PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY

URDANETA CAMPUS
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT




MATERIALS ENGINEERING
MATERIAL TESTING
(BEAM DEFLECTION, SHEAR TESTS, TORSION TESTS)




LAURENCE Z. MEPUA
(REPORTER)


ENGR.CATHERINE T. CAOILE
(INSTRUCTOR)






BEAM DEFLECTION
- is an important factor in building and construction. Beam deflection is a measurement of how much a load
places strain on a beam it is supported by. There are numerous calculations and calculators to help an engineer or
construction working determine beam deflection. Beam deflection is a key in ensuring that the building materials
chosen for a structure will be safely supported by the beams in place. Too much stress on a beam can result in a
finished structure being unsuitable for use.
HOW TO TEST DEFLECTION


PROCEDURE:
1. Prepare the specimen carefully and measure and record the specimen dimensions prior to the test
2. Mount the frame with the deflectometers on the sample. Ensure that there is enough travel for them to record the sample
deflection at the mid-point.
3. Load the specimen on the third-point loading fixture as shown in the attached pictures and videos.
4. Run the test at the specified net deflection rates (based on beam length L) as measured at the mid-span point of the beam.
5. Record and report the parameters as listed below.

Shear Test
Introduction:
A shear test is designed to apply stress to a test sample so that it experiences a sliding failure along a plane that is
parallel to the forces applied. Generally, shear forces cause one surface of a material to move in one direction and
the other surface to move in the opposite direction so that the material is stressed in a sliding motion. Shear tests
differ from tension and compression tests in that the forces applied are parallel to the two contact surface, whereas,
in tension and compression they are perpendicular to the contact surfaces.
Purpose of shear testing:
The most common use of a shear test is to determine the shear strength, which is the maximum shear stress that the
material can withstand before failure occurs, of a material. This is a very important design characteristic of many
types of fasteners such as bolts and screws. For example, when a bolt is used to secure two plates together it will
experience a shear forces if the plates themselves experience any forces parallel to their plane that attempt to
separate them. If the small fastener fails in shear it may lead to a chain of failures that could lead to the entire
destruction of a much larger structure.
Types of shear tests:
Generally there are two common types of shear tests. The first requires that the sample be setup in a modified
three point flexure or four point bend fixture. The purpose of this test is to load the sample so that it experiences
double shear or so that the sample has two locations where the forces are applied. Each end of the sample is
anchored and the force is applied over the middle of the sample in an attempt to remove the midsection so that both
ends are left behind. The second test requires that the sample have tapered ends that are each placed into grip
fixtures that have been offset from the vertical axis of the sample. The sample is then pulled so that the opposite
faces are pulled in opposing directions.
Types of materials tested in shear:
Three materials are commonly tested in shear: rigid substrates, adhesives, and layered composites. Rigid
substrates may be composed of metals, plastics, ceramics, composites or woods but usually come in a solid form
and are used as building materials or fasteners. Adhesives are used to bond two materials together and experience
shear stress when the materials are pulled in opposing directions in an attempt to slide them apart. Layered
composites experience shear stress in a similar manner to adhesives as the shear forces are applied to the glue or
laminate used to hold the layers together.




ADHESIVE LAP JOINT SHEAR STRENGTH TEST (ASTM D1002)
Shear joints impose uniform stresses across the bond area which results in the highest possible joint strength. ASTM
D1002 is commonly performed to measure the shear strength of adhesives that are used to bond metals. This test is
similar to ASTM D3163 which is for adhesives that bond rigid plastic substrates, and also ASTM D3164 which is for
plastic adhesives that are used to bond both plastic and metal substrates. All three of these specifications use a
single lap joint (lap shear) specimen to determine the shear strength of adhesives.





Test Procedure:
1. Measure the amount of shear area in square inches or square centimeters.
2. Load each end of the specimen in the tensile grips.
3. Apply a force at a controlled rate to the specimen until it breaks and record the maximum force and type of joint
failure.




Torsion Test

Introduction to Torsion Test Applications:
Torsion tests twist a material or test component to a specified degree, with a specified force, or until the material fails
in torsion. The twisting force of a torsion test is applied to the test sample by anchoring one end so that it cannot
move or rotate and applying a moment to the other end so that the sample is rotated about its axis. The rotating
moment may also be applied to both ends of the sample but the ends must be rotated in opposite directions. The
forces and mechanics found in this test are similar to those found in a piece of string that has one end held in a hand
and the other end twisted by the other.
Purpose of torsion testing:
The purpose of a torsion test is to determine the behavior a material or test sample exhibits when twisted or under
torsional forces as a result of applied moments that cause shear stress about the axis. Measurable values include:
the modulus of elasticity in shear, yield shear strength, torsional fatigue life, ductility, ultimate shear strength, and
modulus of rupture in shear. These values are similar but not the same as those measured by a tensile test and are
important in manufacturing as they may be used to simulate the service conditions, check the products quality and
design, and ensure that it was manufactured correctly.
Types of torsion tests:
The three common forms that torsion testing take include failure, proof and operational. A torsion test for failure
requires that the test sample be twisted until it breaks and is designed to measure the strength of the sample. A proof
test is designed to observe the material under a specified torque load over a set period of time. Finally, operational
testing is measures the materials performance under the expected service conditions of its application. All of these
forms of tests may be performed with either torsion only loading or a combination of torsion and axial (tension or
compression) loading depending upon the characteristics to be measured.
Types of materials:
Many materials experience torques or torsional forces in their applications and so will benefit from or require torsion
testing. Materials used in structural, biomedical and automotive applications are among the more common
materials to experience torsion in their applications. These materials may be composed of metals, plastics, woods,
polymers, composites, or ceramics among others and commonly take the forms of fasteners, rods, beams, tubes and
wires.



TROPOMETER
-An instrument for measuring the angle through which one end of a bar is twisted in determining the strength
of a material in torsion.



TORSION TEST (TINIUS OLSEN TORSION MACHINE)

Tinius Olsen machines are designed for use in both research and quality control, to measure the strength
and performance of different types of materials. Using Tinius Olsen equipment, it is possible to perform
tests on raw materials such as metals, polymers, textiles, rubbers, adhesives, concrete, food as well as
finished components. Available tests include tension, shear, compression, flex/bend, puncture/burst, tear,
peel, Charpy and Izod impact, friction, stiffness and torsion. All tests are designed and implemented by
Tinius Olsen in accordance with key international testing standards including ISO, ASTM, EN and other
industrial standards.


Procedure:
This torsion test experiment is performed on an aluminum rod using a manual torsion application Instrument. The rod
is fixed at one end to the machine where the torque is measured, while the other end is connected to a chuck that is
rotated by a hand-operated crank. A large analog dial gauge, and the torque sensor digital signal that is read by
GENTEST, indicates the torque (in-lb) applied to the rod as the rod is twisted by the hand crank. The rotational
encoder is attached to the rod by screws and its digital output to GENTEST gives the relative angle of twist
developed in the rod as the torque is applied. The torque-twist data is used to compute the shear strain and the shear
stress on the rod. From the shear stress-shear strain relational curve, the shear modulus of elasticity (rigidity) can be
calculated, as well as the proportionality limit and the yield limit for each applied torque.