1

Arab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport

College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Basic and Applied Science

Mathematics (2)
BA124
Lecture No.8
Integrals Involving Trigonometric Substitution

Prepared by:
Dr. Hossam Shawky
Dr. Mohamed Orabi
Spring 2013-2014


2
Lecture No.8
Integrals Involving Trigonometric Substitution


I. Integrals of the Form
2 2
x a

Suppose that you have an integral of the form
2 2
x a where a is a positive
constant. If you make the substitution u sin a x = , where
2 2
t
u
t
s s , then
u u u u cos cos ) sin 1 ( sin
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
a a a a a x a = = = = because
0 cos > u since
2 2
t
u
t
s s . Also, u u d a dx cos = . Also, = u sin a x

|
.
|

\
|
= u = u

a
x
a
x
1
sin sin .

Example: Find dx x
}

2
4 .

Let u sin 2 = x where
2 2
t
u
t
s s . Then u cos 2 4
2
= x and = dx
u u d cos 2 . = = =
} } }
u u u u u d d dx x
2 2
cos 4 ) cos 2 )( cos 2 ( 4
C C + + = +
(

+ u u u u u u cos sin 2 2 cos sin

2
1
2
1
4 =
x 2
C
x x x
+
|
|
.
|

\
|

|
.
|

\
|
+
|
.
|

\
|

2
4
2
2
2
sin 2
2
1
= u

2
4
2
sin 2
2
1
x x x
+
|
.
|

\
|

+ C.

2
4 x



3
II. Integrals of the Form
2 2
x a +

Suppose that you have an integral of the form
2 2
x a + where a is a positive
constant. If you make the substitution u tan a x = , where
2 2
t
u
t
< < , then
u u u u sec sec ) tan 1 ( tan
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
a a a a a x a = = + = + = + because
0 sec > u since
2 2
t
u
t
< < . Also, u u d a dx
2
sec = . Also, = u tan a x

|
.
|

\
|
= u = u

a
x
a
x
1
tan tan .
x
2 2
x a +
s y
a
s
= = u tan and x = a u
a

2 2 2 2 2
s a r r s a + = = + .

Example: Find dx x
}
+ 4
2


Let u tan 2 = x where
2 2
t
u
t
< < . Then u sec 2 4
2
= + x and dx =
u u d
2
sec 2 . = = = +
} } }
u u u u u d d dx x
3 2 2
sec 4 ) sec 2 )( sec 2 ( 4
C C + + + = +
(

+ + u u u u u u u u tan sec ln 2 tan sec 2 tan sec ln

2
1
tan sec
2
1
4 =

= + +
+
+
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
C
x x x x
2 2
4
ln 2
2 2
4
2
2 2
x 4
2
+ x
C x x
x x
+ + + +
+
4 ln 2
2
4
2
2
. u
2




III. Integrals of the Form
2 2
a x

Suppose that you have an integral of the form
2 2
a x where a is a positive
constant. If you make the substitution u sec a x = , where
2
0
t
u < s or
2
3t
u t < s ,



4
then u u u u tan tan ) 1 (sec sec
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
a a a a a a x = = = = because
0 tan > u for
2
0
t
u < s or
2
3t
u t < s . Also, u u u d a dx tan sec = . Also,

|
.
|

\
|
= = =
a
x
arc
a
x
a x sec sec sec u u u .
Consider
a
s
= u sec where > < s 0
2
0 s
t
u
x = a and r = s
2 2 2 2 2
a s y s y a = = + .
2 2
a x x
Consider
a
s
= u sec where s < s 0
2
3
s
t
u t u
a x = and
2 2 2 2 2
a s y s y a s r = = + = . a

Example: Find dx
x
x
}
4
2
.
Let u sec 2 = x where
2
0
t
u < s or
2
3t
u t < s . Then u tan 2 4
2
= x and
u u u d dx tan sec 2 = . Thus,
( )( )
= =

} }
u
u u u u
sec 2
tan sec 2 tan 2 4
2
d
dx
x
x


} }
= + = = C d d u u u u u u 2 tan 2 ) 1 (sec 2 tan 2
2 2

C
x x
+
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|


2
sec 2
2
4
2
1
2
= 4
2
x x
u
C
x
x +
|
.
|

\
|


2
sec 2 4
1 2
.



Example }

3
2 2
3
25
2
dx
x
x


Let
u sin 5 = x
, where
2 2
t
u
t
s s
. Then
u u d dx cos 5 =
.
Also,
u
2 2
sin 25 25 25 = x
=
) sin 1 ( 25
2
u
=
u
2
cos 25
.
Thus,
u u u cos 5 cos 5 cos 25 25
2 2
= = = x
since
0 cos > u
when
2 2
t
u
t
s s
. Thus, we have that


5
}

dx
x
x
2
3
25
2
=
}
u
u u u
cos 5
) cos 5 ( ) sin 125 ( 2
3
d
=
}
u u d
3
sin 250

=
}
u u u d sin sin 250
2
=
}
u u u d sin ) cos 1 ( 250
2

Let
u cos = u
. Then
u u d du sin =

}
u u u d sin ) cos 1 ( 250
2
=
}
u u u d sin ) 1 ( ) cos 1 ( 250
2
=
}
du u ) 1 ( 250
2
=
c
u
u +
|
|
.
|

\
|

3
250
3
=
c u
u
+
|
|
.
|

\
|

3
250
3
=
c u u + ) 3 (
3
250
2
=
c + ) 3 cos ( cos
3
250
2
u u

Since
u sin 5 = x
, then
5
sin
x
= u
. Using right triangle trigonometry,
we have that
5
25
cos
2
x
= u
.

5
x

u


2
25 x


Thus, }

dx
x
x
2
3
25
2
=
}
u u d
3
sin 250
=
c + ) 3 cos ( cos
3
250
2
u u
=



6
c
x x
+
|
|
.
|

\
|

25
75
25
25
5
25
3
250
2 2
=
c
x x
+
|
|
.
|

\
|

25
50
1
25
3
50
2 2
=

c
x x
+
|
|
.
|

\
|

1
50
1
25
3
2
2 2
=
c x x + +
2 2
25 ) 50 (
3
2

}

3
2 2
3
25
2
dx
x
x
=
3
2
2 2
25 ) 50 (
3
2

(
+ x x
=

) 21 54 16 59 (
3
2

=
) 21 54 236 (
3
2

=
) 21 27 118 (
3
4

=
) 118 21 27 (
3
4

.
Example: }

8
5 2
3
16
6
dx
x
x


Let
u sec 4 = x
, where
2
0
t
u < s
or
2
3t
u t < s
. Then
u u u d dx tan sec 4 =
.

Also,
16 sec 16 16
2 2
= u x
=
) 1 sec ( 16
2
u
=
u
2
tan 16
.

Thus,
u u u tan 4 tan 4 tan 16 16
2 2
= = = x
since
0 tan > u
when
2
0
t
u < s
or
2
3t
u t < s
. Thus, we have that

}

dx
x
x
16
6
2
3
=
}
u
u u u u
tan 4
) tan sec 4 ( ) sec 64 ( 6
3
d
=
}
u u d
4
sec 384
=


7
}
u u u d
2 2
sec sec 384
=
}
+ u u u d
2 2
sec ) tan 1 ( 384

Let
u tan = u
. Then
u u d du
2
sec =

}
+ u u u d
2 2
sec ) tan 1 ( 384
=
}
+ du u ) 1 ( 384
2

=
c
u
u +
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
3
384
3
=

c u u + + ) 3 (
3
384
2
=
c + + ) 3 tan ( tan 128
2
u u


Since
u sec 4 = x
, then
4
sec
x
= u
. Using right triangle trigonometry,
we have that
4
16
tan
2

=
x
u
.



x

16
2
x


u

4

Thus, }

dx
x
x
16
6
2
3
=
}
u u d
4
sec 384
=
c + + ) 3 tan ( tan 128
2
u u
=

c
x x
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+

16
48
16
16
4
16
128
2 2
=
c
x x
+
|
|
.
|

\
| +

16
32
1
16
32
2 2

=

c
x x
+
|
|
.
|

\
| +

1
32
1
16
2
2 2
=
c x x + + 16 ) 32 ( 2
2 2




8
}

8
5 2
3
16
6
dx
x
x
=
|
8
5
2 2
16 ) 32 ( 2 + x x
=

) 9 57 48 96 ( 2
=
) 171 3 16 96 ( 2
=
) 171 3 384 ( 2

=

342 3 768




Example:
}
dx x x 11 4 5
2


This integral can be evaluated by simple substitution which is FASTER than
trigonometric substitution.

Let
11 4
2
= x u

Then
dx x du 8 =


}
dx x x 11 4 5
2
=
}
dx x x 11 4 5
2
=
}
dx x x 11 4 8
8
5
2
=

}
du u
8
5
=
}
du u
2 / 1
8
5
=
c u +
2 / 3
3
2
8
5
=
c x +
2 / 3 2
) 11 4 (
12
5



If you missed the simple substitution and proceeded with the technique of
Trigonometric Substitution, then your work would have been the following
(and the following, and the following.)

}
dx x x 11 4 5
2
=
}
|
.
|

\
|
dx x x
4
11
4 5
2
=
}
dx x x
4
11
10
2



9

Let
u sec
2
11
= x
, where
2
0
t
u < s
or
2
3t
u t < s
. Then
u u u d dx tan sec
2
11
=
.
Also,
4
11
sec
4
11
4
11
2 2
= u x
=
) 1 sec (
4
11
2
u
=
u
2
tan
4
11
.
Thus,
u u u tan
2
11
tan
2
11
tan
4
11
4
11
2 2
= = = x

since
0 tan > u
when
2
0
t
u < s
or
2
3t
u t < s
. Thus, we have
that
}
dx x x 11 4 5
2
=
}
dx x x
4
11
10
2
=

}
|
|
.
|

\
|
u u u u u d tan sec
2
11
tan
2
11
sec
2
11
10
=

}
u u u d
2 2
sec tan
4
11 55


Let
u tan = u
. Then
u u d du
2
sec =


}
u u u d
2 2
sec tan
4
11 55
=
}
du u
2
4
11 55
=
c
u
+
3 4
11 55
3
=

c + u
3
tan
12
11 55




10
Since
u sec
2
11
= x
, then
11
2
sec
x
= u
. Using right triangle
trigonometry, we have that
11
11 4
tan
2

=
x
u




2 x

11 4
2
x


u


11


Thus,
}
dx x x 11 4 5
2
=
}
dx x x
4
11
10
2
=

}
u u u d
2 2
sec tan
4
11 55
=
c + u
3
tan
12
11 55
=

c
x
+

11 11
) 11 4 (
12
11 55
2 / 3 2
=
c x +
2 / 3 2
) 11 4 (
12
5



Example
}
dt t t
2 / 5 2 3
) 6 (


Let
u sin 6 = t
, where
2 2
t
u
t
s s
. Then
u u d dt cos 6 =
.
Also,
u
2 2
sin 6 6 6 = t
=
) sin 1 ( 6
2
u
=
u
2
cos 6
.
Thus,
u u u
5 2 / 5
5
2 / 5 2 / 5 2 2 / 5 2
cos 6 cos 6 ) cos 6 ( ) 6 ( = = = t

since
0 cos > u
when
2 2
t
u
t
s s
. Thus, we have that
}
dt t t
2 / 5 2 3
) 6 (
=
}
u u u u d cos 6 ) cos 6 ( sin 6
2 / 1 5 2 / 5 3 2 / 3
=


11
}
u u u d
6 3 2 / 9
cos sin 6
=
}
u u u u d sin cos sin 6
6 2 2 / 9
=
}
u u u u d sin cos ) cos 1 ( 6
6 2 2 / 9

Let
u cos = u
. Then
u u d du sin =

}
u u u u d sin cos ) cos 1 ( 6
6 2 2 / 9
=
}
u u u u d sin ) 1 ( cos ) cos 1 ( 6
6 2 2 / 9

}
du u u
6 2 2 / 9
) 1 ( 6
=
}
du u u ) ( 6
8 6 2 / 9
=
}
du u u ) ( 6
6 8 2 / 9
=
c
u u
+
|
|
.
|

\
|

7 9
6
7 9
2 / 9
=
c +
|
.
|

\
|
u u
7 9 2 / 9
cos
7
1
cos
9
1
6

Since
u sin 6 = t
, then
6
sin
t
= u
. Using right triangle
trigonometry, we have that
6
6
cos
2
t
= u
.



6

t

u


2
6 t

Thus,
}
dt t t
2 / 5 2 3
) 6 (
=
}
u u u d
6 3 2 / 9
cos sin 6
=
c +
|
.
|

\
|
u u
7 9 2 / 9
cos
7
1
cos
9
1
6
=

c
t t
+
|
|
.
|

\
|

2 / 7
2 / 7 2
2 / 9
2 / 9 2
2 / 9
6
) 6 (
7
1
6
) 6 (
9
1
6
=
c t t +
2 / 7 2 2 / 9 2
) 6 (
7
6
) 6 (
9
1





12
IV. Integrals of the Form , ,
2 2 2 2
u a u a + and
2 2
a u

A. Sometimes, you should make a usubstitution before you make a
trigonometric substitution.

Example: Find dx
x
x
}

2
2
4 9
.

Let dx du x u x u 2 2 4
2 2
= = = . Also, 3 9
2
= = a a .
dx
x
x
}

2
2
4 9
= du
u
u
dx
x
x
} }

=

2
2
2
2
9
2 2
4
4 9
2 . Let u sin 3 = u
where
2 2
t
u
t
s s . u cos 3 9
2
= u and = u u d du cos 3

} } }
= = =

u u
u
u u u
d
d
du
u
u
2
2 2
2
cot 2
) sin 3 (
) cos 3 ( cos 3
2
9
2

}
= + = C d u u u u 2 cot 2 ) 1 (csc 2
2

= +
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|

C
u
u
u
3
sin 2
9
2
1
2
u 3
C
x
x
x
+
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|

3
2
sin 2
2
4 9
2
1
2
=
.
2
9 u
B. Sometimes, you have to complete the square before making a u
substitution or a trigonometric substitution.

Example 1: Find dx
x x
}
+ 13 8 4
1
2
.

Complete the square for 13 8 4
2
+ x x :
13 ) 2 ( 4 13 8 4
2 2
+ = + x x x x
= 4 13 ) 1 2 ( 4
2
+ + x x
= 9 ) 1 ( 4
2
+ x

Let dx du x u x u 2 ) 1 ( 2 ) 1 ( 4
2 2
= = = . Also, 3 9
2
= = a a .
Thus, =
+
=
+
=
+
} } }
du
u
dx
x
dx
x x 9
1
2
1
9 ) 1 ( 4
1
13 8 4
1
2 2 2

C
x
C
u
+
|
.
|

\
|
= +
)
`

|
.
|

\
|
3
) 1 ( 2
arctan
6
1
3
arctan
3
1
2
1
.



13
Example 2: Find dx x x
}
+
2
9 6 15 .

Complete the square for
2
9 6 15 x x + :
15 6 9 9 6 15
2 2
+ + = + x x x x
15
3
2
9
2
+
|
.
|

\
|
= x x
1 15
9
1
3
2
9
2
+ +
|
.
|

\
|
+ = x x

2 2
) 1 3 ( 16 ) 1 6 9 ( 16 = + = x x x

Let dx du x u x u 3 1 3 ) 1 3 (
2 2
= = = . Also, 4 16
2
= = a a .
Thus, = = +
} }
dx x dx x x 3 ) 1 3 ( 16
3
1
9 6 15
2 2

du u
}

2
16
3
1
. Let u sin 4 = u where
2 2
t
u
t
s s . Then,
u cos 4 16
2
= u and u u d du cos 4 = . du u
}

2
16
3
1
=
= + + = =
} }
C d d u u u u u u u u cos sin
3
8
3
8
cos
3
16
) cos 4 )( cos 4 (
3
1
2


= +
|
|
.
|

\
|

|
.
|

\
|
+
|
.
|

\
|

C
u u u
4
16
4 3
8
4
sin
3
8
2
1

C
x x x x
+
+
+
|
.
|

\
|

6
9 6 15 ) 1 3 (
4
1 3
sin
3
8
2
1
. u
u

2
16 u

















14
Practice Sheet for Trigonometric Substitution

1.
}

2
2
4 25 x
x
dx
6. =

}
dx
x x 4
1
2 3

2.
}
9 4
1
2 2
x x
dx
7. = +
}
dx x 1
2

3.
}
+ + 5 2
1
2
x x
dx 8. =
}
dx e e
x x 2
1
4.
}
+
3
1
2
2 15
1
x x
dx
9. =
+
}
dx
x x
x
2
6 7

5.
}

3
3
2
9 x dx
10. =
+
}
dx
x
x
2
2
25 9


11. =

}
dx
x
x 1
2





























15
Solution Key for Trigonometric Substitution


(1) First, let = = = dx du x u x u 2 2 4
2 2
}

2
2
4 25 x
x
dx =

du
u
u
dx
x
x
} }

=

2
2
2
2
25
8
1
2
4 25
4
8
1
. Next, make the trigonometric substitution


5
u u u d du u cos 5 sin 5 = = and = u cos 5 25
2
u u
u


2
25 u


Thus, =

}
du
u
u
2
2
25
8
1
( )
} }
= . sin
8
25
cos 5
cos 5
sin 25
8
1
2
2
u u u u
u
u
d d Using the

result =
}
u u d
2
sin u u u cos sin
2
1
2
1
, we get =

}
u
16
25
4 25
2
2
dx
x
x

|
.
|

\
|
= +
|
|
.
|

\
|

|
.
|

\
|

|
.
|

\
|
= + u u

5
2
sin
16
25
5
25
5 16
25
5
sin
16
25
cos sin
16
25
1
2
1
x
C
u u u
C

C x x
x
C
x x
+
|
.
|

\
|
= +
|
|
.
|

\
|

|
.
|

\
|
2 1
2
4 25
8
1
5
2
sin
16
25
5
4 25
5
2
16
25
.


(2) First, let = = = dx du x u x u 2 2 4
2 2
}
9 4
1
2 2
x x
dx =

du
u u
dx
x x
} }

=
9
1
2 2
9 4 4
1
2
2 2 2 2
. Next, make the trigonometric


substitution dx x x du u tan sec 3 sec 3 = = u and = u tan 3 9
2
u



16


9
2
u u

u

3

Thus, =

}
du
u u 9
1
2
2 2
( )
} }
= = u u u u u
u u
d d cos
9
2
tan sec 3
) tan 3 ( sec 9
1
2
2



C
x
x
C
x
x
C
u
u
C +

= +
|
|
.
|

\
|

= +
|
|
.
|

\
|

= +
9
9 4
2
9 4
9
2 9
9
2
sin
9
2
2 2 2
u .


(3) First complete the square to get 4 ) 1 ( 5 2
2 2
+ + = + + x x x . Next, let + = 1 x u

= dx du
}
+ + 5 2
1
2
x x
dx = du
u
}
+ 4
1
2
. Make the trigonometric


substitution u u u d du u
2
sec 2 tan 2 = = and = + u sec 2 4
2
u


u 4
2
+ u

u

2

du
u
}
+ 4
1
2
= ( ) C d d + + = =
} }
u u u u u u
u
tan sec ln sec sec 2
sec 2
1
2
=


C x x x C u u C
u u
+ + + + + = + + + = + +
+
) 1 ( 5 2 ln 4 ln
2 2
4
ln
2 2
2
.


(4) First, complete the square: = + + = + + = + 16 ) 1 2 ( 15 2 2 15
2 2 2
x x x x x x



17

2
) 1 ( 16 x . Next, let = = dx du x u 1 =
+
}
dx
x x
2
2 15
1


du
u
}

2
16
1
. Make the trigonometric substitution
u u u d du u cos 4 sin 4 = =

9
and = u cos 4 16
2
u
4
u

u


2
16 u

Thus, du
u
}

2
16
1
= ( ) = +
|
.
|

\
|
= + u = u = u u
u
} }

C
u
C d d
4
sin 1 cos 4
cos 4
1
1


+
|
.
|

\
|
C
x
4
1
arcsin =
+
}
dx
x x
3
1
2
2 15
1
=
|
.
|

\
|

3
1
1
4
1
sin
x

|
.
|

\
|

2
1
sin
1



6
0 sin
1
t
=

. [Note: You would not need to make the trigonometric

substitution

if you recognized that du
u
}

2
16
1
= C
u
+
|
.
|

\
|

4
sin
1
.]




(5) Make the trigonometric substitution u u u d dx x cos 3 sin 3 = = and =
2
9 x

u cos 3
3
x

u


2
9 x


18
Thus, = = =
} } }
u u u u u d d dx x
2 2
cos 9 ) cos 3 )( cos 3 ( 9

( ) = + + = + + = +
}
C C d u u u u u u u cos sin
2
9
2
9
2 sin
4
9
2
9
2 cos 1
2
9


+

+
|
.
|

\
|
= +
|
|
.
|

\
|

|
.
|

\
|
+
|
.
|

\
|

C
x x x
C
x x x
2
9
3
sin
2
9
3
9
3 2
9
3
sin
2
9
2
1
2
1



}

3
3
2
9 x dx = = =

+
|
.
|

\
|

) 1 ( sin
2
9
1 sin
2
9
2
9
3
arcsin
2
9
1 1
3
3
2
x x x


2
9
2 2
9
2 2
9 t t t
=
|
.
|

\
|

|
.
|

\
|
. [Note: dx x
}

3
3
2
9 represents the area of a semicircle
of radius 3,
2
9
) 3 (
2
1
2
t
t = .]

(6) Make the trigonometric substitution u u u u d dx x tan sec 2 sec 2 = = and
= u tan 2 4
2
x
x
4
2
x

u

2

Thus, =

}
dx
x x 4
1
2 3
( )
( ) = =
} }
u u u u u
u u
d d
2
3
cos
8
1
tan sec 2
tan 2 sec 8
1


C
x
x x
C +

+
|
.
|

\
|
= + u u + u

2
2
1
8
4
2
sec
16
1
cos sin
16
1
16
1
.

(7) Make the trigonometric substitution u u u d dx x
2
sec tan = = and = +1
2
x

u sec

x 1
2
+ x

u
1


19

Thus, = +
}
dx x 1
2
+ = =
} }
u u u u u u u tan sec
2
1
sec ) )(sec (sec
3 2
d d
C x x x x C x x + + + + + = + + 1 ln
2
1
1
2
1
tan sec ln
2
1
2 2
.



(8) Make the u substitution du u dx e e dx e du e u
x x x x
} }
= = =
2 2
1 1 .
Next, make the trigonometric substitution u u u d du u cos sin = = and
= + + = = =
} }
C d du u u u u u u u u cos sin
2
1
2
1
cos 1 cos 1
2 2 2


= + +

C u u u
2 1
1
2
1
sin
2
1

( ) C e e e
x x x
+ +
2 1
1
2
1
sin
2
1
. u
u

2
1 u


(9) First, complete the square: = + = + + = + 7 ) 6 ( 7 6 6 7
2 2 2
x x x x x x

2 2
) 3 ( 16 9 7 ) 9 6 ( = + + + x x x . Next, let dx du x u = = 3 and
+ = 3 u x +

+
=
+
} } }
du
u
u
du
u
u
dx
x x
x
2 2 2
16 16
3
6 7

( ) =

+ =

} } }

du
u
du u u du
u
2
2
1
2
2
16
1
3 ) 2 ( 16
2
1
16
3

( ) { } = +
|
.
|

\
|
+ = +
|
.
|

\
|
+

C
u
u C
u
u
4
arcsin 3 16
4
sin 3 16 2
2
1
2 1
2
1
2

C
x
x x +
|
.
|

\
|

+ +

4
3
sin 3 6 7
1 2
.

(10) Let = = = dx du x u x u 3 3 9
2 2
using Problem


C
x
x
x x du
u
u
dx
x
x
+
+
+ + =
+
=
+
} }
25 9
25 9 3 ln 3
25
3 ) 3 (
9
25 9
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
.






20
(11) Make the trigonometric substitution u u u u d dx x tan sec sec = = and


} } }
= = =

= u u
u
u u u u
u d
d
dx
x
x
x
2
2
2
tan
sec
) tan )(sec (tan 1
tan 1
( ) = + =
}
C d u u u u tan 1 sec
2

x
C x x +
1 2
sec 1 . 1
2
x

u
1