95 9: Possessive Phrase
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
In English possession can be denoted by apostrophe'S' or
by the use of the word "of", as displayed in the above examples.
In a possessive phrase, the fIrst noun is called JW\ (possessed)
and the second noun is called 41 JW\ (possessor).
JW\" ill aiways be an indefinite (common) noun and it
will never ha\ e the article' J\ ' with it.
cal h3 'e the a 'raab dammah (.2..),fatha (-=:::..) or kasrah
(-;::;-) on it but il will never have nunnation (J)j/ ,::
,::
The seco:ld noun, the 41 JW\ is generally (but not
always) a proper noun or otherwise is particularized by
prefixing j\ '.
Examples in which 41 JW\ is a common noun:
"This (Qur'an) is certainly the word of an honored
messenger." (69:40)
"And ,'he requital of an evil is an evil similar to it." (42:40)
"So \\ hoever does good equivalent in weight, even to a
small particle, will see it." (99:7)
96 9: Possessive Phrase
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
-/::, / J.,
"{ / r '-.r"..-3 7
"And from the evil of the envier \\ hen he envies."
(113:5)
The last letter of the ,;Jl 0WI wili alvays have tanwin
kasrah (-:;;-) or kasrah (,,/) i.e it will always be dqd (genitive).
4l0WI can also be in the form of a p'onoun. However
the pronoun will not bear kasrah (,,/) on It.
Examples:
.?--:i'': "." /J.,
.37
"So that I may complete Afy favor on you." (2: 150)
"His wealth and that which he earned \\ ill not save him."
(111:2)
/.J. ;.J.i"l ""''''1;::': \/j.-!\/ );;"1/ J.,
"{ '-f jlI\(J"'3 7
"While Allah was their Guardian. And on Allah then, let
the believers (put their) trust." (3: 122)

.).J.'?,.) -t.J./..:t ')-:;//'1" --:;: I",
.1 1 iJJ:--.,a..l
;.
"But if you are patient and guard yourselves, their plot
will not harm you in anything." (3: 120)
97 9: Possessive Phrase
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
"In her nee/.: (there will be) a rope of palm-fibre!" (111 :5)
"Do not dr ve them out from their houses." (65: 1)
"For you .\'Our religion (or judgment) and for me my
religion (or jUdgment)." (109:6)
.If. '\ -'''7-:. '''I'' 1-: ,,"I: '\ -' /" l"
'Y....\) .J '}!'
"And who deny Our signs and (tum away) from
them considering themselves great." (7:36)
"Why do YC1L\ stop from the path (if Allah, one who believes,
seeking crookedness in it." (3 :99)
"And hold together (and be united) through the rope of
Allah and do not be divided." (3: 103)

"And on the Day of Resurrection, they will be sent towards
a severe punishment." (2:85)
98 9: Possessive Phrase
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
"Did you not consider how your Fosterer dealt with the
owners of the elephant?" (105: 1 )
"Those will be the inhabitants of the fire, in it they will
stay." (2:39)

"He has surely gone astray from the balanced wCOJ." (2: 1 08)
"And that is the reward of the doers of good." (5:85)
IF
If the is dual or plural the '0' will be dropped in
possession. Thus "':::::""and ",,;.....:::::.." become "\"':::::""and
"0j2.." and become ":,2.." and respectively in
the nominative.
Examples:

"No! Both His Hands are spread out." (5:64)
99 9: Possessive Phrase
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
"So We made this (event) an exemplary punishment for
those who were infrant of them (witnessing it) and those
who came after them." (2:66)
"0 c/Jildren of Israel! Remember My favor with which I
favored you." (2:40)
Note: The bpdy parts which are in pairs will always be dual and
considered feminine.
If the demonstrative noun r-:D comes in a possessive
sentence it will come after the possessive phrase.
Examples:

----
"He said, 'I intend to marry you to one of these two
daughters afmine.'" (28:27)
"Go with this shirt afmine." (12:93)
100 9: Possessive Phrase
Learning Arabic LanguE,ge of the OUR'AN
Chapter 10
DESCRIPTIVE PHRASE
The descriptive phrase is a combination of two nouns wherein
the second noun describes the first. In such c,:ses the second
noun will be an adjective.
The first noun is called or
The second noun i.e. the adjective is called or
}
and wiIl be in full agreement witiJ each other in
terms of
TYPE: definite C.t?\) and indefinite
If the noun is a definite noun then the adjective will also be
definite. Similarly if the noun is an indefinite noun then the
adjective will also be indefinite.
Some examples of indefinite nouns are listed below:
101 1 0: Discriptive Phrase
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
"And for them there is a great punishment." (2:7)
"(As) he is your open enemy." (36:60)
"'Peace,' (will be) the word from the Merciful Fosterer,"
(36:58)
Some examples of definite nouns are listed below:
"And your Fosterer, He IS certainly the Mighty, the
Mercifzd," (26:68)
~ ~ \ 1 ~ \ ~ \ ~
"Guide us to the straight path." (1 :6)
GENDER -- A : masculine or feminine.
If the noun is masculine then the adjective will also be
masculine and vice versa.
Some examples of masculine nouns:
102 10: Discriptive Phrase
Learning Arabic Language of the Ql !R'AN
"(It the piercing star." (86:3)
"He will be called to account, with an easyaccountablily."
(84:8)
A feminine noun will have the adjective feminized with" 0 " oiled

Some examples of feminine nouns:
"Then he will lead a life of pleasure." (101 :7)
"The denying, sinfitlforelock." (96: I 6)
NUMBER - singular, dual or plural.
If the noun is singular the adjective will also be singular. Silnilar
is the case for duals and plurals.
Examples:
j{,}} -:; JJ. / / '/ J"
"'t }f
"Certainly this is a Glorious Qur 'an." (85: 21)
"Certainly, those are clear signs in the bosoms of those
who are given knowledge." (29:49)
103 10: Discriptive Phrase
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
CASE ENDING (E'raab - yl):.l) :
If the noun is in nominative, accusative or genitive case, the
adjective 'viII also be in the nominative, accusative or genitive
case respe tivdy.

or
'"
or
'"
or
AccusatiVE'
Genitive:
Nominative - Db. I.e.
y
Accusative ;dl\ Db. I.e.
Genitive - / yLI Db. I.e. /
"A grace from your Fosterer, that IS the great
achievement." (44:57)
"Reward trom your Fosterer, a gifi (for the) account
(of good deeds}." (78:36)
"For a Great Day." (83:5)
If is a broken plural or a group of non-living things,
then the c..Ld1 will be singular and feminine.
Examples:
104 10: Discriptive Phrase
Learning Arabic Lanfjuage of the QUR'AN
"Therein are raised couches." (88: 13)
"And cushions set in rows." (88:15)
"And carpets spread." (88: 16)
"And pure mates and pleasure from A:\ah." (3:15)
In a possessive phrase ~ 1 1 ) l 1 ~ ~ I ) the JWI will be
considered a proper noun therefore its adjec ive will be made
definite by adding the article "JI ".
Example:
1.
rl}.l I I ~ :!
The holy house of Allah.
~ is a common noun. However here it comes in the possessive
case and acts as JWI and will thus becal'se a proper noun.
The definite article "JI " is added to the adjec:tive rl? to bring
it in agreement with the proper noun.
105 1 ~ : Discriptive Phrase
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
are Verses a/the Book that makes (things) clear."
(28:2
is the adjective of and they are in agreement with
each other in terms of number, gender etc.
3. \:Ml?l' ::
The g"ear house of Allah.
4. ::
The h,)Usc of Allah, the Greatest.
In the above ,entences it is clearly understood by the E'raab-
,-:-"I):.l which Loun the adjective is describing.
106 10: Discriptive Phrase
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'A
Chapter 11

SIMPLE NOMINAL SENTENCE
A nominal sentence generally comprises of two components. Tl
subject of the sentence is called h::: and the predicate is calh
For example:
Muhammad is a messenger.
is the subj ect (I I::: l I) and j rj is the predicate (,;3-. I).
4 'J. ,:,: ;'
"{ r::#' !J r
"And Allah is the All-Hearing, the All-Knowing." (24:2'
Here .it I is the subject, (11:::'l\) and &! /, is the predica
(;3-1).
107 11: Simple Nominal Sentel
Th
e
Calle
d
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
-!
THE SUBJECT
:.1\ is a pn>per noun (.ij ,;..J\). If it is not a proper noun then
the article 'jl will be
The Qur' an is a book.
It is in the nominative case, (.5:. or 2..).
It will be in agreement with the predicate in terms of number
and gender
"And you were unjust." (2:92)
J
can be a word or a phrase but it cannot be a verb or a
genitive phras..::.
"The IIIOS! honored of you with Allah is certainly the one
who gl[ards most (against evil)." (49:13)
"The)ree lor the free." (2:178)
1 08 11: Simple Nominal Sentence
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
THE PREDICATE
It is always a common noun
The..f.3..1 is (_
The predicate generally agrees with the subject in number
(singUlar, dual or plural) and in gender (masculine or feminine).
When :11 is a broken plural of non-human objects ;.c.)
the predicate will be feminine singular. For example,
'" " -"-"}"
"t r+' J::'. r
"Their houses fallen down." (27:52)
The ..f.3..1 can be a proper noun when it is not an adjective.
"You are our Gaurdian." (2:286)
c..;\ is the subject (\1::::
1
1), and is the predicate (..f.3..I).
J;I t19
"I am Yusuf and this is my brother." (12:90)
In a nominal sentence that has a predicate as a proper noun a
detached pronoun (which is in accordance with the subject in
gender and number) is placed between the subject and the
predicate.
109 11: Simple Nominal Sentence
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
Examples:
'"And those are the persons who are successful." (2:5)
;.E-- \ can be a word, phrase or a sentence. It can also be a genitive
phrase.
"AJI Praise is due only for Allah, the Fosterer of the
world"." (1 :2)
/}"

"And your God is One God." (2:163)
If the predicate is a sentence, then a pronoun is used which points
towards the subject.
"Those who are humble during their worship (sa/at)."
(23:2)
"And who is more unjust than one who bides a testimony
which he has from Allah?" (2: 140)
110 11: Simple Nominal Sentence
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
Examples:
"And Allah is the Mighty, the Inflictor of retribution: , (3:4)
"Those are the limits (imposed by) Allah." (2:229)

"Those are the signs of the Qur'an." (27:1)
'-t

"This is clear magic." (27:l3)
111 11: Simp!e Nominal Sentence
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
112
I
I
I
I
t
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
______ C_ha_p_te_r_t_2J _____
r
VERB

Verb is an action word in relation to time that is past, present
and future. According to tense, the verbs can be divided into:
Past tense : Here the action has been completed,
therefore it is past tense.
Present tense It is also called imperfect tense
because the action is incomplete i.e. it is being done in the
present or will be done in the future.
Past Tense -
In Arabic, verbs are mostly tri-literal i.e. three lettered. They are
oftwo kinds:
1. Consonant Verbs - : They are based on three
sound consonants. This chapter deals with these kinds of
verbs.
113 12: Verb
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
2. Weak Verbs - These are called weak verbs and
may one or more of the vowels (IS - -"' -I) their tri-
literal formation. These vowels (IS--", -I) are called
For example:
.:Ji:.j - to promise
JIj - to say
- to throw
We will deal with the weak verbs in subsequent chapters.
Consonant Verbs -
The basic or root word is based on the verb J;j (J-t -0 )
giving the meaning "He did". 0 represents the first radical,
t the second and J the third radical. The root verb is always
masculine-third person-singular.
Likewise some other examples are:
- To hit
e To open
- Tohelp
The a'raob of letter 0 and J is not variable
in the root, but the a'raab ('-7"1.):.)'1 on t is variable,
i.e. it can bear fatha (...::::..), kasrah (-;:::-) or dammah (2..).
114 12: Verb
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
Examples:

)b
t:'
f:J
to deny
to listen
to be genorous

w'
J
r

to see
to drink
to be far distant
j.;-)

J

to enter
to grieve
to be good
Past tense table of J;J (J-t -J ) is as follo\\ s:


3
rd
r person mascu me He did They both did They all did

,! \;J ;J

3
rd
person feminine She did They both did They all did

,:: \ :..'1;< - .

2
nd
erson masculine You did You both did You all did
cJj-o ': I
\ :..'1;<

- .
2
nd
person feminine You did You both did You all did

,!
First person
I did We did
(Masculine/F eminine )
115 12: Verb
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
From the above t"ble we note the following important points:
With the addition of letters i.e. suffixes to the root j;J (-0
J-t), the meaning of the verb will change. There are no
prefixes used.
In every verb there is a corresponding pronoun hidden in the
word. Therefore, we do not need to use explicit pronouns to
specify the doer. The following table shows the corresponding
pronoun hidden iI' each verb formation.
Also note the suffixes added to j;j to make the pattern.
~ \ c ~ ~
3
rd
person
Masculine
~ \ c cJy.
3
rd
person
Feminine
.)yA.o
J!..o
~
,
Singular Dual Plural \,
j;j
)\;j
~
He did They both did They all did
Su:"fix-
Hidden Suffix Hidden
Suffix
Hidden
pronoun
\
pronoun
\ j
pronoun
, j
~ j
~
')
r'

~
She did They both did They all did
- - - - - - - - - - ~ ~ - - - - - - - - - ~ - - - - - - - - - ~
S
~ f i I Hidden S ffi Hidden Suffix Hidden
ur IX u IX
I pronoun pronoun pronoun
C!
l.:" I' G
L--____ --'-----_
116 12: Verb
Learning Arabic Lan luage of the QUR'AN
I:: '\;.1
\:..!\;.1


You did You both did You all did
2
nd
person
Suffix
Hidden
Suffix
Hidden
Suffix
Hidden
Masculine pronoun pronolITl pronoun
00
'
Wo
d
' t-
o ,
c...;
\,""",0
r-'
cJ;j
1:;\;.1


You did
You both did You all did
2
nd
person
Suffix
Hidden
Suffix
Hidder
Suffix
Hidden
Feminine
pronoun
pronoUlI pronow1
00
;C:
Wo
LS\
::: !
.... ;.o"f.

.:r
0

'\;.1
;.1
-
I did
We did

First person
Hidden
(Masculine/
Suffix
Hidden
Suffix
pronow1
Feminine) pronoun
J
d
00
:?-
----
tr is on the pattern of 1J and is on the pattern of
117 12: Verb
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
The past tense table of &: is as follows:

3
rd
I'
person me
3
rd
person feminine
2
nd .
person masculme

2
nd
person feminine
First person
(Masculine/Feminine)
He heard
She heard
You heard
You heard
I heard
118
They both
heard
They both
heard
You both
heard
You both
heard
\ oj

They all
heard

They all
heard
You all
heard
,;'

You all
heard
We heard
12: Verb
Learning Arabic Language of the QiJR'AN
The Past tense table of is as follows:
"

t:-

, Singular, "
Pual
Plural
','
:'
"


I
/J/
I


They both
I He became
They all
3
rd
r
became
became person mascu me
I
distant
I
distant
I
distant
I
\,3/ J /

o ... J ...


cJj-o

They both
She became
Thevall
3
rd
person feminine
became
became
distant
distant


, J '5/ I
,.... 0 J ...


u..u...."
You both
You all
2
nd
person masculine
You became
became
became
distant
distant
distant

0 ...
, J /

cJj-o

You both
You all
2
nd
person feminine
You became
became
became
distant
distant
distant

J 0 J,....

First person
1 became
-
We became
(Masculine/F eminine )
distant distant
119 12: Verb
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
Examples:
dt, I ",II. .111,
y--;- y
"Did you not consider, how your Fosterer dealt with the
owners 0 f the elephant?" (l 05: 1)
"Who be lie\ c in the unseen and establish worship (salat)
and spend h"om that which We have providedfor them."
(2:3 )
53- ; J,
"That A Ilah is displeased with them and they will stay
in the punishment." (5:80)
"They s, lid, 'Did you do this to our gods, 0 Ibrahim'?'"
(21 :62)

"So the r commerce is of no gain, and they do not receive
guidanc '." (2: 16)
t';Ul a ,
"And "hell We (Allah) said to the angels, 'Bow down
before / ,dam,' they bowed down except Iblis." (2:34)
120 12: Verb
Learning Arabic Lanquage of the OUR'AN
"Though earlier they were seeking a \ ictory over those
who did not believe." (2:89)
j{ -: .11/\ ' I-::-i .... ',
"t -..J Y I.JJ..r:' -' ,
"And when they went out against Jail, and his forces."
(2:250)
"Until when he reached the setting olacc of the sun
(west)." (18:86)
"Then, do those who do not belie\e tllink that they can
take My servants as guardians besides \1e?" (18: 1 02)
Sometimes in second person masculine plural "_," is added for the
flow of pronunciation. It does not imply any ing to the word.
,
"And now you have come to Us Alone _is We had created
you." (6:94)
121 12: Verb
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
"It is the same to you whether you invite them or you be
silent." (7:193)

"And w len vou withdraw from them and that which they
serve (\orship) except Allah, then seek refuge in the
"( 8 '() cave. : 1,)
If the third pers m masculine plural I)i;J comes with a pronoun,
the alif, 'I' will be dropped.
"Nor did they (usually) forbid one another the iniquities
which tlley committed." (5:79)
i;f c;.r(
"To us did no harm, but they harmed their own souls."
(2:57)
6! J.//":"_ >/</)0>-:'// 0>//
"\ ,.u...Jjl O-'J ,,0.'-'
"Then those who believe in him and honor him and help
him and tallow the light that is sent down with him." (7: 157)
The Use of 'jJ ':
The word '.)j' gives the meaning of certainly/verily/has/have/
indeed. It is used before the past perfect tense.
122 12: Verb
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
"Allah has indeed heard the statement of her who pleads
with you concerning her husband." (58: 1)
"And We indeed sent down clear signs." (58:5)
"Successful indeed are the believers." (23: 1)
"We indeed know that which the Earth reduces from them."
(50:4)

"Allah has indeed appointed for you (the procedure for
the) dissolution of your oaths." (66:2)
Sometimes an additional 'J' is prefixed to 'Jj' which further
emphasizes the meaning of the verb and is written as
Examples:
"We had indeed created man in the best form." (95:4)
123 12: Verb
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
/' /' /' ""'--;' , //
I at)!'
"W ( had indeed taken a pledge from the children of Israel."
(5:7 ))
,
"Allah has indeed turned (mercifully) to the prophet."
(9:117)
"Ani he had indeed led astray a large group of people
fron among you." (36:62)

"An.! he indeed saw him (Jibreel) in another descent."
(53: 3)
124 12: Verb
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
Chapter 13
VERBAL SENTENCE
J J.... 0
_ '" 0 0 J
"1 ',MI (I'
...... .... .
In a verbal sentence, the sentence begins with <l verb. For example:
"And Dawood killed Ja1ut." (2:25)
Verbal sentence comprises a verb, subject and an object. Usually
the verb comes first followed by the subject and then the object.
r r r
Object Subject Verb
The subject and the object are nouns. The subject IS called
, ,..,0,.., J j /) 1>.... " J 0 0 ....
and the object is called or
125
13: Verbal Sentence
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
The subject is always in a nominative state i.e
bearing dammah (2..) or tanwin dammah (...) on it.
Example:

.)j .)
The object U\) is always in an accusative state i.e." a
q
\\
bearingfatha (....:::...) or tanwinfatha on it.
Example:
When the noun follows a preposition it will be in the genitive
state i.e. yL\.H\"'" with a kasrah (-:;-) or tanwin kasrah (-;-).
Examples:

"They said, 'We believe in Allah Who is One. '" (40:84)
F!'#:-
"Allah took awa.v their light." (2: 17)
Pronouns are not required to be mentioned separately as subject
because they are hidden in the verb itself. For example:
,! n;. -- I created.
In ',! the hidden pronoun is "I".
126 13: Verbal Sentence
Learning Arabic Lc"nguage of the QUR'AN
"And when We parted the sea for you and delivered you."
(2:50)
In '8)' the hidden pronoun is 'we',
When the object ;:II) is a pronoun, it 1 sually precedes the
subject aft;r the verb.
"Except the one who is pennitted by the Beneficent and
he speaks aright." (78:38)
"So Musa struck him with his fist thus killing him." (28: 15)
If the subject is in the fonn of a broken plural of non-human
objects, the verb used will be feminine singuLir.
"Those are the persons whose deeds have become
fruitless in the world and the hereafte' ." (3 :22)
If the subject is given in a sentence (not in the form of
hidden pronoun) then a singular verb is used irrespective of the
subject (singular, dual or plural). If a second verb is required,
then it should be according to the subject.
127 13: Verbal Sentence
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
"When the hypocrites come to you they say, 'We bear
witness tha:. you are certainly a Messenger of Allah.'"
(63: 1)
Here, .. is a singutlr verb even though the object is plural.
J J 0
The second verb I) is a plural verb in accordance with
Examples:
"And to its Fosterer, a duty incumbent on it."
(84:2)

"(Every) soul (everyone) will know what (deeds) it has
brought for presentation." (81: 14)
"He (Muhammad)fi'owned and turned his back." (80:1)
"He raised its height and then set it in equilibrium."
(79:28)
"And We created you in pairs." (78: 8)
128 13: Verbal Sentence
I
!
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
"And We made your sleep for rest.' (78:9)

"Allah sets forth an example for thost who do not believe."
(66:10)

'\.""" .... ,/ __ }I
"He created the skies and the Earth in reality." (64:3)
"We took a pledge from you (childre:\ of Israel) and raised
the mountain above you." (2:63)
"When it rose, move away from tlh:ir cave to the right."
(18: 17)
"So when they reached the junction between the two
(seas), they both forgot their fish." ( 18:61)
129 13: Verbal Sentence
Learning Arabic Language of t
130
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
1 ____ C_ha_p_t_er_1_4 ___ _
;ye
HAMZATED VERB
" . "
.. J ... OAt 'to_!.t

Verbs with hamzah (i) as initial, middle or final radical are
called hamzated verbs \ .
1. Hamzah as the first radical:
The hamzah is a consonant. Hence it can be the initial or first
radical. For example:
jS'i - to eat - to take
There is no change in the past tense conjugation. It follows the same
pattern as j.;J. Past tense conjugation of jS'i is as tabulated below:


e
. Singular
Dual Plural


)(5'1

3rd person masculine
He ate They both ate They all ate

,! lS'\
lilii

3
rd
person feminine She ate
They both ate They all ate
131 14: Hamzated Verb
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
cJS'\
\ is'1

-
2
nd
person masculine You ate You both ate You all ate

\ 1S'1
\
2
nd
person feminine You ate You both ate You all ate

cJS'1 rut
First person
-
(Masculine/Feminine)
I ate We ate
2. Hamzah as the middle radical, for example:
JL -to ,lsk
- to disgust
Past tense conjugation of JL is as follows:

J!."
t:-
Singular Dual Plural

JL '1L
,.
1.JlL:
3
rd
r person mascu me He asked They both asked They all asked

cJL
"
JL:
3
rd
person fem:ninc She asked They both asked They all asked

' <
'. '.
1.:iJl:

2
nd
I'
person maSl u lIle You asked You both asked You all asked
132 14: Hamzated Verb
Learning Arabic LangL age of the OUR'AN
cJ
y sJL
dL
0Dl
2
nd
person feminine You asked You both asl ,ed You all asked

cJl
First person
-
(Masculine/Feminine)
I asked
It follows the same pattern as the root word j.;J.
3. Hamzah as the third radical, for example:
i) - to read
\j:) - to repell
Past tense conjugation of\) is as follows:


Singular Dual

\)
,: ,

3
rd
r person mascu me He read They both re,ld
cJ
y
0\)

'f
3
rd
person feminine She read They both reid
ob tJb
2
nd
I'
person mascu me You read You both re: ld

We asked
e=-
Plural
,
\+::
')iy9
They all read

They all read
,
o .!\
1'iy9
You all read
133 14: Hamzated Verb
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
0 0

s->b

WI;.9
2
nd
person feminine You read You both read

0b
First person
-
(MasculinelFeminine)
I read
It follows the same pattern as the root word j;J.
Examples:
j 0):;'
0
,.., Jt:. ",..
SiI;.9
You all read
ub
We read
'They will not speak, except the one who is permitted by
the Beneficent and he speaks aright." (78:38)
"And responds to its Fosterer, a duty incumbent on it." (84:2)
"Do you not know that your father had taken an undertaking
from you in (the name of) Allah." (12:80)
L -( '-' I:i:, T:. /Jt
;. _ r
"A questioner asked about the punishment to befall." (70: 1)
"So when you recite the Qur'an, seek the protection of
Allah from the accursed devil." (16:98)
134 14: Hamzated Verb
Learning Arabic Lar ;Juage of the OUR'AN
Chapter 15
WEAK VERBS-I
Assimilated Verb -
Words in which the vowels (IS -) -I) are presvnt are called weak
verbs. We have seen that when alif, '\' C0l11l:S with any of the
e'raab it is not alif, 'I' but hamza IS in the hamzated
verbs
There are three types of weak verbs based on the positions taken
by the weak letters (IS -) -I) in the root word j;J.
Assimilated verb -
Hollow Verb - 0fr'11
Defective Verb -
When we deal with weak verbs we notice that they deviate from
the pattern of the root word j;J, and we, theref(lre, study each kind
in detail along with the exceptions we encounter in the pattern.
135 15: Weak Verbs-/
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
In this chapter, we will deal with the assimilated verb in
detail and tle hollow verb (0;'" and defective verb
will be disc: lsscd in the following chapters.
ASSIMILATED VERB -
In this kind (. f verb, the initial radical is weak. i.e j or l5 and comes in
the place of :'he patterns will be according to the pattern of
and you will no. observe any change. They are of two basic kinds.
IS,)\)! J'4
1
\A Ilerc J comes in place of 0, the first radical.
.J.S..j -- ! 0 promlse
.jjj - '10 weigh
- To obtain/get
Past tense C( Injugation of Ji:.j is as follows:
w\c
3
rd
person

masculine
..::...; j-o
3
rd
. feminine persor

Singular
, , ,
.J.S.. ,)
He
promised
0Ji:.j
She
promised
136
?

Dual Plural
lJi:.j

They both They all
promised promised
G'"
.J.S..j
They both They all
promised promised
15: Weak Verbs-l

2
nd
person masculine
cJy
Learning Arabic L;:; 19uage of the OUR'AN

You
promised

I
i
Y ou
om pr
:'j

loth You all
ised promised
, ,
;:::; 0 ....- ...-
y.J..S:-3
2
nd
person feminine
You
promised
Y ou
om pr
)oth You all
ised promised

J 0....- ""
u.J..S:-3
First person
I promised
(Masculine/F eminine)
Examples:
d :.:1 \<:':::./ \ "'::./ :'\i
"{ & '-'"' ,

We promised
"Then when she delivered it, she SLJid, 'My Fosterer! I
have delivered it a female.'" (3:36)

"And found near it a people." (1 86 )
// /' // /'.J. "

"So Musa struck him with hisfist thus killing him." (28: 15)
d -;:/. \.;; " '-"/ --::," J.j(

"And We granted him Ishaq and Ya'jub in addition (as a
grandson)." (21:72)
,
''\ ..... 'Y _/_
"When the event befalls." (56: 1)
137 15: Weak Verhs-I
r
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
J\4l1 : Here 1..5 comes in place ofthe first radical 0.
Examples:
- To become easy
- To dishearten

- To become dry
Past tense C0njugation of the verb is as follows:
w\c
;-.
\ !l
\ 0 J $."


).)..A

3
rd
r He lost hope
They both They all
person mascu me
lost lost hope
I::
.... c $.""
c.Jj-a
.... 12

3
rd
person :eminine She lost hope
They both They all
lost hope lost hope
S'.:u
\:! 0 l2
o! 0 " ....

{:: 0 12

2
nd
person masculine You lost hope
You both You all
lost
\:! 0 12
(I $.""

o ..

. 'Y

You both You all
2
nd
person feminine
You lost hope
lost lost hope

J .....
0

First per"on
I lost hope We lost hope
(Masculine/F
138 15: Weak Verbs-I
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
Examples:
A .-(-:" . i ~ c j\ /' / /'/i\k
"{ r; 'J.;U J.. / w-f.. i.Y.:' )?
"This Day, those who do not believe have lost hope, (due
to the success) of your religion." (5:3)
"Those have lost hope of My mercy." (29:23)
"And for those of your women who have passed the age
of menstruation." (65:4)
139 15: Weak Verbs-l
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
140
Learning Arabic Langu2ge of the OUR'AN
_______ C_h_a_p_te_r __ 16
J'8
WEAK VERBS-II
Hollow Verb -
Verbs with a weak middle radical i.e. or IS are as hollow
verbs. They come in place of t., the middle radical. The middle
letters) or l5 are replaced with alif, 1 for easy pronunciation.
They are of two types:
, "
(5)1)11 J;' '11: Here comes in place of t., the !niddle radical as
J; and is changed to a long alif, an become jIJ
Past tense conjugation ofthe verb jIJ is as follows:
'ii'


l
Singular
Dual
t.:-
Plural
JIJ
'lIJ IjJIJ
I
person mascu me He said They both s, iid They all said
141 16: Weak Verbs-II
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN


jj
3
rd
person feminine She said They both said They all said

H
\
rill
2
nd
person masculine You said You both said You all said

, J

\ :..!o\;
"",,0,
0ili
2
nd
person feminine You said You both said You all said

J 1
..::...J..j
lili
First person
-
(Mascul ine, Feminine)
I said We all said
Some other verbs on the pattern of are:
j\S - To taste
t - To become hungry
SIC - To seek refuge
- To fear
Examples the pattern of
"He (Allah) said, '0 Adam! Inform them of the names of
these (things).'" (2:33)
db .. .
" !/ _-_.J-Y" 0-! - - _ ........
142
16: Weak Verbs-II
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
"They said, 'Glory be to Allah above all! We did not
know (find) any evil on his part. ,,, The Aziz's wife said ...
(12:51)
"Before that (i.e. in the worldly life) they were well-off."
(56:45)
,,{ i . .,1/ i :-- J\ -:l\
"{ : .. C "'7
"Except those who repent and make amends." (2: 160)
"J certainly turn to You and I am certainly of those who
submit (as Muslims)." (46:15)
"So they tasted the evil result of their conduct; and they
had a grievous penalty." (64:5)
J;.. ,
"Till you come to the graves." (102:2)
Here J\,;... (J;") deviates slightly from the pattern of because
the middle radical 3 has a kasrah (-:::-) on it.
Past tense conjugation of J\,;... is as follows:
143 16: Weak Verbs-II
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN

J!-o

Singular
Dual
Plural
J:'


'-:--' ":..0
3
rd
I'
He feared
They both They all
person mac-cu me
feared feared

0
/ ..


-
3
rd
person feminine She feared
They both They all
feared feared

0
\
\'...! b?-
/ '.

2
nd
person mac;culine You feared
You both You all
feared feared

/JO



2
nd
person feminine You feared
You both
You all
feared
feared

J
l1;..

.' .
-
First pers()n
I feared We feared
(Masculine/F emin me)
The second radical bears kasrah (-:;-), therefore the feminine
third person plural becomes which has a kasrah (-:;-) on the
t. The remaining words will follow the same pattern with the
kasrah (-:;-).
144 16: Weak Verhs-/I
I
I
I
Learning Arabic Lallguage of the OUR'AN
Some other verbs with similar behavior are:
fG - To sleep
- To be about to
Examples on the pattern of 0'G.. :
"But he who fears from him who bequeaths, some unjust
or sinful (clause)." (2:182)
"But when you fear about him (that they may slaughter
him) then cast him into the river." (28:7)

And I fear my heirs after me." (19: 5)
0;t
"While they were more close to, not doing it. (2:71)
Here (0;:') and (or) is on the pattern of jlj and 0'G..
respectively. Therefore, the third person feminine plural will be
in both forms and::;':" and thereby the table will carryon
forward with the kasrah (-:;-) and dammah ( __ ) respectively.
145 16: Weak Verbs-ll
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
"What! When we die and become (part of the) soil and
bones, will we (then) be raised." (37: 16)
"Ami whether you die or you are slain, (in any case) you
will he gathered towards Allah." (3:158)
"She said, 'I wish I had died before this. '" (19:23)
"Thm;e who did not believe and died while they were
infidels." (2:161)
~ l;;J \ uy, \ : Here LS comes in place of l, the middle radical as
in Ei and is c;langed to a long alif, and becomes t .
Some other verbs on the pattern of t are:
0 ~ - To pass the night
~ L : - To move
J
t\) - To tum aside
Past tense con] ugation of t is as follows:
146 16: Weak Verbs-II
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN


\.Ct;
\' J t;

r
d
r person mascu me He sold They both sold They all sold

, t;

,
c...c- "

3
rd
person feminine She sold They both sold They all sold

,

o J 0


2
nd
I"
You sold You both
You all sold
person mascu me
cJy
,

()
': .;

2
nd
person feminine You sold You both sold You all sold

J ,


First person
I sold We sold
(MasculinelF eminine )
Examples on the pattern of t :

"Then from among them is he who says, 'Which of you
has this (chapter of the Qur'an) increased in belief?'"
(9:124)
147 16: Weak Verbs-II
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN

"And when they come to you, they greet you with (a
greeting) with which Allah does not greet you." (58:8)
"They (her iJeople) said, '0 Maryam! You have come
with a stranfe thing. '" (19:27)
if, ;,. t-- \ --: : .
j?
"And eat from it freely from wherever you like." (2:58)
L =!
" .... , , \ " .... 'Jl
---
"They were young men (who) believed in their Fosterer,
and We lnCr, ?ased them in guidance." (18: 13)

"So when [he}' deviated from the right, Allah (also)
deviated their hearts from the right." (61 :5)
"Then wher M usa fulfilled the term and was traveling
by night with his family." (28:29)
148 16: Weak Verbs-II
Learning Arabic language of the QUR'AN
Chapter 17
WEAK VEIl8! -III
Defective Verb
Verbs with a weak final radical are called del;:;ctive. Here 3 or LS
comes in place of J, the final radical in the root j;.1. They are of
two types:
Here J comes in the place of last radical J ant: is written with an
alif, like in -7 - to pray/to call
The past tense conjugation of is as follows:


t:
Singular
Dual Plural



l'
person mascu me He called They both cal led They all called
149 17: Weak Verbs-III
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
II u:;
3
rd' c:" She
person lemml11
j
e_
U..c.)
-F
I You
2
nd
person mascuh ne I

2
nd c:' .
person Jemmme
called
'?-:;
You
called
J 0 .... "'"

First person \ I called
(Masculine/F emin i ne) I
They both
called
LJ-:;
You both
called
LJ-:;
You both
called
Some other verbs on the pattern of \C.:; are:
- To hope
W - To be hard
)IJ - To
Examples on the pattern of \C:;:

0-:;
They all
called
oJ 0 ........

You all
called
::z 0 .........

You all
called
'G.J.C:;
We called
"They both pray to Allah their Fosterer." (7: 189)
150 17: Weak Verbs-III
Learning Arabic Langliage of the QUR'AN
"He said, 'My Fosterer! I invited my people (towards
You) night and day. '" (71 :5)
"This was the procedure of Allah which has passed
among His servants (in earlier gen erations too)."
(40:85)
"Then We pardoned you even after that.' (2:52)
"Then your hearts hardened even after that." (2:74)
"But when alone, some of them say to oHlers." (2:76)
"(That was) Allah's procedure with those who passed
away earlier." (33:38)
Here 15 comes in the place of last radical J.
J ~ - To throwlblame
151 . 7: Weak Verbs-llI
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
The past tense cOlljugation of is as follows:
rd
3 person m, SClI line

3
rd
t"
person emil 1111e
?nd
_ person m, sel dine
2
nd t"
person C:TIII l111e

First on
(Masculine/Femi nine)

J!.o
Singular Dual

G/
J
He threw They both threw
, / /
G.,:,/
<..:.-a
J J
She threw They both threw
.... 0...- .....
:,/
J
You threw They both threw
'/ /
:,/
J
You threw You both threw
J 0 ...........

J
-
I threw
Some verbs on the pattern of are:
o run/ strive
j\ - a come
t:
Plural
\' / /
'YJ
They all threw
"'0 ........

They all threw
oJ 0,. ...

You all threw
::;!o -" ....

You all threw
G/
')
We threw
152 17: Weak Verbs-III
Learning Arabic of the OUR'AN
Examples on the pattern of
(;-;:;/ i 1 G)"
/ 'P'
"They said: 'We hear, and we disobcr.' (2:93)
iJ) &.JI ,-: '!-:,i 0;13
"And even if you come with all t) those who have
been given the book." (2: ]45)
,j{, i I:/\:>\[J / oW i<:; -'.\ it.:;'"
"t"'" ;" r / -/ ...,....... p
"Whenever it shines on them the1' 11 alk therem, and
when it darkens over them they stand stdl." (2:20)
ijl if ;:Df
"And restrained himself from evil desir,:." (79:40)
it, /' J./ II.J. /' /,," """ /' ./ ,/ /' '\
"t 4
"That was because they disobeyed and t:ley exceeded the
limits." (5:78)

"Go to Fira'wn, he has certainly rebclle( '." (20:24)
,.--; /,/'/ // ... " /'.J. // ///
__), ... J J..:-)/\ L:t,
"Then when Musafit(fzlled the term and was traveling by
night with his family." (28:29)

153 17: Weak Verbs-Ill
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
"And 'vhen He decrees an affair." (2: 117)
"Say, . I fcar the punishment of the Great Day, if J disobey
my Fo.;terer. ", (6: 15)
In the second radical bears kasrah (7) and therefore we
observe a change in the pattern as compared to the base pattern
in which tIe second radical bearsfatha ('-::::").
Past tense con. ugation of is as follows:

Ji.o
t:-
Singular Dual Plural
w\c
. J

91
i
9J
3
rd
person masculine Hemet They both met They all met
0\c
I
I

!
3
rd
person feminine I She met They both met They all met
)<i.A

\
--
2
nd
person masculine You met You both met You all met
'J:. j-o
': :gl
\

2
nd
person feminine You met You both met You all met

:gl

First person
-
(Masculine/Feminine)
I met Wernet
154 17: Weak Verbs-III
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
Some other verbs which are on the pattern of ct1 are:
- To be pleased
- To fear
- To forget
Examples on the pattern of jJ:
,
"And when they meet those who believe." (2: 14)
"When you meet those who do not believe, marching
(against you) for war." (8: 15)
"So when they reached the junction between the two
(seas), they both forgot their fish." (18:61)
"This is your god, and the god of Moses, but he forgot!"
(20:88)
-'-(-I '" . ,,/ /'. '" <,",
"\ rf r'''"'
"This day I have perfected your religion for you and
completed My favor on you and J have chosen AI-Islam
as the religion for you." (5:3)
155 17: Weak Verbs-III
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
"Allah is pleased with them and they are pleased with
Him. That is for him who fears his Fosterer." (98:8)
Here lSG is a hamzated weak verb as 1 comes in place of t in
the n'iddle radical and 15 in the place of J in the final radical, it
however follows the pattern of .
Past lense conjugation of lSG is as follows:

J.L>

Singular Dual Plural

lSG
\,:J
\' 1/
.')
They both
'3')
Jerson masculine He saw They all saw
saw

0\/
GI/ ,<
')
0;\)
')
person feminine She saw
They both
They all saw
saw
3
rd


.')

.')
o 0\/
i2')
")nd
person masculine You saw You both saw You all saw
c.JjA
'1/
S--::')

.')

U"::'')
person feminine You saw You both saw You all saw

'<
,,<
j '\/
\iX

-
.')
First person
I saw We saw
culine/Feminine)
Ma-,
156 17: Weak Verbs-III
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
Examples on the pattern of
,
"He (Musa) said, '0 Harun! What prevented you, when
you saw them going astray?'" (20:92)

"Did you see him who belies religion?" (107: 1)
"Say, 'Do you see, if this is from Allah and you do not
believe in it. ", (46: 1 0)
157 17: Weak
""""""""................................................ Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
158
Learning Arabic La; Iguage of the QUR'AN
,---C_h_a_p_te_r_1_S--l-- ---- I

DOUBLY WEAK VERB
In English I ';,:gU\ means tangled or complicatecL In this chapter we
will deal with verbs that have more than one weak letter JJ?)
in their formation.
Verbs with the first and third radicals as weak letters -
Ql
J (j J J"

They follow the same pattern as the defecti\e verb (Jj). For
example:
jj - to save
The past tense conjugation of jj is as follows:
I,


e

Singular Dual Plural

lj/
Jj
" J
3
rd
r He saved
They both
They all saved person mascu me
saved
159 18: Doubly Weak Verbs
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN

I
0::,.....
8/


She saved
They both
saved
I 0\cc.
I
i 3rd j
person
? ,..... 0:;:,....

.)..Lo

I
'-'
asculine You saved
You both
saved
'!
I

I 2
0a
person n
I
0:: .....
\ :!' ;/
...J

'-'
You saved
You both

saved
I
j 0;:,.....
I
-
son i
eminine) I
I saved
I
k
i .
I FIrst pel
I (Masculine/F
Some verbs 0'1 the pattern of Jj are:
Jj -- To fulfill
jj To become weak/lose strength
J-j - To keep in mind/retain
,....0:: ....

They all saved
0)10:: ....

You all saved


You all saved
I
d'
)
We saved
Verbs with the second and third radicals as weak
. ,
letters - I
U:u-- _,
They follow the same pattern as the defective verb J. For
example:
- To live
2;; - To become strong/powerful
160 18: Douhly Weak Verbs
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR' AN
Past tense conjugation of is as follows:
J!."

Singular Dual
t:-
Plural
,--------i------L---- ---+--------1

I I
.. -.-

r
d
person masculine i He lived TIH:Y loth I Theyall !
, _______ -jf--____ -L
l
_ :iVld i lived !

3
rd
person feminine ' She lived They)oth \' all I
1 _______ -i _____ -L __
2'd !a::Ulinc r i
r _______ +-____ I lived

2
nd
person feminine

First person
(Masculine/Feminine)
,
': -:=>
You lived
j ,

I lived
161
You hoth
liwd
..-

You all
lived

We lived
18: Doubly Weak Verbs
........... ~ ~ ~ ~ Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
162
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
1 i ~ ____ _]_C_h_ap_t_er __ 19 ____ __
r
THE DOUBLE LETTERED VERB
In some verbs the second and third radical arc identical. In such
cases the second radical will have shaddah ~ ) on it and hence
it will be pronounced twice.
Example:
~ (0-0-J:,) - to think/to suspect
Some grammarians categorize double lettered verbs as tri-literal
and some as bi-literal.
Past tense conjugation of is as follows:
~ ~
?
e::-
I
Singular Dual Plural
~
a
~
~ ~ ~
..
3
rd
r
He They both They all
person mascu me
thought thought thought
163 19: Double-Lettered Words
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
8 S

.. . ..
;!.\c, . -::;!.
'-:-'-'
yd
person fern inine
She They both They all
thought thought
thought


.. .. .
......

?
2
nd
person mas,:uline
You You both You all
thought thought thought


3tt
.. .. . .. " .. ......
JI.s:. 0
. 'Y
2
nd
person feminine
You You both You all
thought thought thought
r-L
,!

First persall
-
(Masculine/Fern inine)
I thought We thought
In the third person feminine plural the shaddah is removed
and the letters will be written individually. In the remaining
table this pattern is carried forward.
Some words on tile pattern of are:
- To
.; - To
- To run away
Examples:
164 19: Double-Lettered Words
Learning Arabic Lailguage of the OUR'AN
"Nothing indicated his death to thelli except a moving
creature of the earth." (34: 14)
"( will not follow your desires, (and in case I did) then
indeed I would go astray and I would not be of those
who are guided." (6:56)
d- 1;'7 5:JI
"Those who do not believe and tllrn ('way (people) from
the way of Allah." (4:167)
rJI
"So whoever is on a pilgrimage (llajj) to the house
(Ka'bah) or pays a visit (Umrah)." (2: 158)
"And that which she worshipped besides Allah, had
hindered her (earlier)." (27:43)
J .:ru: tt)
"And we thought that mankind and jilin never speak a lie
against Allah." (72:5)

"And they (too) thought as you thol,ght that Allah will
never raise anyone (to life after death '." (72:7)
165 19: Words
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
"May the hands of Abu Lahab perish. And may he perish."
(111:1)
~ f ~ t f ~ \ G : ~ \ : ~ ~
"(Such) hann and happiness did afflict our forefathers
(too)." (7:95)
"But when We remove from him that which harmed
him, he passes on as if he had not prayed to Us for the
harm that had afflicted him." (l 0: 12)
"So when he covers her she bears a light burden and
moves about with it." (7: 189)
"So when the night covered him he saw a planet." (6:76)
"And messengers about whom We did mention to you
earlier." (4: 164)
166 19: Double-Lettered Words
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN


Chapter 20 I

VERBS WITH FIXED
Some verbs are found with prepositions attached to their object.
Verbs with such prepositions sometimes convey different meanings.
For example:
means "to judge", "to fulfill", "to decree" but when
it comes with the preposition jC it J aeans "to bring to an
end", "to kill".

"And when He decrees an affair, He says to it only,
'Be,' so it is." (2:117)

"So Musa struck him with his fist thus killing him." (28: 15)
Y means "to bear witness", "to be present". When it comes with
Jc it means "to bear witness against"I"give testimony against".
167 20: Fixed Prepositions
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
"So whoev:r among you is present in the month of
(Ramadan), let him then fast." (2:! 85)
"'They will s bear witness against ourselves, m (6: 130)
with or withOl t means "to repent" but when it comes
with jc it means, " 0 accept repentance"/"to forgive".
;( '7).."'''''- ._ ".: ,...,..-; "
I:i ;ft
"But repents after his injustice," (5:39)
"Then Alla;l lviil turn to him (mercifully)," (5:39)
When comes vithout any preposition it means "to come",
However, when it is used with the preposition y it means, "to
get"/"to bring",
"So when he come to him and narrated (his) narrative."
(28:25)
\::s;rf .1):; ji,
"Say, 'Who (then) sent down the book with which Musa
had come?'" (6:91)
168 20: Fixed Prepositions
Learning Arabic Lan]uage of the OUR'AN
The following table shows verbs with fixed prlpositions:
Verb with meaning Preposition
Meaning with
Preposition

He ',aid, to speak, to
He said, to speak, to
J
to indicate
inspire, to indicate
0j
To give as a gift, to
To give as a gift, to grant,
J
grailt, to bestow on,
to bestow on, dedicate
dedicate
)l
J
To forgive, pardon
To cover, veil

To realize or
To realize or acknowledge
J
acknowledge one's
one's favour, to thank, be
favor, to thank, be
grateful
grateful
" ,

T (l prostrate, to be
To prostrate, to be
J
submissive
submissive
0)\
T\) bear, perceive,
To bear, perceive,
J
respond, listen, allow,
respond, listen, allow,
give permission
give permiSSion

J
Be witness, be present
Be witness, be present
Jc
To bear witness, give
testimony against
169 20: Fixed Prepositions
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
\ji.
::J-I y
To forgive, to pardon
To pass over, to 'orgo
::J-
To abound
i
To pull away, to

I
remove, take off, to
'
::J-
open up, lay open, to
To remove
bare

I
::J-
To prevent, forbid,
To forbid
prohibit, restrain
J.b
To stray, disappear,
Err, wasted, go
::J-
gone away, failed
forgets

Jc
To recite
To follow

Jc
To pass on , by
r
To pass, move, pass on
y
To pass with, carry

Indicated, showed,
Jc
To indicate, point,
pointed at, guided,
show, guide, discover
discovered

Jc
To bring to an end,
To fulfill, to judge,
i.e. to kill
decide
170 20: Fixed Prepositions
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
:: ::
~
To communicate,
To communicate, narrate
Jc
narrate (a story), to
(a story), to follow one's
follow one's track
track
y ~
Jc
To enter
To enter
To show, to set
Jc
before, propound a
Jo:J:-
matter.
To happen, to take place
~
To offer, to present
Jl
To seek forgiveness,
uG
to repent
To seek forgiveness, to
repent
Jc
To accept repentance,
to forgive
~ j
To agree, to make up,
To reach a place, to
Jl
to reconcile, to arrive
arrive at, to seek
at, to reach a place.
friendship, to reconcile
~
:-J-/Jc
To depart from
To appear, rise,
to ascend
171 20: Fixed Prepositions
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN

To be pleased, satiE f
content, chosen,

He came
lcd,
'.J;. / '-'
To be pleased
U ;
fe
l
y
He brought, he got

JI
'-'
He brought, he got, he
He came, arrived
gave
:;;

To interest, regar
I
To have in mind,
'-'
intend, desire
,
j
concern, worry, Cl re

...- ..... -;
Cr
'-'
To come out, produce
To come out

r
To command
y
To command

To seek protectiol
To seek protection,
1,
y
take refuge
take refuge

To be ungrateful
To hide, to refuse, to
deny, reject. To
'-'
disbelieve, denied
negligent, thankle
.;;s
ungratefully
172 20: Fixed Prepositions
Learning Arabic Lar,guage of the OUR'AN
u Took away
--- ...--;
l.-..I'l:>')
He went, is gone
y
Is gone away, departed
~
To Jesire, long for
y
To :1ave no desire,
10 be averse
~ . J
To long
Jl
10 supplicate
uy
To prefer( one thing
; ,
('ver another)
Jl
To come back to,
~ t ;
to return
Settled, incurred, earned
To bring, lead back,
u
to bear
~
~
jC
To be unjust,
To seek, wish for,
to oppress
desire, oppress
~
,. ,..,-: With ')U.; : to coin a
Yr
similitude, give a
To strike, to beat
parable, set an example
173 20: Fixed Prepositions
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
Examples:
"When his Fosterer said to him (Ibrahim), 'Submit.' He
replied, '[ submit before the Fosterer of the worlds.'"
(2:131)
"And grant us mercy from Thine Own Presence; for
Thou art t he Grantor of bounties without measure." (3 :8)
"He said, 'My fosterer! I have been unjust to myself so
protectively forgive me.' So He protectively forgave
him." (28: 16)
"The Day their tongues and their hands and their feet
will bear witness against them as to that which they used
to do." (24:24)
"But when We remove from him that which harmed
him." (10: 12)
174 20: Fixed Prepositions
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
"Then We bring out through it fruits of every kind."
(7:57)
A <-:"'1'''\ .... .... / ..... .... i1 ................... f ........ }"
"f..p
---
"And enjoin that which is recognized (as good) and
forbid that which is not recognized (as good)." (3:114)
"And that which they had fabricated wi.'l go away from
them." (6:24)
AI":::,. }} ;\;.1.:; , .... (t;:.
"{ J-" .... j/
"Or (did you not consider one) like bim who passed
over a town which had fallen down on its roofs." (2:259)
"She bears a light burden and moves about with it."
(7:189)
"So when he came to him and narrated (his) narrative."
(28:25)
(Q( ,
"And He taught Adam all names; then He presented
them (things) before the angels." (2:31)
175 20: Fixed Prepositions
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
"Allah will be pleased with them and they will be
pleased with Him, that's the great achievement." (5:119)
"Allah took ,lway their light and left them in darkness
( so that) they do not see." (2: 17)
~ 4 ~ ~ ) ~ ~ 2 ~ ,
"Then she came to her people carrying him (Isa)."
( 19:27)
176 20: Fixed Prepositions
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
1 ___
.Y-
THE IMPERFECT TENSE-I
J" 0 lSi J
Consonant Verbs - d '>.1.;:."""otl Jl.a.9"i1
The imperfect tense denotes both present and future tense in
which an action is unfinished.
The conjugation of the imperfect tense is made by adding
prefixes and suffixes to the past tense.
Example:
- He does or he will do.
The imperfect tense conjugation of j;j: is as follows:

?
r::-
Singular Dual Plural



I::' -
u _
3
rd
r
He does/ They both They all dol
person mascu me
will do
dol will d,) will do
--
177 21: The Imperfect Tense-I
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
J;l3
j;1;


3
rd
person femin ine
She doesl They both They all dol
will do dol will do will do

J;l3


2
nd
person masculine
You dol will You both You all dol
do dol will do will do




2
nd
person femin ine
You dol will You both You all dol
do dol will do will do
;L

First person I d I 'Il d
-
We dol
(Masculine/F emin me) 0 WI 0
will do
The prefixes are 15 , u, i , 0, These are also called the signs of
t}--h:J1.
The suffixes are for duals, "032.." for masculine plurals,
'S for feminine plurals and for the second person
feminine singular. There are no suffixes for the first person.
The first radical of past tense i.e. '...Y will bear sukoon
on it.
The second radical 'C' in the imperfect tense may bear fatha
kasrah (7) or dammah (2..).
If the verb is on the pattern of j.;J, i.e, second radical 'C' bears a
fatha ( Then the second radical of the t-}\...k.:l\ can bear:
178 21: The Imperfect Tense-I
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
a) Fatha ( -=::"'). For example:
. ' \lplperfect
. n ..
@
J..-: ",

He opened He opens/ will open

J

He made He makes/ will make
L"
He wiped He wipes/ will wipe
b) Kasrah (-;;:-). For example:
"
PastteBe yrb Imperfect
ttmse ve:rb
..
: ....

.
..
. '
...... . ..... ..' ... .. > .
Y.f1
J
,



He hit He hits/will hit

J
b
l
,
,
He earned He earns/will earn
0"


He recognized
He recognizes/will
recognIze
179 21: The Imperfect Tense-I
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
c) Dammah (.2...). For example:
Past tense verb Imperfect tense verb

tJ\..a.,.
....... -:
J J 0 .....

He helped He helps/will help

'y'
],0/

He left He leaves/ will leave
/ / J ,0.-'
C..r:- Cr=
He ascended He ascends/ will ascend
If the verb is on the pattern of i.e. if the second radical 'l'
bears kasrah (-;:-) thcn the second radical of the imperfect tense
t},,1 .. :JI can bearJatha (...::::..), kasrah (-;:-)
Examples:
a) Fatha (...::::..)
Past tense verb Imperfect tense verb
. .A
tJ\..a.,.
/ J ..... 0 ....
L
He He listens/will listen
\..,.l ,
. 'r

He dr:mk He drinks/ will drink

He knew He knows/ will know
180 21: The Impeifect Tense-I
Learning Arabic Lang Jage of the OUR'AN
b) Kasrah (7)
He thought
Imperfect tense verb I
t) .

He thinks/ \\ .11 thmk
Past tense verb

Verbs of the pattern of will never bear damnlah on the
second radical cD in the imperfect tense.
lfthe verb is on the pattern of i.e. if the secoLd radical bears
dammah then the second radical of the imperfect tense
(Ul.h:.\\) will always bear dammah For exumple:
Past tense verb Imperfect tense verb

J 90"


.AA.;
He kept away
He keeps a\\ ay/will
keep away
,


He becomes rood/will
He became good
become i.ood
),
"'" j-;:;

'-?f
He approached
He approaches/ will
approa...:h
181 21: The1mperJect Tense-/
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
Examples of the imperfect tense:
~ { ~ C : ~ \ ~ J
"And Allah does what He wills." (14:27)
"Those who fulfill the agreement with Allah and do not
break the pledge." (13:20)
"Dressed in fine and thick silk, facing each other." (44:53)
"And Dawood and Sulaiman, when they both gave
judgment concerning the field when the people's sheep
pastured therein by night." (21 :78)
"And it is not lawful for them to hide that which Allah
has created in their wombs." (2:228)
"Do not shed hlood (among) yourselves and do not drive
out your people from your houses." (2:84)
182 21: The Imperfect Tense-[
Note:
Learning Arabic Lanpuage of the OUR'AN
"He (Allah) replied, '] know that which you do not know. '"
(2:30)
"We can afflict them (too), for their sins, and set a seal
on their hearts so that they would not rye able to hear."
(7:100)

"Then Allah sent a crow scratching the earth." (5 :31)
L ." ." -'" /' "'''''/'" "" /' ... ,j.':;;-- "'::'f /.
"'Z Ijb
"That was because they used to reject the signs of Allah
and kill the prophets without having the right to do so."
(3:112)
When the imperfect tense (t..) WI) is preceded by '<J"
or \J
r
' (very soon/shortly), they give the meaning of
future tense to the imperfect tense. '...r' or ,-.jr' are
called the particles of future ')11 J.J?).
Examples:
"The foolish among the people will say." (2:142)
183 21: The Imperfect Tense-I
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
"Never, you will come to know." (102:3)
d /' J././ /./.:-.? }"
0;J...:i .. -p r
"Again, you will come to know." (102:4)
184 21: The Imperfect Tense-/
Learning Arabic Lanquage of the OUR'AN
THE IMPERFECT TENSE - n
0,
Hamzated Verbs -iJ'G 6 G IJ
, .... ,
, ,
When hamza, 'I' is used as the first radical as j 1 I: there
will be no change in the conjugation and will follow the
pattern of j;J: j;.l;.
The imperfect tense conjugation of \: is as follows:

?

Singular Dual Plural

. )l5t



.
..) .
3
rd
l'
He eats/ They boh They all
person mascu me
will eat cat/will cat eat! will eat
,j
----.-
o 51-

j'G

u -
3
rd
person feminine
She eats/ They both They all
will eat eat/ will cat eat/ will eat
185 22: The Imperfect Tense-II

2
nd 1"
person mascu I le
I
i
cJj--o
I
2
nd
person feminiJ e
,
I
I
I
I
I
1------------r
First person
(Masculine/Feminille)
Examples:
I
I
'I
i
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
Jj,-;"


j)G
I::;
l} U
You eat! You both You all eatl
will eat eat/ will eat will eat


G

G
You eat! You both You all
will eat eat/ will eat eat/will eat
J j
Jb=UI
ji
1 eat/will
I
-
We eatl will
eat
I
eat
I I
"And slay t!IOSC who enjoin justice from among
human (3:21)
"And I inform you of that which you eat and that
which you store in your houses." (3:49)
When hamza, 'I' is used as the second radical as in JL. :
there will be no change in the conjugation and it will follow the
'" ",,"'" j...- 0,....
pattern
186 22: The Imperfect Tense-II
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
,-;.
The imperfect tense conjugation of is as follows:

Ji.o
.tJ:!j .. .... !.
> .
.. Singular Dual

J'

J'

Jw

i..) -
u _
3
rd
r
He asks/ They both They all
person mascu me
will ask ask/will ask ask/will ask
J'
'.

J\.:..3

3 rd person feminine
She asks/ They both They all
will ask ask/will ask ask/will ask
J";. '"

0jb

JW
2
nd
l'
You ask/ You both You all ask/
person mascu me
will ask ask/will ask will ask
c.:;y
JL:3
2
nd
person feminine
You ask/ You both You all ask/
will ask ask/ will ask will ask

;-;. -;.
J\.:\
;-;: ..,
Jw
First person I ask/will
-
We ask/
(MasculinelF eminine ) ask will ask
Examples:
,
"And they ask you about the Spirit (Ruh)," (17:85)
1
187 22: The Imperfect Tense-II
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
"And they lre not tired." (41 :38)
/ J
When hamza, 'I' i:, used as the third radical as in , there
will be no change in the conjugation and it will also follow the
pattern of
J
The imperfect conjugation of is as follows:

3 rd person mascu i me

3
rd
person feminll1e

[.
L. person maset me

2
nd
person femil me

Singular
J
\ / :. /

He reads/
will read
J
1)5
I She reads/
will read
j
i)5
You readl
will read
You read/
will read
?
e=-
Dual Plural

They both They all
read/will read read/will read
They both They all
read/will read read/will read

-: 0 J,...
uYr
You both You all
read/will read read/will read

You both You all
read/will read read/will read

;G
I
First person I read/will
(Masculine/Feminine) read
J

We read/
will read
188 22: The Imperfect Tense-II
Learning Arabic Langliage of the QUR'AN
"Then ask those who read the book (which was revealed)
before you." (10:94)
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ \ ~
"Allah begins the creation." (30: 11)
189 22: The Imperfect Tense-II
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
190
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
Chapter 23
THE IMPERFECT TENSE-III
As we have dealt with, in the past tense, there are three types of "veal..:.
verbs based on the positions taken by the weak letters (0 - .J-
1
) in
the root word J;J. They are:
J
Assimilated verb - J ~ I
Hollow verb - J;.. I
Defective verb - ~ W I
Assimilated Verb - J ~ I
In this kind of verb, the initial radical is weak i.e . .J or 0. They
come in the place of 0. The patterns will be according te, the
pattern J;J and there will be no change.
0.J\.,JI J ~ I : Here.J comes in place of 0 , the first radical, as
can be seen in the following examples:
J ~
~ - to promise
191 23: The Imperfect Tenfje-III
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
Ut.9 j (1 El - to stand
J..oj - to reach/arrive
- to describe/assert
The weak Iette ) IS dropped in the formation ofUW1.
The Imperfect ens::.: conjugation of .iCj : is as follows:

3
rd
person ma-..culine
3
rd
person femmme

I"
.L person m:.:scu me
J IJ:- C-.' j-o
2
nd
person fe:nInme
.).P
Singular
,

He
promises/
will promise
She
promises/
will promise
You
promise/
will promise


You
promise/
will promise
J!.A
Dual
I

They both
promise/will
promIse
c:-
Plural

They all
promise/will
promise
They both They all
promise/will promise/will
promise promise

-: 0 j ;:;

You both You all
promise/will promise/will
promise
I

(J..ut3

You both
promise
You all
promise/will promise/will
promIse promise
First pers()ll I promise/ - We promise/
(Masculine/Feminine) will promise will promise

192 23: The Imperfect Tense-III
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
Note 1:
We usually observe that the sign on tie second radical in
the imperfect tense is kasrah (-;::;-). However, in some
words the second radical may bear a jatha (....::::..).
: - To grant/confer
t1j : - To place/deliver
The imperfect tense conjugation of : is as follows:

?
e
Singular Dual Plural
J

--: 0 Y ".., /'
y..>1e


i
,
I
3
rd
r
He gives/ They bOlh They all
person mascu me
will give give/will give give/will give
,. ..... -;:

,..0,...----
'Ie -
'-:--+'

'-:--' c..;y
3
rd
fi' .
She gives/ Theybolh
They all
person emmme
will give give/v" ill give
give/will give
,. ..... ;:
. \ -: 0.5' ..... ;::

'-:--+'


2
nd
l'
You give/
You both
You all give/
person mascu me
will give
give/will give
will give
#



'-d.
2
nd
person feminine
You give/ You botll You all give/
will give give/will give will give

wI
J ..... -;-
'-:--+'
First person I give/will
-
We give/
(Masculine/Feminine) gIve will give
193 23: The Imperfect Tense-Ill
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
\'(){( 2:
\erb is an exception to the pattern of .:lCj. Here the J is
;\ot \ tropped in the formation of the and the conjugation
foIl< ws the consomnt pattern j;.l2 and-will thus be
The mperfect tense conjugation of -kj : is as follows:

,,"
e:-
,!
Singular Dual " Plural
1 .....
. )6.0-
J


\.,) .:J;:

lerson masculine
He fears/ I They both They all
will fear I fear! will fear fear/will fear
3
rd

I )6.0-

I
.:;
. .:J;:
. J
She fears/ They both They all
person feminine
will fear fear/will fear fear/will fear
j ..... 0""
.
j



l) .-Y
U .y
person masculine
You fear! You both You all fear/
will fear fear! will fear will fear
') nd

)6.0-

cJj-o
."- .:; .:;
person feminine
You fear/ You both You all fear/
will fear fear/will fear will fear

} -;:
J,.., 0'


.:)
First person I fear/will
-
We fear/
sculine/Feminine) fear will fear
194 23: The Imperfect Tense-Ill
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
tsyl J\4JI : Here IS comes in place of J , the first radical.
: !l - To become easy
J4 : (: - To despair/lose hope
: ::.: - To dry up
The imperfect tense conjugation of : !.: is as follows:
...... ',

?
pfi:al
;,., .'.' ,,',,\,'.,0.;;;" ... ,'.
Singular'.
Dual
J
\ r:
--: 0 J -;'0'"


i..) --

He loses They both They all lose
3
rd
r
hope/will lose hopei hope/will
person mascu me
lose hope will lose hope lose hope
J "0'
I
,.., 0 0 ....
-


i..) .

She loses They both They all lose
3
rd
person feminine
hope/will lose hopei hope/will
lose hope will lose hope lose hope
, -;. 0::
\
--: J -;'0::

i..) -

You lose You both lose You all lose
2
nd
r person mascu me hope/will hopei will hopei will
lose hope lose hope lose hope

I
.... 0 0;;

i..) -
c.:;y
You lose You both lose You all lose
2
nd
person feminine hopei will hopei will hope/will
lose hope lose hope lose hope

J -;'0\
J -;0-:
if"':!
First person
I lose
-
We lose
hope/will hope/will
(MasculinelF eminine)
lose hope lose hope
195 23: The Imperfect Tense-III
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
Hollow Verb - '-..3;; ':!\ :
Verbs with a middle radical i.e. 3 or IS are termed as
hollow verbs. Thy come in place of 't' the middle radical. The
middle letters .; or IS are replaced with alif, 'I' for easy
pronunciation.
Hollow verbs arc of two types:
l. IS-J\).l\ Here 3 comes in place oft, the middle radical,
as J; and is changed to a long alif, and becomes JIj.
Here the 3 back in the formation of the imperfect tense.
The imperfect tellse conjugation of JIj : J;i2 is as follows:

3
rd
person mascl
cJj.A
3 rd person fern i '

2
nd
person
masculine
dille
11l1C

?

Singular Dual Plural
J'





He says/ They both They all
will say say/will say say/will say
J'

)i2
Iy2-> I.)y.,>
-
She says/ They both They all say/
will say say/will say will say
JJi3

I.)y.,>

u')-'L'
You say/ You both You all say/
will say say/ will say will say
196 23: The Imperfect Tense-III
Learning Arabic Langua'Je of the QUR'AN
--


jJs


2
nd
person feminine
You say/ You both You all
will say say/will sav say/will say



First person I say/ will
-
We say/
(Masculine/F eminine) say will say
-
In the third person and second person feminine plural, the 3 is
dropped and they will become and JJs rcsp,xtiveiy.
Exception:
As mentioned earlier, 0G-. is an exception to the rule.
Hence it will not follow the pattern of :
The imperfect tense conjugation of 0G-.: '" .... is as follows:
"-


r:-
Singular Dual Plural
J
. U\.i-


08:.:
<..) uy M
3
rd
)'
He fears/ They both They all
person mascu me
will fear fear/will rem fear/will fear
--
0\ccJy
Jli uli
<..)

..
3
rd
person feminine
She fears/ They both They all
will fear fear/will real fear/will fear
197 23: Tile IlI!perfect Tense-III
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN




uy!
2
nd
person masculine
You fear/ You both You all fearl
will fear fear/will fear will fear





2
nd
person feminine
You fear/ You both You all fearl
will fear fear/will fear will fear

J '-
Jlf
First person I fear/ will
-
We fearl
(Masculine/Feminine) fear will fear
Here we see that in the second person and third person feminine
plural, alif, is dropped and t will bear fatha on it as in
and:)1-.
J '-
2. 0ft In this case, <S comes in place of t, the middle
radical, as &. and is changed to a long alif, '\' as t . In the
past perfect tense the '<s ' is dropped.
In the imperfect tense, <S comes back except for third person and
second person feminine plurals.
198 23: The Imperfect Tense-III
Learning Arabic LangLage of the OUR'AN
The imperfect tense conjugation of t : & is lS follows:
I
I
I

I

r::-
Singular Dual Plural
i
j'
I
. \ ." /'
-: 0 j 0 ./



. f
I
3
rd
r
He sells/ They bOl1 They all
person mascu me
will sell selllwl!1 sJI sell/will sell
--
) 0 ,




i.) ..
I
I
3
rd
person feminine
She sells/ They ho1:1 They all
will sell selllw i 11 sell/will sell I
I
I
&

I
-: 0 j", ;:
I

i.) -
I

I
2
nd
l'
You sell! You boh You all
I
person mascu me
will sell selllw ill s.:ll
sell I
,
. \;'

i.) .,

2
nd
person feminine
You selll You hoth You all
will sell sell/will sell sell/will sell

'0 \
j 0 -:
r:
First person I sell/will
-
We sell!
(Masculine/F eminine) sell wilI sell
Note: will have the imperfect tense as
199 23: The Imperfect Tense-III
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
Defective Verb -
Verbs with) in r lace of the final radical J, in the root j;J are
called defective \ erb",
l>-J\JlI WI comes in place of the last radical J.
The present ir tf' spelling of returns during the
formation of the . tense,
The imperfect tel se of : is as follows:


t:-
Singular Dual Plural
o j 0 .....

I
0 j 0 .....

-.>..;.
I
0-..l;
rd '
He calls/ They both I They all
3 person masc
will call call/will call call/will call
3f.:G
' 1/ j
,.., 0 j 0,...
..:JY'
0-..l;
3
rd
person femi i1ine
She calls/ They both They all
will call call/will call call/will call
_.
3f.:G
\/ j '/
/ 0' 0 ....
!

0-..G
2
nd
person masc'lline I
You calli You both I You all calli
will call call/will call
I
will call
I
&:G
.... 0 J 0,....
..:Jy
0-..G
2
nd
person feminine
You call/ You both You all calli
will call call/will call will call

Ji-;t
o J 0 .....
-,),j
First person I calli will
-
We call/will
(Masculine/Femi nine) call call
200 23: The Imperfect Tense-lI/
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
Note: We see the ')' remains in the conjub-ation, in second
person and third person feminine plurals. The thin: person masculine
and feminine plurals are the same i.e and the second person
masculine and feminine plurals are the same i.e 0:0 .
IS comes in the place of last radic,tl J-
The imperfect tense conjugation : li).. is as follows:

3
rd
l'
person mascu me

3
rd
person feminine

2
nd l'
person mascu me

2
nd C'. .
person lemlmne

Singular

Dual
c:-
Plural
,- 'G'-
lif.- <..) --'f..
-: 0 JI 0"""
uYOf.-
He throws/ They both They all throw
/will throw
will throw throw/will throw
---+-----i
li')
'G':;
<..) --'f
,.....0 0"-

She throws/ They botn They all throw
/will throw
will throw throw/will throw
--+---------1
You throw/ You both th:uw/ You all throw
will throw
/will throw
will thro\v
---+-----i
You throw/ You both thmw/ You all throw
will throw
/will throw
will throw
---+-----1
liJ
First person I throw/ We throw/
will throw (Masculine/Feminine) will throw
Note: The second person feminine singular <iI1d plural are the
same,
201 23: The Imperfect Tense-III
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
The imperfect tense conjugation of cP : is as follows:
I

J!.A
c:-
........
Singular
Dual
Plural
..


. niL

1..)" "
3
rd
r
He meets/ They both They all meet!
person mascu me
will meet meet/will meet will meet
J1
n;'Ij

- "
cJy
1..)"
3
rd
ft .
She meets/ They both They all meet!
person emmme
will meet meet/will meet will meet
J1
.


" "
1..)"
2
nd
person masculi ne
You meet/ You both You all meet!
will meet meet/will meet will meet
&ill
.
&ill
cJy
1..)"
2
nd
person feminine
You meet! You both You all meet!
will meet meet/will meet will meet

!
JJI
JD
First person I meet/
-
We meet/
(Masculine/Feminine) will meet will meet
The second radical bears kasrah (-::;-) here and therefore we
observe a change in the pattern as compared to the base pattern
Jj in which the second radical bearsfatha (..::.:..).
Here we note that the second person feminine singular and
plural is the same i.e &ill .
202 23: The Imperfect Tense-III
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
Note:
J) and fall into the pattern of in the past
tense conjugation, However, the imperfect tense conjugation
is on the pattern of J:
Examples:
- To run/strive
- To refuse
- To forbid
The imperfect tense conjugation of : is as follows:
.




i..)
3
rd
l'
He strives/ They both They all strive
person mascu me
will strive strive/will strive
/will strive
"" 0-:'
'3
.... 0 ..... 0 ....




3
rd
person feminine
She strives/ They both They all strive
will strive strive/will strive
/will strive
.... 0-:'
. '3
-: 0 ...... 0-:'




2
nd
I'
You strive/ You both You all strive/
person mascu me
will strive strive/will strive
will strive
.... 0 ..... 0-:'
. 3
,..,0".. 0-:'



2
nd
person feminine
You strive/ You both strive/ You all strive/
will strive will strive
will strive
203 23: The Imperfect

First pers!
(Masculine/F en
m
linine)
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
/ , \
.... 0":

I strive/
-
We strive/
will strive will strive
The imperfect te:lse conjugation of l>G : l> J / l>l;. is as follows:

J!.o

Singular Dual Plural
, /
V/
-: 0,..., ....

l>J? l} .f.. UJJ?
3
rd
r
He sees/ They both They all see/
person me
will see see/ will see will see
'.5')
. V::
,...0,.... .....
It. ;j.A
!.J
U=J?
She sees/
They both They all see/
3
rd
person feminine
will see
see/ will see will see
l>')
. V::
-: 0 ...... ::
\.;!.
l} .:y> uJy
2
nd
person
You see/ You both You all see/
will see see/will see will see
.... 0 ..... ;;
. V::
",0,...;;:
...:J jA
u=y> l} u=y
2
nd
person feminine
You see/ You both You all see/
will see see/will see will see

l>') l>')
First person I see/
-
We see/will
(Masculine/F en lin i ne) will see see
There is an irregularity in the pattern of l>t: l> 'j.
204 23: The Imperfect Tense-Ill
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
Examples:
;:;Jt,
"And those who join that which Allah has commanded
to be joined." (13 :21 )
"Nor do they adopt as their religion, the religion of truth
(Islam)." (9:29)
L AJ (' -f; !.J\ J"
"t ,,;- - / J".:P .. ..r 7
"Who is the god other than Allah who could bring them
(back) to you?" (6:46)
L ,- II . i:; \ J"
"t /. - .. 7
"When they transgressed in (the matter oj) the Sabbath."
(7: 163)
"Wby do you not come to us witb the angels, if you are
of the truthful ones?" (15: 7)
j[ -:' )0 -t;j /! '/:1 /',-'/1,
"{ iY.-')t
"And the day they did not keep the Sabhath, it (fish) did
not come to them. Thus did We test them because they
transgressed. " (7: 163)
205 23: The imperfect Tense-III
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
"Why do you admonish a people whom Allah would
destroy." (7: 164)
d >1
'" /' / '.r!.. .y If' '}l
"Say'] seek the protection of the Fosterer of the day
break. '" ( 113 : 1 )

"He will enter flaming fire." (111 :3)

"A messenger from Allah, reading clean pages." (98:2)
"And as f()r him who comes to you striving hard." (80:8)

"And he/ears." (80:9)
"And the Hell will be made manifest/or him who sees."
(79:36)
d:L/ C::;\/,,'.5
"{ - :J '"f':':- r '}l
206 23: The Imperfect Tense-III
Learning Arac'c Language of the OUR'AN
"For them therein, there will bevhat they will for, and
more from Us." (50:35)
4
"So be patient over what they say, and glorify by praising
your Fosterer." (50:39)
"The Day We will say to Hell, 'j\re you filled?' And it
will say, "Are there any more?'" (50:30)
"But (He involves you in such situations) that He may
test some of you by means of others." (47:4)
A (I.!.) . --- \ J. N./ (I.!.) . '" \ J..
"'Z /Y' 7
"He grants females (daughters) to whom He wills and
He grants males (sons) to whom He wills." (42:49)
A .'/,i;
"'Z -/ 1-'7
"And many of the partners certainly wrong one another."
(38:24)
207 23: The Imperfect Tense-III
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
208
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
,.. Chapter 24


THE IMPERFECT TENSE - IV
. .
J ... J J. "

IJI 0 0 ......
Doubly Weak Verb -
Here we will study the imperfect tense conj ugation of verbs that
,
have more than one weak verb in their formation.
Verbs with the first and third radicals as weak letters follow the
same pattern as the defective verb (Jj : The 3 is dropped
in the formation of the imperfect tense.
Example: l1;: :.f: - to save
Imperfect tense conjugation of l.t; : :.f::
..
?

Singular Dual Plural
:.f;
. LA:;
-: () !...-

-,-

3
rd
r
He saves/ They both They all
person mascu me
will save save/will save save/will save
209 24: The Imperfect Tense-IV
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
,---
I

:J}

i..}
, rd
person feminine
She saves/ They both They all
-,
will save save/will save save/will save
:J?
. --: 0
,---1U:.


- --
",nd
pc:rson masculine
You savel You both You all
L.
will save save/will save save/will save

. L::..i

U:. cJ j.o
i..} --
",;ld
rerson feminine
You savel You both You all
-
will save save/will save save/will save



:J}
First person I savel
-
We savel
(Masculine/Feminine) will save will save
Verbs wIth the second and thIrd radIcals as weak letters follow
the pattern of J: ft
Example:
ci : - to live

"
,'"
l*
ct
Singular ' Dual Plural
.".'




i..} -- -
They all
3 rd person masculine
He lives/ They both
live/ will
will live live/ will live
live
210 24: The Imperfect Tense-IV
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN


. t:.i
y
3
rd
person feminine
She lives/ They both They all
will live live/ will live/will live

;i
. t:.i
y
2
nd
r
You live/ You both You all live/
person mascu me
will live live/will will live
s;;;- d


Y
2
nd
person feminine
You live/ You both You all live/
will live live/ wi 11 Ii" e will live

i
J?-
First person I live/ will
-
We live/will
(Masculine/F eminine ) live live
211 24: The Imperfect Tense-IV
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
212
I
I
\
\
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
Chapter 25 I
THE IMPERFECT TENSE - V
;' J J 0

o 17 0 ....
The Double Lettered Verbs -
Verbs in which the second and third radicals arc identical and bear a
shaddah (:':.. ) on them, will be pronounced twice. For example:
0lb : - To think!to suspect
Imperfect tense conjugation of 01 : :

Singular



3
rd
person He thinks/
masculine will think
0\ccJj-o
?
3
rd
person She thinks/
feminine will think
?
Dual

o ..
They both tl
will thin

They both tl
will thin
link
k
link
k
t:-
Plural

o ..
/ They all think!
will think
.' .

/ They all think!
will think
213 25: The Imperfect Tense-V
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN


You both
o .. -
2
nd
person You think!
think!will think
You all think!
masculine will think will think

........



2
nd
person You think! You both think! You all think!
feminine will think will think will think



First person
I think!will
-
We think! will
(Masculine/
think think
Feminine)
Note: Usually there is a dammah ( .2..) on the second radical in
the conjugation of the imperfect tense. For example:
To strengthen
To pass
To touch
To make happy
,.., " J ,,.
.:Y :
To favor/gift
To lighten
To intend
Sometimes the second radical may bear kasrah ("7) or fatha (..::::...).
Here are some examples:
) : - To run away/escape
214 25: The Imperfect Tense-V
Learning Arabic Languaqe of the OUR'AN
, : - To stay permanently/dwell in
, : - To be cool
Examples from the Qur'an:
"And those who deny Our signs, the punishment will
afflict them because they used to transgress." (6:49)
"They consider it their favor on you that the; have accepted
Islam." (49:17)
"And they do nothing but guess." (2:78)
"A Day when man will run away from his brother."
(80:34)
215 25: The Imperfect Tense-V
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
216
Learning Arabic Lanuuage of the OUR'AN

r-----
Chapter 26
PAST CONTINUOUS
,
I) .... C) C) " (1

-str is a helping verb meaning 'was/were". Howe\ er, when it comes
before the imperfect tense it will make it a past c )ntinuous verb.
For example:
.j\5' - He was doing.
Past continuous conjugation of .j\5':

Singular


. u
3
rd
r
He was
person mascu me
doing

j;l3 CJ\5'
3
rd
person feminine
She was
doing
217


D ual
/
/ c,


They bot
doil were
5'
h
Ig
/
/ :

'\5'
They h
were
bot
doil ig

Plural
;\;J.:; \'!\5'
u .'Y
They all
were doing

. .
They all
were doing
26: Past Continuous
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
;:!; I
, \:..o?"'. I i v yuuu v
I....-....b\.:- v I -
. ..r . " i You were I You both You all
person maseu In,;! d' i d . d .
_ I omg were omg were omg
r d ]3
You both You all I You were
2
nd
person femin lk II'
doing were doing were doing

/
__
I
First person . I I We were
., . I I was domg I'
I (Masculme/Femm:nc dOll1g I
The conjugation flir 2,'$" is in the past tense though it is used
along with the imp,.Tfe--:t tense
Examples.'
'
If / }/"/ D J.,. """ '/" ;' ".. /
4 dl'::';r;
"That was ')ecause of their disobedience and they were
the persons who exceeded the limits." (2:61 )
l' / /
If. ./" ./ "'-:;:" ---. '7 _ t 'J."'''; II) '" -' -; "'\ / "
0-".1 u-',
"And that you fast is better for you {[you know." (2:184)
"t (Ie
"They hoth Ilsed to eat food." (5:75)
/
::ilJ:i
"And We delivered him from the town which practiced
bad things." (21 :74)
t! if e:: G5' j i,ilG
"And they will say, 'Had we hut listened or understood, we would
not have been among the inhabitants of blazing fire. '" (67: 10)
218 26: Past Continuous
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR' AN
_______ C_h_ap_t_e_r_2_7 _____ __
r
MOODS OF THE IMPERFECT TENSE - I
The imperfect tense by slight changes may be in two forms .
The Subjunctive Mood - :II
The Jussive Moods - UWl.
When a particle such as 01 (that) precedes the simple imperfect
tense (he does/ will do), it changes the case ending of the
imperfect verb to fatha or nasab (....::::...). The meaning differs from
what it has in its absolute case. This is the sUbjunctive mood of
the verb. For example:
j;l; 0\ - That he does/ will do.
Similarly, if a particle such as 01 (it) precedes the simple imperfect
tense (he does/will do) it change case ending of the
imperfect verb to sukoon or jazm (_. ) and the meaning will differ
from its absolute case. This is the jussive mood of the verb.
219 27:Moods of the Imperfect Tense-I
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
- ifhe does/will do.
These two forms of the imperfect tense, the subjunctive and
jussive moods call be made by slight changes to the imperfect
tense verb.
The Subjunctive -
The prefixed particles J..,j-I change the mood of the
imperfect tense to the subjunctive. They are listed below:
0\
0
1
+ 'J=
\
, 0


'X$
Meaning
will never
that/that not
So that/so that not
Until
So thatlin order to
Therefore/then
220 27:Moods of the lmpeifect Tense-/
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
Below is a table demonstrating, the action of (0\) on the imperfect
tense



Singular
Dual
Plural




_ u _ u _ u
3
rd
r
that he that they both t.hat they all
person mascu me
doeslwill do dol will do dol will do

)Wj
j;;; 0\
'Ie
u
c..;y
3
rd
person feminine
that she that they both I hat they all
doeslwill do dol will do dol will do
)Wj 01 01

u
2
nd
I'
that you that you both that you all
person mascu me
dol will do dol will do dol will do
zl; 0\ )Wj 01
J; 1

. u
2
nd
person feminine
that you that you both Lhat you all
dol will do dol will do dol will do

j;J
1
0\

First person that r dol
-
that we dol
(Masculine/Feminine) will do will do
Points to note from the above table:
The fathah (..::::..) which is evident in the imperfect tense is seen
only on the singular third person masculine and leminine, the
singular second person masculine and on the first person singular
and plural. i.e. , , j.Jf , . For all other forms, the 0
of duals and plurals are dropped except in the feminine plurals.
221 27 :Moods of the Imperfect Tense-I
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
Examples of J--,y:L1 found in the Qur'an. Example 'oi' (that):
"Nor should they themselves go out, unless they commit
aturpen inuecenc)1." (6S.\)
o
As is feminine plural, the' 0' is not dropped.
''It is most nateful to Allan that you say tnat which you
do not do." (61:3)
The \/ is dropped irom '3) , due to the addition of' 0f..
o $:... :: -;.
01 +':1 ':11 - (that not):
Example:
db -- j\.(:ll i :l" i>--;"";: 1"
j?
"Do not fear nor g1 .eve but receive the good news of the
garden which you are promised". (41 :30)
y + 01 - (for that):
Example:
db 0-'("(5!Y
"{ u JY 'Ji"
"And I am commanded that 1 should be the first of those
who submit (as Muslims)." (39:12)
222 27:Moods of the Impeifect Tense-I
Learning Arabic Lan9uage of the QUR'AN
.)J : It gives the meaning of will never and is a strong
negation of the future. When ,jJ is prefixed to the it
will indicate the future tense. For example:
"C '4-:1\/7/
:l{ ('"'" U""
"Allah will never jc)rgive them proketi, ely." (9:80)
/. .. -'.- ,-

j.)- /' j. -:;,/ I> .J:.,// ,/
-.:...:....>y;--;; / -.r.: _J' __ ,
"You will never attain righteousness unless you spend
from that which you love." (3:92)
6'- In order to/so that:
"That we may glorifj' You much." (20:3))
')\$ - So that notlin order not to:
For example:
"So that the (wealth) may not become an item of circulation
(only) between the rich among you." (59:7)
- So that not:
"So that he does not know anything (even) after (having
had) knowledge." (16:70)
223 27 :Mootls of the Imperfect Tense-I
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
J.;. - Until:

"And 10 not go near them till they are clean." (2:222)
4, ...... ':131 -:' /1/ ':tv
"{ ;-'" -:-
"( This is 1m He separates the evil from the good."
(3: 17S)
J - So that
4 -.'/ :;.\/ - d:l.; ':tv
- _ 'Jj!'
"And . cast on you love from Me, so that you might be
brougnt up before My eye." (20:39)
J + -) - So that not:
/' // / .J. "-;;/1 / :/i
';- '-;= <J- JJUY\...J..'}!
"That the owners of the book may know that they do not
have control on anything from the grace of Allah." (57:29)
Examples:
,
"But if you do not do it, and you will never do it then be
on your guard against the tire." (2:24)
(;. :0 J; J
224 27 :Moods of the Impeifect Tense-l
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
"And we know that we can neither defeat Allah in the
Earth nor can we defeat Him by flight" (72:12)
L -1 d..,C; J/}"
"'t // .- y
"Allah will never raise a messenger after j,im." (40:34)
> ,/ -:t /,1" J.J. ...... t ;").,.",...,,."\
J-.I .jlJ"
-- --
"Say, 'None can ever protect me against, dlah and I can
never find besides Him, (any source oj) reuge.'" (72:22)
"And we thought that mankinsl. and the jim never speak
a lie against Allah." (72:5)

"Least a soul should say, 'My regrets on heing negligent
towards Allah's side.'" (39:56)
"Allah is certainly not ashamed to setforth the similitude
of a fly or something above that." (2:26)
J 5l,
"Allah commands you that you should cerlainly slaughter
a cow." (2:67)
L /1}"
"'t -!o- !o-'-" ./ Y
225 27 :Moods of the Imperfect Tense-I
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
"He cor lmands lhat you serve no one but Him Alone."
(12:40)
"Do nO! fie . nor grieve but receive the good news of the
garden \ 11\(:h you are promised." (41 :30)
"Thus \\ e returned you to your mother that her eye might
be coole: I alld (that) she might not grieve." (20:40)
"And d(, not go near them till they are clean." (2:222)
"And tht Y \\ill not enter the garden until the camel passes
through he eye of the needle." (7:40)
: ~ ~ \ .. , ~ : , ;.11 \ ~ / ~
" ;.:>. ,./ -" H/)
"That Alah may separate the bad ones from the good
ones." ~ : 3 7 \
"That He' may cut off a portion from among those who
did not believe." (3:127)
226 27:Moods of the Imperfect Tense-I
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN

"{.f-u r..l.A)t:.
"That Allah may protect you from (every) sin of yours
which you (could) send in advance and which you (could)
leave behind." (48:2)
"And We taught him the (art of) making coats of mail
for you that they might protect you in your wars." (21 :80)
A .....
"{ '-rl ,a'-' 'W --:....> I' r
"And do not make Allah, because of your oaths, a
hindrance in your righteousness and guarding (against
evil) and effecting reconciliation betwecn human being."
(2:224)
In the last example, we see that the conjunction '_/ 31))
meaning "and" carries forward the effect of thc J
3
JlI"
Therefore, the following imperfect verbs joined by '.J' will be
affected in the same manner as the first verb and will be in the
SUbjunctive form.
When J
3
JlI come before weak verbs
hamzated verbs jw and doubled letters verbs ( jw
L.cW:JI) we will observe the same changes as in the consonant
verbs, therefore, they do not need to be dealt with separately.
227 27:Moods of the Imperfect Tense-I
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
"He c.)flnnands thaI you serve no one but Him Alone."
(12:4( )
"Do n It F Ii' nor grieve but receive the good news of the
gardel wlch you are promised." (41:30)
:;:s: I?'; r d:.i d\
_ 't-:'"' _..f_-_ _ ..f Y
"i'hus We returned you to your mother that her eye might
be cae led and (that) she might not grieve." (20:40)
"And jo not go near them till they are clean." (2:222)
"And t 1ey will not enter the garden until the camel passes
througi i the eye of the needle." (7 :40)
"That \lIah may separate the bad ones from the good
ones." 8::;7)
"That He may cut off a portion from among those who
did not believe." (3:127)
226 27:Moods of the Impeifect Tense-/
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
"That Allah may protect you from (every) sin of yours
which you (could) send in advance and which you (could)
leave behind." (48:2)
"And We taught him the (art of) making coats of mail
for you that they might protect you in your wars." (21 :80)
A 8\ .1{--
"\. IJP..'--"':""> Ii ___ r
"And do not make Allah, because of your oaths, a
hindrance in your righteousness and guarding (against
evil) and effecting reconciliation between human being."
(2:224)
In the last example, we see that the conjunction '_/ 31))
meaning "and" carries forward the effect of the
Therefore, the following imperfect verbs joined by will be
affected in the same manner as the first verb and will be in the
sUbjunctive form.
When come before weak verbs
hamzated verbs and doubled letters verbs
i.ia . .bjl) we will observe the same changes as in the consonant
verbs, therefore, they do not need to be dealt with separately.
227 27:Moods of the Imperfect Tense-I
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
228
Learning Arabic language of the QUR'AN
_______ C_h_ap __ t_e_r_2_8
r
MOODS OF THE IMPERFECT TENSE - II
The Jussive -
The prefixed particles which are called }::-I 0
3
J-\ change the
mood of the imperfect tense to the jussivc '1ere the tlnal radical
takes a sukoon orjazm (_0 ). These are listed below:
J Q ) Q,...

1
. ')
Meaning

Was no,/did not
-----
Not yet
I

lf

Should
'1 Dono t/Should not
229 28: Moods of the Imperfect Tense-II
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
Table with 01:


r:: .....
Singular Duai P.1uriil .

0,... 0;:::; 0 \

. .
3
rd
r
Ifhe doesl If they both If they all
person mascu I ne
will do dol will do dolwill do

\


. .
3
rd
person feminine
If she doesl If they both If they all
will do dol will do dolwill do



U;
2
nd
person masculine
If you dol If you both If you all
will do dol will do dolwill do

j; \


U;
01
2
nd
fl' .
If you dol If you both If you all
person emmll1e
will do dol will do dolwill do

J;jl \
u;

u;
First person If I dolwill
-
Ifwe dol
(Masculine/F emini ne) do will do
Points to note from the above table:
The sukoon (_') which is evident in the imperfect is seen only
on the singular third person and second person masculine and
feminine and on the first person singular and plural. i.e. j.;l; ,
, J;jl and
For all other forms, the' 0' of duals and plurals are dropped as
in the subjunctive, except in the case of feminine plurals.
230 28: Moods of the Imperfect Tense-II
Learning AraOlc , anguage at the OUR'AN
- was not/did not: It is used to deny a s ,atement. It changes
the present future tense to past tense.
/ \-;;. /" -:J \ -::; ';',
_/ u--:-
"We did not assign (this) name to my one befixc." (19:7)
Ij - not yet:
"And (will do so to) others (tOO) fron among those who
have not yet joined them." (62: ::
/ 't". / o/\-;;i/':k ..
r;>",li \ L..J -'
"And belief has not yet entered into y, lur hearts." (4li: 14)
In the above example, we see that of jJ.. bears kasrah (-;:;-)
on it (instead of sukoon (_0_). The genera rule is that sukoon
(--.:..) is changed to kasrah (-;:;-) to join the it Howing letter.
Note: When LJ is followed by the imperft ct tense it gives the
meaning of not yet. When it comes before tI ,e past tense it means
'when' without any efiect on the harakah .::.) of the past tense.

"So when Talut departed with the forces". (2:249)
: It is a conditional particle and gives the meaning of "if'. It
usually comes in the beginning of a conditional sentence and is
followed by two imperfect verbs in the jussive case.
231 28: Moods of the Imperfect Tense-II
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
"lfyol help Allah, He will help you and make your feet
firm." 47,7)
if "." ,,>-: ' >/ " > /.."' -" ,//,.}. ././ }"
r--'""' jt
"If yo 1. wonted a decision then the decision has come to
you, Q1 cd ilvou desist then it will be better for you." (8: I 9)
It can also come along with '1. For example:
01 + \j '1
1
If + no ifnotlunless
"And IF You do not protectively forgive me and have
mercy on me I will be of the losers." (I 1:47)
J - should: It is also called "lam of command C; '11 r'1)". We
will deal with this in detail in the imperative fonn.
,:1':/ ,n', .// "/
c,,\ .ul .o\:.j ..
"Let him \\ho has abundance !)pend out of his abundance,
and one who has his provision straitened on him, let him
!)pend from that which Allah has given to him." (65:7)
'1 : This is the particle of prohibition and is also called 1.
It is used with the second person imperfect tense to give a
negative command.
232 28: Moods of the Impelfect Tense-II
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN

"And do not say for those who are slain in the way of
Allah (that they are) dead." (2:154)
') ?)..-- ':/?).
IpJ -...:...>1 4..\1 oJ.., J?
4 01

"And do not make Allah, because of your oaths, a hindrance
in your righteousness and guarding (against evil) and
effecting reconciliation between human beings." (2:224)
There is one more '1 named QWI '1, whicl' is used for negation
and means "no". This '1 will have no em:ct on the verb that
follows it. It is just used as a statement.
"Allah will not catch you for what is vain in your oaths."
(2:225)
L . .1'11 ! .--: ! if

"They cannot travel in the land." (2:273)

"Allah does not task a soul but (h) the extent of) that
which He has given it." (65:7)
L -:1\.::.:;J\ . ?-;\" uj(.-:;,\\ .. '-- >\'/
" . - --t..J / 0"" '-'" r
"Say, 'No one in the skies and the Earth knows the
unseen except Allah.'" (27:65)
233 28: .Woods of the lmperfect
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
WEAK VERBS -
Assimilated verDS on the pattern of .:ll:.j and and hamzated
verbs will char ge \vhen prefixed with \:#- \ J
3
? with the
same effect as tLat of the basic consonant pattern j;J.
Hollow verbs en the pattern of JIJ and t will undergo the
following change:


t:
Singular Dual
Plural
w\c
S'l.,

" \

y..:

J
He did not They both They all did
3
rd
r person mascu me
say did not say not say
0k.


3
rd
person fenlinine
She did not They both They all did
say did not say not say
J\s.
. y_,.o


2
nd
person
You did not You both You all did
say did not say not say



2
nd
person feminine
You did not You both You all did
say did not say not say

Jjl

First person
-
We did not
(Masculine/F emini ne)
I did not say
say
234 28: Moods of the Imperfect Tense-II
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
Table for &- :
.Jl.o


\'" ;

3
rd
r
He did not They hoth They all did
person mascu me
sell did not sell not sell


;' ;


3
rd
person feminine
She did not They hoth They all did
sell did not sell not sell
.Jl.o


\'Jo :;

2
nd
r
You did not You both You all did
person mascu me
sell did not sell not sell
"



2
nd
person feminine
You did not You both You all did
sell did not sell not sell

,

It
First person
I did not sell
We did not
(Masculine/F em in in e) sell
In the table above we see that ',)' and '<s' are dropped in the third
person masculine and feminine singular, second person masculine
and first person singular and plural because the last letter is
made sakin (_'_). Two sukoons cannot appear together, and
therefore, the weak letter is dropped. The remaining pattern however
will have the ',)' and the' <s' respectively in the conjugation.
235 28: Moods lifthe Imperfect Tense-II
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
Defective verbs on the pattern of \C:;, Jj and will have the
following changes in their conjugation when prefixed with
J
3
)l1.
Table for l.i2

J.!-a
r::-
Singular Dual Plural
<\c
'-:--> ";...0

3
rd
I'
He did not They both They all
person mascu me
call , did not call did not call
\c -.:J_;.o
0.i2
3
rd
person feminine
She did not They both They all
call did not call did not call


2
nd
person ma,>culine
You did not You both You all did
call did not call not call





2
nd
person feminine
You did not You both You all did
call did not call not call



First person I did not
-
We did not
(Masculine/Feminine) call call
236 28: Moods of the Imperfect Tense-Il
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
Table for
J!.o
e::-
Singular Dual Plural

3
rd
I'
person mascu me
0,

L., j
\0 J

--f.. Iy<'.f-.
They both They all
He did not
did ntlt did not
throw
throw throw

3
rd
person feminine
L.,0:; j

--'f '

They bl)th They all
She did not
throw
did not did not
thrO\\ throw

2
nd I'
person mascu me



--'f
You both
You did not
did not
You all did
throw
thro\\
not throw
0:;
r
Y d
'd You both Y 11 d'd
2
nd
It." (au 1 nOlt d d (au a 1
person emmme throw hI 1101 not throw
trow

First person
(Masculine/F eminine)
7 r); 7 7 r;;? )
I did not
throw
We did not
throw
237 28: Moods of the Imperfect Tense-II
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
Table for :

?
r::-
Singular Dual Plural





3
rd
person masculine
He did not They both They all did
meet did not meet not meet



3
rd
person feminme
She did They both They all did
not meet did not meet not meet



2
nd
person masculine
You did You both did You all did
not meet not meet not meet
cJy


2
nd
person feminine
You did You both did You all did
not meet not meet not meet

jJi

First person I did not
-
We did not
(Masculine/F emin ine) meet meet
In the hollow verbs, we see that '_/ and \5' are dropped in the
third person masculine and feminine singular, the second person
masculine and in the first person singular and plural. The
remaining pattern will have the '.J' and the \5' respectively in
the conjugation.
Double lettered verb The change in pattern is as
follows:
238 28: Moods of the Imperfect Tense-II
Learning Arabic LEnguage of the QUR'AN
Table of : (when it is written separately):

?
e::-
Singular Dual Plural




They all
3
rd
r
He did not They both did
did not person mascu me
think not thmk
think
I.e



C-jy.
They all
3
rd
person feminine
She did They bOl h did
did not
not think not th;nk
think




2
nd
r
You did You both did You all did
person mascu me
not think not thmk not think


j

2
nd
person feminine
You did You botn did You all did
not think not thmk not think



I
First person I did not
-
We did not
(Masculine/F eminine) think think
Here the shaddah (..::...) is opened in the third person masculine
and the feminine singular and in the second person singular and
first person verbs.
239 28: Moods of the Imperfect Tense-II
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
Examples:
0lJ

"But if you do not do it, then take notice of war from
Allah and His Messenger; and if you repent (or go back
to the affair of loan), then for you is the principal of your
amount." (2:279)
"But if you do not do it, and you will never do it, then be
on your guard against the fire." (2:24)
"While Alluh has not yet known (marked out) those who
strive (in H is way) from among you and known (marked
out) those who are patient?" (3:142)

"If a wound has afflicted you, then a similar wound has
afflicted the (other) people." (3: 140)
"So if you turn back, then I have conveyed to you that
with which I was sent to you." (11:57)
4 ,-; {C',-": ?'j\
.'.J _ " _!J 'JJ?
240 28: Moods of the Imperfect Tense-II
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
"And they will call out, '0 Malik (Angel incharge of
Hell)l Let your Fosterer make an end of us.' He will say,
'You certainly have to stay (here). ", (43:77)
"But do not go near this tree, because you will become
one of those who are unjust." (2:3')
j . W -.-!J
... ... - u'}t
"You do not associate with Me anything (as partner), and
clean My house for those who walk around (it)." (22: 26)

"Then do not say (even), "Uff," to them nor scold them,
but speak to them in words ofhonor.' (17:23)
"And if You do not forgive me and have
mercy on me I will be ofthe losers." (11 :47)
241 28: Mood, of the Imperfect Tense-II
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR
242
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
1 ____ C_h_a_p_te_r_2_9 __ _
.Y-
THE IMPERATIVE VERB
Direct
The imperative is the command form of a verb. The imperative
is of two kinds:
Direct command _ J 0
;
Indirect command - \ j
';1 is the "direct command" which is given to the
second person.
Example:
y';:'l - (you) hit
J
J o
- (you) help
yf!,l - (you) drink
Sometimes the command is given to the third and to the first
In such case it is known as Indirect Command,
243 29: Imperative Verb
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
Example:
YA J - He should hit

- I should help
yy11 - I should drink.
Direct command -
As we have said earlier is formed from the
imperfect second person masculine and feminine. Now let us
observe how the second person imperfect tense is changed to the
imperative form of the verb.

?
c:-
Singular Dual Plural

j;l3


u
2
nd
person You dol will You both dol You all dol
masculine do will do will do

J.\;l;

j;Js
2
nd
person You dol will You both dol You all dol
feminine do will do will do
Step 1:
From the above table, remove the sign of the second
person imperfect tense '\.:/' as can be seen from the table below:
244 29: Imperative Verb
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN



Singular Dual Plural
-.?l.c
j;J
, ,
2
nd
I'

person mascu me
cJy


j;J
2
nd
person feminine
Step 2:
Add hamza, in the place of 0. If the seC()nd radical of the
imperfect tense bears fatha (-.:::...), or kasmh (7) then the
prefixed hamza (I) will get kasrah (7)' If the second radical
bears dammah (..2..) then the prefixed alif, (I) will also bear
dammah (..2..). Note that there never be ('atha (-.:::...) on the
prefix hamza, of command '11 ).



Singular Dual Plural
-.?l.c
j;J1

;1;.1\
2
nd
r
u
person mascu me
cJy

j;J1
2
nd
person feminine
.. ,.... ::
This prefixed hamza is called hamzatui wasl (J-.o) I the
hamza of joining. Though present in the SCript, it is not read. It
joins the preceding word with the succeeding word.
245 29: Imperative Verb
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
Step 3:
The last letter of the masculine singular will bear sukoon (..:.)
on it. All other nun's Cj) are dropped except that of feminine
plura1. Therefore, the command form, ..;i will be as below:
~ ~ ~ ~
1/! \
~ l
' 0
~ ~
\ ~ l
2
nd
r person mascu me Do Do (you both) Do (you all)
~ ~ c J ~
~ l
~ l :-}Jl
2
nd
person feminine Do Do (you both) Do (you all)
Imperative form of e :
~ ~ ~ l
~ l
~ l \ ~ l
2
nd
I"
person mascu me Open Open (you both) Open (you all)
~ ~ c J ~ ~ \
....... !::.
~ b
~ l
2
nd
person fern inine Open Open (you both) Open (you all)
246 29: Imperative Verb
Learning Arabic Lar'guage of the OUR'AN
Imperative fonn of :


c:
Singular Dual Plural

, \
'-?r"
t; \
.'r"
\' , \

2
nd
I'
person mascu me Strike Strike (you both) Strike (you all)

lJ \

t; \

/' \
0?r"
')nd fl' .
""' person emmme Strike Strike (you bOlh) Strike (you all)
Imperative fonn of :


c:
Singular Dual Plural
, , ,

o j

\' j ,

2
nd
r person mascu me Help Help (you both) Help (you all)
,
}
,


\ / , '\

'J4-'
2
nd
person feminine Help Help (you both) Help (you all)
Examples:

"And that you should serve Me, this is the straight path."
(36:61)
"Strike with your foot, this (water which thereby gushes
out, is for a) cool bath and a drink." (38:42)
247 29: Imperative Verb
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
"We said: 'Strike the (porous) rock with your staff.'"
(2:60)
"And W!len We (Allah) said to the angels, 'Bow down
before Adam,'" (2:34)
d diS,
"We said: '0 Adam! You and your wife, dwell in the
garden. ,', (2:35)
"We said: 'Go down, some of you will be the enemies of
others. ", (2:36)

"So remember Me I will remember you and be grateful
to Me and do not be ungrateful to Me." (2: 152)
A /' ),;.! l::
-""':"">JfY __ '}?
"So do \\ hat you are ordered to do." (2:68)

"But if they fight with you then slay them." (2: 191)
248 29: Imperative Verb
Learning Arab: Language of the OUR'AN

"Both go to Fir'awn, he has certaiIly rebelled." (20:43)
"So enter among My servants." (8'1:29)
li; Q ftG @
"--- ---" jI

'" //
"And pardon us, and forgive us, and have
mercy on us, You are our GUal"dial so help us against the
people who are infidels."
IMPERATIVE FORM OF HAMZATED VERBS:
First Radical Hamza:
The imperative is formed by removing sign of the imperfect
tense, "0". The first radical hamza of :he w/ord will also be
dropped. No prefix (hamza) is used to make ti Ie ,; 'll of such verbs.
The imperative fonn of jst

?
c::-
Singular Dual Plural

J
'S- /'

2
nd
I"
person mascu me Eat Eat(you both) Eat (you all)
..:J
y
tf
j'
2
nd
person feminine Eat Eat (y()U both) Eat (you all)
249 29: Imperative Verb
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
"Then t :11 and drink and cool (your) eye." (19:26)
"Take elm" from their wealth, through which you may
clean th and purify them." (9: 1 03)
"And e( t frdm it freely (from) wherever you will." (2:35)
"Hold ,ith strength that which We have given you and
listen." 2:93)
Some hamzatel, verbs however deviate from their pattern and
take the hamzaw! lIm;! "J.-o}1 in the imperative t(xm.
The imperative form of :
.)?


Singular Dual Plural

-: \



I

2
nd
r person mascu me Pennit Permit(you both) Permit (you all)



"I

2
nd
person feminine Pennit Permit(you both) Permit (you all)
250 29: Imperative Verb
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
Second Radical Hamza:
The imperative form of JL :
,

?
e:
Singular Dual Plural

Ji.:V j.:
':1i.:V)L:

2
nd
person masculine
Ask Ask (you both) Ask (you all)



jt:vc1:
2ild person feminine
Ask Ask (you both) Ask (you all)
The pattern for JL can be made with or without hamzatul wasl
'J-aj\ as shown in the table above.
"Ask the children ofIsrael, how many clear signs did We
give them." (2:211)
,
"And inquire in the city in which we were." (12:82)
Third Rdical Hamza:
The imperative form of b :
ii,'

?
c:-

" Singular Dual Plural

0 \
L}.


2
nd
person masculine Read
Read(you both) Read (you all)


J)l of.

- -
2
nd
person feminine Read Read(you both) Read (you all)
251 29: Imperative Verb
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
"Recite in the name of your Fosterer Who created." (96:1)
IMPERATIVE FORM OF WEAK VERBS:
First radical 3 or l5 kS.J\)1 -
,
In IS-.J\)I 'vhere the first radical is 3' the sign of the
imperfect tense '\::/' is removed and the imperative is formed
without hamzatulll'asi.
The imperative fCWTI ()f

?
c::
Singular Dual Plural
--

1211d person masculin
I
...J.S-


I
Promise (you
Promise (you
+Promisc
both) all)
..:Jy
211d person feminilll



u /
Promise
Promise (you
Promise (you
both)
all)
In the fiht radical is IS, the imperative is formed by
removing the sign )f the imperfect tense "0" and by adding the
hamzatulwasl ;?'.
252 29: Imperative Verb
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
The imperative form of :

J!.o
e
Singular Dual Plural

o -.c:c \

\
\ 0 0 :c:o \

2nd person masculine
Grieve Grieve (you both) Grieve (you all)

o :C:
0
\
\ \
,... 0 \

t
d
person feminine Grieve Grieve (you both) Grieve (you all)
Hollow Verbs (l5-JIj.l\ " JY;\I\)
Here the imperative is formed without ham::atu! wasl J..o}\
and by removing the sign of the imperfect tense, "0".
The imperative form of J\j :

J!.o
e
Singular Dual Plural



2
nd
I"
person mascu me Say Say (you bot!1) Say (you all)

j,t


jJ
2
nd
person feminine Say Say (you both) Say (you all)
253 29: Imperative Verb
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
The imperative form of t :


e
Singular Dual Plural

,

\ 0 J 0
li

2
nd
r person mascu me Sell Sell (you both) Sell (you all)
cJy.
,

,



2
nd
person feminine Sell Sell (you both) Sell (you all)
Defective Verbs: (l5--,\)\ "

Here the sign of the imperfect tense, "0" is removed and
hamzatul wasl 'J..oJ\ is prefixed to the The weak
letters of the verb", ill be dropped in the masculine and feminine
singular.
The imperative form of \C) :
".0
0 00>
0,0

J!.4
0
e
,
Singular Dual Plural
J J J

J ,<
()\
\):.;i \).C;i
2
nd
person masculine Call Call (you both) Call (you all)
J J J
cJy.
\):.;i
0;i
2
nd
fl' .
person emmme Call Call (you both) Call (you all)
254 29: Imperative Verb
Learning Arabic: Lan juage of the OUR'AN
The imperative from of

I
.)yA.o
?
I Singular
Dual


G'\

2
nd
j'
Throw Throw(you t person mascu me
r::- I
I Plural I
I
Thro:' , , \ I
'Y' I
)otl-: 1 Throw (you all) I

, '\
1/ '\

1..;,::>
2
nd
person feminine Throw Throw(you
I '-.A " \ I
I lX<./o
I
hoth i I Throw {you all) I
!
The imperative form
?
I
.)yA.o
r::-
I
I
Singular Dual Plural

JJl
LJJ\
\ ,-;; \ \
"
I
2
nd
l'
Meet (you hoth person mascu me Meet I Meet (you all)
I
I
-+
I
I
I

jJl
LJJ\
i

I
"
" <
2
nd
person feminine Meet Meet (you both J Meet (you all)
255 29: Imperative Verb
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
The imperative form of 15t :
.)y4..0

c:-
Singular
Dual Plural



\
,)
.J
3')
2
nd
l'
person mascu me See See (you both)
See (you all)




I
.;,)
l.Y=')
2
nd
fl'
See See (you both) See (you all) person emmme
Because 15G is a hamzated weak verb it has irregularity in its pattem.
Examples:

"Eat and feed your cattle." (20:54)
"Say: 'B:'ing the Torah and read it, if you are truthful. , ..
(3:93)

"Invite to the way of your Fosterer with wisdom." (16: 125)
"Be patient, and your patience is not (due to anything)
but by (the help of) Allah." (16: 127)
256 29: Imperative Verb
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
"Read that which is communicated to YOU of the Book."
(29:45)

"And pardon us, andprotectiveZvforg1iJe us. (2:286)
"Return to your Fosterer pleased ana pleasing (Him)."
(89:28)
IMPERATIVE FORM OF DOUBLY WEAK VERB:
Here the imperative if formed by dropping the weak letter IS and
the sign of the imperfect tense "0".
The imperative form of jj:

e
Singular Dual Plural

-J'
9

2
nd
I'
person mascu me
Save
Save(you both) Save (you all)


9
/'

2
nd
person feminine Save Save(you both) Save (you all)
257 29: Imperative Verb
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
"Our Fosterer! Give us good in this world and good in the
hereafter al7dsave us from the punishment offire." (2:201)
IMPERATIVE FORM OF DOUBLED VERBS:
The mperative is made by prefixing hamzatul wasl
after dropping the sign of the imperfect tense, '\:'.>".
The mperative from
r
i


t:-
I
Singular Dual Plural

J J
J

\' J j i

I


lU
Lower your
Lower (you Lower (you
person
both) your all) your
. tasculine voice/eyes
voice/eyes voice/eyes
J
j
J

o j 0 $!.
cJj-o


ld person
Lower your
Lower (you Lower (you
both) your all) your
2
kminine voice/eyes
voice/eyes voice/eyes
"And be moderate in your walk and lower your voice."
(31: 19)
258 29: Imperative Verb
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
THE IMPERATIVE VERB - II
J. J,:.
j-A
.;I"" J. 0 '"
Indirect Command -
The indirect command 'P G 'J\' is given to the third
and first person imperfect tense. This is done by adding prefix
,\1" of the jussive to the third, and first person imperfect tense. It
is called lam of command V f'1).

?
e
Singular.
r
.. L .:. . .. , Dual


)\;U
J 0

M,

3
rd
r
He should They both They all
person mascu me
do should do should do


)\;;;;1
J;h/!
M/
3
rd
person feminine
She should They both They all
do should do should do



First person
-
We
(Masculine/F eminine )
I should do
should do
259 30: Imperative Verb-II
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
When lam of command "y" is prefixed to the imperfect tense,
the last letter of the third person singular and first person
singular and plural will bear a sukoon (_0_).
The '0' of the dual and plurals are dropped except for third
person feminine plural.
Example:
"And tlley will call out, '0 Malik (Angel incharge of
Hell)! Let your Fosterer make an end of us.' He will say,
'You certainly have to stay (here).'" (43:77)
Note: When 10m of command "y" is preceded by a.) or a J,
the kasrah (-:;:-) of the y is changed to sukoon (_0_).
Examples:
/ < / /' /' J.J.
"{
"So let them serve the Fosterer of this house (Ka'bah)."
(106:3)
"Then write it down and let a writer write it down between
you with fairness." (2:282)
/ J j/.lt / j \ :J.j; /J.
/ -/-' _/ _-_yo r
"Then let his guardian dictate with fairness." (2:282)
11:
"The Bendicent (Allah) allows to stretch for him." (19:75)
260 30: Imperative Verb-II
Learning Arabic Lan:luage of the QUR'AN
Chapter 31
TRANSITIVE AND INTRANSITIVE VERB
Verbs are of two types:
Intransitive verb -
Transitive verb -
1. INTRANSITIVE VERB - (/>\.1\
When an intransitive verb is used in a there is no need
of an object. The verb along with the subject gives complete
meaning to the sentence.
Example:
.4 /' :-:::

"And you used to laugh at (some) or them." (23: 11 0)

"And they came to their father at night fall, weeping." (12: 16)
261 31: Transitil'e and Intransitive Verb
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
2. TRANSITIVE VERB -
A transitive verb will always need an object. When a transitive
verb is used in a sentence it will have a subject as well as an
object to give complete sense to a sentence.
Example:

"And Dawood killed lalut." (2:251)

i J-';y jj J\,
!J..;-U _ . '...r'" '7
- --
"Allah setsforth an example for those who do not believe."
(66:10)
Sometimes transitive verbs need more than one object.
"Who made the Earth a spreading for you." (2:22)
262 31: Transitive and Intransitive Verb
Learning Arabic Lc.nguage of the QUR'AN

Chapter 32 I

(@ ------------ .. - ._---
r
THE PAST PASSIVE VERB
The known verb is the actiw voice of the verb.
Here the subject is known, i.e. the doer of t'le verb is specified.
We have discussed these kinds of verbs il all the preceding
chapters on the pattern of j;..1, &J '
Example:
: 01,
"That Allah is displeased with them lnd they will stay in
the punishment." (5:80)
4, u :/ }"
/ .:ro c r
"Until when he reached the setting place of the sun (West)."
(18:86)
The passive voice of the verb is called (unknown).
The subject is unknown i.e the doer is not specified. The passive
verb is usually formed from a transitive verb
263 32: Past Passive Verb
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
It has two components - the passive verb and the object. As the subject
is not present, the object will take the harakah of the subject i.e
dammah (2..) and i" called the deputy of subject
Example:
j I -. -

I
JR...JI
"And the records Clfdeeds) will be placed." (18:49)
The passive verb :s f(xmed by changing the harakah of active
participle j.;j, , to The change is standard for all
verbs and is chara,;terized by dammah (2..) on the first radical
and kasrah (-::::-) on the second radical.
Passive Verb of Consonants - An
Table :

r.r.
Singular Dual Plural

_. J
\,;,9J
I' , . J
l2
J -J
3
rd
person mascul me
He was They two They all
raised were raised were raised
o ,.... J

,... 0. jI


-J
3
rd
person femini ne
She was They two They all
raised were raised were raised
}':u.
,... o. J

oj 0 jI


-J
';J
I
You were You two You all
2
nd
I
person mascul ine
I
I raised were raised were raised
264 32: Past Passive Verb
Learning Arabic :...anguage of the OUR'AN
o J

. J
cJy
;,j
2
nd
person feminine
You were You both You all
raised wen.: raised were raised

J o. J


,'.J ,'.J
First person I was
-
We were
(Maseul ine/F eminine) raised raised
Table of and tf :


e::-
Singular Dual Plural

!

\ 0 J !


3
rd
person He was They both They all were
masculine helped were helped helped

o J
13' :
-: 0 t


3
rd
person She was They both They all were
feminine helped were helped helped

;; 0
lJo !
o .!o !



2
nd
person You were You both You all were
masculine helped were helped helped
cJy
... 0 !
lJo !
::;; 0
J

2
nd
person You were You both You all were
feminine helped were helped helped

J 0 J
GO !


-
We were
First person I was helped
helped
265 32: Past Passive Verb
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN


c:-
Singular Dual Plural

-
,

\ 0 J j

L

3
rd
person He was
I
They both They all were
masculine heard I were heard heard
0\c
' -
J

-,
j


3
rd
person She was They both They all were
feminine heard were heard heard

- , J

0-'0 J


2
nd
person You were You both You all were
masculine heard were heard heard

,
J

,::::!o j

2
nd
person
!
You were You both You all were
feminine
"
heard were heard heard

, ,
j


-
First person r was heard We were heard
Examples:
"When the sun and the moon will be brought together."
(75:9)
266 32: Past Passive Verb
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
"Those who resist Allah and His Messenger will certainly
be disgraced as those before them were disgraced" (58:5)
..!G':-1
"'- . y. L.-I j!'
"And the sky will he opehed it will become gates."
(78: 19)

"And towards the sky how it is raised." (88: 18)
..! :. $Jd.I "\ /:h,
"'-_._/ _" .;.. j!'
"And towards the mountains how they are rooted" (88: 19)
"And towards the Earth how it is spread?" (88:20)
"And when wild animals are brought together." (81 :5)

"Had we any power in the affair, we would not have
been slain here." (3: 154)
,
"Be killed owners of the pit." (85:4)
267 32: Past Passive Verb
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
"Fasting is prescribed for you as it was prescribed for
those before you." (2:183)
"Whenever :thevru,m- be fecf:; from them with fruits as
food, they will say, 'This is that which was provided to
us before.'" (2:25)
"Except (;'rom) one to whom injustice was done."
(4: 148)
"And they will he presented before your Fosterer in ranks."
(18:48)

"And it will be blown into the trumpet." (39:68)
'i' comes as first, second or third radical as in j$'\,
JL or 9 the passive voice is on the same pattern as that of 1J.
That is the first radical bears a dammah (2..) and the second
radical bears a ka.\rah (-::;-). The following tables demonstrate
their conjugation.
268 32: Past Passive Verb
{
The table of :
learning Arabic language of the QUR' AN

Singular
?
Dual
e
Plural
3
rd
)' He was
person mascu me were were
They all
commanded
commanded commanded
,

3
rd
person feminine
,

She was
They both
i

They all
commanded were were
commanded commanded
You both You all
2nd l' You were
person mascu me commanded were were

2
nd
person feminine

First person
(Masculine/F emin ine)
commanded commanded

You were
You both You all
commanded were were
commanded commanded
,

I was
commanded
269
GO t

We were
commanded
32: Past Passive Verb
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
j -;. J
The table of and :

J?


3
rd
person They both They all
He was asked
masculine were asked were asked


" .
\ili..:
" . . .
J?
3
rd
person She was They both They all
feminine asked were asked were asked

" .
l:ilL
" . " .

2
nd
person You were You both You all were
masculine asked were asked asked
c,.;j.->
': I:':
l:ilL
" .
." .

2
nd
person You were You both You all were
feminine asked were asked asked
Iik:


. .
" .
We were
First person I was asked
asked
270
32: Past Passive Verb
Learning Arabic Lanpuage of the OUR'AN
)..;,...
?
e
Singular Dual Plural
;; ,
,
;; ,

Gt;


They both They all
3
rd
r
He was
person mascu me
ridiculed
were were
ridiculed ridiculed

/ J
, ' j



They bot:1 They all
3
rd
fl .
She was
person emmme
ridiculed
were were
ridiculec ridiculed

J
WI;
(J!;

2
nd
person You were
You both
You all were
masculine ridiculed
were
ridiculed
ridiculeLl
;; J
WI}
"... J-;' J


You both
2
nd
person feminine
You were You all were
ridiculed
were
ridiculed
ridiculed
J j
Gt;


I was
-
We were
First person
ridiculed ridiculed
271 32: Past Passive Verb
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
J. (J) J J. 0 ...
WEAK VERBS -
,
Assimilated Passive Verb -
When,) comes as the first radical in place of J in the active voice, the
pattem will be the same as and we will not observe any changes.
Table of

--P
c:
Singular Dual Plural

,
1)4-3
rei
3 person He was They both were They all were
masculine promised promised promised
--
'-;-Vic 0i.c'
-:J
\3i.c'
-:)
-: 0 ,

3
rd
person She was They both were They all were
feminine promised promised promised

0 ,

o !. 0 ,
..Lo



2
nd
person You were You both were You all were
masculine promised promised promised
-

uJ..c.'

\.jJ..c.'

!. 0 J

2
nd
person You were You both were You all were
feminine promised promised promised
-

'0 ,


First person
I was
-
We were
(Masculine
promised promised
IFcminine)
---
272 32: Past Passive Verb
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
Verbs with the first radicle are usually intran',itive verbs (f -2 )u \
Hence passive voice of these verbs cannot he formed. Example:

J "
Hollow Verbs - 0fi-:11 :
When) comes as the second radical in place of t as in Jli (J),
the passive should be J) according to the rule but it is read as
for easy
Table

?

Singular Dual Plural


J

"-

3
rd
r
He was They both They all
person mascu me
told were told were told

\

Jj
3
rd
person feminine
She was The) both They all
told were told were told

,:: \j
l:ill
fU
2
nd
r
You were You both You all were
person mascu me
told were told told

\.:.ill
..... ,0,

0=ill
2
nd
person feminine
You were You both You all were
told told told

,! 0\j
Iili
First person
-
We were
(Masculine/F eminine)
I was told
told
273 32: Past Passive Verb
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
As we see from the above table, the passive voice of the third
person feminine plural is jj. The pattern will then carry
forward as the past tense table.
Table for, :


r:
Singular Dual Plural

-:'0 _
\;, :-=::-
\ 0 0
I


3
rd
person masculine I
He was They both They all
feared were feared were feared
I
04- Ie
,

\::;;:.=::-
c-;y.
I
I
3
rd
person fern ini 'le
i
She was They both They all
I
feared were feared were feared
}'l.o
(::
\: ;=::-
2
nd
person mascuJ :ne
You were You both You all were
feared were feared feared
I
': 1?-
l:.U>

I
2
nd
person feminine
I You were You both You all were
feared were feared feared

.J
\i1;..

.' .
First person I was
-
We were
(Masculine/F eminine) feared feared
As us.. (Ur) IS exception to the pattern of JIJ, the third
person feminine plural will be 04- and then the table will carry
forward as in the tense.
274 32: Past Passive Verb
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
When IS comes as second radical in place of t as in t ( &. ),
J
the passive voice should have been If according to general rule.
However it is written as & for easy pronunciati')n.
Table for & :
.}l.o

\" J 0
l:t

3
rd
r He was sold
They both They all
person mascu me
were sold were sold
,
,

,



3
rd
person feminine She was sold
They both They all
were sold were sold
,
\ .... JO , J'
.}l.o


n
2
nd
person masculine
You were You both You all
sold were sold were sold
,
\
;;J"

,: -;

2
nd
person feminine
You were
You both
You all
sold
were sold
were sold

J ,


First person
1 was sold
We were
(Masculine/F eminine) sold
From the above pattern, we see that the passive verb of the third
person feminine plural is and the pattern following it is the
same as in the past tense. -
275 32: Past Passive Verb
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
Defective Verbs:
When.J comes in place of J as in then its passive verb
instead will be written as
Table of
';).,;-4-0
J!.o
e
Singular Dual Plural
,



C:f:;
3
rd
]"
He was They both They all
person mascu me
called were called were called
o
,
\S.:.c'

,

:;
3
rd
person feminine I
She was They both They all
called were called were called
0
j

0'0
,
}'l.A

:;

2
nd
person masculine
You were
You both You all were
called
were called called
0
,
l:.t.c
y


':
:;
2
nd
person feminIne
You were You both You all were
called were called called

, 0
,
. :;

First person
-
We were
(Masculine/Feminine)
I was called
called
When 15 comes in place of J as in and cfj, the passive verb
,
pattern follows and respectively as according to the
standard pattern of
276 32: Past Passive Verb
I....eaming "'-m'oic I....ar.guage 0\ \ne OUR' "'-N

PASSIVE VOICE OF DOUBLY WEAK VERBS -
-;
Doubly weak verbs such as Jj become according to JJ and
will follow the standard pattern.
J
DOUBLE LETTERED VERBS -
Double lettered verbs like Jai:- becomes and follow the
standard pattern.
Table for JJ:.:
.Jl.o
3
rd
1
person mascu me
c.:;y
3
rd
person feminine
.Jl.o
2
nd 1
person mascu me
c.:;y
2
nd
person feminine

First person
(Masculine/Feminine)

Singular
,

He was
bitten
She was
bitten
.'
,- Q QC
You were
bitten
, ,
,-
You were
bitten
, .'
," a OC
I was
bitten
277
?
Dual

Those two
were bitten
\;
Those two
were bitten
You both
were hitten
You both
were hitten
t:-
Plural

They all
were bitten
;' ,

They all
were bitten
0' 0 JI
_ C
I ....
You all
were bitten
You all
were bitten

We were
bitten
32: Past Passive Verb
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
Examples:
"And when it is said to them, 'Do not cause corruption
in the Earth.'" (2:11)
A .I-.t . .f'''\ J'i/j-", < ." ':" .1.:\/ :\':', '\ :'}.,
.. l4J jl
- -- --
"And it was said, '0 Earth! Swallow your water and 0
sky! Withhold (the rain).' And the water was absorbed
(in the earth) and the affair was decided." (11 :44)
A ;'-:'" .-!, . .I-/}"
"{ J / '..J;::- :- (.$ ..!-'. " t:!-'-' j?
"And the record (of deeds) will be laid down and the
prophets (informers) and the witnesses will be brought,
and it will be judged between them with justice."
(39:69)
Jf
"A similitude of the garden, which is promised to those
who guard (against evil)." (47:15)
"And the Book (of Deeds) will be placed (before you);
and thou wilt see the sinful in great terror because of
what is (recorded) therein." (18:49)
278 32: Past Passive Verb
Learning Arabic of the OUR'AN
"Say, '1 am forbidden to serve, those \\ hom you pray to,
besides Allah.'" (6:56)
d! /-::// ;II i'"":--'-:: L- --: JI -::
"\ Y"..J :.J..r-=- J. / r
"And those who did not believe will be driven to hell in
troops." (39:71)
d! "r., /ld"
,,\4U.w . _/ _
"Then (if) he is oppressed, Allah wili de:'initely help him."
(22:60)
d! \ .< . .. i" J"
/ r
"And whether you are slain in the wa'; of Allah or you
die." (3: 157)

"That is because, when Allah Alone W(lS prayed to ( i.e.
invoked), you did not believe." (40: 12)
"And when His signs are read to them. it increases them
(in) faith." (8:2)
279
32: Past Passive Verb
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
"When the Llrth will be shaken (with) a shaking." (56:4)
"And the mountains will be crumbled (with) a shaking."
(56:5)
280 32: Past Passive Verb
Learning Arabic LanQuage of the OUR'AN
Chapter 11
THE IMPERFECT PASSIVE TENSE
The imperfect passive is formed by giving Jammah (-::..) to the
sign of the imperfect tense, and fatha C:::-) on th e second radical.
Example:
Table of e fl :


e-
Singular Dual Plural
. \;j"
-; " j -: 0 j
J -: 0 J
i..) f-.


l:f-.
They both They all are
He is being
3
rd
r raised/will
are being being raised/
person mascu me
raised/will will be
be raised
be raised raised
281 33: Imperfect Passive Tense
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
----
j -:

'" 0 -; 0 j
l!J'
J


She is being:
They both They all are
3
rd
person teninine
raised/ will
are being being raised/
be raised
raised/ will will be
be raised raised
J -: 0
0
W
j
--: 0 J -: 0
l:J'


You are You both You all are
I ')nd
person ma..,cuiine
being raised/ are being being raised/

will be raised/ wili will be
raised be raised
I
raised
1--
--: 0 -:

,..- 0 -: 0
J.&J' Y 'y' yJr
I
I
I

You are You both You all are
I
2
nd
fi' .
being raised/ are being being raised/
I
personemnme
will be raised/ will will be
raised be raised raised
j
, -: 0 \
J -: 0
rL
l!J l!J'
I am being We are being
First person
-
raised/will raised/will be
(Masculine/F emin ine)
be raised raised
282 33: Imperfect Passive Tense
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
HAMZATED VERBS - S' I
Table of
J"" (J J
. \, ... -: 0 J'"

yJ.:
Y'J".J:!
I.J)y.J:!
3
rd
person
He is being They both are They all are
masculine
ordered/will being ordered!will being ordered/
be ordered be ordered will be ordered
J'" 0 J

--: 0 ""

yy
uY.J:!
3
rd
person
She is being They both are They all are
feminine
ordered/wi 11 being ordered! being ordered!
be ordered will be ordered will be ordered

J'"

-: 0 J"" i!
yy
u3YY
2
nd
person
You are being You both are You all are
masculine
ordered!will being ordered! ordered/will be
be ordered will be ordered ordered

.... 0 .... 0 J

Llyy
2
nd
person
You are You both are You all are
ordered/will ordered/will be ordered/will be
feminine
be ordered ordered ordered
J

, ...
J ...
Y3
First person I am ordered/
YY
Weare ordered/
(Masculine/ will be
will be ordered
Feminine) ordered
283 33: Imperfect Passive Tense
J
Table of :

3
rd
person
t
masculine

--r---
cJj-o
3
rd
person
S
feminine


2
nd
person
b
masculine
\\
f---
cJj-o
2
nd
person
b
feminine
\\

Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN

Singular

Dual
Ie is being They both are
ked/will be being asked/will
asked be asked
r::::
Plural

-:o,w
uy _
They all are
being asked/
will be asked
-------t--------t-------i
he is being They both are
ked/will be being asked/will
asked be asked
Jt.:3
You are
asked/
ill he asked

You both are
being asked/will
be asked

They all are
being asked/
will be asked
0jG
You all are
being asked/
will be asked
Y pu are I You both are You all are
>ing asked/ being asked/will being asked/will
i II asked be asked be asked
{
Jl:I
First person I
(Masculine/ I'
Feminine)
am being
skcd/ will
be asked
We are being
asked/ wi II be
asked
284 33: Imperfect Passive Tense
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
j
Table

?
e::-
Singular Dual Plural
j j
.. oj

I
-: 0 \ ...... 0 J


0Yft-=
3
rd
person
He is being Those two are They all are
masculine
ridiculed/will being ridiculed/ being ridiculed/
be ridiculed ill be ridiculed will be ridiculed
j


o 0 j


3
rd
person
She is being Those two are They all are
feminine
ridiculed/will being ridiculed/ : being ridiculed/
be ridiculed will be ridiculed wi II be ridiculed
j
I
j
.. oj

-: 0 t ...... 0


i

I
2
nd
person
You are being You both are You all are
masculine
ridiculed/ill being ridiculed/ being ridiculed/
be ridiculed will be ridiculed will be ridiculed


o ,j
'S!'" ...


2
nd
person
You are being You both are You all are
feminine
ridiculed/will being ridiculed/ being ridiculed/
be ridiculed will be ridiculed will be ridiculed
--
j j j

t;f

First person I am being
-
We are being
(Masculine/ ridiculed/will ridiculed/will be
Feminine) be ridiculed ridiculed
285 33: lmpl rfect Passive Tense
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
J rjJ J 0 ,.-
WEAK VERBS - ~ I J ~ ~ I
The pattern of ~ j : ~ -7 ~ ~ .
~ ~ is according to the passive imperfect tense ~
As mentioned in the previous chapter, there will be no passive
voice for the verbs beginning with lS as they are intransitive verbs.
The pattern of J\j : ~ -7 jU;. The.) is changed to long alif, 'I'.
J ~ J
Table of J\A.:.,:
Singular
f
~ \ c ~ ~
jU; ~ ~ ~
u "
They both have
3
rd
person
He has been
been told/will be
They all have
to Id/will be been told/will be
masculine
told
told
told
------'
j ~
~ ~ ~
~
\ c cJj.A
"
3
rd
person
She has been They both have They all have
told/will be been told/will be been told/will be
feminine
told told told
~ ~ ~ ~
j ~
~ ~ ~
0jW
2
nd
person
You have You both have You all have
been told/ been told/ will be been told/ will
masculine
will be told told be told
286 33: Imperfect Passive Tense
cJj-a
Jdli3
2
nd
person
You have
been told/
feminine
will be told
}

Ii
u19\
First person I have been
(Masculine/ told/will be
Feminine) told
Learning Arabic Lar';Juage of the QUR'AN

You both ha\e
been told/wili be
told
-
You all have
been told/will be I'
told
jw I
I
We have been I
told/will be told II
I
I
In the third person and second person femininL' plurals, the a/if,
'\' will be dropped.
The passive Verb of t : & t
The l5 is changed to a long al?!; '\'. This al( is dropped from
second and third person feminine plurals.
The passive verb of \E,:; :
Table of :
-,

J!.o
I

Singular Dual Plural

OJ
Lf-J.:.
\.::..C 0 J
o J.:.
-; 0""" 0 J
0-J.:.
3
rd
person He is called/ They both arc They all are
masculine will be called called/will be called called/will be called

0 J
\.::..CO}
;' 0"'" 0 J
Lf-..Aj
o ..Aj
I 0-J.:.
3
rd
person She is called/ They both are They all are
feminine will be called called/will be called called/will be called
287 33: Imperfect Passive Tense
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN

2
nd
person
c,
masculine
"
ti:."
0-.:J -.fJ:;
I.} J:;
You are You both are You all are
died/will be called/will be called/will be
ca!led called called

2
nd
person
c;
feminine
/' :;; -,oJ
.ti:.'!
0-.:J u .>,,;

You are You both are You all are
dleeJiwill be called/will be called/will be
called called called

}
j:-;\
"

First person
I
(Masculine/
\\
Feminine)
am called/
-
Weare called/
ill be called will be called
Passive verb of Jj :
Passive verb of : Jl; ft

DOUBLY WEAK

Passive voice of jj : :.f:.
DOUBLE LETTERED VERBS -
. -; .....
PaSSIve verb of :
288 33: Imperfect Passive Tense
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
Table of j;; :


I
c:-
Singular Dual Plural

__ 0 f, ,. J

..... J


o . -
3
rd
person He is bitten/
They both are fhey all are
bitten/will be hitten!wIIl be
masculine will be bitten
bitten bitten
I
0\
o ..... 0 J
I
---!.

I


They both are They all are
3
rd
person She is bitten!
bitten/will be bitten/will be
feminine will be bitten
bitten bitten
---!.
0\
-; 0 ..... !.
.Jl."


2
nd
person
You are You both are You all are
bitten/will be bitten/will be bitten/will be
masculine
bitten bitten bitten
0 .... !.
0\
.... --: o!
..:JjA


2
nd
person
You are You both are You all are
bitten/will be bitten/will be bitten/will be
feminine
bitten bitten bitten
i
I

, {
--!
First person


I am bitten/
-
Weare bitten/
(Masculine/
will be bitten will be bitten
Feminine)
289 33: Imperfect Passive Tense
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
Examples:
Jh'Yr
"And the punishment of the hereafter will be more
disgracefl and they will not be helped." (41: 16)
"And on the Day the enemies of Allah will be gathered
towards He fire, then they will be formed into ordered
ranks." (4' :19)
"Do not fear nor grieve but receive the good news of the
garden whch you are promised." (41 :30)
"Nothing i" said to you except that which was said to the
before you." (41 :43)
Q'6)
"As if they were being driven towards death and they
were seeing (it)." (8:6)
"On the Day (the covering) will be removed from the
ankle (there being a calamity), and they will be called for
290 33: Imperfect Passive Tense
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
prostrations, but they will not be able to (prostrate)."
(68:42)

"Nor will recommendation be accepted for him nor will
compensation be taken from him nor will they be
helped." (2:48)
"And guard (yourselves against) a Day in which you will
be returned to Allah, then every soul will be paid back in
full that which it had earned, and injustice will not be
done to them." (2:281)
"And how would you reject, when you are those to
whom the statements of Allah are read." (3: 101)
.J, r :1\" ,.,. .. -; {
"Z -.. \'"t;'-'':J 7'
"Boiling water will be poured over their heads." (22: 19)
291 33: Imperfect Passive Tense
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
292
Learning Arabic of the OUR'AN
Chapter 34
DOUBLE EMPHASIS
To emphasize the meaning of the imperfect tense j is added as a
prefix to the imperfect tense and ;J:j\ -.)J.D\ (0) or
J.JD\ (0) as the suffix. For example:
- Indeed he will do.
Table with ;iI:::l\ -.)J.D\ (0):
?


I
t:
I
Singular Dual Plural

j;H

j;U
-
u _
3
rd
person Indeed he Indeed they both Indeed they all
masculine does/will do do/will do do/will do

j;H . -
0)1; b;)
b:1
yd
person Indeed she
Indeed they both
Indeed they all
feminine does/will do
do/will do
do/will do

j;H
. -
0)1;b;)
J;H
. -
2
nd
person Indeed you Indeed you both Indeed you all
masculine do/will do do/will do do/will do
293 34: J)ouhle Emphasis
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN

d.;
M 0)\;b;;1
'f rl;
u' M
2
nd
person Indeed you Indeed you both Indeed you all
feminine do/will do do/will do do/will do



.
First person
Indeed I
-
Indeed we all
(Masculine/
do/will do do/will do
Feminine)
Table with 0:,i.l\ (.)):


;,';
ocr:
or:!'
Singular
; ,Dual , ;l>lural.;
JlA

M

u M
j;b:\
3
rd
person Indeed he Indeed they both Indeed they all
masculine does/will do do/will do do/will do

M 0')1;b;;1 0\-;I;b:\
3
rd
person Indeed she Indeed they both Indeed they all
feminine does/will do do/will do do/will do

J;H
M o ')1; M
2
nd
person Indeed you Indeed you both Indeed you all
masculine do/will do do/will do do/will do

0')1;b;;1
.-J 0 0 .....


M
u' M
2
nd
person Indeed you Indeed you both Indeed you all
feminine do/will do do/will do do/will do


J;H
.
First person
Indeed I
-
Indeed we
(Masculine/
do/will do do/will do
Feminine)
294 34: Double Emphasis
Learning Arabic Lcnguage of the OUR'AN
r'1 and can also come attacl!ed to the imperative
J
(/'11) and the passive fonns of the verb.
Examples:
4, -:, 'J:t n"\,\:: .. j/,\\_
"'t __ ,OJ"" ..J-U:
"And if he does not do what 1 comrland him to do, he
will definitely be imprisoned and he \\'ill be of those who
are degraded." (12:32)
;l:JI 0;DI (0) can be attached without J to the imperfect
for emphasis.
Example:
"0 children of Adam! Do not let the de\ il tempt you." (7:27)
"0 children of Adam! Whenever ;here come to you
messengers from among you, narrating to you My signs."
(7:35)
,
"Then if you dominate them in war, disperse them (in
such a manner that) those who succeed (them not being
present with) them, they (too) may be mindful." (8:57)
295 34: Double Emphasis
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
"And if you fear betrayal from a people then throw back
to them (their agreement) on equal terms." (8:58)
J can come without 0 attached with a noun, pronoun or preposition.
J \iJ '5
"What! wt,en we become (part of the) soil (after our death)
shall we imieed he (created) in a new creation'?" (l3 :5)
"Man is celtainly at a loss." (103:2)
"And whoever strives, he strives only for (the benefit of)
his own soul. Allah is certainly Independent of the worlds."
(29:6)
Examples:
"No, if he does not stop, We will drag him, seizing him
by his forelilck." (96: 15)
d1, -". ;U> .. / /.,/</
,.0i -J J J\ \...I:P y\J.v r
---- ---- ----
"1 will definitely punish him with a severe punishment
or slaughter him or he should definitely come to me with
a clear authority (justifying his absence)." (27:21)
296
34: Double Emphasis
Learning Arabic LangLJage of the QUR'AN
!i 't-...j ,.:1\ -I}"
"\ / :.:. '}?
"Return to them, and we will definiteZl' come to them
with armies which they will not be able to oppose, and
we will definitely drive them out from there, disgraced."
(27:37)
"That you will definitely cause corrupt:on in the earth
twice and you }vill definitely transgres\' (with) a great
transgression." (17:4)
d! \ / (1)''; . ,::\ G i )- /,/
"\ C 0j:J . Y
"And those who strive for Us, We will definitely guide
them to Our ways, and Allah is certainly with the doers
of good." (29:69)
j):)9
"They will definitely say, 'Allah.' HO\v then are they
turned away (form the truth)?" (29:61)

-" / .:J'.) r-:/- / / ('"'--1_;..

"He (Musa) is certainly a great (expert I among you all
who has taught you the magic. So I will jefinitely cut off
your hands and your feet from opposite sides and I will
definitely crucify you on the trunks of the palm trees, and
297 34: Double Emphasis
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
you will deJinitely know which of us has more severe and
more lastint: punishment." (20: 71)
a"If you do not desist I will definitely stone you, now go
away from ;ne for a long time." (19:46)
"Then shali we question those to whom Our message
was sent and those by whom We sent it." (7:6)
"Then We will definitely narrate to them with knowledge
because We were never absent." (7:7)
"Because You have removed me from the way, 1 will
definiteZv sit waiting for them (human beings) on Your
straight path." (7:16)
~ ~ j 1 A 0 1 ~ ~ ~ 0 H ~
"Certainly there are signs in that for a people who believe."
(30:37)
298 34: Double Emphasis
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
,;Chapter 35J
ACTIVE PARTICIPLL
In Arabic, the noun used for the doer of an action (subject), is
called jf-WI r:l. It is formed by adding an alif, (I) to the first
radical of the verb The middle letter is given a kasrah (-:::-)
and the last radical is given tanwin (J}5!-=- <:'). The active
participle pattern will be
Example:

To prostrate one who prostrates
'if -7
To praise one who praises
-7 !l.tS'
..r--
To disbelieve/ disbeliever!
To be ungrateful ungrateful one
299 35: Active Participle
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
Active participle table for masculine gender:
.:l? j!.o
e-
(Case)
Singular Dual Plural


\;4.\1
Nominative Dl;.)
y u
A doer Two doers Doers
'"

Accusative Dl;.)

A doer Two doers Doers
Genitive Dl;.)



A doer Two doers Doers
Active participle table for feminine gender:
.:l? j!.o
e-
(Case)
Singular Dual Plural
Nominative Dl;.)



A doer Two doers Doers
(woman) (women) (women)
Accusative Dl;.)



A doer Two doers Doers
(woman) (women) (women)
Genitive ()-I Dl;.)




A doer Two doers Doers
(woman)
(women) (women)
300 35: Active Participle
Learning Arabic Lallguclge of the QUR'AN
Examples:

"Say, '0 Infidels! '" (109: 1)

"And I am not a server of that which you ;erve." (109:4)
db ... /' /' .J. ,/
",\...y:.1 L.. ::J.Jr
"And you are not servers of that which I (109:5)

"Then they will become regretters over til it which they
had hidden in their souls (minds)." (5:52)

"And for them there will be pure mates (s }ouses) therein
and therein they shall stay." (2:25)
HAMIATED AND ASSIMILATED VERB -
Hamzated verbs on the pattern of JS'I, Jl: and b or assimilated
verbs on the pattern of J.i:.j and take their ([eti' e participle on
" /
the pattern of
Example:
jS't -7 JI - One who eats
301 35; Active Participle
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
.... -;: {i
JL::. -7 - Questioner
... (j ...
I.) -7 0-d l! - One who reads
-7 - One who promises
-7 - One who becomes easy
"A questioner asked about the punishment to befall." (70:1)
Ii
Note: Some active participles are on the pattern of J&. These
come as adjectives and describe eternal, everlasting qualities.
Example:
l - Great one
li o G d
00 one
p-? - Big one
Examples:
A JJ (.". J:tjli}.,
"{ "f-;. '7
He said, 'Then get out of it, for you are certainly driven
away.'" (1 5:34)
:h1b
"He is none other than an honored angel." (12:31)
302 35: Active Participle
Learning Arabic LanJuage of the OUR'AN
"The Beneficent, the Mercijili." (1 :3)
"(The Queen) said, '0 you A:l honorable letter
has been delivered to me. '" (27:29)
"A mercy from your Fosterer, He is certainly the All-
Hearing, the All-Knowing." (44:6)
: 1;9
"And it does not tire Him to prcsen e (monitor) them
both, and He is the High, the Greatest. (2:255)
); G.
----
"And effecting reconciliation bet ween human beings,
and Allah is the All-Hearing, the A Il-K
f
1Owing." (2:224)
HOLLOW VERBS -
When the second radical is the weak letter . or IS, then their
active participle will be on the pattern of
Examples:
-7 - One who speaks
t -7 - One who sells
303 35: Active Participle
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
DEFECTIVE VERBS -
When the third rae Ical is the weak letter 3 or 15, for e.g. \C:; and Jj,
the active particij,le will be on the pattern of \:; and as per
the pattern 1\1. -10\\ ever we observe a change in its fonnation.
\C:; -7 '; -7 - One who calls
Jj -7 -7 - One who throws
j -7 -7 :} '1 - One who meets
This is because 'vhcn 3 or 15 bear dammah tanwin (..) and is
preceded by kasmh (7), then the 3 and 15 are dropped and the
harakah of the p'evious letter is changed to tanwin kasrah (7)'
Table of :
For masculine gender:


c:-
(Case i
Singular Dual Plural

L.c.b
0yL\:;
1)dJ\.;.)
<..)
A caller Two callers Callers
-
Nominative (c





.,.,a;.J \
A caller
Two callers
Callers
Accusative

"



-\

A caller Two callers Callers
Genitive 0.
304 35: Active Participle
Learning Arabic Lan';:Juage of the OUR'AN
For feminine gender:
-
J.!...4

(Case)
Singular Dual Plural
"

" 'W:. \;

w .)
Nominative (e
J
\ D\;..)
- --
A caller 1 wo callers Callers
(woman) (wemen) (women)


w'W:.\)
Accusative D\;..)
...p-
.........
A caller Two callers Callers
(woman)
(w(,men) (women)
-



Genitive D\;..)

::;:; ........
A caller Two callers Callers
(woman) (women) (women)
Note: When J\ is added to the singular or active participles like
the IS will be written as d\:J\.
J ; ;
DOUBLE LETTERED VERBS -
According to the pattern 1\j , active participle of verbs on the
pattern of 0Jb should be But they will be written with a
shaddah (..::..) as Db.
Db - One who :,)US1ects
" <j
J..1 jJw, Jw, - One who s astray
"Not (the path of those), upon \\ ho n is Your anger, nor
of those who are astray." (1 :7)
305 35: Active Participle
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
For masculine gend
/


e::
(Case)
Singular Dual Plural
9-

-:
-Sill uy
JL;..I
One who Those two Those who
Nominative
suspects who suspects suspects
,,-
''''lli
alli
Gill
'/ I
.zJL;..) lOne who
Those two Those who
Accusative
I
suspects who suspects suspects

:jlli

u
"""

l
One who Those two Those who
Genitive C$-I D
suspects who suspects suspects
F or feminine gender:


e::
(Case)
Singular Dual
Plural
.tlli


Nominative
lOne who Those two Those who
suspects who suspects suspects
;J11
'/"'11

"
Accusative :jL;..)
One who Those two Those who
suspects who suspects suspects

. ';:'f11


"
Genitive C$-I DL;..)
One who Those two Those who
suspects who suspects suspects
306 35: Active Participle
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
Examples:
"The sending down of the Book is from Allah, the A ll-
Mighty, the All-Wise." (39: I)
"And no bearer of burden will bear the burden of another."
(39:7)
9
"Is he who devoutly prostrates and stands (for worship)
during the hours of night, being cautious of the hereafter,
and hopes for the mercy of his Fosterer (equal to one
who does not do this)?" (39:9)
. .J'-.&i
"{.r ... .J':"j (' j:" d!J'J 7
"For those who do good in this world is good and the
earth of Allah is vast. Only those who are patient will be
paid back their reward without measure." (39: I 0)
"No, then serve Allah and be among those who are
grateful." (39:66)
307 35: Active Participle
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
"Allah is th Creator of everything and He is a Trustee
over everytling." (39:62)
L /" Jo /"J Joy. /' ./ 1./J ./ ' Jo--:-("" / :;J./
"t:
"And those vho do not believe in the signs of Allah, those
are the perS(lnS who are the losers." (39:63)
"Say, 'Then do you advise me to worship (something)
other than Allah, 0 you ignorant people?'" (39:64)
yGt
"So he soug:lt the protective forgiveness of his Fosterer
and fell dow,l bowing and turned (to Allah)." (38:24)
L jo./ '" ./'" //./ Jo.
"t: " ,. Y
"When (horses of high breed, which were) still when
standing and sH'ifi while running, were presented to him
in the evening." (38:31)
"Strike with your foot, this (water which thereby gushes
out, is for a) >00/ bath and a drink." (38:42)
"Or do they '( He is) a poet, for whom we are waiting
for an accide'lt of time?'" (52:30)
308 35: Active Participle
Learning Arabic Lar guage of the OUR'AN
d /. . ..... -// >J.

"Those who repent, who serve (Him), vho praise (Him),
who fast, who bow dmvn, who pros1ra e themselves, who
enjoin that which is recognised good) and stop
(people) from that which is not recogn. sed (as good) and
those who protect (themselves by rem lining within) the
limits (imposed by ) Allah; so com ey the good news to
the believers (described above)." (9: 1 J:)
dsVfj(1 G
IJ-';:'J /- ;- -- -./;. ]J
"No! They say, 'Confused dreams. he forged it, he is a
poet,' so let him bring to us a sign like that which was
sent through the earlier (prophets)." (21 :5)
"Then perhaps you will kill yourself wil '] grief, sorrowing
after them." (18:6)
"They said, 'These two are surely !liag/oians. '" (20:63)
"And those who are active ll1 gi\ing charity (;:akat)."
(23:4)
309 : ;5: Active Participle
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
"(Other) faces that Day will be happy." (88:8)
4
W
('
-, :
"Herein yeu wi II not hear useless talk." (88: 11)
310 35: Active Participle
Learning Arabic Lmguage of the QUR'AN
_____ __ C __ __ ____
r
THE PASSIVE PARTICIPLE
We have seen that simple oc,eCl bears the action of
the verb. But the passive participle follows the
@
pattern of J:';
j;J -7 - Done
c? -7 [Jj; - Opened
/,' tj 0 J 0,.-
t: -7 tr-f' - Gathered
-7 - Known
311 36: Passive Participle
For masculine get der:
(Case)
Nominative
L--'
I Accusative
Genitive ()ll Db
-
,-
I ,;j,>-)
-

--
)
For feminine gend 'r:
(Case)
Nominative
"

Accusative
I
Genitive Db)

Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN

J!.A
e
Singular Dual Plural
Ij


,
....

Done (two) Done (all) Done




Done (two) Done (all) Done
J"



Done (two) Done (all) Done

J!.A
e
Singular Dual Plural

r. '

Done (two) Done (all) Done




Done (two) Done (all) Done
Jj 0 J




Done (two) Done (all) Done
312 36: Passive Participle
Learning Arabic L 'lnguage of the OUR'AN
Examples:
,"':'t/ ->./ ). /, / J' "i h/ -:;J j./ ).,r /\:;'/}"
.}. \"Ii 4 ...::.J.C 3:..w ...I.;. ')..Jt:'1
"The Jews say, 'Allah's hand is tied ur ' Their hands be tied
up and they be cursed because of what t, ley say. No! Both His
hands are spread out, He spends as de' ,ills." (5:64)
;?}-;l\
"And the promised Day." (85:2)
j{, ). ;0 Go' ,
"'Z j.Jt-" J 'J jlJ
"And the witness and the witnessed.' (85:3)
.JJ./.J. ... '} >

"Therein are raised couches." 13

"And drinking cups placed ready (fOl use)." (88: l4)

"And cushions set in rows." (88: 15)

"And carpets spread." (88:l6)
': ,
"All will be gathered at the appointee time on the known
Day." (56:50)
313 36: Passive Participle
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
passi,ve part of hamzated verbs (on the pattern of fit
JL and 9) an( verbs (on the pattern of .:l.i:.j and
will also bem the pattern of jy;
j$'\ ' - Eaten
JL J .. -Asked
9 - Read
- Feasible
HOLLOW VERBS-
When the secon 1 radical is the weak letter 3, as in then its
passive particip\!- will be in the form
F or masculine gll1der:

?
c:-
(Case)
Singular Dual Plural
Nominative
j;L
. 'l' !, !,
"b. )

uy.-o
Said (two) Said (all) Said
Accusative



.Db.)

Said (two) Said (all) Said
Genitive (?-I
J' !,




Said (two) Said (all) Said
314 36: Passive Participle
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
For feminine gender:




Nominative
Said (two) Said (all) Said



Accusative

Said (two) Said (all) Said
ii' !-




Genitive (?.\
Said
(two) Said (all) Said
When the second radical is the weak letter IS, as in t then its
fio ,
passive participle will be in the form c:r.
For masculine gender:
t:
Plural
rio ...
.
-: 0 JI 0 ,....
c:r
l) ";

Nominative
Sold (two) Sold (all) Sold
I;:;:;
0 ..... 0 ....
-, , -
Accusative
0-"; 0 0:!!"; 0
Sold (two) Sold (all) Sold
0 ..... 0 ....
, ,

0-"; "
Genitive (?.\
Sold (two) Sold (all) Sold
315 36: Passive Participle
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
For feminine
(Case)

J-i.o
e::
Singular Dual Plural
.... o
. :,


<..} ";
o ";
, )
Sold (two) Sold (all) Sold
Nominative \ -U\.:>
___ 0
0 ....... 0

0"'"; "
0
;...)
;:; .. ;
Sold (two) Sold (all) Sold
Accusative
,
0 ........... 0


0
,;:; .. ;, :;: .. ;
Sold (two) Sold (all) Sold
Genitive C).l\ -U\,;-)
Df,FECTIVE VERBS -
When the third ra(icai is the weak letter) or...5, the ;:\\ r;1
will be in the folk wing form:
Jj



&:;
-
Thrown
j
,


"

-
Met

J
DOUBLE LETTERED
Doubled letter vel bs <lIso have their passive pmiic1e of the form
Jp.
JL - Suspected
316 36: Passive Participle
Learning Arabic Lanquage of the OUR'AN
Examples:

"'\ / . ....,.,
"The Day when mankind will be like scattered moths."
(101 :4)
t:li: J
"May be that your Fosterer will raisevou to a praised
position." (17:79)
"So that He made them like eaten up streB'V fhusk)'?" (105:5)

"And drinking cups placed ready (for )." (88: 14)
"And cushions set in rows." (88: 15)

.
"Allah sets forth a similitude: a 1 nder someone's
control." (16:75)

"And evil will be the place of prcscnl1tion and those
presented." (11 :98)
317 36. Passive Participle
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
"That is th0 Day on which mankind will be gathered and
that is the Day which will be witnessed" (11: 1 03)
"Except as your Fosterer wills, a gift without break."
(11:108)
d! -!," /." GI /}.,
V'}t
"And We will certainly pay them back in full their
portion without reduction." (11: 1 09)
318 36: Passive Participle
Learning Arabic Lar guage of the OUR'AN
i
Chapter 37 I
VERBAL
,. '" 0.... J. c
J
The source from which all the nouns and verbs a 'e derived is called
Verbal noun is a type of noun whIch un bear the article
J\ or tanwin C:)jJI':; ,:; and can be decline i according to the
sentence i.e nominative, accusative and geniti\ casco
Example:
);.\it Jf (."
"Why do the rabbis and the priests not forbid them from
their sinful speech and their eating the orbidden'? Evil is
the work which they do." (5:63)
';1 't; Jl r;;"
"Turn towards Allah with sincere repentance." (66:8)
or -:.;. .Q; c: ..k.::1 -: ,2:;:. ./-;:/ "'WI J.,
__ ____
;;s:r.;;'
319 37: Verbal Noun
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
"Feed ten indigent persons, on a scale of the average for
the food (,f your families; or feed ten poor persons with
the norm, l food with which you feed your own people or
clothe the'll or seffree a slave." (5:89)
The following an the nouns and verbs derived from the
Verbs
Active Partic! Jle
Passive Partie ipk
Noun for place and time
Noun for inst:ument
Comparative! Superlative - J:
Adjective
Elative


The verbal form:; arc not governed by a certain rule as they are
J::l:..: (accepted by hearing, tradition).
320 37: Verbal Noun
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
The following patterns are used in the Holy Qur'an:
Pattern Example From the Holy Qur'an
/" /' ,,/ ,,//// , n '/ ,
\. ..:A:-' .
"// "". """"-

"So his soul willed for him, the murder of his
brother, he thus killed him and then by became one
of the losers." (5:30)

,/ rj.."j.'/ /' "
J.j
8l'
"Polytheism is certainly a great illjus! ice." (31: 13)
Jj
t\\c GJ
"And (they) say, 'Our hearts are CO\ '" (2:88)
j;J
"" /.// .//,
<> Ulo...AAl
"We have indeed created man in hardship." (90:4)
/ / // ,,-//,
<j /
Y --, ..

- -
"And they came with false blood on hi.;; shirt." (12: 18)


"Guidance (in it) for those who guard (against evil)."
(2:2)
J "]1 .. -: /..::;. . /::,
(j,.,. ,
r ,;.,

"So I took a handful from the footstep of the
Messenger." (20:96)
321 37: Verbal Noun
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN


,." .!
/ /'
-e ,
(j/
MI

"The' I th,lt is an unfair division." (53:22)
-


"Whl
(8:42
I "The!
(givin
n you were on the nearer side (of the valley)."
i
/ ..
_3 / /
(he should effect a) ransom by fasting or
g) charity." (2:196)


"And
L--+----
I
perfected is the word of your Fosterer." (6: 115)
/ /
, (> \
_/ / __ , e:. u!:-
"It is nothing but a reminder for the worlds." (6:90)
/'0/ /'. /' / /,/

"So, t hat call of theirs did not cease." (21 : 15)
// / ->
\J.:b, (>,J '. '
"0 go ad news! here is a youth." (12:19)
li.;1
"And
gnevl
t>
when Musa returned to his people, angry and
-d." (7: 150)
322 37: Verbal Noun
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
4..w' /,j'5I'''C/ -.1X(:<' ,>::t:h--:-; /.,
- __ -1>-'.'j -'"
.jj
y
"We hear and we obey, (we seek) Your protective
forgiveness our Fosterer and towards You is the
destination." (2:285)
.)I;.g
4 5(
y "
"And He has made infidelity and transgression and
disobedience (items of) dislike to you." (49:7)
Ii
JW

"And We have the power on its removal." (23: 18)
<i
4

Y'J
"Yet is he the most rigid in opposition." (2:204)

4 ,;1:; Sill.:0J
"He (Dawood) said, 'He has been unjust to you by
demanding your ewe.'" (38:24)
>/" -//,
q. .. ""
zAY..)J o;\.r.

"A (declaration) of immunity from Allah and His
Messenger." (9: 1)
Ii"


C2 .
"Do you make (one who) gives drink to pilgrims." (9: 19)
4 r;.r /0// fo "",
'\j..;9 .\
jjj
';:"'J .'J _ .
"Before the rising of the sun and before its setting."
(50:39)
323 37: Verbal Noun
"

j&
"/

Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
\
0->o
f .
"So her I' 'osterer accepted her with a good acceptance."
(3:37)
\ "
/

"We mal

"And of
some for
Ie you a party more numerous." (17 :6)
the cattle some are for carrying burden and
slaughter (food)." (6:142)
0
Note: The pattern .u.;j is called r-:l. It is used to specify
the number of times an act is committed.
There is a kind of - called -
(j 0 (j 0 rj 0 J
Its pattern can be - - - F
"My Fosterer! Cause me to enter the entrance of truth."
(17:80)

"And cause me to exit the exit of truth." (17:80)
If, t::U;/ ,: J"
c"'{ _/ _// )?
"They will stay therein; excellent will be the dwelling
place/time for slaying." (25 :76)
324 37: Verbal Noun
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
1 ____ C_h_ap_t_e_r_l_8 __ _
-
TRILITERAL DERIVED VERB
The verb in which there is an increase in letter or letters is called:
J W \ ~ \ ~ \ .
Letters are added to the tri-literal root verbs (J)W\ ~ \ ~ \ to
increase the vocabulary and to fulfill the demands of the language.
Due to the increase in letters to the tri-literal root verb in the
form of prefixes, suffixes and infixes, derived verbs are formcd
and their meaning can be:
Similar to the root
Changed from transitive to intransitive, etc.
For example: the root verb ~ is "to kill".
By adding a long vowel alif, 'I' after J of , the derived verb
jh is formed and gives the meaning "to fight another person".
If the second radical of this verb is doubled it will become
JEj which means "he massacred".
325 38: Triliteral Derived Verb
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
There are 15 forms of verbs. The three lettered form which
is the root, is considered as the first form. The other 14 forms
are the derivatives of the first form.
Form I: j;J,
With the addition of one letter to the first form of the verb, the
following verbs are derived.
Formll :
Form III : J.c.\j
Form IV: Jji
With the addition of two letters to the first form of the verb, the
following verbs are derived.
FormV
Form VI : J.c.W
Form VII :
Form VIII:
Form IX :
With the addition of three letters to the first form of the verb, the
following verbs are derived.
Form X:
Form XI :
4-letter root verbs:
Form XII : j1;J
Form XIII:
Form XIV :
FormXV :
326 38: Triliteral Derived Verb
Learning Arabic Language of thE QUR'AN
Chapter 39
.-
Form II-J,d
It is formed from the tri-literal root by doubling thE" second
J
radical. The imperfect tense sign of this pattern will
bear a dammah (2.0).
Table of J.!j:
1(:erbtllActfve Past Imperfect)
'alive, Passive
tJ
o
0"../





j;;:
j;J
tj,.... 0
.r \ "! p:;
rk

p::

"-
Points to note:
1. Some words of this form have a causative meanmg. For
example:
To know To teach (to cause someone to know)
327 39: Form II
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
"And He taught Adam all names, then He presented
them (thillgs) before the angels." (2:31)
2. This form rna) be adopted to strengthen the meaning. An act
is done with grea violence or continued for a longer duration.

'- \.
To cut 1 0 Cit into pieces
To kill 10 massacre
3. To shorten: S('me verbs of this form give the complete sense
of a sentence.
J$ To say "Allahu Akbar"
- To say "SubhanAllah"
4. To change from intransitive ((-d')\jl) to transitive
Words that are intransitive in form I become transitive in fonn II.
fU fy
To sleep To put to sleep
5. Same meaning as in tri-literal.
In this form the meaning ofthe derived verb is the same as the root.

To change To change
328 39: Form II
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
"Then those who were unjust changed the word to other
than what was said to them." (2:59)
6. Verbs formed from nouns.
Some verbs in this form are made from nouns.
"",...,... :j 0 J""-
- To make a Jew. (from the noun C>?-*- meaning Jew)
-To make a Christian. (from the noun meaning
Christian)
7. Totally new meaning are gIven to the derived form. For
example:
/. / /q /

To mock To subjugate
j{, /. !J- \//\--:/ U// /<: / ..1i' /.,J- J.,
.
"Glorified be He Who has subjected these to us (for our
use) and we were not able to do it." !43:13)
To roast To pray
To injure To speak
8. To make the passive voice of this ton :1, in the past perfect
tense, the first radicle is given damm(;h 2 and the second
329 39: Form II
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
radicle is given Whereas, in the imperfect tense the
sign of lb.:l \ wi [I bear damma, and the second radicle
will bear fatha.
The verbal noun in the defective verbs j.oJI)
will be on the pattern of
For example: 55 -7 Qy
Table of 5j to purify, to clean.
Tense
5j
Tense
alive
Noun Participle P(JYtictple Passive Passive
Si

.J

--y

S,J
0-"
55
5,J
..r.
"And save me from Fira'wn and his work and save me
from the unjust people." (66:11)
"He (the dey promises them and excites vain desires in
them, and the devil does not promise them (anything)
but deception." (4: 120)
Note: There are some verbs which are not defective but their
fj", 0
verbal noun is also on the pattern of
Example:
330 39: Form II
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
Examples:
"He recites to them His signs and purifies them and
teaches them the book (the law) and the wisdom." (62:2)
"And recite the Qur'an gradually (giving) intervals."
(73:4)
J;. .q; j-L
"So he neither accepted the truth nor worshipped (offered
salat)!" (75 :31)
"But denied and turned back!" (75:32)
"And (remember) when We delivered you from the people
ofFira'wn." (2:49)
. J{, 0\1,:'i\\ 5(: I ;J.!)r:lI51 }"
"\C ..... - ..... ",.
"The squanderers are certainly the brothers of the
(17:27)
331 39: Form 1I
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
"Whatever is :n the skies and the Earth glorifies Allah."
(57:1)

"Glorify the name of your Fosterer, the Most High." (87:1)

"But Allah has made the belief (an item of) love for you
and He has beautified it in your hearts, and He has made
infidelity and transgression and disobedience (items of)
dislike to you. " (49:7)
"No, he has come with the truth and confirms the
messengers (\\ ho had come before him)." (37:37)

"Inform me \\ ith knowledge if you are truthful." (6: 143)
332 39: Form II
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
Chapter 40


'"
Form 111-
The form ji-IJ is constructed by adding allf ( \ ) in between the
first radical J and second radical (. The imperfect tense sign of
this pattern bears dammah on it.
Table of ji-IJ:
Past Vrnpeifect
lmper-
Verbal Active Passive Past ImpeTfoct
Tense Tense alive
Noun Participle Participle Passive Passive
ylJ


.t4-u;

j.cu;

J-
IJ





(j ..... , ..... ,
IJ




To make the past passive voice, the general rule is followed but
the alif ( \ ) in between will be changed to
Example:
333 40: Form III
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
Points to note:
1. Verbs of this roml usually show an action being done with
another (person or group). Hence it is always a transitive verb.
W - To kill
u
- To fight

"And how many of the prophets fought (in the way of
Allah) with whom there were many devoted men." (3:146)
Sometimes verbs of this form might have a complete new
meaning from theii' tri-literal root. For example:
1\; - To kneel down I lie down
- To bless
,2/
"{ ,,- -'-I", IJ> " j!'
"The neighborhood of which We have blessed, that We
might show him (some) of Our signs." (17:1)
The verbal noun ofa defective verb j.u.JI) will be on the
!J;
pattern of JJi.\l.:.
Example:
Imperfect Imper- VerDaZ pfa'ii}l$list
Noun Participle
..
:Tense TenSe /A five


-

334 40: FormlII
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
Examples:
"{ was expecting that I would certainly encounter my
account (of deeds)." (69:20)
"And fight with them till there is no persecution." (2: 193)
"Fighting is prescribed for you and it is (a matter of)
dislike for you." (2:216)
"So now associate with them, and seek what Allah hath
ordained for you." (2: 187)
"For that there is the garden for them, they fight in the
way of Allah." (9: 111)
"And whoever strives, he strives on ly for (the benefit of)
his own soul." (29:6)
335 40: Form 1//
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
"Did you nut consider him who argued with Ibrahim
about his Fo"terer?" (2:258)
~ ~ \ ~ 1.,0\ 6JI;,
"And there are those who chose the mosque to cause
harm." (9: 1(\7)
"When the hypocrites come to you." (63: 1)
"I do not inknd to go towards that from which T (myself)
forbid you." (11 :88)
336 40: Form III
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
t ___ __ h __ -- .. I-
r
. /
Form
The form J;Ji is made by prefixing hamza ( i) withfatha
to the root form This hamza ( i ) is not the hamza of joining
(J.oJI ;..?), as in the other forms hence it always pronounced.
The imperfect sign ofthis pattern bears dammah on it.
Table of J;Ji:
Past Imperfect
Imper-
Verbal Active Pas.
,ive
Past Imperfect
Tense Tense
ative
Noun PartiCiple Parti ciple Passive Passive


JWl
0, IJ
/

j
j



1J)l:\

q ....
i
, j


Points to note:
l. Some words of this form have a causative meaning. For
example:
t? - To go out tjti - To dflve out
J; - To descend J)i - To take or bring down
337 41: Form IV
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
.:' // ;,,,,/> -;--// / .... / ........ "'".,/
'; 1 d.:LJ l..JJj 4.::J)
"And We he. ve sent it down in reality and it has come
down in reality, and We have not sent you but as a
conveyer of news and a warner." (17: 1 05)
2. Some Transitiye verbs are made from the
intransitive verbs )UI).
Example:
jJ..:; - To el
1
ter
- To fO"get
- To gc:
- To make to enter
- To make to forget
- To remove
"Praise is due only for Allah Who has removed grief
from us." (35:34)
3. Sometimes of this form might have a complete new
meaning from tl:eir tri-literal root. For example:
- To cut vb)i - To lend
- He md J,JI - To cast down, to fling
\:,/::,
"If you loan til Allah a good loan." (64:17)
338 41: Form IV
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
"He said, 'You throw (first).' So when they threw ... " (7:116)
4. Some verbs of this form are from nouns.
- Morning - To enter upon morning
- evening - To enter into evening
- Forenoon - To enter into forenoon
Ij, 0
5. In hollow verbs, the verbal noun will be on the pattern of .uwb.
Example:
flit -7 Llil
Table of flii to establish, to straighten:

i -
6. In defective verbs, the verbal noun will be on the pattern of

Example: To establish, to straighten
-7 \
\..:)J
Table of Jji :
339 41: Form IV
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
Examples:
"And do not say to one who offers you peace, (or
salutation), . You are not a believer. '" (4:94)
It:1;
"Their hearts (being involved) in pastime. And those
who are unjust talk in secret." (21:3)
"And We sent before you only men." (21 :7)
"And delivered them and him whom We willed and We
destroyed those who committed excesses." (21 :9)
Gt;;r;,
"And We pn )duced after them other people." (21: 1])
"Whenever they will intend to go out from it." (22:22)
,It,
"{ 'Y,-? i...r>".J e::-'" u- '.J r
"But Allah has made trade lawful and prohibited usury."
(2:275)
340 41: Form IV
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
"And do not be extravagant, He certainly does not like
those who are extravagant." (7:31)
~ ~ ~ i 1 ~ ~ \ ~ ~
"Allah directs you concerning your children." (4:11)
"When his Fosterer said to him (Ibrahim), 'Submit.' He
replied, '1 submit before the Foskrer of the worlds.'"
(2:131)
341
41: Form IV
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
342
Learning Arabic Language of the QUq'AN

.


Chapter 42
Form V -
It is formed by adding 0 to fonn II:
Table

j!i3







rJ;:::

'\ -::'
p;s

Points to note:
1. J.-!i3 is the reflexive fonn Here the action rdates
back to the doer. For example:
;J.c -To teach - To learn.
j-, -To separate
- To be separated.
-To make spacious P -To become spaCiOltS
343 42: FJrm V
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
"When it.s said to you 'Make room In assemblies.'"
(58:11)

"And remt'mber the name of your Fosterer and devote
yourself to Him (with exclusive) devotion." (73:8)
2. Verbs made fnm nouns.
- Sin

:.:; 'G - To shun away from sin
3. Verbs which indicate gradual action.
tfi.. - To swallow, to sip - To drink sip by sip
"He will drink it little by little but he will not be able to
swallow it.' (14: 17)
4. Verbs with complete new meaning
tt - To 'njure - To speak
j..>....O - To :>peak the truth - To give charity/alms
"And the min Itho give charity and the women who give
chari(v." :35)
344 42: Form V
Learning Arabic Lar guage of the QUR'AN
Examples:
5:JI';,
"And those who die among you and Ie; ve behind wives."
(2:234)
j ;.:; t: i;! 1;,
"And do not long for those (articles) il t which Allah has
been more gracious to some gifts." 4:: 2)
"That Allah may protect you from ie' ery) sin of yours
which you (could) send in advance." (4 ):2)
-:i; / i"t
"And hold together (and be united) thmugh the rope of
Allah and do not be divided." (3: 1 m)

"And on the Day the hour of doom wdl be established,
on that Day they will be divided." (30: 1 f)
"Our Fosterer! And accept my praycr." (14:40)
345
42: Form V
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
"Our I ostcrer! Accept from us, You are certainly the
All-Hetring, the All-Knowing." (2:127)
"He \\ ho gives his wealth for his self purification."
(92: 18
346 42: Form V
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
Chapter 43
.-
Form VI - Liz3
Ifthe prefix 0 is added to form III it becomes
Table of
<:"',,"'; ,,' 'i, ,: ,,", " , , "', "
VerbafActivtt Passive,
NQun PartiCiple



jLW


jj'l:3
'J.
In:i;
') . -
]'w
').
ll'w
').

'.d.

').
1) o,J


') . -
Points to note:
1. Words of this form usually show an action being done with
another (person or group).
y.?- - To fight y)1. - To fight each other
0jI.C. - To help 0j\;5 - To co-operate/to help one another
2. When .s comes in the place of third radical J.
347 43: Form VI
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
Example:
Jlt - To tum away from
Table of Jlt:
Past
Tense

0.
lmpeifect
lmper-
Verbal Active
Tense alive Noun Participle


0li

o . ""
u ."
.

d \ -:;.if.'" ->J. ;:' C J"
t::; if r
Passive Past lmpeifect
Participle Passive Passive

,


o . ".
"Their sides Aeep away from their beds." (32: 16)
"When they agree to it in a recognized (good
manner)."
Examples:
"And do not lind fault (among) yourselves, nor call (one
another) by nicknames." (49:11)
"And help one another 111 righteousness and guarding
(against evil)." (5:2)
348 43: Form VI
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
"And recommend to one anoth 'r, the truth, and
recommend to one another, patience.' (103:3)
"So let those who wish to put in comcious effort, put in
a conscious effort for that." (83:26)
It; ,
"And when they passed by them used to wink at
one another." (83 :30)
d J ;;)::.()f
"\ / / 'Y Y.Jjt
"And if you had made a mutual appointment, you would
have gone against the appointment." (8:42)
"And you would have disputed about the affair." (8:43)
"But when the two groups came il1 siKht of each other he
turned upon his heels." (8:48)
. . -'\-," . \



"Then they turned, some blaming the \)thers." (68:30)
349
43: Form VI
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
350
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
Chapter 44 J
The fonn j.;.2l is constructed by prefixing ~ to the tri-literal root.
Table of j.;.2l:
Verbal Acti:Pe Passive Past Imperfect
feJ'ise .. ativeVio'Un.ltwtiitiJjJe Pwticiple Passive Pdpslve
"So twelve springs gushed out from it." (2:60)
Points to note:
I. Sometimes verbs of this fonn might have a complete new
meaning from their tri-literal root.
j1J; - To be freed from bond
JI.l:;3, l - To proceed/to depart
351 44: Form VII
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
2. The transitive root verb is changed to intransitive in this
fonn of the verb.
-To break

.?J - To cleave/dig
Examples:
To be broken
-Tobecutoff
- To gush out
"When tht sky is cleft asunder." (82:1)
"Thus twelve springs gushed out from it." (7: 160)

"{ __ /_r
"Would not have left off (falsehood) till the clear proof
had come Lo them." (98: 1)
"Your sight will return to you defeated (in its purpose)
and it will be tired." (67:4)
"(It will be said to them), 'Proceed towards that which
you used to deny. '" (77:29)
352 44: Form VII
Learning Arabic LanCJuage of the QUR'AN
1 ____ C_h_a_p_te_r_4_5_
r
Form VIII-
Verbs of this form are made by prefixing; and infixing 0 after
J to J;j thus forming
Table of
Past lmpeifect
Imper-
Verbal Active . Passive Past Impeifect
Tense Tense
ative
Noun Participle Participle Passive Passive
"
j,::;:
j;::;:
,




__ ,OJ!


/ /
,
, , " \


, /' \


i /-i
.. r
__ '0 \

r
Points to note:
1. To choose/do something for oneself For
J'6' - To weigh, to measure -- To receive by
m from
c..:.S - To earn < / - To gain for oneself
353 45: Form VIll
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN

"Those wr:o, when they take by measure from other
people, the' take in full." (83:2)
2. Sometimes \t rbs of this form might have a complete new
meaning from thel: tri-literal root.
lelp
To ,trike
To Jepnve of
To take revenge
To be disturbed
To respect
3. The tri-literal 'Oot and this form have the same meaning.
t To o:iginate t To invent
To be near/to approach To corne close/benigh
L ' J-J-
I
......... >- U
"{ r+' /.J'; 7'
"Closer and closer to mankind comes their Reckoning."
(21: 1)
4. If the first radica I 0 is one of the emphatic letters C ... ,o, J:', .1,
.1) then the u of will be changed to ".1".
Example:
To be or become clear To choose

To strike To be disturbed/confused
354 45: Form VIII
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN

To ascend/appear To look upon/look down/to descend
Examples:
,;;
"Allah certainly selected Adam and 1'\uh." (3:33)
"(Someone will) say, 'Would you peep (to see him)?'"
(37:54)
,
"So he will peep, then see him in the midst of Hell." (37:55)
I
"Is the unseen disclosed to him or has he made an
agreement with the Beneficent (Allah)?" (19:78)
"Except that you become helpless by necessity to (eat)
it." (6: 119)
5. Ifthe first radical 0 is .) or j the u of will change to .).
Example:
)\)jl - To increase /gro\\ larger
- To enter
355
45: Form VIII
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
6. If the first radical is :::" then the 0 of will be changed
to .) and the.) wi II be assimilated.
- To mention 7 7 To remember
"But is theremJ'one who will mind?" (54: 17)
7. Jfthe first radical is hamza, then it will change to 0.
iil- To take
d -/ /,4 >- (I .> /-;;,4 /"" .J.//
"'I. J.::... 7
"The likeness of those who have taken guardians besides
Allah." (29:41)
8. If the weak lettn J comes in place of 0, the first radical,
the J will chang.: to 0 and the pattern will be as shown in
the example.
Table of to communicate, to connect:
Past Impe1frct
Irnper -
Verbal Active Passive Past Imperfect
Tense Tense
ative
Noun Participle Participle Passive Passive

J

(;

j
j


J

9. When the final radical is IS as in the case of the verb in
this form will be
356 45: Form VIII
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
Table of to meet:
Past
Tense

Imperfect
Imper-
Verbal
Tense
ative
Noun

0

o M

L . --:.::., o/J.,
. J;J iY.7
Active
Pa'
sive Past
Participle Part, ;ciple
Passive

,
MM
,
,1:


"On the day the two armies met," (3: 155)
Imperfect
Passive
fl
10. In doubly weak verb where 3 comes m place of 0 and \..S
in place of J as in jj, the 3 will change to 0 to make -Pl.
Table of to save one self:
Past
Tense


Imperfect
Imper-
Verbal Active Pa\sive Past Imperfect
Tense
ative
Noun Participle Participle Passive Passive



-;c;:;}

.... ::;:;J




;..
'-'
"So that you may save yourselves (from the punishment)."
(2:21 )
Examples:
"So the waters met for (the cxe.::ution of) an affair
already programmed." (54:12)
357 45: Form VIII
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
"And for you therein, will be what your souls desire
for." (41:31)
d:) --:::" ,\"'.:t"}"
"'\ !
"And flesh of birds from that which they desire." (56:21)
d II //1\ lJ:: .\ 1" }"
"'\ ". _/_lJr
"And the good and the evil are not equal." (41:34)
&:;J 1;,
"And they cannot mediate except for him (with whom)
He is pleased." (21 :28)
,
"And (there are) others who have acknowledged their
sins." (9: 102)
d Gh:C-:-
"\ _:-!..J __ r
"So that tht: torrent bears (on its surface) a swelling
foam." (13: 1 7)
d \ -:;',,,},,
"'\ -" ." ".:- r
"And hold together (and be united) through the rope of
Allah." (3:103)
,='t\'\:;Q,
"Gets every good that it earns, and it suffers every ill
that it earns." (2:286)
i'
"Except he who takes in the hollow of his hand." (2:249)
358
45: Form VIII
Learning Arabic Lc;nguage of the QUR'AN
Chapter 46
G'
Form
Prefixing and doubling the J makes This form is used
only to express colors and defects.
Table of
Past Imperfect
Imperative (
Verbal Active
Tense Tense Toun Participle

j;l;

J>WI
"



I /' /' I
"I' 'I
(j oj
/" J/"

J-r
,
As this form of verb is intransitive (r ')U I there will be no
passive participle and passive voice.
Example:
- To become white
- To become black
359 46: Form IX
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
- T) become yellow
- 1 0 become green
Examples:
ZtJI
"Then as f( 'r those whose faces will be black." (3: 1 06)
.,/ /, //
1;6 .i.JI ct;,
"And as fc'r those whose faces will be white." (3: 1 (7)
"And his eyes became white due to grief." (12:84)
360 46: Form IX
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
______ c_h_ap_t_er_4_7_1
r
It is fonned by prefixing Ll to j;J.
Table of l:
Past Imperfect
Imper-
Verbal Active Pm,sive Past Imperfect
Tense Tense ative
Noun Participle Participle Passive Passive
:
:
J
, 1
'l
i
J; 0
, ,
' ,
J
1
' :: 0 ....
, . , \

{i 0 ,

, J
i


J '"

yIU-:..........o
Points to note:
1. The main characteristic of this foml is that it often expresses
the seeking, asking or demanding as t.:xpressed in the root
form.

0?\ - To permit


, l - To ask for pardon
o
- To (lsk for permission
',l - T 0 knowledge
- T 0 help
361 47: Form X
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
2. This form indi.:ates a certain quality which a person mayor
may not have.
Example:
- To bl.? great - To regard as great
\;5 - To generous - To regard as generous
- To re good - To regard as good
3. This form is retlexive of the form IX J.;Jl.
- To in oml - To seek or gather information
- To give up/to deliver - To surrender
4. When \..S comet in rlace of J as in J;:: ' then the pattern is
observed as belOW:
Table of J;:: ' - Tel ask for legal opinion:
Past !fmpeifect
Imper-
Verbal Active Passive Past !fmpeifect
Tense Tense
ati1-e
Noun Participle Participle Passive Passive
J
J 1 ''i
,- h: .. :1
" \
..... c J
;:::: " J
\
..... 0 J
- -

Examples:
"You Alone do we serve and (from) You Alone do we
seek help." ( 1:4)
362 47: Form X
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
db ::- > .... .... .- :::" > .... /-:
"Z "":'" Wlr
"Only those will respond, who listen" (6:36)
"-t I'";:. t'-."t\ > -;:'",}.,
"Z '-t - u 0'! J?
"Respond to your Fosterer before thl: coming of the Day
from Allah, for which there is no tuming back." (42:47)
db i .. i'" J if ... -:::
"Z ... . -;- - r
"Let them also, with a will, Listen to My call, and
believe in Me." (2: 186)

"But if they do not respond to you." i,28:50)
"I would have had abundance of gocid." (7: 188)
db i.J"',%; r i i< i 'A
"Z IJJ"""'J r-t= -.... ..,..-.-...'J r
"And covered themselves with garments and persisted
(in refusing) and considered themselves great (due to)
pride." (71:7)
db .-" ...... 'f-:' .-:.- .. ! .-.- ",-:'\'"
"Z cud' ...(iJJr
"And 1 did seek to make him yield himself to me but he
abstained." (12:32)
363
47: Form X
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
"Then why do they not tum to Allah (in repentance) and
seek His profectiveforgiveness." (5:74)
"And those who ask for protective forgiveness III the
early hours of morning." (3: 17)
364 47: Form X
Learning Arabic Ldnguage of the OUR'AN
Chapter 48
c%i
Form XI - JCdJ
'"
JWl is formed by prefixing and infixing alif ( \ ) between t.
and J and doubling the J. Verbs of this form usually describe
intensity in color.
Table of
Past Imperfect
Imperative
1< Tense Tense
JWl
jL;l:

\.i' \
i
,

Example:
-To be deep green/black
Example/rom the Qur'an:
,
Verbal
Noun


i --
"Both, dark green in colour." (55:64)
365
Active
Participle


48: Form XI
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
366
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
_______ C_ha_p_t_e_r_4_9
r
FOUR LETTERED VERBS
Form
These verbs are formed from four letters, tr.e root of which is
Jl;J. They are not derived from the tri-literal form j.;J.

mperfect It1JPer- Verbal Active Passive Past Imperfect
Tense atiYe Noun Participle Participle Passive Passive
'" "'" J "",,' " " (j ",.. 0 i" j !i ..... " __ J ,... "J '".. " ",J
(j.>j [j> [h Cr
Y
[j>)-4 [j> j
Examples:
367 49: Form XlI
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
"Who whi,\pers into the bosoms (hearts or minds) of
mankind." i 114:5)
-;3).$ q,
"When the Earth is quaked with its quaking." (99: 1)
"But to (so long) would by no means remove him
from the punishment." (2:96)
(.:L.;J.j,
"So their Fosterer destroyed them due to their sin and
thus balanced it (the destruction was equal to their
crime)." (91 :14)
"And the night when it comes (and goes)." (81: 17)
368 49: Form XII
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN

{ffi
Chapter 50

DERIVED FORMS OF 4LETTERED VERBS
FORM XIII - JI"";,'j
Table of
Past Imperfect
Imperative
Verbal Active
Tense Tense Noun Participle

j1;
.

j.l;
FORM XIV -
Table of jl;j 1:
Past Imperfect
Imperative
Verhal Active
Tense Tense Noun Participle
JW}

/ Jl;JUJW}

/ ;

0tJ;}


.-
03:1;:
; / ;
369 50: Derived FormsOj 4-Lettered ...
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
Examples:
Past
Tense

"(Ibrahim I said, 'Why not, but for the satisfaction of my
heart, '" (2' 260)
"While heart is peaceful with belief." (16: 106)
:6 "k"iI J\,
l... I...
"0 you pwce/,ul soul!" (89:27)
,/ c." .}/"/

" r-r-
j
,--,..:..:s: -:.c '" ./ Q \ y
"The skim of those who fear their Fosterer tremble (in
response t(l the effect produced) by it." (39:23)
FORM XV -
I
Imperfect i
Imperative
Verbal '<Active Passive
Tense
!
Noun Participle PartiCiple


" ,
JI';::


' ,
, -
, !'o
370 50: Derived FormsOf 4-Lettered ...
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
__ ____
-
DECLENSION OF A NOUN
In Arabic, declension is called which we dealt with briefly
in the second chapter. Based on the yl):- nouns are divided
into two groups: Indeclinable and Declmable
INDECLINABLE NOUNS - "iJ:t'
A noun whose final vowel is static is said tt) be i.e the
harakah on the last letter of the noun does not change in the
nominative, accusative or genitive case.
Nouns that are indeclinable are:
1. All forms of pronouns such as d, ..:JI Past
-;.
tense verbs that have pronouns like ..:J\, U\ hidden in them
such as are also indeclinable.
371 51: Declension of a Noun
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
2. Particles of interrogation, prepositions, jussive and subjunctive
particles like: jir./ .;t .y/ 4, 0V j / J;., etc.
1. Relat!ve and demonstrative pronouns like:
d;l) etc.
2. Nouns ending with alif( \ ) but spelt with the ending.s like
and This kind of alifis called
Other example includes: .sJ.$,.sA, .s.:J:..
Examples:

" (There is) guidance (in it) for those who guard (against
evil)." (2:2)
L -' ,/ ;,\1,.< /.// C:1!f ;; ,//j f . i G.:Ji"'1,
"{ iY-:i--?:,J ___ "/ 'Jj?
"And those who believe, (both) in the life of this world
and on the Day when the witnesses will stand." (40:51)
L, '"
y
"He said, 'Throw it down 0 Musa. '" (20: 19)

// '" 0 "'0/ 0.<0/
\ '. II :s L-,jJ \ .A.u ').A!
_N -!Y" y=-/ .
"Then do not sit with the unjust people after remembering
it." (6:68)
2>t
"He indeed saw (some) of the greater signs of his
Fosterer." (.5 3: 1 R)
372 51: Declension of a Noun
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
J
DECLINABLE NOUNS -
A declined noun is said to be i.e. changeable. They
are of two types:
1.
2. :r U: :11.
Nouns which are J are fully ch,mgeable and display
the case they are in, by or
These are called triptotes. For example, : and
Nouns which are :r ty...ll partly changeable
and are called diptotes. Most proper nJmes of non-Arabic
origin, whether personal or geograpl-! ical and adjectives
denoting colors are diptotes. For example:
/' /J." ___ ___ ___ ___ ./ ./ '" ___ ___ ___

Nouns of this kind will never bear tanwin (J)31 "" !:<) or
'"
kasrah (7).
Examples:
/'/' .,/
)WI Jl; ,
"The leaders of Firawn 's people said" (7: 1 09)
373 51 . Declension of a Noun
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
"(We will follow the) religion (dictated by) Ibrahim the
upright." (2: 135)
4, J .... --- :---jI ;.\ ... ---).,
..
"And when Ibrahim was raising the foundations of the
house with /smael (he prayed)." (2: 127)

"Go to Firawn, he has certainly rebelled." (79: 17)
"And Dawood killed lalut." (2:251)
t-
"It should be a yellow colored cow; its color should be
intensely yellow, delighting those who look at it." (2:69)
"A messenger who will come after me, his name being
Ahmed." ;61 :6)
374 51:DeclensionofaNoun
Learning Arabic Lanf:uage of the QUR'AN
.[& 'N Chapter 52

;r
EXCEPTION
The particle used to make an exception is The noun which
follows is usually in the accusative case
Example:

"There is no God except Allah." (37:35)
There are two parts in a sentence where the pa rtic1e of exception
is used -Excepted 0 and Generalit: 0
In the above example:
- is the generality,
is the particle of exception,
.;1\ - is the excepted,
375
0 0.J:-.
0 'Ii
52: Exception
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
There are two types ot' Exception ,
1. F\ Jli:.Ji: The excepted is not from the
species/grout of the generality For example:
'"And whe:l We (Allah) said to the angels, 'Bow down
before Ad;im,' they bowed down except Iblis." (2:34)
The excepted, (a jinn), does not belong to the group of
angels referred to hy the verb The excepted , is
always in the accu-;ative case ) in Fi :Ii.
2. Jli:.:Ji: The excepted belongs to the
same species/ group of the generality
Example:
,i > '5L.Ji :1 I G i -;:-=}v
't --2
"But they drank from it except a few of them." (2:249)
The rules which decide the harakah on the in :J\

1. If the generali 1 y J , II) and are preceded by a sound
statement, wh ich is not interrogative or negative, then the
excepted (jl.:..:JI) will be in the accusative case
J,
"Everything \\ill perish except His person." (28:88)
376 52: Exception
Learning Arabic Lilnguage of the OUR'AN
2. If particles of interrogation or negatio;l precede in an
exceptional sentence, then the excepted can bear fatha (...::::..)
or the e'raab of the generality
"And Muhammad is not more thall a nessenger." (3:144)
3. When generality ' :J\) is not eVident in a verb and a
particle of interrogation or negation pre,;edes the statement,
then the excepted }\I) will bear thl harakah according
to its case (nominative
accusatin:...::.. or genitive 7).
"No one knows them except a few." (18:22)
"Do not serve anyone except Allah." :2:83)
,8;;1 -1l
"So we delivered him and his followers except his wife."
(7:82)
Examples:
"No one knows them except a few." (18:22)
377
52: Exception
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
"Everyth ng will perish except His Person." (28:88)
"Nothing comes out except a little." (7:58)
:\J,..
"t -
"It is notl'ing but a reminder for the worlds." (12: 104)
"And Munammad is no more than a messenger." (3:144)
"And they say, 'The fire will not touch us except for a
counted numher of days. '" (2:80)
..-:
_':.. -' '-..;...) r
"Who do not (even) know (what is written in) the book
(their religion is nothing) but hearsay (idle tales or lies)."
(2:78)

"Do not serve anyone except Allah." (2:83)
-:LJ; '1 \ }"
"t (r
"Then you turned back except a few among you." (2:83)
378 52: Exception
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
.-:&.. "'" I Chapter 5 3

r
ABSOLUTE NEGATION


"There is no god except Allah." (37:35)
"This is the book in which there is nothing doubtful. (2:2)
l. The '1 in the above examples is used for total negation.
2. It is absolute denial of the species in the circumstance( s)
defined by the sentences.
3. There will be no nunnation -:.) on the common
r
noun following the '1.
4. This '1 precedes a common noun and makes it accusative

379 53: Absolute Negation
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
5. The predicate of the sentence will be nominative (lJ.-J r.JI).
For example:

"There is 110 god except Him." (2:163)
Examples:
" '0/ . ", .q
_ jt
"There is 110 portion in the hereafter." (3:77)
fur,
"Allah, there is no god except Him, the Ever Living, the
Eternally J :xisting." (2:255)

"Then tht.Te is no approaching (your wives), nor
transgression /lor disputing during the Hajj." (2: 197)

"And no/hin,'.!, less than that nor greater but it IS
(recorded) in a clear record." (10:61)
"We do not have knowledge except of that which You
taught us." (2:32)
"There is 'lO sin on you." (2:236)
380 53: Absolute Negation
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
1 ____ C_h_a_p_te_r_5_4 ___ I-
r ~
THE NOUN OF PLACE AND TIME
l. Noun of place expresses the place where the action of the
verb is committed.
2. Noun of time expresses the time or occasion of that action.
3. These nouns are on the pattern of one of the following:
.
~ l$. - Gathering
j ~ - Destination
~ Mosque
J ~ - East
o
.
~ . L - Religion
!i 0
~ - Battle-field
381 54: J\'oun of Place and Time
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
2.h.,:. - Time of rising
8- - Place of meeting! Junction
"
4:;: ~ :. - Left side
4. Mostly, when the harakah of the second radical in the
, J 0 ".,
imperfect form bears a dammah ( J.U= ) then the noun for
time or place will be on the pattern of j;J;.
Example:
J J 0.... tJ _ 0..,
~ ~ ~
He kills/wi 11 kill Battle field
5. When the harakah of the second radical in the imperfect
J , ~
form bears a kasrah ~ ) then the noun for time or place
" ,
will be on the pattern i f ~ .
Example:
He sits/will sit Gathering
6. Sometimes though the second radical of the imperfect bears
J J D ...
dammah (J.U=) , the noun of tIme or place WIll be on the
IJ ,
pattemof .
382 54: Noun of Place and Time
Learning Arabic language of the OUR'AN
/ / J J
" Mos(lue

-7


!.. J. ....
(j
, /
0?.
-7
,jr-a
-
East

-7

-
Place of rising
/ / . J j ,.-
Ij , /
West
'-?..? '-?fi
-7
'-?j--o
-
7. The plural of both the patterns for and feminine
will be on the pattern of

?
i
e
Singular Dual
I
Plural
Ij
, /
\ / '/


A mosque Two mosques
I
Mosques


I

A battle field
Two battle fields
,
Battle fields
8. The passIve participle d;; L,) of the derived verbs IS
considered as the noun of place and time.
Example:
y,;\ -7 - Entrance
-7 flk. - Place
J...o -7 - Place of prayer
- Place of turmoi I
-7 - Warehouse, Storehouse
383 54: Noun of Place and Time
I
I
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
Examples:
t.;
"And We indeed made the children of Israel settle down
a real set! ing " (l 0:93)
\/ - C \. ,'.

/ ;-" / ,
<>- I' ..... -,
"And We will make you to enter an honored entry." (4:31)
"For every news there is a (fixed) place/time, and you
will come to know." (6:67)

"Then (appointed for you) a place/time for staying (life)
and a place/time for departure (death)." (6:98)
4 )- h/,:'..{ /. .. J..
'7
"He will definitely make them enter an entry, with
which they will be pleased." (22:59)

"And I Cdn never find besides Him, (any source of)
refuge." (72:22)

"And there is a place of stay and provision for you in the
Earth till a time." (7:24)

"And who is more unjust than one who prevents (people
from) the mosques of Allah." (2:114)
384 54: Noun of Place and Time
Learning Arabic Lang uage of the QUR'AN
1 ____ C_h_ap_t_e_r _5_5_----
r
NOUN OF INSTRUMENT

1. The noun of instrument describes the instrument with
which the action of the verb is carried out.
2. It begins with the letter i as the noun of place and time, but
the i bears kasrah (-;:::-) instead ofJatha
3. These nouns are on the pattern of one of the following:

,..,,,,,-:
-7


To open Keys
c;o
-7

L'
Morning Lamp
0jj
-7
\-:0

To weigh Balance
385 55: Noun of Instrument
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
"/
,


" /


The plurals of r \;; and are on the pattern of
and
Examples:
"The Para:1le of His Light is as if there were a Niche and
within it a Lamp." (24:35)
"And with Him are the keys of the unseen, no one knows
it but He." (6:59)
(. l' ..1.:.:Jt }"
"{ '3r:;:- I.J __ __:- "':"')JJ' '}!'
"And establish the balance in a just manner and do not
reduce the balance." (55:9)
. //
// __ "o-:}"
"'t ,.. .' .. /'Y'..::..l:iU......:....r ...
u
'}!'
''Then as for him whose weights (of good deeds) are
heavy." (JOJ:6)
386 55: Noun of Instrument
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
.. 1 Chapter 56
KINDS OF FEMININE GENDER
There are two genders in Arabic - Masculine CS::Wi) and
Feminine
Except for the following categories of words, all other words
indicate masculine gender.
1. Words that are feminine by meaning.
", G 1
- A Ir
0
oly.ol- A Woman
ri - A Mother

"And the wife of Firawn said, 'Comfort of the eye for me
and you,'" (28:9)

387 56: Feminine Gender
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
"So We communicated to the mother of Musa, 'Suckle
him. '" (28:7)
2. Words ending with" (; "
Example:
{j.,..,
Paradise
Prayer
Charity
iJ::;:;
.;J -d Hum i liation
{ ....
;G,\ Community
"And on the Day when We will raise a witness from
every community." (16:84)
aJ
"And when the Garden is brought near." (81:13)
Feminine nouns arc also formed by adding" (; " to
masculine nouns and adjectives as can be seen from the following:
: -7 Muslim woman
0 \

-7

GI
.
-
Girl
P?
-7

0_ .. :-
Big

-7

Night
388 56: Feminine Gender
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
"We certainly sent it down during the nit:ht of AI-Qadr."
(97:1)

"And this is certainly difficult except for the humble
ones." (2:45)
Though some words end with " ;; ", they are considered
masculine such as:
- Vicegerent/Successor
"1 am going to make a successor in the Earth." (2:30)
3. Words ending with " (;:;jl.:.:J\ JJ\1I)
Examples:
Green
Black
k:; White

Red
-
Yellow

-
Sky

"And when the sky has its covering removed." (81: II)
389 56: Feminine Gender
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN

"A yellow colored cow, its color should be intensely
yellow, delighting those who look at it." (2:69)
Though some words end with ... 1, they are considered masculine.
For example:

Poor
I - Martyrs
d, -:;1 Jo ,t-//{ ..
r
"And call your witnesses besides Allah." (2:23)
"Alms are only for the poor and the needy." (9:60)
4. Words ending with l5 i.e
Example:
l5st - Big
0, G d
l5A - 00 news
"And the good news came to him, he began to plead with
Us." (11:74)
5. Words feminine by convention like geographical names of
towns, villages, countries, etc such as:
390 56: Feminine Gender
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
- Egypt
- Rome
{/,., ,/ .,. '" ,} //.,,4 ,/ /,/ "
..
"And the Egyptian who purchased him said to his wife."
(12:21)
"The Romans have been defeated." i 30:2)
6. Parts of the body that are in pairs.
'/
.>..: - Hands
0;.c - Eyes
1--} - Feet
y

0)\ - Ears
7. Names given to fire.
"And you will not be questioned about the inhabitants of
the Hellfire." (2: 119)

A /;-::. .w.::r.. 1,
j!'
"I will make him enter Hell." (74:26)
391 56: Feminine Gender
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
8. Names given to wind.
Scorching wind
Furious and intensely cold wind
Wind
Violent wind
i' ut:1 4U -' (/ ,/
;- __ .. q -'.r'" J"'" __ '!.) 7'
"So We sellt a furious wind on them during the days of
loss." (41: 16)
r "...... . J. tII,I "., -:;; ...... ......
./;' ;L.J"'']?
"On which the wind blows hard on a stormy day."
(14:18)
8. Certain other nouns are also considered feminine.
0 \

Earth
.j 0 ::
:)un

j ';'
Self

!'o-:'
./
Wine

Well
fi..

House
"'G
.J
Fire
392 56: Feminine Gender
Learning Arab'c Language of the QUR'M

"By the sun and its light." (9\: \)
"(It is a) very hot fire." (101: I \ )
j}il .;1).$
"When the Earth is quaked with it s quaking." (99: 1)
L ).1"t&
"'\/ 'Jr
"No! And I do swear by the soul (th<
conscience)." (75:2)
393 56: Feminine Gende
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
394
Learning Arabic of the QUR'AN
1 ____ i
r
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
There are two parts in a conditional sentem:e - The Condition or
Protasis and Apodosis
In a verbal sentence, sometimes the protasis and the
apodosis \ Y ) have the verb in the or jussive mood.
"If you help Allah, He will help YOd." (47:7)
A conditional sentence is introduced by \me of the following
particles.
,
\
n

yo



If When If
Who / Whom /
Whatever
Whoever
<.
0
,;'1
lsI
L:J

-
Which/ Which ever
When
What
V, here
395 57: Conditional Sentences
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
1. 01 (if) is used to begin the sentence.
"And ifyoll return then We (too) will return." (8:19)
When 01 is preceded by j , it means indeed iff certainly if.
48.: . >f j uJJ.,
<;t -/ !..) :J / " '}7
"If you do not desist I will definitely stone you, now go
away from me for a long time." (19:46)
"And if he does not do what I command him to do, he
will definitely be imprisoned." (12:32)
Note: 01 when followed by '-11 is merely a negative particle.
f ,'" J. JJ.'/ J.,
"k 'fY..IfJ _ Y. u - '}7
"It is nothing b1lt a communication, communicated." (53:4)
2. 01 and \)1 are -;aid to be likely or possible conditions. In the
likely conditional sentence, the and y\ft-
can be the perlect or the jussive.
"So when tile fear comes, you see them looking at you."
(33:19)
dt ;(":(t bj.l/, j'<ir
'" .:.r
396 57: Conditional Sentences
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
"Then when the fear goes away, they meet you with
sharp tongues." (33:19)
3. The unlikely condition is introduced by lhe conjunction 31.
4 J4- Jj,
"And had your Fosterer willed lie would have made
mankind a single community." (11: 118)
L %1;;/ \ "-:::
"t ...... 'J j?
"If We had sent down this Quran on a mountain, you
would have seen it fallen down splitting asunder due to
the fear of Allah." (59:21)
An unlikely negative condition is often expressed by '131 (if
not/had not)
4
"And if Allah had not decreed exile for them." (59:3)
L .' - -:,." / G \ : '1 .\"
"t V" ... t:! _Y_.J!3l
"And had Allah not repelled some human beings with
others." (2:251)
Examples:
',I
"And if you intend to exchange one wife in the place of
another." (4:20)
397 57: Conditional Sentences
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
"And if good befalls them they say, 'This is from Allah. '"
(4:78)
"So whoever does good equivalent in weight, even to a
small partick, will see it." (99:7)
"And whoever does not believe in it, then those are the
persons who are the losers." (2: 121 )
j::; ./}"
"{ "''' ;:,r j?
"Whoever does evil, he will be requited with it." (4:123)
"And whoever does that, he will meet (the punishment of
his) sin." (25:68)
"And they said, 'Whatever sign you may bring to us, to
influence us with its magic, we will not believe in you. '"
(7:132)
tJ
"(By) whichever (name) you call (Him), His are the best
names." (17110)
398 57: Conditional Sentences
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
"So when he provided them with their prm ision." (12:70)
. .\ i)-;
"And whatever good you do Allah knows it." (2: 197)
. " . {K'> 6'''-il,t--<"X }.,
"'Z..- - @..I. r E. r- - jt
"Wherever you be, death will catch you up, even if you
are in towers raised high." (4:78)
I ..- ::-J,t"'i%'

"Where are those whom you claimed (that they were
Our) partners?" (6:22)
399 57: Conditional Sentences
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
400
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
1 ___ '--__ C=h_a_p=t=e_r ___ I
;ye
INNA AND ITS SISTERS

"
The following particles are called j 0\.
\

0\

c-.;J
J;J
Certainly Certainly Like that But Would that May/perhaps
I. When nouns are preceded by these particles they are in
accusative case and the predicate is in nominative case.
These particles are found in a nominal sentence and give
fatha to the noun that follows it and dammah (2..) to
its predicate.
2. and 0i both are used to emphasize the meaning of the
but comes in the beginn ing of the sentence
while 0i comes between the sentence.
3. is always found in the beginning of a sentence.
401 58: Inna and its Sisters
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
"Allah is certainly Protectively Forgiving, Merciful."
(16:18)
L f.j. 6\ ,
...... ;- Y'c.r
"Allah certainly has power over everything."(2:20)
4. 01 always follow the verb and its forms such as
{: J ..... 0 J .... 0
09, JJ.
L ;r (;\ !/ ,Z\
'1'",. 7'
"He says that it is a cow which is neither old nor (very)
young." (2:68)
Examples:

"Say, 'Grace is certainly in the hand of Allah. ", (3:73)
"And Sulaiman did not reject but the devils rejected."
(2:102)
"But the punishment of Allah will be severe." (22:2)
"You do not know, perhaps Allah may bring about an
event (of reunion) after that." (65:1)
402 58: Inna and its Sisters
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
_______ ____
KAANA AND ITS SISTERS


The following particles are called j
"-
, \
JI)



c;o
.J
To become, to
Was To become enter/do in the
Increasingly, To enter
continuously the dawn
mommg
I
'\
!

0L,
f\:;


To become, To become, to
Forever,
Remain,
Not to pass the enter, to do in
continuously
to be,
night the evening continue
These verbs give dammah (.2..) to its noun and fatha (...:::..) to its
predicate.
403 59: Kaana and its Sisters
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
Examples:
L -q" t.:,-''' -- :-\
"{ j?
"Ibrahim was neither a Jew nor a Christian." (3:67)
L ,/ . -{.,/>
"{ j?
"And the heart of Musa's mother became void (of
patience)." (28:10)
"His face is shadowed black." (16:58)
j;.'\ ..;Jt ,
"Is not Allah the Best Judge, of all the judges?" (95:8)
404 59: Kaana and its Sisters
Learning Arabic Lanquage of the QUR'AN

1 ----C-h-a-p-te-r-6-0-
;ye
THE ACCUSATIVE - I

The objects of the verb are in the case i.e iJ\;....
There are five kinds of objects:
1. DIRECT OBJECT - J'yl"J\:
It is used as the direct object of a verb.
Examples:
:;,
"Who created the skies and the Earth."' (29:6 I)
"So whoever is on a pilgrimage (Hajj) to the house
(Ka'bah)." (2: I 58)
405 60: The Accusative I
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
"And when We will We can bring in their place (others)
like them, changing (completely)." (76:28)
"And He ilas sent down the distinction (between right
and wrong. the Qur'an)." (3:4)
Some verbs take two or more objects.
"And We gave them clear explanations of the (religious)
affair." (45:17)
"We have made it an Arabic Qur'an that you may
understand." (43:3)
9
---
"And He taught Adam all names." (2:31)
II. ABSOLUTE OBJECT - ll;'n j,Yl:i1:
The absolute object is a verbal noun which is In the
accusative case. It is used in three ways.
406 60: The Accusative I
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
1. In the first case the absolute object is used to stress the
verb. It is a verbal noun which can be of the same root \ erb
used in the sentence. Some examples are given below.
"We certainly opened for you (a way by giving you) a
clear victory." (48: 1)
"And Allah caused you to grow from the earth (as a)
growth." (71: 17)
"And recite the Qur'an gradually (giving) intervals."
(73:4)
Sometimes the verbal noun, used as an absolute object, can be
from a different root verb but of the same meaning such as:
"They will not harm you except annoymg (you)."
(3:111)
2. In the second case the absolute object is used to know the
number of times a work has been done.
Example:
407 60: The Accusative I
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
"So that they (could) attack you with a single (sudden
and united) attack." (4:102)
3. In the third case thl: absolute object is used to describe how,
the action was clone. i.e. as an adverb.

"{ // IY-' IJ,./ 't:. -r
"0 you who believe! fear Allah as He ought to be feared."
(3: 102)
III. OBJECT FOR TIME AND PLACE -
Nouns which are used to show the time or place of an action are
called 0 J..;;; j\ or These are also in the accusative case
('; ;::\\ Db.).
Examples:
L ./ --:./., ill
"{ ;. r
"He replied. 'I stayed for a day or part of a day.'"
(2:259)
"1 invited my people (towards You) night and day."
(71 :5)

"He says, ',Vow I repent.'" (4:18)
408 60: The Accusative I
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
"He knows that which is before them and that which is
behind them. " (2:255)
Some accusatives may be expressed by prep,)sitional phrases.
Jk behind
::0-;'
above
..
-
<.3y
-

-
beneath/under
J.i
-
before
/ '/
after

behind ..uu
- -
J __

i
-
infront of

lower
Examples:
It M:;J s& n;;3 ,
"And We have made a barrier before them and a barrier
behind them." (36:9)
"Then she was called from heneath her, 'Do not
grieve, your Fosterer has made a rivulet beneath you. '"
(19:24)

"And the caravan was on your lower side." (8:42)
409 60: The Accusative I
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
"Because there is a king who is after them (and) he takes
every boat [)y force." (18:79)
"So he began (the search) with their sacks before
(searching' the sack of his brother." (12:76)
IV. OBJECT FOR AIM OR PURPOSE-
ij /
J--,"; :1\ is also a verbal noun which is in the accusative case. It
expresses the reason of an action of a verb.
Examples:
"Like him who spends his wealth to be seen by people."
(2:264)
"And do not kill your children for fear of poverty."
(17:31)

410 60: The Accusative I
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
"They do not beg from people, being troublesome by
demandingfrequently." (2:273)
"And among human beings is he who sells himself
seeking the pleasure of Allah." (2:207)
"Did you not see those who exhibit ingratitude III
exchange for Allah's favors?" (14:28)
"Then Firawn and his army followed them in rebellion
and transgression." (10:90)
"They thrust their fingers in their ears (because of) the
fear of death from the thunder-claps." (2: 19)
V. OBJECT FOR DENOTING MEANING OF "WITH" -
, 0 0 ....

The particle '':;'' is used to give the meaning of E (with).
The object which follows 3 will be in an accusative case

411 60: The Accusative I
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
"Now you make a collective 'decision in your affair
along with yom (presumed) partners (of Allah) then do
not let your aflair be dubious to you," (10:71)
412 60: The Accusative I
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
'!.. Chapter 61 oR
----------------
r
THE ACCUSATIVE - II
Noun for State - Jb.!l
J 0
The word J\;l\ is a peculiarly Arabic construction. It is used to
describe the condition or circumstances at the time of the action of
the main verb and the circumstance ofthe subject or object or both.
jill is a common noun ( in the accusative form. The
subject of the intransitive verb (i j and the object of the
,..- 0 J
transitive verb is called J\3...\ and it is usually a
proper noun, t?i.
For example:
d& e/ }oJ- ;;;,
"t / -/ iY.
"And We will gather them on the Day of Resurrection
on their faces, blind and dumb and deaf" (17:97)
413 61: The Accusative II
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
"My Fosterer! Have mercy on them in a manner similar
to the manner in which they fostered me when I was a
small (child}." (17:24)
(j;;';J,
"Then We appoint Hell for him, he will enter it
disgraced, driven away." (17:18)
"My Fosterer! I vow to you that which is in my womb to
be set free (for your service}." (3:35)
"And as for him who comes to you striving hard. ... " (80:8)
"And when they see any commerce or pastime, they
disperse towards it and leave you standing." (62:11)

:;/// /-/ /. ///< ,
C-;fi ..
. - 't"": f:::!-
"So he went away from therefearfully vigilant." (28:21)

"And he will return happily to his class of people." (84:9)
"They tum on their backs in hatred." (17:46)
414 61: The Accusative II
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
"(How) their shadows return from right and left bowing
down to Allah while they are humbly (following His
laws)?" (16:48)
Sometimes when '3" is used between sentences it is called Jill..,\)
meaning "while". The second sentence is a nominal sentence and
j 0 J,... 0
forms a structure of J\,;... Such a sentence i" called ;Y\3..\ ll.:.$-I.
Example:
"Do not go near worship (solat) when you are
intoxicated (not conscious}." (4:43)
"And how can you take it (back) when one of you has
gone into the other." (4:21)
Jill..,\) is dropped when a verbal sentence follows. For example:
"And a man came running from a distant (part) of the
city, he said, '0 my people! Follow the messengers. '"
(36:20)
415 61: The Accusative II
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
THE SPECIFICATION -
The specification A:.sJI is an indefinite accusative noun which is
used to clarifY what is not clear by the verb of the sentence. It usually
explains the verb and may express weight, number, measure or other
kind of specification. It is in accusative case a.
ql
\ tlb., and may
also be called It answers to the question what/how many?
"My Fosterer! Increase me in knowledge." (20:114)

"I have mort: wealth than you and I am mightier in the
party (of followers)." (18:34)
,,
"'\ !-')?
"We certainl y do not waste the reward of him who does
good work." (18:30)
(ji; 8;
"The rising at night (for righteous work) certainly gives
rise to more strength of co-ordination and firmly
established speech." (73:6)
"Those who were more severe than him in strength and
more in collection (of people/ wealth)." (28:78)
416 61: The Accusative II
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
"" / .:j \ }.,
---:,'.J '-J .. r
"I saw eleven planets." (12:4)
L ,f -:; \ ........... /', ...;'\ /" }"
'\\ '-! V"L..:J 7
"And you see people enter the religion of Allah in
troops." (110:2)
L < ':'
'\\ .. / j!
"So he stayed among them for a thou"and years less fifty
years." (29: 14)
"The number of months with Allah is certainly twelve
months (in a year)." (9:36)
L :;. 1'-0)0 / :+J.,
"t 4- '-' 7
"But those who believe are strongest in love for Allah."
(2: 165)
..
"And who is better than Allah in coloring." (2: 138)
The noun following F (how much/ how many) is in the
singular accusative case. F can also be used to show that the
object has a large number. In this case, b will not be an
417 61: The Accusative II
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
interrogative, questioning the number but will take the noun
following it in the genitive case as in the following ayats:
"And a great number of cities, We destroyed." (7:4)
"And a great number of towns, which were unjust we
destroyed." (21: 1 1 )
The noun following the numerals will Their plurals will be
possessed (oJ 1..J W \ ) and in the genitive case like the following:
.it, J.'-;: -!:/,/ "r J.:/r,/}"

"And the sea (were ink) with seven more seas added to
it." (31 :27)
The noun counted after the number 13 to 99 is singular and in
the accusative case.
Example

"He has ninet) nine ewes." (38:23)
From hundred onward.." the counted is genitive and
singular like in the verse:

"In every ear a hundred grains." (2:261)
418 61: The Accusative II
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
PARTICLES OF CONJUNCTION
Particles which link words in sentences a! e called conjunctions.
They are:
Conjunction Meaning
And
j
While
J Then
, i
)
Or
Jt..c j\j-
another or
noun.
---
Jl1\j\j -
sentences t
a nominal ~
It implies
between 5
after it.
To express
of one all
deeds.
Notes
links one sentence to
a noun to another
comes between two
1e second of which is I
entence.
a close connection
.?ntences before and
doubt, or give choice
lOng few mentioned
419 62: Particles of Conjunction
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
For determination of one among
, i
i
Whdher
few choices when the first object
<-
is preceded by hamza (I).
When since/ It is used with nominal or verbal
: \

after/ sentences and refers to
because something of the past.
\
if
It usually indicates a time related

to the present or future.
Aftei' that/
It often introduces sentences
/j
,
then; there
i'
without a preliminary 3 or J.
upon

Until! even
Used to indicate the termination

up to of an object
is followed by a verb and
is followed by a noun in the

But
accusative e.g. and as prefixed to
pronouns
.
..... , ..... , ..... , .....
When used twice in a sentence,

Either. .. or it gIves the meaning of
"either. ... or. ... "
It is followed by a nominative,
As for
the predicate of which is always
introduced with a J.
420 62: Particles of Conjunction
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
Examples:
"Then there is no approaching (your wives), nor
transgression nor disputing during the Hajj." (2: 197)

"And give their dowries to the women as a free gift." (4:4)
"And how can you take it (back) when one of you has
gone into the other?" (4 :21 )
"Then Adam received (some) words from his Fosterer."
(2:37)
j /,,J. -:-:: -')0
"'{ ')l-..:..;Y'i-' \.;.\ of."P-Jf
"Then bring it out for us, you follow nothing but
conjecture." (6:148)
{;.. i#
"And do not shave your heads until the offering reaches
its destination," (2: 196)
421 62: Particles of Conjunction
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
"And whot ver among you is sick or has an ailment of
the head, tlen (he should effect a) ransom by fasting or
(giving) chi rit; or sacrificing." (2: 196)
"'And whetkr you manifest that which is in your souls
or hide it, Pllah will call you to account for it." (2:284)
4
./'/..::?" ./,/
......... ",."",,".
" ./ / / " ../;. / ../ .::::.. /-j / I...T"'
"If Allah iI, tends to harm me, could they remove from
me His halm, or if He intends to be merciful to me,
could they \,'ithhold from me His mercy?" (39:38)
"Do you thi 11k that you will enter the garden while there
has not yet .:ome upon you the like of (that which came
upon) those who passed away before you?" (2:214)
"Or do they say, 'He has invented it.' Say, '(If any human
being can iment it) then bring one chapter like it. '" (10:38)
"And when your Fosterer said to the angels, 'I am going
to make a successor in the Earth. '" (2:30)
422 62: Particles of Conjunction
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
"When they said to their people, 'We are free of you and
that which you worship besides Allah. '" (60:4)
d,
"" ......... 2. /- / v- j!'
"He said, 'Do you know what you did with Yusuf and
his brother while you were ignorant. ,,, (12:89)
.))$
"When the Earth is quaked with its quaking." (99:1)
C:
"When Allah's help and the victory comes." (l10:1)

"And those who do not believe say, 'What! When we
become (part of the) soil and our fathers (too), will we
be brought out?'" (27:67)
5;";' J;:
"Again, no, you will know." (102:4)

"That is because they believed then became infidels."
(63:3)

"Peace! It is till the appearance of dawn." (97:5)
423 62: Particles of Conjunction
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
"You will ne\er attain righteousness unless you spend
from that which you love." (3:92)
"So you did not kill them but Allah killed them, and you
did not throw when you threw but Allah threw." (8: 17)
"They will say, 'Why not, but the statement of punishment
has become binding on the infidels. '" (39:71)
d, :\:It j; t
-, . !f.y
- --
"Then afterwards, either show favor or ransom (them)."
(47:4)

"As.for the boat, it belongs to poor people." (18:79)
d,
"\ '.Y. _ ')t
"And as .for the young man, his parents are believers."
(18:80)
424 62: Particles of Conjunction
Learning Arabic L.mguage of the QUR'AN
Chapter 63
INTERJECTIONS
THE VOCATIVE -
Particles which are used to call or address S,)lncone are vocative
particles. They are called \.)iJ \ -.S I):;i and an' as follows:

o ! (masculine and feminine)

'.culine) O! (ma.

o ! (fell .1inine)
1. When is followed by a noun in the it will be in
the nominative case. This noun wi i 1 be without J-fJ
(nunnation) and without the article' j\'
2. As we have said earlier, the vocative particle is called &I..>J\ J?
and the one who is called is
425 63: Interjections
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
Example:
\:6. ZP
---
"0 Ibrahim, keep away from this." (11 :76)
3. If the (one who is called) is (possessed), then
it will be in the accusative case like:

"0 owners of the book! Why do you not believe in the
signs of Allah." (3 :70)
4. Sometimes the first person singular passive pronoun l5 which
follows a noun is omitted and replaced by a kasrah (-;-) or
" '? " to denote emotional feelings towards the addressed
one.
Example:
"He said. '0 My father! do what you have been
commanded (to do).'" (37:102)
Sometimes the vocative is omitted along with the pronoun like
Ill.):
u-J
"He said, 'My Fosterer! I invited my people (towards
You) night and day. '" (71 :5)
426 63: Interjections
Learning Arab c Language of the OUR'AN
5. The vocative QI; is used for masculine and for
feminine gender. The nouns which follow these vocatives
are in the nominative case and prece( led by the article' J\'.
"0 mankind! Serve your Who created you."
(2:21 )
"Say, '0 Infidels!'" (109:1)
,1 ;j i ::-'\ i &,j, ,,:;'\1;
'.J /" 1y-A -/ ..:.::........::..7
"0 you who believel Seek help through patience and
worship (salat)." (2: 153)
"0 you peaceful soul!" (89:27)
6. To address a gathering Q is used like in the following
ayat.
<if, Y'iT l
"'{ - -,,' " 7
"And turn to Allah all together, () believers!" (24:31)
, j
7. For the purpose of prayer, instead of 0.? the vocative
particle,
, f ' is suffixed to Allah like in:
427 63: Interjections
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
"You are gloriiied (above all) 0 Allah, and their greeting
therein will be Peace.'" (10:10)
8. To express feelings of affections, \;; is followed by a verbal
noun or a nominal sentence as in the following:
L "", ,/,/ '" 7-" / J'" I:: "',
"t (.:k I.u. .: '::.
"He said, '0 g,)od news! Here is a youth,'" (12:19)
"He said, '0 m.l' sorrow for Yusuf. '" (12:84)
9. Sometimes is omitted. Some examples are
listed below.

"Yusuj, turn avvay from this." (12:29)
"Our Fosterer! Give us good in this world ... " (2:201)
"Our Fosterer' Protectively forgive us our sins and our
excesses in our affair." (3: 147)
428 63: lnteljections
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
OTHER PARTICLES OF INTERJECTION
1. To express grief or anguish towards someone, the particle
ij
Jj is always followed by y in an indirect speech. Example:
L {-1 {/).
"'{:.r- / / ::!2 ')?
"Sorrowful is the state of every slanderer, defamer." (104: 1 )
L;j. Q k:'\l
"'{
"Sorrowful is the state of those who measure and weigh
less than what is due." (83:1)
In direct speech, y is replaced by the pronouns as (Woe to
you!) and (Woe to us!).
2. / are also used to express grief or anguish as in:
/>J
"Sorrowful is your state, believe, Allah's promIse IS
certainly true." (46: 17)

"Ah! The ungrateful are not succes"ful." (28:82)
Jjt (!JLJ) ,
"Sorrow upon sorrow for you." (7::;:34)
3. (with feminine ending ;; instead of 15 of the first
person pronoun) is also used for the same type of expression.
429 63: Interjections
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
L }! >/ "GI/ ]t .
"{ 'J / }l
"She said, 'Sorr-mrful is my state, shall I have a child
when I am an oid woman. '" (11 :72)
4. ,; is used to express desire or wish after expressing
some grief or angwsh as in:
L >y -:::/ >.;;/"
"{ 4'.1
"And the infide will say, 'I wish I were dust. '" (78:40)

"She said, '1 wi.h I had died before this. '" (19:23)

"He said, '1 wish my people could know.'" (36:26)
5. Some other words used for expressing grief are:
All these words come from the same root

" (Let there be) regret on My servants." (36:30)
"They say, 'Alus! Our regrets on our neglecting it. '" (6:31)

"My regrets on being negligent towards Allah's side." (39:56)
430 63: Interjections
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
6. .": .. ,1.&:;;' is used as to express the distant or rare
possibility of an occurrence. For example:

"Far, far is that which you are promised." (23:36)
7. -Sd gives the same meaning as 'yes' but is always
followed by a promise. For example:
"Say, ' Yes! And by my Fosterer, it is certainly true. '" (10:53)
8. 'yes', 'indeed' answers with a certainty a question of
doubt which contains a negative word For example:
9.
"" t ' --;: ";1. i 1 . " "t1 }"
"\ -Yf"_G""- 'Y ('"';:'..J;....:;.......J j?
"Am I not your Fosterer? They saId, 'Why not, we bear
witness.'" (7: 172)

"Those who do not believe, claim that they will never be
raised (after their death). Say, 'Why' not! By my Fosterer!
You will definitely be raised.'" (64:7)
.... -;. ".. ,
wI and wi 'only' are words of restriction u-'.?}
, ,
"Say, 'I am a man like you. It is communicated to me
that your God is One God. '" (18: 1 ! 0)
431 63: Interjections
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
also gives the same meaning. For example:
"You Alone do we serve and (from) You Alone do we
seek help." (l:5)

"And then fear \lie alone." (2:40)
10. and are lIsed in the beginning of a sentence, it
will mean "indeed" or "as a matter of fact". (They do not give
the literal meaning of the word i.e. indeed he, indeed she).

"The unjust wili not be successful." (6:21)
d G't/ >,/ ;'--11 .ql"-::Ud'.,

"Then the eyes are not blind but the hearts."
(22:46)
II. A word ofwarninr- is meaning "Ah, be aware".
d ,-- d'.,
-/ f"'- r
"Yes, you are 1hose who disputed about that of which
you had knowledge." (3:66)
"I->t,,:'d'.,

"Ah! You are those who love them but they do not love
you." (3:119)
432 63: Inteljections
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
t ____ C_h_a_p_t_er_6_4 ___ _
r
ADJECTIVES
Adjectives are words that describe the qualil.y, color or defect of
the other noun. They are usually derived fwm intransitive verbs
which denote a state or condition, rather than an act.
There are certain patterns to denote an adjective.
- Active participle (This is detailed in chapter 35).
CJI....O - Righteous/good
~ I e - Knowledgeable
.i., Ie. - Worshipper
"And I am not a server of that which you serve." (109:4)
~ o _ 1
2. ~
;::} - Noble
433 64: Adjectives
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
Great
Merciful
Powerful
"And Allah is the All-Knowing, the All- Wise." (9: 15)
"For them there are ranks with their Fosterer and
protective fllrgiveness and an honored provision." (8:4)
3.
Cireat wrong-doer
Forgiver
Compassionate
tJ
"Man is certainly unjust, ungrateful." (14:34)

"And Allar, is Protectively Forgiving, Merciful." (2:218)
"And Allah isfull ofpity for (His) servants." (3:30)
434 64: Adjectives
Learning Arabic L3nguage of the OUR'AN
4.
bb - Angry
- Most gracious
PJI,
"The Beneficent, the Merciful." (1 :2)
"So, Musa returned to his people angry and (in) grief."
(20:86)
5.
- Strong/powerful
.{, ;:/--::"'ir -"c:.;J\, -!' " <II'}"
'" r
"The Mighty, the Compeller, the POSSl'ssor of Greatness."
(59:23)
The pattern used for colors and defects arc:

?
c:
Singular Dual Plural
Masculine j;Ji j;J
Feminine
()l;j

j;J
435 64: Adjectives
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
Examples:
db :-:if':' /' -': --'VI .1.::;j\ ,h
""'( /'Y'" __ - _ ';l'J <..s> jt
"Until you can distinguish the white thread of the dawn
from the black thread." (2:187)
liti ;; {G;. G?-,
"It will come out white without (any) harm, another
sign." (20:22)
A , JW' -:
""'( :J-'"" . _;(?'-' Lf -- J-->--' . __ ';' jt
"And in the mountains there are white and red layers,
(and others) of different colors and (still others)
intensely black." (35:27)
"Deaf, dumb and blind, therefore they cannot return (to
the light)." (2:18)
436 64: Adjectives
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
Chapter 65J
NOUN FOR PRE-EMINENCE
It is a noun which is used to compare another noun. The
comparison can be between two persons, things, groups or with
one person to a group of people, etc. The noun of pre-eminence
J: t:l is of two types:
1. Comparative - t:l
2. Superlative - J: t:l
J
THE COMPARATIVE -
1. When two nouns are compared, :he first noun which is
called J is greater in quality, quantity or relation to
the second noun which is The particle used to
compare is
2. The sentence structure is as below:
437 65: NOlin for Pre-eminence
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
j. + \' + '.,.., + j. ;,;'\\
u--- _ ..

"And persecution is a greater (sin) than slaughter." (2:217)
3. In a comparative sentence of Arabic is used as against
"than" in English.
Pattern of the noun of pre-eminence J r-:d is as follows:
.).A..o
..

c:-
Singular Dual Plural

}
,.
0)lJ\

Jti\
Masculine
;;: .... j
C-jj-o

. \/lj

Feminine
t..}-
4. These are formed from the three radicals and their pattern is
the same as that of colors and defects. The following are
some examples:
(Q j
: ;;... - "beloved" -7 ..;:..;... \ - "more beloved, dearer" is formed.
fi.? - "great" -7;51 - "greater" is formed.
J 0 ..... J J 0;:
5. The feminine of \ is but the form \ is used for
feminine comparative adjectives.
438 65: Noun/or Pre-eminence
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
"The rising at night (for righteous work) certainly gives
rise to more strength of co-ordination and firmly
established speech." (73:6)
6. If J or J tk'l\ are singular, dual or plural in a
sentence, the comparative ( 0 -J I.iJ \ r: n used will be
, o
singular on the pattern of such as:
..1, J..;jf .,- .J" " ).,
".1.] "-,;.2 ... -' ..
"And We are nearer to him than his life vein." (50:16)
Examples:
"The night of AI-Qadr is better than a thousand months."
(97:3)

"And who is better than Allah In coloring?" (2: 138)
"And persecution is a greater (sin) than slaughter."
(2:217)
"He prays to him whose harm is nearer than his benefit.'
(22:13)
439 65: Noun for Pre-eminenc
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
It means the highest degree of comparison between humans,
animals and objects through which the superiority of one IS
shown against all the others.
There are two methods used to form the superlative.
1. r-:l is made definite by prefixing the article, jt
During its formation we have to keep the gender and
number in mind.
- Hamid is the greatest.
l>;.S:J\ - Khadijah is the greatest.
;\ II -- The greatest martyrs.
2. r-:l can be formed by using a possessive phrase.
This type of formation takes place when the J is the
best in quality among a group of people possessing the
same or different quality.
"And you are the Best Judge of (all) the judges." (11 :45)
4,": JI\}o/1/}o/}.,
'" r--J j!'
"And He is the Most Merciful of the merciful ones."
(12:64)
440 65: Noun/or Pre-eminence
Learning Arabic L.anguage of the QUR'AN
"Is not Allah the Best Judge, of all the judges?" (95:8)
dt, -:-. (\, .J-.-'i..--!-.-'}"
"\. t::' y..Jr
"And He is the Swiftest in (settling) lhe account." (6:62)
The comparative and superlative pattems derived from three
radicals as mentioned. Therefore we observe the change as:
';}' - Bigger
.
"'. j -: '\ - Smaller

In case of participles of the derived fom1s, \\ ords with more than
three consonants, and wo:ds pattem the comparative
is formed either by j5i or .1J,\ followed by a noun in the
accusative. For example:


White Whiter
dt,
"\. / / . __ y r
"But those who believe are strange,)! in love for Allah."
(2: 165)

"J have more wealth than you." (18:34)
441 65: Vounfor Pre-eminence
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
442
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
1 ____ C_h_ap_t_e_r _66 ___ i

THE ELATIVE
In J: there is comparison between nouns where as in
Wl;.JI rio the quality is not compared with others but is
possessed within self and has great intensity.
Example:

"And (that) Allah is the Knower oJ the unseen?" (9:78)
The patterns for the elative are the same for masculine and
feminine and sometimes" 0 " ".WI) is added. Some
patterns are stated below:
Pattern Example

u

Most merciful
443 66: The Elative
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
Ij,
/


One who listens (the best)

0lb
Tyrant

u
.j\jj
Distinguisher


t,j.:.J....q
/
Most truthful

!' 0 -:
I
Jr
Most forgiving
[j... J
.tW

Defamer
Ij
I


I
Oppressor, wrong doer (most)
I
(j :;;
tj,.. .... ...-


Most learned
Ij
(j..... .....


Caller (best), Summoner
if
Ij /
C-O!

Rejoicing one
444 66: The Elative
Learning Arabic Lzmguage of the OUR' AN
iJ


Fighter


- -
I
Most talkative
I
- j

't5
).
Most mighty

.}
i y,;-2
Best sustainer
!i .J. j
0 J,

0"'3.).3
Most hl)ly
Examples:

"And they planned a great plan." (71 ::::2)
"You are certainly the Greatest Knowel of unseen things."
(5:109)
db :!J):: ./;t \ }"
"{ _._. &' u,;-jJ'
"This is certainly a wonderful thing." (.18:5)
Jtj\;'
445 66: The Elative
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
"Allah is ceLainly the Provider." (51 :58)

'- !!- '
"For man is J,astl' (by temperament)." (17: 11)
"Sorrowful ;" the state of every slanderer, defamer."
(104: I)
"And the de' il is a traitor for man." (25:29)
"And I am Protectively Forgiving for him who
repents." (20:82)

"Allah, there is no god except Him, the Living, the
Eternally Existing." (2:255)
"Certainly in that there are signs for every patient,
grateful one," (14:5)
"He is certainly the All-Hearing, the All-Knowing."
(7:200)
446 66: The Elative
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
THE NUMBER AND ITS USAGE
In Arabic the number ;.:;.;J\ is the number and is the
counted noun.
,,. J",,.
THE CARDINAL NUMBERS J...Lal1
The Arabic numerals are the trickiest features of written Arabic.
They are. not governed by a single rule, but in general terms they
are treated as the declinable nouns as their ending harakah are
changed according to their cases.
1. The number 1 is used as:
Masculine Feminine
CC'.
/ :;.\ / -.>'>';"1
447 67: Numbers and its Usage
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
"It is communicated to me that your God is One God."
(18: 11 0)
"So it will only be a single loud scolding to drive them
out." (37:191
"And (let hi:n) not associate anyone with his Fosterer in
His service ( worship)." (18: 11 0)
"One of them said, 'I see myself pressing wine (in my
dreams)." (12:36)
"And (remenbcr), when Allah promised you (to grant
victory at Rldr over) one of the two parties, (assuring)
that it will b,,: yours." (8:7)
"One of the two (women) said, '0 my father! Employ
him (on (28:26)
448 67: Numbers and its Usage
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
2. The number 2 is used as:
Masculine Feminine
'81
'-d
. lillI
'-d
Nominative case


ON!I

/\ccusative and
Genitive case.
"(Let there be witnesses between you) at the time of
making bequest, two just men from among you." (5: 1 06)
) r;';' PI

./ / ti'l -",/ /1 // /// ./\ ''''/, .// t.;/I
'-:) d . I A, I.A
i /. =--
"And two of camels and two of cows, say, 'Has He made
unlawful the two males or the two females or that which
the wombs of the two females containT" (6: 144)

"Allah directs you concerning your children: For the
male a portion equivalent of two females." (4: 11)
Note: The number two i.e. 08\ is seldom used with a noun as

the dual ending ofthe noun gives its meaning.
Example:
two houses. If we write some emphasis is
implied.
449 67: Numbers and its Usage
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
3. For numbers 3-10
Number Masculine Feminine notes
3
Also written as or
4
5
>1
I
6
IE II

7
Also written as
"

8
and

9
10
The feminine is made by adding" 0 " scui ) to the
masculine. From 3 to 10 the phrases are in a possessive
construction. The number (;.:;.;JI) will be the possessor,
(0WI) and can be declined. The counted noun is the
possessed and will always be genitive, plural and
indefinite.
450 67: Numbers and its Usage
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
If the counted noun (always plural) is masculine, the
number (';,i;JI) will be feminine and versa.
"Your sign is that you will no speak to mankind for
three nights (though) in sound health." (19: 1 0)
"Then the testimony of one of them (maybe accepted if)
he bears witness (by swearing) four times by Allah that
he is certainly of those who arc truthful." (24:6)
"But whoever does not find (the means to do any of the
above three) then he should fast 1ar three days." (5:89)
:::iI j Q:Gt :j
"'t / -0 e:z- /! - _/ _i - / ;-- r- u- y
"But one who cannot find (anything for offering) should
then fast for three days during the Hajj and seven days
when you return, these (make) ten (days) complete."
(2: 196)
/J .q Q;fI
"And He destined in it its food in four periods." (41: I 0)
451 67: Numbers and its Usage
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
"(Some) will say, '(They were) three, their dog being the
fourth of them,' while (others) will say, '(They were)
five. '" (18:22)
4 8 A: " .. w':;:-::: ".;\-:',j1
"{ -1 " I..? <..r'J ..,..... U'" ('"',,"":,.J
"Your Fosterer is certainly Allah Who created the skies
and the earth in six periods." (7:54)
"I see seven fat cows which seven lean ones were
consuming." (12:43)
"There are Sf'ven gates for it." (15:44)
L
/.........
"Eight pairs, two of sheep and two of goats." (6:143)
"Which He imposed on them for seven nights and eight
days continuously." (69:7)
"And We did give to Musa nine signs (as) clear proofs."
(17:101)
Ja..;"b .
"{/ !'.)--" " 0"
452 67: Numbers and its Usage
Note:
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
"And there were nine persons in the city." (27:48)
"Whoever comes with (one) good then (the reward) for
him is ten (times) like it." (6: 160)
4'
Y
c: ,k.::/1 "'QI
"'\ U / _.J _ _ i J
"Then for its expiation (so as to wioe off the ill effect of
breaking such deliberate oaths you .,hould) feed fen poor
persons with the normal food with which you feed your
own people." (5:89)
The masculine form "eight" belongs to the defective nouns
When followed by a noun the missing '\.> " is
restored and will thus assume the following forms:
"Eight pairs, two of sheep and t\\iO of goats." (6:143)
L JtJ/'/ J,."

"Which He imposed on them for seven nights and eight
days continuously." (69:7)
4. From 11 to 19
All the numbers are indeclinable except 12. They are followed by a
singular noun in the accusative case as it is a specification (P).
453 67: 'Vumbers and its Usage
Number Masculine
11

12

13
14
15
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
Feminine
l5':;';'
gJh- \:2Jl
\

Notes
Nominative case
Accusative and
Genitive case

16
17
18
19
"0 my father! I saw eleven planets." (12:4)
454 67: Numbers and its Usage
Learning Arabic '_anguage of the OUR'AN
"'The number of months with Allah is certainly twelve
months (in a year)." (9:36)
"So twelve springs gushed out from :t." (2:60)
"And We had raised among them twelve chieftains." (5:12)
"And We divided them into twelve Lribal communities."
(7:160)
5. Numbers 20 to 90
The multiples of 1 0, from 20 to 90 common to both
masculine and feminine.
All numbers from 20 to 99 are followed by the noun of
specification (p) in the accusative singular. This is similar as
in the case of numbers from 1 ] to 19.
Number Nominative Accusative & Genitive
20
-: 0 J
I ..

30

uy


'i-
/0 .... 0\
40
-: 0 J...-o \

50

,

455 67: Vumhers and its Usage
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
60
70
80
90
M
"If there are twenty patient ones of you ... " (8:65)
4 /'). /'/ '" /' / s.,

"And the bearing of him and the weaning of him takes
thirty months." (46:15)
4/-' -' /" ""s.,

"And We appointed for Musa thirty nights." (7:142)
4 1'1" / -; /' J "s.,

"And when We appointed for Musaforty nights." (2:51)
"Until when he reaches his strength (maturity) and
reachesforZ1' years." (46:15)
4 .. .
'--' .. -;:- &.;, j?
"So he stayed among them for a thousand years less fifty
years." (29: 14)
456 67: Numbers and its Usage
Learning Arabic Lcmguage of the QUR'AN
df, ./<}"
"{ -/ i !> / _ ...P' Y
"But he who is not capable (to fast) should feed sixty
needy ones." (58:4)
"Then make him to enter into a chain, the length of
which is seventy cubits." (69:32)
"And Musa chose seventy men from his people for Our
appointed time/place." (7:155)
"Flog them (with) eighty stripes." (24:4)
6. Numbers 21 to 99
These numbers are formed by placing a j hetween the units and
tens.
Number Masculine Feminine
03A j:;'\j
03A j L;'1j
21
-: 0 J ...- "" 0 \
.J
22
-: 0 J ,..,
'81
, J /. G,j\
.J i.) .J i.) -
457 67: Numbers and its Usage
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
"" ))/ / ))/." / ,'/'< /). / )). J"
t3-r
"He has ni!!ety nine ewes and I have (only) one ewe."
(38:23)
7. Numbers 100 and above.
Number
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
458 67: Numbers and its Usa!{e
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
Number

1,000
2,000 /
3,000

Y
4,000
i;.:;'i
.J
5,000 L:J..
100,000

"If there are twenty patient ones of you, they shall
overcome two hundred." (8:65)
"And if there are a hundred of you, they shall overcome
a thousand." (8:65)
"And ifthere are a thousand of you, they shall overcome
two thousand." (8:66)
459 67: Numbers and its Usage
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
"Is it not enough for you that your Fosterer should
support you with three thousand of the angels?"
(3:124)
"Your Fosterer will support you with five thousand of
the angels." (3: 125)
"And We sent him to more than a hundred thousand
(people)." (37: 147)
Q ,-:.j;,
"So he stayed among them for a thousand years less fifty
years." (29: 14)
THE ORDINAL NUMBERS -
The ordinal numbers are generally formed on the measure of the
active participle They are derived from the cardinals
except:
,.., J 0.... j "'" c""
J-,':JI J
3
':l\ which is a special form.
460 67: Numbers and its Usage
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
Number Masculine Feminine
First
Second
Third
Fourth
Fifth
Sixth
Seventh
Eighth
Ninth
Tenth
Note: The ending harakah of the above change is according to
their declension.
:h.:jt j}Jf;"
"He is the First and the Last." (57:3)
"(He being the) second of the two when they were both
in the cave." (9:40)
461 67: Numbers and its Usage
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
"Therefore We strengthened (them) with a third." (36:14)
> \

)0)0

"(Some) will say, '(They were) three, their dog being the
fourth of them .. " (18:22)
"And the fifth (time) that Allah's curse be on him ifhe is
of those who lie." (24:7)

"Their dog being the sixth of them." (18:22)
Jt ,)0: G' J"
"t ('"T.-- r
"Their dog being the eighth of them." (18:22)
THE FRACTIONS -
tJjJ
The fractions (except Yz) are on the pattern of J-ti.
One half
:j 0
One sixth

One third
9 J,
One seventh
Two thirds
J 0 __ , J

One eighth
One fourth
j"
One ninth
li.J
One fifth
:j j!
One tenth

(j , j
....r.J",....,
(j j j
L:'
(jj{
0-'
tJ;-!.

{j J j

462 67: Numbers and its Usage
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
"And for you half of what your wives leave behind." (4: 12)
&k=:;S 20
1
(,>c
"And for the (wives) one fourth of what you leave
behind." (4: 12)

"Then theirs is two thirds of what IS left (to be
inherited)." (4: 11)
,4 -' \?I &

"For each of them the sixth of what is left behind." 1,4: II)
,,-,-",,-, {/}"

"Then for the mother a third." (4: 11)
,,
"'t /__ r----- - !:. j'
"But ifye leave a child, they get an eighth." (4:12)
THE DISTRIBUTIVE ADJECTIVES -
Two, Two
Three, Three
Four, Four
?

tv oJ
/
o 0.\ .0 ('/' ,
Y::-U;' -
,

)
)
463 67: Numbers and its Usage
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN

"Then marry from among the women who seem good to
you, two and thl ee andfour." (4:3)
One time
;:::;;'"
I
Or
Two times
. /
i..) J" .:p.o r
Three times
M ::)U

Every time
J

J ;::
First time
J::\
I)
Second time
-SJ..\ / -SJ..\
"As We had created you thefirst time." (18:48)

"Do they not see that they are afflicted once or twice
every year?" (9: 126)
"And those among you who have not reached the age of
puberty seek your permission three times." (24:58)
464 67: Numbers and its Usage
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
"And from it We will bring you out a second time."
(20:55)
Two, Both (used to emphasize the
dual form)
All (used to emphasize the plural
form)
"If one of them or both of them reach old age in your
presence, then do not say (even), 'lrr,' to them.'" (17:23)
"Each of the two gardens gave its food produce." (18:33)
"So the angels bowed down all o.flhem together." (15:30)
"And He taught Adam all names." (2:31)
~ 0 J ~ ~ ~ : J t i (j t 0 ~
"And all of them, without exception, will be presented
before Us." (36:32)
465 67: Numbers and its Usage
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
d, }} .. '';-;t;::&1 0\ \ "" ;. >t". ut >("-:: C -:.,}"
"'\ ,::& ':!.... (5"' .. / j?
"Wherever you are Allah will bring you all together,
Allah certainly has power over everything." (2:148)
d, 1/ i} -;:'\' J.,
"'\ '-"..rAJ / 'J j?
"And hold together (and be united) through the rope of
Allah and do not be divided." (3: 103)
The following table of shows its usage.
Meaning Plural Singular Gender
Other/next / 03?\
J \
r
Masculine
J J
,

Other/next
\
Feminine
j:>
Last

u-:r
J \

Masculine
{
J
Last
\

Feminine
r
"And the other said, 'I saw myself carrying bread on my
head from which birds ate.'" (12:36)
466 67: Numbers and its Usage
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
"And another (reward) which you love." (61: 13)
"Or two others from other than you." (5: 1 06)
,
"And (there are) others who are made to wait for the
command of Allah." (9: 1 06)
&}I: ..:;"
"You will find others." (4:91)
j -' -' -' r-' .J //;;'"
"Z
"Listeners on behalf of other people." (5:41)
j ---it"
"Z ..r; --:- r
"We believe in Allah and in the period hereafter." (2:8)

"Whereas the home of the hereafter is better for those
who guard (against evil)." (6:32)
"And assign for me a true mention among later
(generations)." (26:84)
467 67: Numbers and its Usage
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
"Say, 'Certainly, the ancients and the later ... '" (56:49)
"Then (he should fast for the missed) number of days
later." (2:184)
When these are followed by the
meaning will be "many, many".
"How many clear signs did We give them." (2:211)
"And how manv of the prophets fought (in the way of
Allah)." (3:146)
t:;:; :; oilSj
"And how many a town revolted against the commandment
of its Fosterer (rl5:8)
Few / Some
This is used for an indefinite number between three and ten. It is
in the possessive form,

"Within some (30:4)
468 67: Numbers and its Usage
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
___ I-

THE SUBSTITUTE
It is the noun used to substitute the fore-nlentioned noun in the
succeeding sentences.
I. The substitute must follow the word for which it is substituted.
J
The substitute is called J.:d\ and the substituted is called

Example:
2.
db - -\if - -=ill J h' i
"'\ '-f- NY"".J,J; ;. r
"So believe in Allah and His Messenger the unlettered
prophet." (7: 158)
J 0.... J 0 J J 0,...
The harakah of J.J..;:J\ will follow the harakah of the
r".;t\ -::,/ -- 'I -,/ ; ; <- ;.\ AJ\ -- 1)''::; i
-A.2I.... .... __ f> 'Y r
469 68: Substitute
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
"They replied, 'We will serve your God, and the God of
your fathers: Ibrahim and Ismael and Ishaq, One God, and
we are those who submit to Him (as Muslims). ", (2: 133)
'-'ji ,
"Guide us to the straight path." (1 :6)
"The path of those, on whom You have bestowed
favors." (1:7)
"They said, 'We believe in the Fosterer of the worlds,
Fosterer of Musa and Hamn.'" (7:121,122)
J 0/ 0,..-
The substitute can be without the article 'JI'. Therefore,
if the substituted J;-: :}I) is definite then the substitute
J ';
can be indefinite and vice versa.
"Those are the signs of the book and a Qur'an that
makes things clear." (15:1)
470 68: Substitute
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
Chapter 69
VARIOUS UNORTHODOX VERBS
The verb (not to be) -
It is used only in the perfect tense and gives the meaning of the
imperfect. Like 0'6' the predicate (noun or adjective) of will

Past tense conjugation of
?
t:
Singular Dual Plural



1>'
3rd person masculine


\; !1

.
3rd person feminine
471 69: Various Unorthodox Verbs
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN

c..:J
, I

2nd person masculine

..::...:J
, I
::t:J
2nd person feminine

U d
First person
-
(Masculine/Feminine)
Examples:
"And those who do not believe say, 'You are not a
messenger.'"
"And do not say to one who offers you peace, (or
salutation), 'You are not a believer.'" (4:94)
"Y ou will certainly not have any authority on My
servants." (15
"0 wives of the prophet! You are not like any other of
the women."
472 69: Various Unorthodox Verbs
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
Note: If a sentence without a verb and negated by is
introduced by the preposition y, then the will be in the
genitive case.
J;.\ ,
"Is not Allah the Best Judge, of all the judges?" (95:8)
J i :#.. j
"Is He not able to give life to the dead?" (75:40)

"Is not Allah sufficient for His serv,mt?" (39:36)
The Verbs of Praise and Blame
The verb is used for praise and is used for blame.
These verbs like only occur in the pa-;t tense and have the
meaning in the imperfect tense. They ex ist only in the third
person form. The feminine of is and the feminine of
; 0 ....

Examples:
"And We granted to Dawood, Sulaiman an excellent
servant, he was certainly of those \\ ho turned (to Allah)."
(38:30)
473 69: Various Unorthodox Verbs
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
,/{ )\\/?/ ;\ '/If /? ?(--, ,'/ 41\,:\J.,
"\ - / (:;-""""' r''-'.Y u r
"That Allah is certainly your Guardian, Excellent is He (as)
the Guardian and E '(cellent is He (as) the Helper." (8:40)
"And excellent the reward for those who work."
(3: 136)
':';T::'; y0'
"Evil the drink and ill the resting place." (18 :29)
"Evil is the guardian and evil is the friend." (22:13)
,/{ '(:t\ /: / 1---:-:') ;;, // J.,
r
"Hell, they will enter it and it is an evil place (and time
for) staying." (14:29)
The Verbs of Wonder -
he verbs used to express wonder about something good or bad
'e on two patterns ti.;J\ L., and jJl.
ramples:
:';sTt;;
"Perished be man, how ungrateful he is!" (80:17)
474 69: Various Unorthodox Verbs
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
"Then, what patience they (must) have over the fire!"
(2: 175)

"How clear His sight and how clear His hearing."
(18:26)

"How clearly will they hear and how clearly will they
see." (19:38)
This above pattern is the most beautiful form found in the Holy
Qur'an.
The Verb
The verb has the meaning "It may be", "perhaps", "very
likely to be" or "it is well hoped to". It is a supporting verb
which is used in the perfect tense. It is followed by a sentence in
the subjunctive introduced by 01, the subject of which is also the
subject of
J, ('-:' // }.,

"It may be that (the other people) are better than them."
(49:11)
475 69: Various Unorthodox Verbs
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
"And it is possible that you dislike a thing while it is
good for you." (2:216)
L --(-1 J:! ,-" t.:S i -! -! t ,///)"
"{ -
"And it is possible that you love a thing while it is bad
for you." (2:216)

"May be that JOur Fosterer will raise you to a praised
position." (17:79)
"Perhaps your Fosterer will have mercy on you." (17:8)
"He said, 'It may be that your Fosterer will destroy your
enemy ... '" (7:129)
476 69: Various Unorthodox Verbs
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
<Vf"
-------------------------------
Chapter 70
FIVE MAGNIFIED NOUNS


(t::
b

Some nouns are such that their three states (nominative
accusative genitive are denoted by letters.

The nominative

is denoted by "3 "

The accusative

is denoted by " I ".

The genitive

is denoted by "IS ".
The following five nouns show these states.
J3f.

t.,tr

Genitive Accusative Nominative
(j
0)
d
' '\
yl
y.
Father
-
q"f.
, . \
B-1
'q
. I
(3:

L
Brother

477 70: Five Magnified .VOUI1S
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
I



r

y
Father in law
I fJ-;





Mouth
fj':
IS
' !


Endowed with!
owner of
The form ;.;- is not used in the Holy Qur'an.
J
In addition to the above general forms has additional forms
for duals and plurals in masculine and feminine. They are seen
in the following table.
:

I
.:./ ,:>
"):JA-
:
tj..,.-


6
...
i; :JL\
. .. :
Genitive Accusative
Nominative:
Masculine

':\

IS
' !
, !
Singular


IjS
JjS
Dual

J
J J

I

Plural
478 70: Five Magnified Nouns
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
The following table shows the usage of

.JJ..r!-

t}r
X ::il
c.Jy
Genitive Accusative Nominative Feminine

;;': \
Singular
i
I
I
-t--
I
/ .



Dual


-
/ J
s->'1)
0'1) u':ll Plural _ J
The general meaning of can be described as owner ofl
endowed with. But in some cases they may give a different
meanmg.
"And We turned them to their right and their left." (18: 18)
"And if (the debtor) is in difficult) ... " (2:280)
Examples of Magnified Nouns -
479 70: Five Magnified Nouns
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
"And our father is a very old man." (28:23)
st, ),/ /. .J. <' ././ J.,
"'Z .\'y'\'6..:i-d .. JJ 7
"And (only) his parents inherit him." (4:11)
st, >, ,c; /0- ./< J.,
"'Z <JW / .. t:..)) 7
"And he raised /lis parents on the couch." (12: 1 00)
"And they came to their father at night fall, weeping."
(12: 16)

"May the hands of Abu Lahab perish. And may he
perish." (1 I 1 : 1 )
"And mention (10 them about) the brother of Aad (Hud)."
(46:21)
"To show him hmv to hide his brother's dead body."
(5:31)
..
"When their br,)ther Nuh said to them, 'Will you not
guard (against evil)'?'" (26:106)
480 70: Five Magnified Nouns
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
d, Ld /j. :i:J :WI j\ .'::.n.
"{ ///.;.Y' ') - c;-/ / Y
"Like one who stretches his towards water that it
may reach his mouth but it does not reach it." (13:14)
./ .".
'-i\
"My father invites you." (28:25)
"And protectively forgive mr Ilther, he IS certainly
among those who are astray." (26:86)
"And put it on the face of my . rather, (his power of)
seeing will come (back to him)." (12:93)
"This brother of mine." (38:23)
"I do not have control except on myself and my brother."
(5:25)
d, t./li l
Jr
"For Allah is Lord of grace abounding."(2: 1 05)
481 70: Five Magnified Nouns
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
"Decided by [woiust persons from among you."(5:95)

"Containing all kinds (of trees and delights)." (55:48)

"Two gardem producing bitter fruit. "(34: 16)
"When deat]; approaches one of you, let there be
witnesses between you at the time of making bequest,
twojust men Ir0111 among you." (5:106)
"Though there be a relative (involved in the benefit)."
(5: 106)

"And be good to parents and relatives."(2:83)
L ,,"" /' // """'///Je,
'"t -j':>J r
"And We carried him on (the ship) made C?fplanks and
nails (or planks tied with palm fiber). (54:13)
482 70: Five Magnified Nouns
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
"And the possessors of relationship are closer, one to
another." (33:6)
' -I 1-' .," . "-:'11' -w

t
Col )J !'yy'u 0;, - !-'
- -
"And do not let those of you who possess grace and
(financial) capability (to help), swear not to give to
relatives." (24:22)

"And if they are pregnant." (65:6)

"And for the pregnant women, their prescribed term is
till they lay down their burden." (65:4)
9
"And call to witness twojust men from among you." (65:2)
#.1
"And there will remain the Face (Person) of your
Fosterer, Possessor of glory and honor. (55:27)
"Blessed is the name of your Fosterer, Possessor of
glory and honor." (55:78)
483 70: Five Magnified Nouns
WJ\
iiJJ4)
The message of the Qur ' an is addressed to all creation, conveyed in the Arabic
language. Allah Almighty says: "We have sent it down as an Arabic Qur' an so
that you may understand." (12:2) Acquiring command over the Arabic language
can be relatively easy for those who are native speakers, but can prove difficult
for the non-speakers. The study of Arabic, therefore, cannot be taken lightly.
The books that can impart knowledge of the Qur ' anic Arabic are rare. The
present book is specifically designed for learning the language of the Qur'an. All
examples used in the explanation of Arabic grammar have been taken straight
from the Holy Qur ' an. This approach aids the beginning student to enter the
world of the Qur' an, allowing simultaneous understanding of Arabic grammar
and the Qur'an, which is a very special feature of this book.
Other components that make this book attractive and useful are the simplicity of
the language used, and its clarity and effectiveness of expression in achieving its
objective. This book can be used by students of different ages whose intention is
to learn Arabic with an eye toward proper understanding of the Qur'an.
The author has profound knowledge of both the Arabic and English languages.
She also possesses a deep insight into Qur'anic expressions. She studied Arabic
in Saudi Arabia and in India. This comprehensive book is the result of her
diligence and commitment to learning and teaching the Qur ' anic Arabic.
May Allah reward her for this valuable service to the understanding of the
Qur'an and make it popular among the students and the academic world at large.
Prof. Mohsin Usmani Nadwi, Professor of Arabic and Dean at English and
Foreign languages Univenity (formerly CIEFL) Hyderabad, India.

DARUSSALAM
GLOBAL lEADER IN ISLAMIC BOOKS

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