COURSE INTRODUCTION

Heat Transfer
Pemindahan Haba
KM30403
Pn. Fadzlita Mohd Tamiri
fadzlita@ums.edu.my
COURSE DESCRIPTION
This course discusses the fundamentals of heat
transfer including three modes: conduction,
convection and radiation. In conduction mode,
steady-state and unsteady state heat transfer are
covered for one and two dimensions. For a
convection mode, it is divided into categories; free
and forced convection heat transfer applied in
laminar and turbulent flow either external or internal
flows. Radiation heat transfer includes the equations
for overall emissitivity and view factor (F) for simple
planes that are in common geometric relationships
with each other. Different types of heat exchangers
are also discussed including their designs.
COURSE OBJECTIVES
Students learn how to use the concepts of
thermodynamics and formulate
engineering problems in the three modes
of heat transfer and obtain mathematical
solutions using a variety of techniques in
calculus and differential equations. In
teams, students learn how to solve heat
transfer problems through assignments /
small projects.
COURSE OUTCOMES
1) Ability to define heat transfer as the
exchange of energy due to a temperature
difference.
2) Ability to state in equation for the three
primary forms of heat transfer: conduction,
convection and radiation and to define all
the parameters that constitute these
equations.
3) Ability to solve engineering problems and
applications using all of the above.
4) Ability to work individually and in teams.
REFERENCES
Yunus A. Cengel (2006), Heat and Mass
Transfer: A Practical Approach, 3
rd
Edition,
McGraw-Hill.
Yunus A. Cengel (2008), Introduction to
Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer, 2
nd
Edition,
McGraw-Hill Higher Education
Dr. Harimi Mohamed (2007/2008), Heat Transfer
KM4313: Elective I.
J.P. Holman (2002), Heat Transfer, 9
th
Edition,
McGraw-Hill Education, Singapore.
Frank Kreith & Mark S. Bohn (2000), Principles
of Heat Transfer, 6
th
Edition, Thomson Learning.
EVALUATION SYSTEM
Quizzes 10%
Assignment 25%
Mid Term Test 25%
Final Exam 40%
Total 100%
Attendance is COMPULSORY
C
O
U
R
S
E

S
C
H
E
D
U
L
E
Weeks Topics / Contents
1-2 Introduction
Overview of Heat Transfer
3-5 Conduction (Steadystate)
Conduction (Unsteady-state)
6-8 Principles of Convection
9-11 Radiation Heat Transfer
12-13 Heat Exchangers
14 Revision
Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer
The science of thermodynamics deals
with the amount of heat transfer as a
system undergoes a process from one
equilibrium state to another, and makes no
reference to how long the process will take.
The science of heat transfer deals
with the determination of the rates
of energy that can be transferred
from one system to another as a
result of temperature difference.
Thermodynamics deals with equilibrium
states and changes from one equilibrium
state to another. Heat transfer, on the other
hand, deals with systems that lack thermal
equilibrium, and thus it is a nonequilibrium
phenomenon.
Therefore, the study of heat transfer cannot
be based on the principles of
thermodynamics alone.
However, the laws of thermodynamics lay
the framework for the science of heat
transfer.
DEFINITION
Heat or Thermal energy is related to
temperature of matter
For a given material & mass, the higher the
temperature, the greater its thermal energy.
Heat Transfer is a study of the exchange of
thermal energy through a body or between
bodies which occur when there is a
temperature difference.
Heat transfers from the one with higher
temperature to one with lower temperature
(hot to cold)
Heat Transfer
The basic requirement for heat transfer is the
presence of a temperature difference.
The second law requires that heat
be transferred in the direction of
decreasing temperature.
The temperature difference is the driving force for
heat transfer.
The rate of heat transfer in a certain direction
depends on the magnitude of the temperature
gradient in that direction.
The larger the temperature gradient, the higher
the rate of heat transfer.
Application Areas of Heat
Transfer
Units & Conversion Factors For Heat
Measurement
SI Units USCS Units
Thermal Energy 1 J 9.4787x10
-4
Btu
Heat Transfer Rate 1 J/s or 1 W 3.4123 Btu/hr
Heat Flux 1 W/m
2
0.3171 Btu/h ft
2
Physical Properties
Density
Mass of fluid contained in a unit volume
=m/V
Dynamic Viscosity
Property of a fluid, resistance to shear
deformation
t= du/dy
Kinematic Viscosity
Ratio of dynamic viscosity to mass density
v=/
Thermal Conductivity
Measure of the ability of a material to conduct heat
Fouriers law of conduction
Specific Heat
Amount of heat that is required to raise the
temperature of a unit mass by one degree in a
constant pressure process
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion
Change in the density as a function of temperature
at constant pressure
Thermal Diffusivity
Ratio of heat conducted through the material to the
heat stored per unit volume
Modes of Heat Transfer
Conduction
Transfer of heat through solids or
stationery fluids
Convection
Uses the movement of fluids to transfer
heat
Radiation
Uses electromagnetic radiation emitted
by an object for exchanging heat , does
not require a medium
Or a combination of them
Conduction
Lattice vibration
Particle collision
Solids with free electrons (metals):
Hot side electrons moves faster than cool side
electrons
Faster electrons give energy to slower electrons
Equilibrium: electrons moving at the same average
velocity
Conduction through electrons collision more
effective than lattice vibration
Metals are better heat conductors than ceramic
Fluids: conduction occurs through collisions
between freely moving molecules.
Thermal conductivity, K: measure the
effectiveness of heat transferred through a
material.
Negative (-) Q:
heat flowing out of body
Conduction
x
T
A Q
A
A
K = . .
Thermal conductivity, K [W/mK]
1 W/mK = 0.578 Btu/hr ftF
K at 300K (540R):
Conduction
Material K (W/mK) K(Btu/hr ftF)
Copper 399 231
Aluminum 237 137
Carbon steel 1%C 43 25
Glass 0.81 0.47
Plastic 0.2-0.3 0.12-0.17
Water 0.6 0.35
Air 0.026 0.02
Problems:
1.One surface of a 2-cm-thick copper plate is
maintained at 300K and the other surface at
250K. Calculate the rate of heat transfer per
unit area through the plate (K=401 W/mK).
2.Calculate the rate of heat transfer through a
glass window (K=0.81 W/mK) 1m high, 0.5m
wide, 0.5cm thick, if the outer-surface
T
o
=24C and the inner-surface T
i
=24.5C.
Conduction
Uses the motion of fluids to transfer heat.
Natural / free convection: fluid movement is
created by the warm fluid itself.
Density of fluid decrease as it is heated, hot
fluids rises, replaced by cool fluids
circulation of air.
Forced convection: fluid movement by
external means (eg. wind or fans)
Convection coefficient, h: measure how
effectively a fluid transfers heat by
convection.
Convection
Convection coefficient, h [W/m
2
K]
Determined by factors such as the fluid
density, viscosity & velocity.
Higher fluid velocity, increase the h.
Convection
) .( .

= T T A h Q
s
Problems:
1. Calculate the rate of heat transfer by
natural convection between a shed roof of
area 20m x 20m and ambient air, roof
T
roof
=27C, air T
air
= -3C, and h=10W/m
2
K.
Convection
Radiation
Does not require medium
Uses electromagnetic radiation (photons)
Radiative heat transfer occurs when
emitted radiation strikes another body and
is absorbed
Gamma rays, x-rays, UV, visible light, IR,
microwaves, radio waves
Shorter wavelength: more energetic,
contains more heat
Longer wavelength: can penetrate through
thicker solids
Emitted T > 0 K
Radiation
4
. . . T A Q
emitted
o c =
I Q
absorbed
. o =
F, shape factor: percentage of the emitted
radiation reaching the surface
For an object in an enclosure, radiative
exchange between the object and the wall,
F=1
Radiation
4
. . . . . T A F Q
absorbed
o c o =
) ( . .
4
4
wall object object object enclosure
T T A Q = o c
Combination of Modes of Heat
Transfer
radiation convection conduction
Q Q Q Q + + =
Dimensionless Numbers Used In
Heat Transfer
Reynolds Number, Re
Nusselt Number, Nu
Prandtl Number, Pr
Grashof Number, G
r
Rayleigh Number, R
a
Biot Number, B
i
Fourier Number, F
o