Study Guide for Midterm

1. The midterm exam will cover all material since the beginning of the year, starting
with lab equipment, and finally ending with cell structure and function.

2.. Again, first and foremost, you should study all bell quizzes, starting with bell quiz
2 and up to bell quiz 24 (however, we will be adding to this in January, so there will
be more). Make all corrections and understand the reasoning behind the answer.

3. The pages in the notebook that the exam will cover are from R5 to the last entry
we put in before the test.

4. Some websites to help:

Scientific Methods:
http://aspire.cosmic-ray.org/labs/scientific_method/sci_method_main.html
http://www.dwm.ks.edu.tw/bio/activelearner/01/ch1intro.html

Cells:
http://www.cellsalive.com/

SPECIFIC THINGS ABOUT SCIENTIFIC METHODS:

- Bring a calculator.
- Memorize all steps for the scientific method and be able fill in a flow chart.
- Be able to calculate n, mean, median, max, min, and range if you were given a data set.
- Be able to determine the dependent and independent variables, constants and control
groups in an experiment.
- Be able to accurately and effectively graph a data set.
- Know all definitions that have been given to you.
- Be able to give examples of qualitative data and quantitative data and tell the difference
between the two.
- Know the difference between discrete and continuous data.
- Know what the difference is between and inference and an observation.
- Be able to accept or reject a hypothesis by looking at a set of data.
- Know all the rules for graphing.
- Know the types of graphs and when to use them. We did not discuss a stem and leaf or
scatterplot, so you can leave them out for now.
- Know and be able to recognize laboratory equipment.
- Know how each piece of lab equipment is used.

Over →
SPECIFIC THINGS ABOUT CELL STRUCTURE AND CHARACTERISITICS
OF LIFE:

- Be able to list the five characteristics of life.

- Be able to list the four scientists important in disproving the theory of Biogenesis
- Be able to describe all cell parts.
- Know the five scientists who were important in the discovery of the cell.
- Be able to list the three parts to the cell theory.
- Practice identifying cell parts
- Know all notes!!
- Know all definitions you have written in your notebook, and be able to relate
them to the notes you have taken.
- Understand how cells obtain energy – cellular respiration, photosynthesis, and
understand the role of glucose and ATP (only in cellular respiration) in each. Be
able to recognize the reactions of each.
- Understand the cycle of proteins in the cell – nucleous makes ribosomes,
ribosomes make protein, protein is transported via the ER to the Golgi bodies (or
golgi apparatus), where they are processed and packaged for use within the cell.
- Know and understand the terms Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic. Which organisms
are prokaryotic? Eukaryotic?
- What is an inorganic compound? What is an organic compound?
- Name the four most important types of compounds in living things?
- What is DNA? What type of organic compound is it?
- What organelles contain DNA?
- What is the cell membrane, why is it important, and what two ingredients are it
made of?
- What is homeostasis? Why is it important?
- Why does most energy come from the sun?
- In what two ways to living things grow?
- How are the offspring of asexual versus sexual reproduction different?

I am including here the mitosis and meiosis information. However, we may not be able
to get through all of this material before the midterm. It is here if you would like to get a
head start.

- About Chromosomes:

o Know and understand the structure of chromosomes. At the basic

level, what are chromosomes made up of?
o Know what chromatin, chromatids, centromeres and chromosomes are.
Be able to label these things.
o In what stage in both mitosis and meiosis do chromosomes
become visible?
 o In what stage does the DNA duplicate itself?

o Where are chromosomes found in the cell?

o Explain why the size of a chromosome is important.

o Know what a karyotype is and how to read it (only to the

extent we did in class).

o What are sex chromosomes? Which chromosomes do males

carry? Females?

o Understand and be able to apply the terms haploid and

diploid.

o What is the haploid number for a human? Diploid?

- About Mitosis:

o Know the phases of mitosis and understand what happens in

each of these phases.

o Know what type of cells undergo mitosis.

o How many cells does mitosis result in? Are these cells
genetically identical to the parent cell?

o What is the purpose of mitosis? When might cells undergo

mitosis?

o Does mitosis happen in Prokaryotic cells? Eukaryotic Cells?

o When does mitosis begin in an organism?

o Give an example of three types of cells that constantly

undergo mitosis. Why do these types of cells constantly
undergo mitosis?

o What happens to an individual when mitosis goes wrong?

o Be able to label cells, indicating the stage of mitosis they are

in.

- About Meiosis:

o In what specific type of cells does meiosis occur in?

o How many cells result at the end of meiosis?

o Does meiosis begin with a haploid or diploid cell?

o What are the two types of gametes?

o What is a zygote? Is this haploid or diploid?

o What are the stages in meiosis? How are they different?

o What is crossing over? Why is this process important?

o What are homologous chromosomes? When do they pair up

(in what stage)?

o Does meiosis result in cells that are genetically identical or

different?

o Be able to label cells, indicating the stage of meiosis they are

in.

Sample questions:

1. If a cell’s diploid number is 20, how many chromosomes

will be present in each cell after mitosis?

2. A lion’s diploid number is 38.

How many chromosomes would be found in its:

Muscle cells__________

Egg cells________

Heart cells_________

Sperm cells________

3. Cancer can be defined as: (you think of an answer)