LOUS 2013 Hoering Brominated Flame Retardants

Survey of
brominated flame
retardants

Part of the LOUS-review

Version of Public Hearing

October 20!

2 brominated flame retardants

Title:
brominated flame retardants
Authors:
"arsten Lassen

#llan #stru$ %ensen
2

&i'e "roo'es
!

(rans "hristensen

"hristian )yander %e$$esen

#nna %uliane "lausen

Son*a Hagen &i''elsen

Published by:
+he ,anish -nvironmental Protection #gency
Strandgade 2.
/0 "o$enhagen 0
,enmar'
www1mst1d'2english

"O34 #2S5 ,enmar'
2
)4PS-"+5 ,enmar'
!
6uilding 7esearch -stablishment 867-95 U101

Year:
20!

ISBN no.
:;;;;;;<

Disclaimer:
3hen the occasion arises5 the ,anish -nvironmental Protection #gency will $ublish re$orts and $a$ers concerning re-
search and develo$ment $ro*ects within the environmental sector5 financed by study grants $rovided by the ,anish -nvi-
ronmental Protection #gency1 4t should be noted that such $ublications do not necessarily reflect the $osition or o$inion
of the ,anish -nvironmental Protection #gency1
However5 $ublication does indicate that5 in the o$inion of the ,anish -nvironmental Protection #gency5 the content
re$resents an im$ortant contribution to the debate surrounding ,anish environmental $olicy1

3hile the information $rovided in this re$ort is believed to be accurate5 the ,anish -nvironmental Protection #gency
disclaims any res$onsibility for $ossible inaccuracies or omissions and conse=uences that may flow from them1 )either
the ,anish -nvironmental Protection #gency nor "O34 or any individual involved in the $re$aration of this $ublication
shall be liable for any in*ury5 loss5 damage or $re*udice of any 'ind that may be caused by $ersons who have acted based
on their understanding of the information contained in this $ublication1

Sources must be ac'nowledged1
brominated flame retardants !

Contents

Preface ...................................................................................................................... 7
Conclusion and summary ..........................................................................................
!on"lusion o# sammenfatnin# ................................................................................ $
$. Introduction to the substance #rou% ................................................................. &
1 ,efinition of the substance grou$ 111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 2.
12 Physical and chemical $ro$erties of selected brominated flame retardants 111111111111111111111 /2
1! (unction of the substances for main a$$lication areas 111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 //
&. 'e#ulatory frame(or"...................................................................................... )7
21 Legislation 1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 />
211 -;isting legislation 111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 />
2112 7-#"H 1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 ?>
211! Other legislation2initiatives 1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 ?@
212 4nternational agreements 1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 ?.
2121 +he Stoc'holm "onvention im$lementation $lan 111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 A
21! -co-labels 11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 A!
21/ Summary and conclusions 111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 AA
*. +anufacture and uses ...................................................................................... ,
!1 &anufacturing 111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 A.
!11 &anufacturing $rocesses 11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 A.
!112 &anufacturing sites 1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 >0
!11! &anufacturing volumes 1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 >0
!12 4m$ort and e;$ort 11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111>!
!121 4m$ort and e;$ort of brominated flame retardants in the -U 111111111111111111111111111 >/
!1! Uses of brominated flame retardants11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 >?
!1!1 "onsum$tion of 6(7s in the -U 111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 >?
!1!12 #$$lications of 6(7s 111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 >@
!1!1! "onsum$tion of 6(7s in ,enmar' 1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 .0
!1/ Historical trends in use 11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 .A
!1? Summary and conclusions 111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 .>
). -aste mana#ement ......................................................................................... $.$
/1 3aste from manufacture and industrial use of brominated flame retardants 1111111111111111 0
/12 3aste $roducts from the use of brominated flame retardants in mi;tures and
articles 111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 0
/121 Standards for treatment of $lastics containing 6(7s 1111111111111111111111111111111111111111 0!
/1212 Uncontrolled final dis$osal of 3--- 1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 0/
/121! POPs 6(7s in waste in the -U and ,enmar' 1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 0/
/1 7ecycling 11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 0>
/12 7elease of brominated flame retardants and degradation $roducts from waste
dis$osal 11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 0>
/121 &unici$al solid waste incineration and uncontrolled combustion 1111111111111111111 0>
/1212 6(7s emission from landfills 111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 0
/121! 6(7s in sewage sludge 11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 0
/ brominated flame retardants

/1! Summary and conclusions 11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 /
/. 0n1ironmental ha2ards and e3%osure .............................................................. $$,
?1 -nvironmental haBard 11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 A
?11 "lassification 11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 A
?112 P6,-s 1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 >
?11! H6",, 11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 .
?11/ +66P# and derivatives 1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 2
?11? ,6,P- and -6+-6P4 111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 22
?11A Other 6(7s 11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 2/
?12 -nvironmental fate 1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 2/
?121 P6,-s 1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 2/
?1212 H6",, 11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 2A
?121! +66P# 111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 2A
?121/ ,6,P- and -6+-6P4 111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 2.
?121? Other 6(7s 1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 !0
?1! -nvironmental e;$osure 1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 !?
?1!1 Sources of release 1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 !?
?1!12 &onitoring data 111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 !@
?1/ -nvironmental im$act 11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111/@
?1? Summary and conclusions 11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 ?
,. 4uman health effects and e3%osure ................................................................ $/)
A1 Human health haBard 111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 ?/
A11 "lassification 11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 ?/
A112 P6,-s 8with focus on deca6,-9 1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 ?/
A11! H6",, 11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 ?@
A11/ +66P# and derivatives 111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 A0
A11? ,6,P- and -6+-6P4 111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 A2
A11A Other brominated flame retardants 11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 A!
A11> "ombination effects 111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 A.
A12 Human e;$osure 11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 A.
A121 ,irect e;$osure 1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 A.
A1212 4ndirect e;$osure 1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 >
A1! 6io-monitoring data 11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 >@
A1!1 6lood serum and adi$ose tissue 11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 >@
A1!12 Human mil' 111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 >.
A1!1! Hair 1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 @0
A1/ Human health im$act 111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 @
A1? Summary and conclusions 11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111@/
7. Information on alternati1es ............................................................................ $55
>1 4dentification of $ossible alternatives 1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 @@
>11 ,eca6,- 11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111@.
>112 H6",, 11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 ..
>11! +66P# and derivatives 1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 22
>11/ #lternatives to 6(7s in te;tiles 1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111112@
>11? #lternatives to other 6(7s 11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 2.
>12 Historical and future trends 11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 2.
>1! Summary and conclusions 1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 220
5. 61erall findin#s and conclusions .................................................................... &&&
@1 &ain findings 111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 222
@12 ,ata ga$s 1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 22?
. Abbre1iations and acronyms .......................................................................... &&5
brominated flame retardants ?

'eferences ............................................................................................................ &*&
#$$endi; C 6ac'ground information to cha$ter 2 on legal framewor' 1111111111111111 2/@
#$$endi; 2C Physical and chemical $ro$erties 11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 2?/
#$$endi; !C 6(7s mar'eted by ma*or manufacturers 11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 2A?
#$$endi; /C Substance flow diagram for deca6,- and H6",, 11111111111111111111111111111 2>
#$$endi; ?C Su$$lemental data on the a$$lications of the 6(7s 111111111111111111111111111 2>!
#$$endi; AC Self classification of selected brominated flame retardants 11111111111111112@

A brominated flame retardants

brominated flame retardants >

Preface
Bac"#round and ob7ecti1es
+he ,anish -nvironmental Protection #gencyDs List of Undesirable Substances 8LOUS9 is intended
as a guide for enter$rises1 4t indicates substances of concern whose use should be reduced or elimi-
nated com$letely1 +he first list was $ublished in ..@ and u$dated versions have been $ublished in
20005 200/ and 200.1 +he latest version5 LOUS 200. 8,anish -P#5 209 includes /0 chemical
substances and grou$s of substances which have been documented as dangerous or which have
been identified as $roblematic using com$uter models1 (or inclusion in the list5 substances must
fulfil several s$ecific criteria1 6esides the ris' of leading to serious and long-term adverse effects on
health or the environment5 only substances which are used in an industrial conte;t in large =uanti-
ties in ,enmar'5 i1e1 over 00 tonnes $er year5 are included in the list1

Over the $eriod 202-20? all /0 substances and substance grou$s on the LOUS will be surveyed1
+he surveys include collection of available information on the use and occurrence of the substances5
internationally and in ,enmar'5 as well as information on environmental and health effects5 alter-
natives to the substances5 e;isting regulations5 monitoring and e;$osure5 and on-going activities
under 7-#"H5 among others1

On the basis of the surveys5 the ,anish -P# will assess the need for any further information5 regula-
tion5 substitution2$hase out5 classification and labelling5 im$roved waste management or increased
dissemination of information1

+his survey concerns certain brominated flame retardants1 +hese substances were included in the
first LOUS in ..@ and have remained on the list since that time1

+he entry in LOUS for these substances is E"ertain brominated flame retardants E with three e;am-
$les from the grou$C ,ecabromdi$henyl ether 8deca6,-95 additive use of tetrabromobis$henol #
8+66P#9 and he;abromocyclododecane 8H6",,91

+he main reason for the inclusion in LOUS is that FCertain brominated flame retardants are either
persistent or can be degraded to persistent compounds, bioaccumulative or toxic.

+he main ob*ective of this study is5 as mentioned5 to $rovide bac'ground for the ,anish -P#Ds con-
sideration regarding the need for further ris' management measures1

The %rocess
+he survey has been underta'en by "O34 #2S 8,enmar'9 in coo$eration with )4PS-"+ 8,enmar'9
and 6uilding 7esearch -stablishment 8U1019 from &arch to October 20!1 +he wor' has been fol-
lowed by an advisory grou$ consisting ofC

&i''el #aman SGrensen5 ,anish -P#5 "hemicals
,orte 6*erregaard Lerche5 ,anish -P#5 "hemicals
0atrine Smidt5 &il*Gstyrelsen5 Soil and 3aste
Lulu 0rHger5 ,anish Veterinary and (ood #dministration
Hilde 6alling5 ,anish Health and &edicines #uthority
Helle (abiansen5 +he ,anish Plastics (ederation
Lone &i''elsen5 +he -cological "ouncil
@ brominated flame retardants

%ette 6*erre Hansen5 ,anish "om$etence "entre on 3aste5 ,#0O(#
"arsten Lassen5 "O34 #2S
#llan #stru$ %ensen5 )4PS-"+

Data collection
+he survey and review is based on the available literature on the substances5 information from da-
tabases and direct in=uiries to trade organisations and 'ey mar'et actors1

+he literature search included the following data sourcesC

Legislation in force from 7etsinformation 8,anish legal information database9 and -U7-Le;
8-U legislation database9I
Ongoing regulatory activities under 7-#"H and intentions listed on -"H#Ds website 8incl1
7egistry of 4ntentions and "ommunity 7olling #ction Plan9I
7elevant documents regarding 4nternational agreements from H-L"O&5 OSP#75 the Stoc'-
holm "onvention5 the P4" "onvention5 and the 6asel "onventionI
,ata on harmonised classification 8"LP9 and self-classification from the "JL inventory data-
base on -"H#s websiteI
,ata on ecolabels from the ,anish ecolabel secretariat 8)ordic Swan and -U (lower9I
Pre-registered and registered substances from -"H#Ds websiteI
Production and e;ternal trade statistics from -urostatDs databases 8Prodcom and "ome;t9I
-;$ort of dangerous substances from the -de;im databaseI
,ata on $roduction5 im$ort and e;$ort of substances in mi;tures from the ,anish Product
7egister 8confidential data5 not searched via the 4nternet9I
,ate on $roduction5 im$ort and e;$ort of substances from the )ordic Product 7egisters as
registered in the SP4) databaseI
4nformation from "irca on ris' management o$tions 8confidential5 for internal use only5 not
searched via the 4nternet9I
&onitoring data from the )ational "entre for -nvironment and -nergy 8,"-95 the Keological
Survey for ,enmar' and Kreenland 8K-US95 the ,anish Veterinary and (ood #dministration5
and the -uro$ean (ood Safety #uthority 8-(S#9I
3aste statistics from the ,anish -P#I
"hemical information from the 4"4S databaseI
7e$orts5 memorandums5 etc1 from the ,anish -P# and other authorities in ,enmar'I
7e$orts $ublished at the websites ofC
+he )ordic "ouncil of &inisters5 -"H#5 the -U "ommission5 O-",5 4#7"5 4P"S5 3HO5
OSP#75 H-L"O&5 and the 6asel "onventionI
-nvironmental authorities in )orway 80lif95 Sweden 80em4 and )aturvLrsver'et95 Kerma-
ny 8U6#95 U0 8,-(7# and -nvironment #gency95 the )etherlands 8V7O&5 74V&95 #us-
tria 8U6#91 4nformation from other -U &ember States was retrieved if =uoted in identified
literatureI
US -P#5 #gency for +o;ic Substances and ,isease 7egistry 8US#9 and -nvironment "ana-
daI
Pub&ed and +o;net databases for identification of relevant scientific literature1

,irect en=uiries were also sent to ,anish and -uro$ean trade organisations and a few 'ey mar'et
actors in ,enmar'1

brominated flame retardants .

Conclusion and summary
Over the $eriod 202-20?5 all /0 substances and substance grou$s on the ,anish -nvironmental
Protection #gencyDs List of Undesirable Substances 8LOUS9 will be sub*ect to survey and review1 On
the basis of the results5 the ,anish -P# will assess the need for any further regulationC substitu-
tion2$hase out5 classification and labelling5 im$roved waste management or increased dissemina-
tion of information1

+his survey concerns brominated flame retardants 86(7s91 +he brominated flame retardants were
included in the first list in LOUS in ..@ and have remained on the list since that time1 +he entry in
LOUS for the brominated flame retardants is Ecertain brominated flame retardantsE with three
e;am$les from the grou$C ,ecabromdi$henyl ether 8deca6,-95 additive use of tetrabromo-
bis$henol # 8+66P#9 and he;abromocyclododecane 8H6",,91 4t is not further s$ecified which
other brominated flame retardants are considered to be included1 +his survey addresses to some
e;tent all brominated flame retardants5 but focuses in some cha$ters on the three main brominated
flame retardantsC deca6,-5 +66P# and H6",,5 as well as two of the main brominated alternatives
to deca6,-5 decabromodi$henyl ethane 8,6,P-9 and ethylenebis8tetrabromo$hthalimide9
8-6+-6P491 #s a conse=uence5 this summary contains sections for each of the focus substances as
well as sections addressing all brominated flame retardants1

The substance #rou%
(lame retardants are added to $olymeric materials5 both natural and synthetic5 to enhance the
flame-retardancy $ro$erties of the $olymers1 (ire safety regulations are to a large e;tent the driver
for the use of flame retardants1 (ire safety regulations in general do not include any s$ecific re-
=uirements for the use of brominated flame retardants or other flame retardants1 +he regulations
ty$ically define some fire tests which the materials5 articles or building com$onents should $ass5
but it is u$ to the manufacturer or the builder to decide how the re=uirements are to be met1

6rominated flame retardants have in common that they contain bromine and are used to $revent
the ignition of $lastic materials and te;tiles1 +hey all act by the same mechanismC through the re-
lease of hydrogen bromine during when the material is ignited which interru$ts the further com-
bustion $rocess1 Otherwise5 the brominated flame retardants form a com$le; grou$ of substancesC
aromatic5 cycloali$hatic5 ali$hatic5 $olymeric and inorganic substances5 all containing bromine1
Some of the substances are used as additives5 where the substances are not chemically bound in the
$olymer material5 while others are used as reactive substances build into the $olymer structure and
not $resent as the original substance in the final $olymer 8e;ce$t for trace amounts of un-reacted
substances91 +his survey has identified A. brominated flame retardants which have been $re-
registered under 7-#"H and2or are $roduced by the ma*or international manufacturers of bromin-
ated flame retardants1 (urthermore5 / substances described in the literature5 but not $re-
registered or mar'eted by the ma*or manufactures5 are e;amined in the survey1

Production and use of brominated flame retardants
8lobal - +he total global $roduction of brominated flame retardants increased from ?05000 t2y in
../ to a$$ro;imately !A05000 t2y in 201 +he increase in $roduction and consum$tion has $ri-
marily been in #sia1 On a global scale5 the brominated flame retardants account for a$$ro;imately
20M of the consum$tion of flame retardants1 Historically5 the P6,-s and +66P# 8and its deriva-
tives9 have been the main brominated flame retardants5 accounting for nearly 22! of the global

$roduction in ../1 Klobally5 the ma*ority of the brominated flame retardants are manufactured by
four ma*or manufacturers5 and the substances are manufactured in the -U at one site only1

# detailed brea'down by substance and a$$lication area is not available1 +he ma*or use area is
electrical and electronic e=ui$ment5 where the brominated flame retardants are also the dominating
flame retardants1 Other a$$lication areas include wiring and $ower distributionI te;tiles5 car$ets
and furnitureI building materialsI means of trans$ortation 8vehicles5 trains5 air$lanes5 shi$s5 etc195
and $aints and fillers1

09 - 4n the -U5 detailed data are available for three of the main brominated flame retardantsC
deca6,-5 H6",, and +66P#5 together accounting for a$$ro;imately /0M of the total consum$-
tion1 (or other brominated flame retardants5 data on the total $roduction in and im$ort to the -U
are available in tonnage bands 8e1g1 00-5000 t2y9 from the registration database from -"H#s
website for brominated flame retardants for which the total im$ort and $roduction in 20! was
above 00 t2y1 (or $olymeric brominated flame retardants no registration data are available1 +he
consum$tion volumes are described further in the following sections1

Denmar" : # com$rehensive inventory of the use of brominated flame retardants in ,enmar' was
carried out in ...1 6rominated flame retardants in im$orted articles and mi;tures accounted for
a$$ro;imately .0M of the total content of brominated flame retardants in end-$roducts $laced on
the mar'et in ,enmar' in ...1 Of the total turnover of !!0-AA0 tonnes of brominated flame re-
tardants in end-$roducts5 more than >0M was in electrical and electronic e=ui$ment1 +his is li'ely
still the situation1 +he brominated flame retardants in articles on the ,anish mar'et are more a
reflection of the general use $atterns in the -U and globally rather than of the use $attern in ,anish
industry1 # full u$date of the ... inventory has been beyond the framewor' of this survey1

4n ,anish industry5 the main a$$lication of brominated flame retardants in ... and 202 was
reactive brominated $olyols used for $roduction of flame-retarded $olyurethane foams for building
insulation1

'e#ulatory focus
+he regulatory focus in the -U and ,enmar' has so far been on the two substance grou$s $olybro-
minated di$enylethers 8P6,-s9 and $olybrominated bi$henyls 8P66s95 while H6",, has only very
recently become sub*ect to authorisation under 7-#"H and listed under the Stoc'holm "onvention
on Persistent Organic Pollutants 8POPs91 +he legislation is further described for each substance
grou$ below1 One legal instrument at the -U level addresses the brominated flame retardants as a
grou$C +he 3--- ,irective on waste electrical and electronic e=ui$ment 83---9 re=uires selective
treatment and $ro$er dis$osal for materials and com$onents of 3--- with brominated flame re-
tardants1 (urthermore5 )ordic ecolabelling criteria for some $roduct grou$s address all brominated
flame retardants in common5 while the )ordic and -U ecolabelling criteria for many $roducts focus
on s$ecific brominated flame retardants or brominated flame retardants assigned s$ecific ris'-
$hrases1

PBD0s and PBBs
'e#ulatory frame(or" : +he P6,-s and P66s have so far been considered the most $roblemat-
ic of the brominated flame retardants1 6oth grou$s are additive flame retardants1 +he ,anish #c-
tion Plan for brominated flame retardants from 200 had as one of its main aims an international
restriction on the use of the P6,-s and P66s1 +he use of he;a665 tetra6,-5 $enta6,-5 he;a6,-
and he$ta6,- 8refers to $articular substances within the grou$s9 is today strictly restricted by the
Stoc'holm "onvention5 and are addressed by the POPs 7egulation 87egulation 8-"9 )o @?02200/9
and the 7oHS ,irective in the -U which are the main im$lementing instruments for the $rovisions
of the convention in the -U1 +he ,anish national im$lementation $lan for the Stoc'holm "onven-
tion furthermore includes an action $lan for the further im$lementation of the $rovisions of the

Stoc'holm "onvention in ,enmar'1 +etra6,- and $enta6,- are main constituents of the com-
mercial c-$enta6,-5 while he;a6,- and he$ta6,- are some of the constituents of the commercial
c-octa6,-1 +he restriction of the substances is a de facto restriction of the commercial $roducts1
+he substances are furthermore addressed by the "LP 7egulation on classification and labelling5
waste legislation5 im$ort2e;$ort restrictions5 emissions legislation and environmental monitoring
legislation1

+he deca6,- is restricted in electrical and electronic e=ui$ment by the 7oHS ,irective5 as are the
other P6,-s and P66s5 with some e;em$tions and some a$$lication areas outside the sco$e of the
directive1 +he e;em$tions for P6,- and P66S in the 7oHS directive are not included in the ,anish
7oHS statutory order1 )o harmonised classification has been established for deca6,- and the
substance is not individually addressed by -U legislation5 e;ce$t for the electrical and electronic
e=ui$ment and some ecolabelling criteria1 4t is however listed in the 7-#"H "andidate List and
has5 on the basis of an #nne; NV dossier5 been $ro$osed by -"H# for inclusion in the list of sub-
stances for authorisation1 +he substance has been nominated for inclusion in the list of restricted
substances under the Stoc'holm "onvention and is currently under review by the POPs 7eview
"ommittee1 4n the US# and "anada5 voluntary agreements on $hasing out deca6,- have been
entered into between the most of the ma*or international manufacturers and the federal authorities1

9se : +he global consum$tion of the P6,-s in 200 was ?A500 t2y5 of which deca6,- accounted
for nearly .0M1 )o u$dated global data on the consum$tion of deca6,- have been available1 +he
consum$tion of $enta6,- and octa6,- has more or less ceased globally today5 while the consum$-
tion of deca6,- in recent years has li'ely been decreasing due to regulatory action 8the 7oHS ,i-
rective9 and the above-mentioned $artly voluntary $hase out of $roduction and im$ort in )orth
#merica1 4n the -U5 the average consum$tion of deca6,- for the $eriod 200-20 was ?5000-
>5?00 t2y1 #$$ro;imately 2! was used for te;tiles5 while the remaining $art was used for $lastic
$arts for means of trans$ort and electrical and electronic e=ui$ment e;em$ted from or out of the
sco$e of the 7oHS ,irective1 ,eca6,- was not used in $roduction $rocesses in ,enmar' in signifi-
cant amounts either in ... nor 2025 but deca6,- may be $resent in various im$orted articles e1g1
cars and other means of trans$ort1 4n $roduction $rocesses in ,enmar'5 deca6,- was mainly re-
$laced by +66P# and its derivatives in the ..0s1 +he $hase out in ,enmar' occurred as a conse-
=uence of the voluntary $hase out by Kerman manufacturers of $lastics materials because the
P6,-s could not meet the re=uirements of the Kerman dio;in ordinance1 #t the -U level5 deca6,-
in electrical and electronic e=ui$ment has mainly been re$laced by ,6,P- and5 a$$arently5 to a
smaller degree by -6+-6P45 ++6P-+#O 85!5?-+riaBine5 25/5A-tris825/5A-tribromo$heno;y9-95 $oly-
meric brominated flame retardants and non-brominated flame retardants 8in some cases with a
change in the base resin as well91

4n 2025 about A0 t2y octa6,- in $olycarbonate was im$orted for use in the electronics industry in
,enmar'1 +he use of octa6,- is sur$rising5 as the $roduction of the substance has been $hased out
in most countries and the substance is banned for all uses in ,enmar'1

4n terms of P6+
$ro$erties5 he;a66 and four P6,-s are listed as $ersistent organic $ollutants
8POPs9 in #nne; # of the Stoc'holm "onvention1 ,eca6,- has been suggested as a SVH" 8Sub-
stance of Very High "oncern9 under 7-#"H on the basis that it can undergo debromination in the
environment to form substances with P6+ or vPv6 $ro$erties1

0n1ironmental and health issues - Some P6,-s and P66s can affect neurodevelo$ment and
have been associated with re$roductive im$airment5 but e$idemiological evidence and to;ico'inetic
information are still s$arse1 4t has become a$$arent that non-descended testes in young boys are

P6+ P Persistent5 bioaccumulative and to;ic to organisms in the enviroment1 vPv6 P very bioaccumulative and very $ersistent

lin'ed with e;$osure to P6,-s and that P66s are lin'ed to an early age menarche and $ubic hair
develo$ment1

Alternati1es : +he successful re$lacement of deca6,- in --- and the voluntary $hase out in the
US# clearly demonstrates that alternatives are available1 +he advantage of deca6,- is mainly that
it is chea$er than the alternatives1 ,ro$-in alternatives as ,6,P- and -6+-6P4 seem on some
$arameters to have a better environmental and health $rofile than deca6,-5 but some concerns
have been raised about their environmental $erformance1 Polymeric brominated flame retardants
and non-halogenated alternatives are also mar'eted for the main use areas5 but at higher costs1 (or
use in $lastics H4PS and #6S5 some of the main alternatives have been the co$olymeric $lastics
blends PP-2H4PS and P"2#6S with non-halogenated flame retardants1 3hile there is no single
re$lacement flame retardant for deca6,- for te;tiles5 the multitude of o$tions on the mar'et5 in-
cluding alternative flame retardants5 inherently flame retarded fibres5 fibre blends5 barrier layers5
nonwovens and other a$$roaches5 ma'e it clear that viable mar'et-ready a$$roaches e;ist1 +he
same a$$lies to the use of H6",, in te;tiles1

# restriction of deca6,- is not e;$ected to have any negative im$act on manufacturers of $lastic
$arts5 te;tiles or furniture in ,enmar'1

4BCDD
'e#ulatory frame(or" : H6",, has recently been sub*ect to authorisation under 7-#"H 8#n-
ne; N4V to 7-#"H9 with a sunset date of 2 #ugust 20?1 H6",, has in &ay 20! been listed for
restriction under the Stoc'holm "onvention with a time-limited e;em$tion for building materials of
e;$anded $olystyrene 8-PS9 or e;truded $olystyrene 8NPS91 4n the -U5 the restriction enters into
force by &ay 20/1 # dossier for a harmonised "lassification and Labelling has been submitted1

9se : +he global consum$tion of H6",, has increased from A5>00 t2y in 200 to !5000 t2y in
201 4n the -U5 the average consum$tion of H6",, for the $eriod 200-20 was 05000-25?00
t2y and H6",, is currently the 6(7 used in the highest =uantities in the -U1 #$$ro;imately .0 M
of the consum$tion of H6",, in the -U is used as additive flame retardant in $olystyrene1 PS-
containing H6",,5 in the form of -PS or NPS5 is mainly used as rigid thermal insulation $an-
els2boards for buildings5 and for road and railway construction to $revent frost heaves and $rovide
a lightweight load-s$reading construction material1 +he remaining $art is used for flame retarding
the $lastic H4PS and for te;tiles1

H6",, is used in ,enmar' as a flame retardant for the manufacture of -PS sheets for building
a$$lications and $ac'aging for electronics1 +he total consum$tion for $roduction in ,enmar' was
about tonne in 202 as com$ared to A-! tonnes in ...1 4n ...5 most of the $roduced flame-
retarded -PS was e;$orted1 4n ... the main consum$tion of H6",, in building2construction
materials was in im$orted flame retarded NPS5 accounting for -2. tonnes H6",,1 +he situation
is li'ely similar at $resent1 "urrently5 NPS im$orted from origins other than the )ordic countries
contains H6",,1 (or a$$lications in buildings and construction in ,enmar'5 flame-retardant
grades of -PS and NPS are not re=uired5 as the materials are still combustible and in any case need
to be covered by a non-combustible material to $revent ignition1 +he consum$tion of flame-
retarded -PS in ,enmar' a$$ears to be increasing for in FBero energyF houses of a new construc-
tion5 wherein the walls are built of flame-retardant -PS bloc's covered with a non-combustible
material1 +he flame retarded -PS for this $ur$ose is im$orted1

0n1ironmental and health issues : H6",, is a $ersistent organic $ollutant1 +he substance is
classified as to;ic to re$roduction1

Altenati1es : Polymeric brominated flame retardants have recently been introduced as dro$-in
alternatives to H6",, and the ma*or manufacturers of brominated flame retardants are currently

increasing the $roduction ca$acity for the $olymeric brominated flame retardants to meet the e;-
$ected demand1 )o inde$endent evaluation of the health and environmental $ro$erties of the $ol-
ymeric alternatives are available1 #ccording to industry information5 the $olymeric brominated
flame retardants are $otentially $ersistent 8not biodegradable9 but with low $otential for bioaccu-
mulation and low $otential for to;icity1 )on-halogenated alternatives for -PS2NP# are not mar'et-
edI but the flame-retardant -PS2NPS can be re$laced by other insulation materials1 +he alternatives
have different advantages and disadvantages as com$ared with the flame-retarded -PS5 but they
ty$ically have better fire $erformance and contain chemical substances less $roblematic than
H6",,1 #$art from this5 the flame retarded -PS scores well in the com$arison with the other ma-
terials 8$rovided that the fire $erformance is acce$table95 in $articular if the -PS ultimately is dis-
$osed of by incinerated with energy recovery1 +he $rice of the chea$est alternatives ranges from
a$$ro;imately the same $rice as for flame retarded -PS to a$$ro;imately !0M more1 -PS with
$olymeric brominated flame retardants have not yet been com$ared with material alternatives1

"om$ared to other -U &ember States5 the use of flame-retardant -PS2NPS is small in ,enmar'
because non-flammable insulation materials have been the $referred o$tion and non- flame-
retardant grades of -PS are used1 # restriction of H6",, is not e;$ected to have a significant nega-
tive im$act on manufacturers of -PS2NPS or users of the materials in ,enmar'1

TBBPA
'e#ulatory frame(or" : # harmonised "LP classification has been agreed u$on for +66P# due
to its to;icity to organisms in the a=uatic environments1 Otherwise5 the substance is not individually
addressed by any -U or ,anish legislation1

9se - Klobally5 +66P# is still the main 6(75 accounting for about /0M of total global $roduction
and mainly used as reactive flame retardants in $rinted circuit boards for electronic e=ui$ment1 4n
the -U5 the average consum$tion of +66P# for $roduction of articles in 200-20 was 5000-25?00
t2yI the substance thus accounts for a smaller $art of the consum$tion of brominated flame retard-
ants for $roduction of articles in the -U1 #bout .0M of the consum$tion in the -U is as reactive
flame retardants for $rinted circuit boards5 ?M was used as reactive flame retardant for other a$$li-
cations while about ?M was used as additive 6(71 +he ma*ority of the amount of +66P# in end-
$roducts sold in the -U 8where the +66P# is mainly built into the $olymer structure9 is im$orted
into the -U in finished articles and com$onents5 $rimarily from #sia1

0n1ironmental and health issues - Only additive use of +66P# is mentioned as an e;am$le of
brominated flame retardants included in LOUS1 +he rationale is that in reactive use of +66P#5 the
+66P# is not $resent per se in the final $roducts5 but has been built into the $olymer structure5
which may be considered a brominated $lastic1 +he -U 7is' #ssessment estimated that volatile loss
during service life of articles from additive flame retardantsD use was a$$ro;imately ?M of the total
emissions of +66P# to the air5 whereas losses from the service-life of articles where +66P# was
used reactively was considered negligible1 However5 according to the -U 7is' #ssessment5 direct
consumer e;$osure to +66P# is li'ely to be insignificant and -(S# concludes that the available
data indicate that current dietary e;$osure to +66P# in the -U does not raise a health concern1 +he
substance is classified as to;ic in the a=uatic environment5 but does not meet the 7-#"H P6+ crite-
ria based on the currently available data and is not covered by any $i$eline activities under 7-#"H1
+66P# can undergo debromination under anaerobic conditions to form bis$henol-# and is thus
lin'ed to the discussion about the $otential im$act of that substance1 +he main source of releases of
+66P# to the environment was assessed to be manufacturing $rocesses in the -U 7is' #ssessment1
# voluntary $rogram by manufacturers and downstream users of the substance 8V-"#P9 has signif-
icantly reduced the total releases in recent years1

Alternati1es - #lternatives to the additive use of +66P# are in general the same as alternatives to
deca6,-1 #lternatives to the reactive use of +66P# are usually non-halogenated flame retardants1

+he current develo$ment of re$lacing +66P# in $rinted circuit boards mainly a$$ears to be $art of
a $rocess whereby all halogen containing com$ounds and $lastics are re$laced in order to be able to
mar'et the e=ui$ment as halogen-free1

DBDP0 and 0BT0BPI
'e#ulatory frame(or" - +he two substances are not s$ecifically addressed by current ,anish
and -U legislation5 but ,6,P- is included in the "ommunity 7olling #ction Plan under 7-#"H1

9se - ,P,P- a$$ears to be the main substitute for deca6,- so farI the data indicate that ,6,P-
is among the main additive flame retardants in the -U5 "hina and %a$an1 4n the -U5 the registered
$roduction and im$ort of ,6,P- is indicated as 000Q without an u$$er limit1 -6+-6P4 is regis-
tered in the -U with a $roduction and im$ort in the 00-5000 t2y tonnage band1

+he two substances have a$$lication s$ectra in $olymers =uite similar to deca6,- and can be used
as dro$-in alternatives to deca6,-1

0n1ironmental and health issues : ,-,P- is found in sewage sludge in the )ordic "ountries
in concentrations of the same magnitude as deca6,-1 +he studies indicate that contamination of
the Swedish environment with ,6,P- has already a$$roached that of deca6,-5 and that this con-
tamination is occurring $rimarily via the atmos$here1 (urther monitoring in the #rctic has been
suggested for ,6,P- by ,"-5 the ,anish "entre for -nvironment and -nergy1 Very limited data on
-6+-6P4 are available as the substance has not been included in screenings of brominated flame
retardants in the )ordic and #rctic environments1

,6,P- is $ersistent but does not meet the 7-#"H P6+ criteria based on the available dataI how-
ever5 there are currently insufficient reliable data1 # U0 -nvironment 7is' #ssessment considered
that there was a $otential for ,6,P- to undergo reductive debromination by analogy with deca6-
,-1 4t has recently been shown that ,6,P- may have $otential to undergo $hotolytic debromina-
tion reactionsI however5 the environmental significance of such reactions is currently un'nown1
#ccording to an -U e;$ert grou$ on identification of P6+ and vPv6 substances evaluation5
-6+-6P4 was not considered a P6+ substance1 #lternatives to ,6,P- and -6+-6P4 are either
$olymeric brominated flame retardants or non-halogenated flame retardants5 some of which have
better environmental and health $rofiles in screening assessments1

Alternati1es R +he two substances are the main alternatives to deca6,-1 Polymeric brominated
flame retardants and non-halogenated flame retardants which may be used as alternatives to
deca6,- may be used as alternatives to the two substances1

6ther B;'S
'e#ulatory frame(or" : -;ce$t for the re=uirements of the 3--- ,irective and some eco-
labels5 the brominated flame retardants are not addressed by any -U or ,anish legislation1 Pen-
tabromoethylbenBene 8P6-69 and P66-#cr are included in the OSP#7 list of "hemicals for Priority
#ction1
9se - (or the other brominated flame retardants5 information on global and -U $roduc-
tion2consum$tion is more limited1 +he global consum$tion seems to have increased from about
05000 t2y in 200 to about ?05000 t2y in 201

,ata on the consum$tion of other brominated flame retardants in the -U are scarce and uncertain1
(or the non-$olymeric brominated flame retardants5 the registrations at -"H#Ss website indicate
total im$ort and $roduction 8of each substance9 in tonnage bands 8e1g1 00-5000 t2y95 but for the
$olymeric brominated flame retardants no data are available as the $olymers are not sub*ect to
registration under 7-#"H1 +he brominated flame retardants registered in the highest tonnage
8a$art from the substances mentioned above9 are the reactive halogenated $olyether$olyol 65 25/5A-

tribromo$henol 8+6P9 and the additive 6(7 ++6P-+#O5 which are all registered in the 5000-
05000 t2y tonnage band1 +ribromoneo$entyl alcohol 8+6)P#9 is registered with confidential ton-
nage1 Other additive brominated flame retardants registered with an im$ort and $roduction in the
00-5000 t2y tonnage band are tris8tribromo-neo$entyl9$hos$hate 8++6)PP95 $oly $entabromo-
benByl acrylate 8P66-#cr9 and tetrabromo$hthalate ester 86-H-+-6P91 +he main a$$lications of
the different brominated flame retardants are 'nown and described in this survey5 but detailed
brea'downs of the use of each substance by end-a$$lication areas are not available1
0n1ironmental and health issues : # screening of A FnewF brominated flame retardants in the
)ordic environment indicated that the concentrations of the FnewF brominated flame retardants
are5 with a few e;ce$tions5 in the same order of magnitude or lower com$ared to the sum of 6,-
congeners 6,--2@5 -/>5 -..5 -005 -?! and -?/ addressed as $riority substances under the 3ater
(ramewor' ,irective1

Of the additive brominated flame retardants with registered im$ort or $roduction in the -U 8i1e1
$roduction and im$ort is above 00 t2y9 the following have not been included in the recent screen-
ing of brominated flame retardants in the )ordic environment5 and no data on their occurrence in
the )ordic or #rctic environments have been identifiedC -6+-6P45 ++6P-+#O5
bis8$entabromo$heno;y9 benBene 8/T-Pe6PO6,-20@9 and ++6)PP1 +he screening of brominated
flame retardants in the )ordic environment also identified some reactive brominated flame retard-
ants in significant concentrations 8,6P and +6P91 (our of the registered reactive brominated flame
retardants have not been included in the screeningC ,6)PK5 H--HP-+-6P and +-6P-#nh5 halo-
genated $olyether$olyol 6 and tetrabromo$hthalic anhydride based diol1

Some emerging brominated flame retardants have not been studied in much detail5 but the non-
$olymeric brominated flame retardants are su$$osed to have somewhat similar effects as the more
studied brominated flame retardants1 One of these is H66 which may be more $ersistent and to;ic5
and therefore haBardous5 than the P6,-s1

Since the to;icological mechanisms of the different brominated flame retardants seem to be related5
mi;tures of brominated flame retardants may have additive and synergistic effects1

Alternati1es R +he alternatives to other brominated flame retardants are non-halogenated flame
retardants and material alternatives without flame retardants1 +he available alternative assess-
ments do not include an assessment of degradation $roducts and the $erformance of the flame-
retardant materials during fire or uncontrolled combustion1 +he $resence of brominated flame
retardants has been demonstrated to negatively affect e1g1 the formation of smo'e and5 during
thermal stress5 they result in formation of haBardous substances1 &ost studies have however ad-
dressed the P6,-s and other brominated flame retardants with high ris' of formation of haBardous
substances and not as yet the $olymeric brominated flame retardants5 for e;am$le1 +he significance
of formation of haBardous substances and fumes in a lifecycle $ers$ective seems to be the main
issue when com$aring the im$act of the non-regulated brominated flame retardants and non-
halogenated flame retardants5 but detailed assessments are not available yet1 ,ata on the effect of
non-halogenated flame retardants on the formation of fumes and haBardous substances are limited
and com$arative assessments of different ty$es of brominated flame retardants and non-
halogenated flame retardants on these $arameters are missing1

+he authors of a recent review of $ersistence5 bioaccumulation and to;icity of non-halogenated
flame retardants5 as one of the outcomes of the -U funded -)(47O $ro*ect5 conclude that large
data ga$s were identiUed for the $hysicalRchemical $ro$erties and the P6+ $ro$erties of the re-
viewed non-halogenated flame retardants1 +o assess whether the reviewed non-halogenated flame
retardants are truly suitable alternatives5 each com$ound should be e;amined individually by com-
$aring its P6+ values with those of the e=uivalent halogenated Vame retardant1 Until more data are

available5 it remains im$ossible to accurately evaluate the ris' of each of these com$ounds5 includ-
ing the ones that are already e;tensively mar'eted1

0colabellin# criteria
+he )ordic ecolabelling criteria for a wide range of articles contain re=uirements which restrict the
use of some or all brominated flame retardants1 +he e;act criteria vary among the article grou$s1 4n
some grou$s only brominated flame retardants that are assigned s$ecific 7- $hrases 8e1g1 $hases
concerning "&7
2
$ro$erties9 are restricted5 whereas in others it is s$ecified that certain flame re-
tardants must not be $resentC either all flame retardants5 all halogenated flame retardants5 or all
halogenated organic flame retardants1 4n many of the criteria for electrical and electronic e=ui$-
ment5 some e;em$tions for reactive brominated flame retardants and $lastic $arts of less than 2? g
a$$ly1

+he -U ecolabelling criteria do not generally a$$ly to the use of reactive flame retardants1 +he crite-
ria for various electrical and electronic $roducts have restrictions on the use of additive flame re-
tardants which meet the criteria for classification in s$ecific haBard classes1 4n $ractice for most of
the criteria5 the restrictions beyond the general -U restriction of the P6,-s would mainly concern
additive use of +66P# and the use of H6",,1 +he criteria for bed mattresses5 te;tile floor cover-
ings5 te;tile $roducts and furniture restrict any use of additive flame retardants in the articles1

-aste mana#ement
Dis%osal of B;':containin# (aste R 3aste electrical and electronic e=ui$ment 83---9 re$re-
sent the ma*or $art of brominated flame retardants in solid waste1 Other ma*or waste fractions are
building insulation materials 8-PS2NPS and PU foam9 and waste from shredding of vehicles1 bro-
minated flame retardants in te;tiles5 furniture5 $aints5 etc1 will re$resent a small fraction of the total
in ,enmar'5 but may be more significant in other &ember States1 +he 3--- ,irective re=uires
that $lastics containing brominated flame retardants should be removed from the collected 3---
for selective treatment1 +he ,anish statutory order further re=uires that the removed 6(7-
containing $lastics should be dis$osed of to enter$rises with a $ermit for handing of bromine-
containing e=ui$ment1 4n ,enmar'5 the 6(7-containing $lastics from 3--- are dis$osed of to
munici$al solid waste incineration1 +he same is the situation for 6(7-containing $lastics from the
building sector and te;tiles and furniture1 Plastics from shredding of vehicles are dis$osed of to
controlled landfill1

# $art of flame retarded $lastics in $hased out electrical and electronic in some -U &ember "oun-
treis a$$ears to end u$ in uncontrolled waste handling in countries outside the -U5 either by illegal
shi$ment of the 3--- or e;$orted as second hand e=ui$ment for reuse in develo$ing countries1
+he ultimate dis$osal of the 6(7-containing $lastics 8$ossibly after recycling9 is5 regardless of the
ob*ective of the e;$ort5 $robably uncontrolled burning or waste dum$ing1

P6P brominated flame retardants : Particular $rovisions for waste containing POPs are sti$u-
lated in "ommission 7egulation 8-U9 )o >?A2200 amending the POPs 7egulation1 (or he;a66 a
limit value for dis$osal $rovisions of ?0 mg2'g is established5 but it has no $ractical im$lications for
,enmar'5 as he;abromo$henyl is li'ely not $resent in the waste1 )o concentration limits have been
established yet for the P6,-s1 ,e$ending on the limits to be established by the -uro$ean "ommis-
sion5 se$arate collection and treatment of some waste fractions may be necessary1

Incineration and uncontrolled burnin# : One of the main concerns about the incineration of
6(7-containing $lastics has been the ris' of formation of brominated and mi;ed brominat-
ed2chlorinated dio;ins and furans1 +he available data indicate that the destruction efficiency for
brominated flame retardants in munici$al waste indicators in the )ordic countries is better than

2
"&7 P carcinogenic5 mutagenic or re$roto;ic

..5...M1 (urthermore5 it is indicated that the incineration of brominated flame retardants may
contribute a small fraction to the total generated dio;ins and furans and that the filters for control
of emissions of dio;ins and furans are also efficient in ca$turing the brominated and mi;ed bro-
minated2chlorinated dio;ins and furans1

3hilst the emission from incinerators with modern flue gas controls may be of little concern5 much
literature indicated that the emissions of dio;ins and furans from fires 8including incidental landfill
fires9 and uncontrolled burning of 6(7-containing $lastics may be significant1

A%%lication of slud#e on a#ricultural soils R+he ma*ority of the brominated flame retardants
in sewage water ends u$ in the sludge fraction in the sewage treatment $lants1 ,eca6,-5 H6",,
and ,6,P- are the dominant brominated flame retardants in munici$al sewage sludge1 +he availa-
ble data indicate that the levels of deca6,- and H"6,, levels in sewage sludge in the U0 and
4reland is a$$ro;imately a factor of 0 higher than in other -U &ember States5 indicating a lin' to
the wides$read use of these substances in te;tiles and furniture in the two countries1 7ecent anal-
yses of A FnewF brominated flame retardants in sewage sludge in the )ordic countries show that
the concentration of ,6,P- is on the same magnitude as found for deca6,- and H6",, in other
studies5 whereas the concentrations for the remaining ? brominated flame retardants are consider-
ably lower1 +he results confirm that ,6,P- to a large e;tent have substituted for deca6,- in a$$li-
cations that may lead to releases to wastewater1

# ris' evaluation from 202 of the a$$lication of 6(7-containing sludge to agricultural land in
,enmar'5 which included a detailed assessment of deca6,- and +66P#5 concluded that it was very
unli'ely that the levels of brominated flame retardants found in ,anish sludge should $ose a signif-
icant ris' to the soil dwelling organisms and the soil =uality in general5 if the current a$$lication
guidelines of sewage sludge were followed1

+ain data #a%s
,etailed data on the use of brominated flame retardants other than the P6,-s5 H6",, and +66P#
globally and in the -U are not available in the $ublic literature1 +he $ublic $art of the 7-#"H regis-
trations $rovides as mentioned some indication on the $roduction and im$ort in the -U tonnage
bands5 but the $olymeric brominated flame retardants are not sub*ect to registration and no infor-
mation on the mar'et volumes of these substances are available1 +he consum$tion of some the
other brominated flame retardants is e;$ected to be increasing5 but the lac' of data constrain an
assessment of the trends in the use of the brominated flame retardants and the monitoring of the
effects of regulatory action1 +he lac' of detailed data on the consum$tion by a$$lication areas fur-
thermore constrains an assessment of the $otential releases and e;$osure of humans and the envi-
ronment1

,ata on the fate5 e;$osure and environmental and health haBards for most end$oints are missing
for most brominated flame retardants1

0nowledge on the actual fate of 3--- e;$orted for waste management outside ,enmar' is limited1

)o data on the actual recycling of 6(7-containing waste in ,enmar' or the -U have been identi-
fied1

+he significance of the different brominated flame retardants on the formation of brominated and
mi;ed brominated2chlorinated dio;ins and furans by different ty$es of thermal $rocesses is not
'nown for most brominated flame retardants1



!on"lusion o# sammenfatnin#
4 $erioden 202-20? vil alle /0 stoffer og stofgru$$er $L &il*Gstyrelsens liste over uGns'ede stoffer
8LOUS9 blive 'ortlagt5 og &il*Gstyrelsen vil $L grundlag af resultaterne vurdere behovet for yderli-
gere regulering5 substitution2udfasning5 'lassificering og mWr'ning5 forbedret affaldshLndtering
eller Gget udbredelse af information1

,enne undersGgelse vedrGrer bromerede flammehWmmere1 ,e bromerede flammehWmmere o$-
trLdte $L den fGrste udgave af LOUS i ..@ og er forblevet $L listen siden da1 Kru$$en er angivet i
LOUS som Fvisse bromerede flammehWmmereF med tre e'sem$ler fra gru$$enC ,ecabromdi$henyl
ether 8deca6,-95 additiv brug af tetrabrombis$henol # 8+66P#9 og he;abromcyclododecan
8H6",,91 ,et er i''e nWrmere s$ecificeret5 hvil'e andre bromerede flammehWmmere der anses
for at vWre omfattet1 ,enne undersGgelse omhandler i et vist omfang alle bromerede flammehWm-
mere5 men fo'userer i nogle 'a$itler $L de tre vigtigste af stofferneC deca6,-5 +66P# og H6",,
samt to af de vigtigste bromerede alternativer til deca6,-5 nemlig decabromodi$henylethan 8,6,-
P-9 og ethylenbis8tetrabrom$hthalimid9 8-6+-6P491 Som fGlge heraf indeholder denne sammen-
fatning afsnit for hvert af fo'usstofferne samt afsnit5 der gLr $L tvWrs af alle bromerede flamme-
hWmmere1

Stof#ru%%en
(lammehWmmere tilsWttes $olymere materialer5 bLde naturlige og syntetis'e5 for at Gge materia-
lernes flammehWmmende egens'aber1 6rugen af flammehWmmere er i vid udstrW'ning en 'onse-
'vens af regler om brandsi''erhed1 7eglerne for brandsi''erhed indeholder i''e s$ecifi''e 'rav
om at anvende bromerede flammehWmmere eller bestemte andre ty$er af flammehWmmere1 7eg-
lerne definerer ty$is' nogle flammetests som materialer5 arti'ler eller bygnings'om$onenter s'al
'unne leve o$ til5 men det er o$ til $roducenten af arti'lerne eller bygherren at beslutte5 hvordan
'ravene 'an o$fyldes1

,e bromerede flammehWmmere har til fWlles5 at de indeholder brom og bruges til at forhindre5 at
$lastmaterialer og te'stiler antWndes1 ,e vir'er alle ved den samme grundlWggende me'anismeC
(rigivelse af brombrinte nLr materialet antWndes5 som blo'erer den videre forbrWndings$roces1
,erudover er de bromerede flammehWmmere en 'om$le's gru$$e af stofferC #romatis'e5 cycloali-
fatis'e5 alifatis'e5 $olymere og uorganis'e stoffer5 der alle indeholder brom1 )ogle af stofferne an-
vendes som additiver5 hvor stofferne i''e er 'emis' bundet i $olymermaterialet5 mens andre bruges
som rea'tive stoffer5 som bygges ind $olymerstru'turen5 og derfor i''e er til stede som det o$rinde-
lige stof i den fWrdige $olymer 8med undtagelse af s$ormWngder af ureageret stof91 4 denne under-
sGgelse er der fundet A. bromerede flammehWmmere5 som er blevet $rWregistreret under 7-#"H5
eller2og er $roduceres og mar'edsfGres af store internationale $roducenter af bromerede flamme-
hWmmere1 ,esuden er der fundet / stoffer bes'revet i litteraturen5 men som i''e er $rWregistrere-
de eller mar'edsfGres af de store $roducenter1

Produ"tion o# an1endelse af bromerede flammeh<mmere
8lobalt - ,en samlede globale $rodu'tion af bromerede flammehWmmere er steget fra ?01000
tons2Lr i ../ til ca1 !A01000 tons2Lr i 201 Stigningen i $rodu'tion og forbrug har fGrst og frem-
mest fundet sted i #sien1 PL globalt $lan udgGr de bromerede flammehWmmere ca1 20M af det tota-
le forbrug af flammehWmmere1 Historis' set har P6,- og +66P# 8og dets derivater95 vWret de
vigtigste bromerede flammehWmmere5 og de tegnede sig for nWsten 22! af den globale $rodu'tion i

../1 Klobalt fremstilles hoved$arten af de bromerede flammehWmmere af fire store $roducenter5
og stofferne fremstilles i -U 'un af Xn vir'somhed1

-n detal*eret o$gGrelse af stoffer og anvendelsesomrLder $L globalt $lan er i''e tilgWngelig1 ,et
stGrste anvendelsesomrLde er ele'tris' og ele'tronis' udstyr5 hvor bromerede flammehWmmere
ogsL er de dominerende flammehWmmere1 #ndre anvendelsesomrLder omfatter elinstallationer og
eldistributionI te'stiler5 tW$$er og mGblerI byggematerialerI trans$ortmidler 8'GretG*er5 tog5 fly5
s'ibe5 osv19 samt maling og fugemasser1

09 = ,er er detal*erede data til rLdighed $L -U-$lan for tre af de vigtigste bromerede flamme-
hWmmereC ,eca6,-5 H6",, og +66P#5 som tegner sig for om'ring /0M af det samlede forbrug1
(or andre i''e-$olymere bromerede flammehWmmere5 er der o$lysninger om den samlede $rodu'-
tion i og im$ort til -U i mWngdeintervaller 8f1e's1 00-1000 tons2Lr95 fra registreringsdatabasen $L
det -uro$Wis'e 0emi'alieagenturs 8-"H#s9 h*emmeside1 ,isse data er 'un tilgWngelige for brome-
rede flammehWmmere med en samlet im$ort og $rodu'tion i 20! $L over 00 tons2Lr5 og der er
ingen data for $olymere bromerede flammehWmmere1 ,e mar'edsfGrte mWngder er yderligere
bes'revet i de fGlgende afsnit1

Danmar" : -n omfattende 'ortlWgning af brugen af bromerede flammehWmmere i ,anmar' blev
udfGrt i ...1 6romerede flammehWmmere i im$orterede arti'ler og blandinger tegnede sig for
om'ring .0M af mWngderne af de samlede mWngder af bromerede flammehWmmere i slut$rodu'-
ter solgt i ,anmar' i ... 1 #f den samlede omsWtning $L !!0-AA0 tons2Lr bromerede flamme-
hWmmere i slut$rodu'ter udg*orde ele'tris' og ele'tronis' udstyr mere end >0M1 ,et er sandsyn-
ligvis stadig tilfWldet1 6romerede flammehWmmere i arti'ler $L det dans'e mar'ed er en afs$e*ling
af det generelle brugsmGnster i -U og globalt snarere end brugen af bromerede flammehWmmere i
dans' industri1 -n fuld o$datering af o$gGrelsen fra ... har vWret uden for rammerne af denne
undersGgelse1

4 dans' industri var den vigtigste anvendelse af bromerede flammehWmmere i ... og 202 rea'ti-
ve bromerede $olyoler5 som anvendes til $rodu'tion af flammehWmmet $olyuretans'um til byg-
ningsisolering1

>o1#i1nin#sm<ssi#t fo"us
,et lovgivningsmWssige fo'us i -U og ,anmar' har hidtil vWret $L de to stofgru$$er $olybromere-
de di$enylethere 8P6,-9 og $olybromerede bi$henyler 8P6695 mens H6",, for gans'e nylig er
blevet autorisations$ligtig i henhold til 7-#"H5 og o$fGrt under Stoc'holm-'onventionen om $er-
sistente organis'e mil*Ggifte 8POP-stoffer91 Lovgivningen er yderligere bes'revet for hver en'elt
stofgru$$e nedenfor1 PL -U-$lan er der et en'elt lovgivningsmWssigt instrument5 som omhandler
de bromerede flammehWmmere samletC 3----dire'tivet om affald af ele'tris' og ele'tronis' ud-
styr 83---9 'rWver sele'tiv behandling og 'orre't borts'affelse af materialer og 'om$onenter
indeholdende bromerede flammehWmmere1 ,e nordis'e mil*GmWr'e'riterier 8Svanen9 for visse
$rodu'tgru$$er omhandler ogsL de bromerede flammehWmmere samlet5 mens bLde nordis'e og
-U- mil*GmWr'e'riterier 8-U blomsten9 for mange $rodu'tgru$$er udelu''er anvendelsen af s$e-
cifi''e bromerede flammehWmmere eller bromerede flammehWmmere5 som er tildelt s$ecifi''e
risi'o-sWtninger1

PBD0 o# PBB
'e#ulerin# - P6,- og P66 har hidtil vWret betragtet som de mest $roblematis'e af de bromerede
flammehWmmere1 6egge gru$$er er additive flammehWmmere1 ,en dans'e handlings$lan for
bromerede flammehWmmere fra 200 havde som et af sine vigtigste mLl en international begrWns-
ning af brugen af P6,- og P661 #nvendelse af he;a665 tetra6,-5 $enta6,-5 he;a6,- og he$ta6-
,- 8refererer til bestemte stoffer inden for gru$$erne9 er i dag begrWnset af Stoc'holm-
'onventionen5 og er i -U omfattet af POP-forordningen 8forordning 8-(9 nr1 @?02200/9 og 7oHS-
brominated flame retardants 2

dire'tivet5 som er de vigtigste instrumenter til gennemfGrelse af 'onventionens bestemmelser i -U1
,en dans'e nationale im$lementerings$lan for Stoc'holm-'onventionen omfatter desuden en
handlings$lan for yderligere im$lementering af bestemmelserne i Stoc'holm-'onventionen i ,an-
mar'1 +etra6,- og $enta6,- er de vigtigste bestanddele af den 'ommercielle flammehWmmer c-
$enta6,-5 mens he;a6,- og he$ta6,- er nogle af bestanddelene i den 'ommercielle flamme-
hWmmer c-octa6,- og begrWnsning af stofferne er en de facto begrWnsning af de 'ommercielle
$rodu'ter1 Stofferne er desuden omfattet af "LP-forordningen om 'lassificering og mWr'ning5 af
affaldslovgivningen5 im$ort2e's$ort restri'tioner5 samt lovgivning om emissionsbegrWnsning og
mil*GovervLgning1

An1endelse : 6rug af deca6,- er5 i lighed med de andre P6,- og P665 begrWnset i ele'tris' og
ele'tronis' udstyr ved 7oHS-dire'tivet med nogle undtagelser og nogle $rodu't'ategorier5 som
uden for dire'tivets anvendelsesomrLde1 Undtagelserne i 7oHS dire'tivet for P6,- og P66 er i''e
gWldende i den dans'e 7oHS be'endtgGrelse1 ,er er i''e etableret en harmoniseret 'lassificering
for deca6,- og stoffet er5 med undtagelse af ele'tris' og ele'tronis' udstyr og nogle mil*GmWr'e-
'riterier5 i''e individuelt behandlet af -U-lovgivningen1 ,et er dog o$fGrt $L 'andidatlisten under
7-#"H5 og er $L grundlag af et bilag NV-dossier blevet foreslLet af -"H# for o$tagelse $L listen
over stoffer5 som 'rWver autorisation1 Stoffet er desuden blevet nomineret til o$tagelse $L listen
over begrWnsede stoffer under Stoc'holm-'onventionen5 og er i G*ebli''et under evaluering af 0o-
mitXen for Vurdering af Persistente Organis'e &il*Ggifte under 'onventionen1 4 US# og "anada er
frivillige aftaler om udfasning af deca6,- indgLet mellem flere af de store internationale $roducen-
ter og de fGderale myndigheder1

,et globale forbrug af de P6,- var i 200 ?A100 tons2Lr5 hvoraf deca6,- tegnede sig for nWsten
.0M1 4ngen o$daterede globale o$gGrelser af forbruget af deca6,- har vWret til rLdighed1 6rugen af
$enta6,- og octa6,- er mere eller mindre o$hGrt global5 mens forbruget af deca6,- i de seneste
Lr formentlig har vWret faldende $L grund af lovgivningsmWssige tiltag 87oHS-dire'tivet95 og den
nWvnte frivillige delvise udfasning af $rodu'tion og im$ort i )ordameri'a1 4 -U var det gennem-
snitlige forbrug af deca6,- i $erioden 200-20 ?1000->1?00 tons2Lr1 "a1 2! blev anvendt til
te'stiler5 mens den resterende del blev brugt til $lastdele til trans$ortmidler og ele'tris' og ele'tro-
nis' udstyr undtaget eller uden for 7oHS-dire'tivets anvendelsesomrLde1 ,eca6,- blev i''e brugt
i $rodu'tions$rocesser i ,anmar' i vWsentlige mWngder5 hver'en i ... eller 2025 men deca6,-
'an vWre til stede i fors'ellige im$orterede arti'ler f1e's1 biler og andre trans$ortmidler1 4 dans'
$rodu'tion blev deca6,- i ..0Serne $rimWrt erstattet af +66P# og dets derivater1 Udfasningen i
,anmar' var $rimWrt en fGlge af en udfasning af deca6,- hos tys'e $roducenter af $lastmateria-
ler5 fordi P6,- i''e 'unne o$fylde 'ravene i den tys'e dio;in be'endtgGrelse1 PL -U-$lan er de-
ca6,- i ele'tris' og ele'tronis' udstyr tilsyneladende $rimWrt blevet erstattet af ,6,P- og i min-
dre grad af -6+-6P45 ++6P-+#O 85!5?- triaBin5 25/5A- tris 825/5A- tribromfeno;y9-95 $olymere bro-
merede flammehWmmere og af i''e-bromerede flammehWmmere 8i nogle tilfWlde ved en samtidig
Wndring af basis$olymeren91

4 202 blev om'ring A0 tons octa6,- i $olycarbonat im$orteret til brug i ele'troni'industrien i
,anmar'1 6rugen af octa6,- er overras'ende5 da $rodu'tionen af stoffet er udfaset i de fleste lan-
de5 og stoffet er forbudt til alle anvendelser i ,anmar'1

+il7? o# sundhed : 4 relation til P6+-egens'aber
!
er he;a66 og fire P6,-Ser o$fGrt som $ersi-
stente organis'e mil*Ggifte 8POP-stoffer9 i bilag # til Stoc'holm-'onventionen1 ,eca6,- er foreslL-
et som et sWrligt $roblematis' stof 8Substance of Very High "oncern5 SVH"9 under 7-#"H $L det
grundlag5 at det 'an undergL debromering i mil*Get og dermed danne lavere-bromerede P6,-Ser
med P6+- eller vPv6-egens'aber1

!
P6+ P Persistente5 bioa''umulerbare and to'sis'e over for organismer i mil*Get1 vPv6 P meget bioa''umulerbare og meget
$ersistente

)ogle P6,-Ser og P66Ser 'an $Lvir'e nervesystemets og er blevet 'nyttet til re$rodu'tive defe'ter5
men e$idemiologis' evidens og to'si'o'inetis'e data er stadig s$arsomme1 ,er er undersGgelser
der viser5 at i''e-nedfaldne testi'ler hos unge drenge er forbundet med udsWttelse for P6,- og at
P66 er 'nyttet til tidlig start $L menstruation og tidlig udvi'ling af 'GnsbehLring1

Alternati1er - Uds'iftningen af deca6,- i ele'tris' og ele'tronis' udstyr og den frivillige udfas-
ning i US# viser 'lart5 at der findes brugbare alternativer1 (ordelen ved deca6,- er hovedsageligt
at stoffet er billigere end alternativerne1 F,ro$-inF alternativer som ,6,P- og -6+-6P4 synes $L
nogle $arametre at have en bedre mil*G- og sundhedsmWssig $rofil end deca6,-5 men der er blevet
re*st en vis be'ymring er om deres mil*Gegens'aber1 Polymere bromerede flammehWmmere og
i''e-halogenerede alternativer mar'edsfGres ogsL til de vWsentligste anvendelsesomrLder5 men
$risen er tilsyneladende hG*ere end $risen $L deca6,-1 )ogle af de vigtigste alternativer til brugen
af deca6,- i $lastty$erne H4PS og #6S har vWret co$olymere $lastty$er5 PP-2H4PS og P"2#6S
med i''e- halogenerede flammehWmmere1 ,er er i''e en en'elt flammehWmmer5 som 'an erstatte
deca6,- i alle anvendelser i te'stiler5 men der er mange muligheder $L mar'edet5 herunder alter-
native flammehWmmere5 fibre som i sig selv er flammehWmmende5 fiberblandinger5 barrierelag5
fiberdug og andre metoder5 som viser at brugbare alternativer e'sisterer1 ,et samme gWlder for
anvendelsen af H6",, i te'stiler1

-n begrWnsning af deca6,- forventes i''e at have nogen negativ indvir'ning $L $roducenter af
$lastdele5 te'stiler eller mGbler i ,anmar'1

4BCDD
>o1#i1nin# - H6",, er for nylig blevet omfattet af 'ravene om autorisation under 7-#"H 8bilag
N4V til 7-#"H9 med en solnedgangsdato 8Fsunset dateF9 den 21 august 20?1 H"6,, er desuden i
ma* 20! blevet o$fGrt $L listen over stoffer5 som s'al begrWnses5 under Stoc'holm-'onventionen
med en tidsbegrWnset undtagelse for byggematerialer af e's$anderet $olystyren 8-PS95 eller e's-
truderet $olystyren 8NPS91 6egrWnsningen vil trWde i 'raft i -U i ma* 20/1 -t forslag til harmoni-
seret 'lassificering og mWr'ning er blevet indsendt og er under evaluering1

An1endelse :,et globale forbrug af H6",, er steget fra A1>00 tons2Lr i 200 til !1000 tons2Lr i
201 4 -U var det gennemsnitlige forbrug af H6",, i $erioden 200-20 01000-21?00 tons2Lr
og H6",, er for G*ebli''et den af de bromerede flammehWmmer5 der anvendes i de stGrste mWng-
der i -U1 Om'ring .0 M af forbruget af H6",, i -U er som additiv flammehWmmer i $olystyren1
Polystyren med H6",,5 i form af -PS eller NPS5 anvendes hovedsageligt som isolerings$lader i
bygninger og i ve*- og *ernbane'onstru'tioner for at undgL frosts'ader og fungere som et let 'on-
stru'tionsmateriale5 der 'an fordele try''et $L 'onstru'tionen1 ,en resterende del anvendes til at
flammehWmme $lastty$en H4PS og i te'stiler1

H6",, er i ,anmar' anvendt som flammehWmmer til fremstilling af -PS-$lader til byggeformLl
og til -PS-emballage til ele'troni'1 ,et samlede forbrug til $rodu'tion i ,anmar' var om'ring ton
i 2025 hvil'et er et mar'ant fald i forhold til de A-! tons anvendt i ...1 4 ... blev hoved$arten
af den fremstillede flammehWmmet -PS e's$orteret1 4 ... var det vWsentligste forbrug af H6",,
'nyttet til im$orteret flammehWmmet NPS5 som tegnede sig for -2. tons H6",,5 og det er det
sandsynligvis stadigt1 NPS im$orteret fra andre lande end de nordis'e lande indeholder i dag
H6",,1 +il anvendelser i bygninger og anlWg i ,anmar' er flammehWmmede 'valiteter af -PS og
NPS i''e $L'rWvet5 da materialerne stadig er brWndbare og under alle omstWndigheder s'al vWre
dW''et af et i''e-brWndbart materiale5 som bes'ytter mod antWndelse1 (orbruget af flammehWm-
met -PS i ,anmar' synes at vWre stigende i visse ty$er Fnul-energi huseF af en ny 'onstru'tion5
hvor vWggene er bygget af flammehWmmet -PS-blo''e be'lWdt med et i''e-brWndbart materiale1
,et flammehWmmede -PS til dette formLl im$orteres1

brominated flame retardants 2!

+il7? o# sundhed = H6",, er o$fGrt som $ersistente organis'e mil*Ggift 8POP-stof9 i bilag # til
Stoc'holm-'onventionen1 Stoffet er 'lassificeret som re$rodu'tionsto'sis'1

Alternati1er - Polymere bromerede flammehWmmere er for nylig blevet indfGrt som Fdro$-inF
alternativer til H6",,5 og de stGrste $roducenter af bromerede flammehWmmere i verden er i
G*ebli''et ved at Gge $rodu'tions'a$aciteten for de $olymere bromerede flammehWmmere for at
'unne imGde'omme den forventede efters$Grgsel1 ,er er i''e fundet uafhWngige evalueringer af de
sundheds-og mil*GmWssige egens'aber af de $olymere alternativer1 4fGlge information fra industri-
en5 er de $olymere bromerede flammehWmmere $otentielt $ersistente 8i''e bionedbrydelige95 men
har et lavt $otentiale for bioa''umulation og et lavt $otentiale for to'sicitet1 ,er mar'edsfGres i''e
i''e-halogenerede alternativer til brug i -PS2NPS5 men flammehWmmet -PS2NPS 'an erstattes af
andre isoleringsmaterialer1 #lternativerne har fors'ellige fordele og ulem$er i forhold til flamme-
hWmmet -PS5 men de har ty$is' bedre brandegens'aber og indeholder mindre $roblematis'e 'e-
mis'e stoffer1 Prisen for de billigste alternativer s$Wnder fra mere eller mindre den samme $ris som
for flammehWmmet -PS til om'ring !0M mere1 -PS med $olymere bromerede flammehWmmere er
endnu i''e blevet sammenlignet med de alternativer materialer1

Sammenlignet med andre -U-medlemsstater5 er forbruget af flammehWmmet -PS 2NPS lille i
,anmar'5 dels fordi i''e-brandbare isoleringsmaterialer har vWret den foretru'ne lGsning og dels
fordi der anvendes i''e- flammehWmmede 'valiteter af -PS2NPS1 -n begrWnsning af H6",, for-
ventes i''e at have vWsentlig negativ indvir'ning $L $roducenter af -PS2NPS eller brugere af mate-
rialerne i ,anmar'1

TBBPA
'e#ulerin# -
An1endelse : +66P# er den vigtigste bromerede flammehWmmer globalt set og tegner sig for
om'ring /0M af den samlede globale $rodu'tion1 +66P# bruges $rimWrt som rea'tiv flamme-
hWmmer i $rint'ort til ele'tronis' udstyr1 4 -U var det gennemsnitlige forbrug af +66P# til $ro-
du'tion af arti'ler i 200-20 1000-21?00 tons2Lr og stoffet udgGr dermed en mindre del af for-
bruget af bromerede flammehWmmere til $rodu'tion af arti'ler i -U1 Om'ring .0 M af forbruget i
-U er som rea'tiv flammehWmmere til $rint'ort5 ?M som rea'tiv flammehWmmer til andre formLl5
mens om'ring ?M blev brugt som additiv flammehWmmer i $last1 Hoved$arten af +66P# i slut$ro-
du'ter5 der sWlges i -U5 8hvor +66P# hovedsageligt er bygget ind i $olymerstru'turen9 im$orteres
til -U med fWrdige arti'ler og 'om$onenter5 fGrst og fremmest fra #sien1

+66P# er tildelt en harmoniseret 'lassificering $L grund af stoffets giftighed overfor organismer i
vandmil*Get1 Her ud over er stoffet i''e er individuelt omfattet af nogen dans' eller -U-lovgivning1

+il7? o# sundhed : 0un additiv brug af +66P# er nWvnt som e'sem$el $L bromerede flamme-
hWmmere5 der er omfattet af LOUS1 7ationalet er5 at +66P# ved rea'tiv anvendelse i''e som sLdan
til stede i de endelige arti'ler5 men er blevet indbygget i den $olymere stru'tur5 og materialet 'an
betragtes som en bromeret $last1 -U-risi'ovurderingen for +66P# anslLr5 at afgivelse af +66P# til
luft fra arti'ler5 hvor stoffet er anvendt som additiv flammehWmmer5 udg*orde ca1 ? M af de samle-
de emissioner af +66P# til luft5 mens tab fra rea'tiv brug af +66P# i arti'ler blev anslLet at vWre
ubetydelige1 4 fGlge -U-risi'ovurderingen er den dire'te forbrugere's$onering for +66P# sandsyn-
ligvis ubetydelig5 og den -uro$Wis'e (Gdevareautoritet5 -(S#5 'on'luderer5 at de foreliggende data
indi'erer5 at den nuvWrende e's$onering for +66P# via 'osten i -U i''e giver anledning til
sundhedsmWssig be'ymring1 Stoffet er 'lassificeret som giftigt i vandmil*Get5 men det o$fylder
baseret $L de tilgWngelige data i''e 7-#"H P6+-'riterierne1 ,er er ingen $lanlagte tiltag for
+66P# under 7-#"H1 Under anaerobe forhold 'an +66P# undergL debromering5 hvorved der
dannes bis$henol-# 86P#9 og +66P# er sLledes 'nyttet til dis'ussionen om den $otentielle effe't af
6P#1 ,en vigtigste 'ilde til udsli$ af +66P# til mil*Get blev i -U-risi'ovurderingen vurderet at vWre
fremstillings$rocesser1 Som resultatet af et frivilligt $rogram 8V-"#P9 som omfatter $roducenter og
2/ brominated flame retardants

brugere af +66P# lWngere nede i $rodu't'Wden 8downstream-users95 er de samlede udsli$ blevet
vWsentligt reduceret i de seneste Lr1
Alternati1er - #lternativer til den additive brug af +66P# er i store trW' de samme stoffer5 som
'an anvendes som alternativer til deca6,-1 #lternativer til rea'tiv anvendelse af +66P# er $rimWrt
i''e-halogenerede flammehWmmere1 ,en nuvWrende udvi'ling i retning af at erstatte +66P# i
$rint'ort synes $rimWrt at vWre en del af en $roces5 hvor alle halogenholdige stoffer og $lastty$er
erstattes for at 'unne mar'edsfGre udstyret som halogenfrit1

DBDP0 o# 0BT0BPI
'e#ulerin# -
An1endelse :,P,P- synes at vWre det vigtigste erstatningsstof for deca6,-5 og de tilgngelige
data indi'erer5 at ,6,P- er blandt de vigtigste additive bromerede flammehWmmere i -U5 0ina og
%a$an1 4 -U er den registrerede $rodu'tion og im$ort af ,6,P- angivet som 000Q5 uden en Gvre
grWnse1 -6+-6P4 er i -U registreret med en $rodu'tion og im$ort i 00-1000 tons2Lr intervallet1

,e to stoffer er i''e s$ecifi't omfattet af gWldende dans' og -U-lovgivning5 men ,6,P- indgLr i
den lGbende handlings$lan for (Wlless'abet 8"O7#P9 under 7-#"H1

,e to stoffer har anvendelsess$e'tre in $olymerer5 som helt svarer til s$e'tret for deca6,-5 og 'an
anvendes som Fdro$-inF alternativer til deca6,-1 ,-,P- er fundet i s$ildevandsslam i )orden i
'oncentrationerne af samme stGrrelsesorden som deca6,-1 UndersGgelser viser5 at forurening af
det svens'e mil*G med ,6,P- allerede har nLet et niveau svarende til niveauet af deca6,-5 og at
denne forurening $rimWrt er et resultat af atmosfWris' nedfald1 Yderligere overvLgning af ,6,P- i
#r'tis er blevet foreslLet af ,"- R )ationalt "enter for &il*G og -nergi1 ,er er meget begrWnsede
data vedrGrende fore'omsten af -6+-6P4 i mil*Get5 da stoffet i''e har vWret omfattet af screeninger
af bromerede flammehWmmere i de nordis'e og ar'tis'e mil*Ger1

+il7? o# sundhed : ,6,P- er $ersistent5 men o$fylder i''e 7-#"H P6+-'riterierne5 baseret $L
de tilgWngelige data1 ,er er dog i G*ebli''et i''e tilstrW''eligt mange $Llidelige data til at 'omme
med en endelig vurdering1 -n britis' mil*Grisi'oanalyse 'on'luderer5 at der er et $otentiale for5 at
,6,P- 'an gennemgL redu'tiv debromering analog med debromeringen af deca6,-5 og det er for
nylig vist5 at ,6,P- 'an have $otentiale for at gennemgL fotolytis'e debromeringsrea'tioner1 ,en
mil*GmWssige betydning af sLdanne rea'tioner er dog i G*ebli''et u'endt1 4fGlge en -U-
e's$ertgru$$e om identifi'ation og evaluering af P6+ og vPv6-stoffer 8P6+-e's$ertgru$$en9 'an
-6+-6P4 i''e betragtes som et P6+-stof1 #lternativer til ,6,P- og -6+-6P4 er enten $olymere
bromerede flammehWmmere eller i''e-halogenerede flammehWmmere5 hvoraf nogle har bedre
mil*G-og sundhedsmWssige $rofiler i screeningsvurderinger1

Alternati1er R ,e to stoffer er de almindeligste alternativer til deca6,-1 #lternativer er de samme
$olymere bromerede flammehWmmere og i''e-halogenerede flammehWmmere5 som 'an anvendes
som alternativer til deca6,-1

Andre bromerede flammeh<mmere
An1endelse :(or de Gvrige bromerede flammehWmmere er information om den globale $rodu'ti-
on og $rodu'tion og forbrug i -U mere begrWnset1 ,et globale forbrug ser ud til at vWre steget fra
om'ring 01000 tons2Lr i 200 til om'ring ?01000 tons2Lr i 201

,ata om forbruget af andre bromerede flammehWmmere i -U er fL og usi're1 (or de i''e-$olymere
bromerede flammehWmmere5 viser registreringerne $L -"H#s h*emmeside den samlede im$ort og
$rodu'tion af hvert stof i mWngdeintervaller 8f1e's1 00-1000 tons2Lr91 (or $olymere bromerede
flammehWmmere foreligger der i''e o$gGrelser5 da $olymerer er fritaget for registrering under
7-#"H1 ,e bromerede flammehWmmere5 som er registreret i den hG*este tonnage 8bortset fra de
stoffer5 der er nWvnt ovenfor95 er de rea'tive flammehWmmere halogeneret $olyether$olyol 6 og
brominated flame retardants 2?

25/5A- tribrom$henol 8+6P9 samt den additive bromerede flammehWmmer ++6P-+#O5 som alle er
registreret i 1000-01000 tons2Lr mWngdeintervallet1 +ribromneo$entylal'ohol 8+6)P#9 er regi-
streret med fortrolig tonnage1 #ndre additive bromerede med en registreret samlet im$ort og $ro-
du'tion i 00-1000 tons2Lr intervallet er tris8tribrom-neo$entyl9$hos$hat 8++6)PP95 $oly $enta-
brombenBylacrylat 8P66-#"79 og tetrabrom$hthalatester 86-H - +-6P91 ,e vWsentligste anvendel-
ser af de fors'ellige bromerede flammehWmmere er 'endt og bes'revet i denne 'ortlWgning5 men
detal*erede o$delinger af forbruget af hvert stof $L de fors'ellige anvendelsesomrLder er i''e til-
gWngelige1

6ortset fra 'ravene i 3----dire'tivet5 som vedrGrer alle bromerede flammehWmmere5 og nogle
mil*GmWr'er er de Gvrige bromerede flammehWmmere i''e omfattet af nogen dans' eller -U-
lovgivning1 PentabromethylbenBen 8P6-69 og P66-#cr indgLr i OSP#7-listen over 'emi'alier med
$rioriteret indsats1+il7? o# sundhed : -n screening af A FnyeF bromerede flammehWmmere i det
nordis'e mil*G viste5 at 'oncentrationerne af de FnyeF bromerede flammehWmmere med fL undta-
gelser var i samme stGrrelsesorden eller lavere end summen af 6,- congenere 6,- -2@5 -/>5 -..5 -
005 -?! og -?/5 som er $rioriterede stoffer under -USs vandrammedire'tiv1

#f de additive bromerede flammehWmmere med en registreret im$ort eller $rodu'tion i -U 8dvs1
$rodu'tion og im$ort er over 00 tons2Lr9 er fGlgende stoffer i''e medtaget i den seneste screening
af bromerede flammehWmmere i de nordis'e mil*G og ingen data om deres fore'omst i de nordis'e
eller ar'tis'e mil*Ger er blevet fundetC -6+-6P45 ++6P-+#O5 bis8$entabrom$heno;y9 benBen 8/S-
Pe6PO6,-20@9 og ++6)PP1 Screeningen af bromerede flammehWmmere i de nordis'e mil*G fandt
ogsL nogle rea'tive bromerede flammehWmmere i betydelige 'oncentrationerC ,6P og +6P1 (ire af
de registrerede rea'tive bromerede flammehWmmere er i''e medtaget i screeningenC ,6)PK5
H--HP-+-6P og +-6P-#nh5 halogeneret $olyether$olyol 6 og tetrabrom$hthalsyreanhydrid-
baseret diol1

(lere af de FnyeF bromerede flammehWmmere er i''e blevet undersGgt i detal*er5 men de i''e-
$olymere bromerede flammehWmmere formodes at have nogle af de samme vir'ninger som de
mere velundersGgte bromerede flammehWmmere1 -n af disse er H665 som formentlig er mere
$ersistent og giftigt end P6,-1

,a de to'si'ologis'e me'anismer af de fors'ellige bromerede flammehWmmere synes at vWre rela-
terede5 'an blandinger af bromerede flammehWmmere have additive og synergistis'e vir'ninger1

Alternati1er - #lternativerne til andre bromerede flammehWmmere er i''e-halogenerede flam-
mehWmmere og alternative materialer uden flammehWmmere1 ,e tilgWngelige vurderinger af al-
ternativer omfatter i''e en vurdering af nedbrydnings$rodu'ter eller en vurdering af5 hvorledes de
flammehWmmede materialer o$fGrer sig i forbindelse med brand eller u'ontrolleret afbrWnding1
+ilstedevWrelsen af bromerede flammehWmmere har vist sig at have en negativ indflydelse $L f1e's1
dannelsen af rGg5 og under termis' stress 'an de resultere i dannelse af farlige stoffer1 ,e fleste
undersGgelser har dog behandlet P6,- og andre bromerede flammehWmmere med hG* risi'o for
dannelse af farlige stoffer5 men i''e e'sem$elvis de $olymere bromerede flammehWmmere1 6etyd-
ningen af dannelse af farlige stoffer og rGg i et livscy'lus-$ers$e'tiv synes at vWre det vigtigste
s$GrgsmLl5 nLr man sammenligner vir'ningen af i''e-regulerede bromerede flammehWmmere med
i''e- halogenerede flammehWmmere5 men detal*erede vurderinger er endnu i''e tilgWngelige1 ,ata
om vir'ningen af i''e-halogenerede flammehWmmere $L dannelsen af rGg og farlige stoffer er be-
grWnset5 og sammenlignende vurderinger af fors'ellige ty$er af bromerede flammehWmmere og
i''e-halogenerede flammehWmmere $L disse $arametre mangler1

(orfatterne til en nylig sammenfatning om $ersistens5 bioa''umulation og giftighed af i''e-
halogenerede flammehWmmere5 som er et af resultaterne af det -U-finansierede -)(47O $ro*e't5
'on'luderer5 at der var store datamangler for fysis'-'emis'e egens'aber og P6+-egens'aber for de
2A brominated flame retardants

i''e-halogenerede flammehWmmere1 (or at 'unne vurdere5 om de i''e-halogenerede flamme-
hWmmere er egnede alternativer5 s'al hvert stof undersGges en'eltvis ved at sammenligne stoffets
P6+-egens'aber med egens'aberne af de tilsvarende halogenerede flammehWmmere1 4ndtil flere
data foreligger5 er det fortsat umuligt $rWcist at vurdere risi'oen af hver af disse forbindelser5 ogsL
de som allerede mar'edsfGres intensivt1

+il7?m<r"e"riterier
,e nordis'e mil*GmWr'e'riterier for en bred vifte af $rodu'tgru$$er udelu''er brugen af nogle
eller alle bromerede flammehWmmere i mil*GmWr'ede $rodu'ter1 ,e nG*agtige 'riterier varierer fra
$rodu'tgru$$e til $rodu'tgru$$e1 4 nogle $rodu'tgru$$er er det 'un bromerede flammehWmmere5
der er tildelt sWrlige risi'o-sWtninger 8f1e's1 sWtninger der vedrGrende "&7-egens'aber
/
95 der i''e
mL anvendes1 4 andre er det angivet5 at visse flammehWmmere i''e mL vWre til stedeC -nten alle
flammehWmmere5 alle halogenerede flammehWmmere eller alle halogenerede organis'e flamme-
hWmmere1 4 mange af 'riterierne for ele'tris' og ele'tronis' udstyr er der undtagelser for rea'tivt
anvendte bromerede flammehWmmere og flammehWmmere i $lastdele $L mindre end 2? g1

-U mil*GmWr'e'riterierne omfatter generelt i''e brugen af rea'tive flammehWmmere1 0riterierne
for fors'elligt ele'tris' og ele'tronis' udstyr udelu''er brugen af additive flammehWmmere5 der
o$fylder 'riterierne for 'lassificering i bestemte fare'lasser1 4 $ra'sis vedrGrer restri'tionerne i de
fleste af 'riterierne - ud over de generelle -U begrWnsninger af P6,- og P66 - hovedsagelig additiv
brug af +66P# og brugen af H6",,1 0riterierne for madrasser5 gulvbelWgning5 te'stilvarer og
mGbler udelu''er enhver brug af additive flammehWmmere i arti'lerne1

Affaldsh@ndterin#
Borts"affelse af affald indeholdende bromerede flammeh<mmere - #ffald af ele'tris' og
ele'tronis' udstyr 83---9 re$rWsenterer den stGrste affaldsfra'tion indeholdende bromerede
flammehWmmere1 #ndre stGrre affaldsfra'tioner er isoleringsmaterialer fra byggeri 8-PS2NPS og
PU s'um9 og affald fra o$hugning af 'GretG*er1 6romerede flammehWmmere i te'stiler5 mGbler5
maling osv1 vil udgGre en lille del i ,anmar'5 men 'an vWre mere betydelige i andre -U medlems-
stater1 3----dire'tivet 'rWver5 at $last5 der indeholder bromerede flammehWmmere5 bGr f*ernes
fra det indsamlede 3--- til sele'tiv behandling1 ,en dans'e be'endtgGrelse 'rWver endvidere5 at
det f*ernede $last indeholdende bromerede flammehWmmere s'al afleveres til vir'somheder5 der er
god'endt til at hLndtere brom-holdigt affald1 4 ,anmar' bliver $last indeholdende bromerede
flammehWmmere fra 3--- borts'affet til almindelig affaldsforbrWnding1 ,et samme er situatio-
nen for $last indeholdende bromerede flammehWmmere fra byggese'toren og te'stiler og mGbler1
Plast fra fragmentering af 'GretG*er5 borts'affes $L 'ontrolleret losse$lads1

-n del udt*ente ele'tris'e og ele'tronis'e $rodu'ter i nogle -U lande synes stadig at blive hLndteret
u'ontrolleret i lande uden for -U5 enten ved ulovlig e's$ort af 3---5 eller fordi det e's$orteres
som brugt udstyr til genbrug i udvi'lingslande1 ,en endelige borts'affelse af $last indeholdende
bromerede flammehWmmere 8eventuelt efter genbrug9 er i alle tilfWlde uanset formLlet med e'-
s$orten formentlig u'ontrolleret afbrWnding eller u'ontrolleret de$onering $L fyld$ladser1

Bromerede flammeh<mmereA som er P6P:stoffer : SWrlige bestemmelser for affald5 der
indeholder POP-stoffer5 er fastsat i 0ommissionsforordning 8-U9 nr1 >?A2200 om Wndring af POP-
forordningen1 (or he;a66 er der fastsat en grWnsevWrdi for sWrlige borts'affelselsesforanstaltnin-
ger $L ?0 mg2'g5 men det har ingen $ra'tis' betydning for ,anmar'5 da he;abromo$henyl sand-
synligvis i''e er til stede i affaldet1 ,er er endnu i''e blevet fastsat 'oncentrationsgrWnser for de
fire P6,-Ser1 #fhWngigt af hvil'e grWnser5 der fastsWttes af -U-'ommissionen5 'an se$arat ind-
samling og behandling af visse affaldsfra'tioner blive nGdvendig1

/
"&7 P carcinogene5 mutagene eller re$rodu'tionsto'sis'e
brominated flame retardants 2>

;orbr<ndin# o# u"ontrolleret afbr<ndin# : -n af de vigtigste be'ymringer i relation til for-
brWnding af $last indeholdende bromerede flammehWmmere har vWret risi'oen for dannelse af
bromerede og blandede bromerede2chlorerede dio;iner og furaner1 ,e foreliggende data viser5 at
destru'tionseffe'tiviteten for bromerede flammehWmmere i forbrWndingsanlWg til husholdningsaf-
fald i nordis'e lande generelt er bedre end ..5...M1 -ndvidere er det vist5 at forbrWnding af bro-
merede flammehWmmere 'an bidrage med en mindre del af de samlede dannede dio;iner og fura-
ner5 og at filtre til 'ontrol af emissioner af chlorerede dio;iner og furaner ogsL er effe'tive til at
fange de bromerede og blandede bromerede2chlorerede dio;iner og furaner1

&ens emissionen fra forbrWndingsanlWg med moderne rGggasrensning ser ud til at vWre lille5 er der
meget litteratur der indi'erer5 at emissioner af dio;iner og furaner fra brande 8herunder utilsigtede
losse$ladsbrande9 og u'ontrolleret afbrWnding af $last indeholdende bromerede flammehWmmere
'an vWre betydelig1

An1endelse af slam %@ landbru#s7ord : StGrstedelen af bromerede flammehWmmere i s$ilde-
vandet ender i slamfra'tionen i rensningsanlWg1 ,eca6,-5 H6",, og ,6,P- er de dominerende
bromerede flammehWmmere i 'ommunalt s$ildevandsslam1 ,e tilgWngelige data viser5 at niveauet
af deca6,- og H"6,, i s$ildevandsslam i Storbritannien og 4rland er ca1 en fa'tor 0 hG*ere end i
andre -U-medlemsstater5 hvil'et indi'erer en sammenhWng med den udbredte brug af disse stoffer
i te'stiler og mGbler i to lande1 )ylige analyser af A FnyeF bromerede flammehWmmere i slam fra
rensningsanlWg i de nordis'e lande viser5 at 'oncentrationen af ,6,P- er i samme stGrrelsesorden
som 'oncentrationerne af deca6,- og H6",, fundet i andre undersGgelser5 mens 'oncentratio-
nerne af de resterende ? bromerede flammehWmmere er betydeligt lavere1 7esultaterne be'rWfter5
at ,6,P- i vid udstrW'ning har erstattet deca6,- i anvendelser5 der 'an fGre til udsli$ til s$ilde-
vand1

-n risi'ovurdering fra 202 om anvendelsen af slam indeholdende bromerede flammehWmmere $L
landbrugs*ord i ,anmar'5 som indeholdt en detal*eret vurdering af deca6,- og +66P#5 'on'lude-
rede5 at det var meget usandsynligt5 at niveauet af bromerede flammehWmmere i dans' slam udgGr
en vWsentlig risi'o for de *ordlevende organismer og *ordens 'valitet i almindelighed5 hvis de a'tu-
elle retningslin*er for anvendelse af s$ildevandsslam fGlges1

Bi#ti#ste dataman#ler
,etal*erede data om brugen af andre bromerede flammehWmmere end P6,-5 H6",, og +66P#
globalt og i -U er i''e tilgWngelige i den offentlige litteratur1 ,en offentlige del af 7-#"H registre-
ringer giver som nWvnt en vis indi'ation af $rodu'tion og im$ort i -U mWngdeintervaller5 men
$olymere bromerede flammehWmmere er i''e er underlagt registrering5 og der er ingen tilgWngeli-
ge o$lysninger om de mar'edsfGrte mWngder af disse stoffer1 (orbruget af nogle de andre bromere-
de flammehWmmere end de gamle 'endte forventes at vWre stigende5 men manglen $L data be-
grWnser en vurdering af tendenserne i forbruget af bromerede flammehWmmere og overvLgning af
vir'ningerne af regulatoris'e indgreb1 &anglen $L detal*erede data om forbruget af de bromerede
flammehWmmere $L anvendelsesomrLder begrWnser desuden en vurdering af de $otentielle udsli$
og e's$onering af mennes'er og mil*G1

,ata om stoffernes s'Wbne5 e's$onering samt mil*G-og sundhedsmWssige effe'ter for de fleste
Fend$ointsF mangler for nWsten alle bromerede flammehWmmere1

Viden om den fa'tis'e s'Wbne af 3---5 som e's$orteres til behandling uden for ,anmar'5 er
begrWnset1

,er er i''e fundet data om den fa'tis'e genanvendelse af affald indeholdende bromerede flamme-
hWmmere i ,anmar' eller -U1

2@ brominated flame retardants

6etydningen af de fors'ellige bromerede flammehWmmere $L dannelsen af bromerede og blandede
bromerede2chlorerede dio;iner og furaner ved fors'ellige ty$er af termis'e $rocesser er i''e 'endt
for de fleste bromerede flammehWmmere1

brominated flame retardants 2.

$. Introduction to the sub:
stance #rou%
$.$ Definition of the substance #rou%
(lame retardants are added to $olymeric materials5 both natural and synthetic5 to enhance the
flame-retardancy $ro$erties of the $olymers1

+he flame retardants may be divided into several families1 +he grou$ing varies5 but often the flame
retardants are divided into five main families of flame-retardant chemicalsC

4norganic flame retardants including aluminium trio;ide5 magnesium hydro;ide5 ammonium
$oly$hos$hate5 and red $hos$horus1 +his family re$resents about ?0M of the total mar'et vol-
ume1

6rominated flame retardants 86(7s91 +he grou$ is sometimes considered to include only the
organic brominated flame retardants5 but the inorganic flame retardant ammonium bromide is
included in this survey1

"hlorinated flame retardants1

Organo$hos$horous flame retardants1 +he most im$ortant organo$hos$horous flame retard-
ants are $hos$hate esters1 Organo$hos$horous flame retardants with bromine content are
considered to be included in the grou$ of brominated flame retardants in this survey1 +he non-
halogenated $hos$horous-based organic and inorganic flame retardants are sometimes con-
sidered together because they re$resent a s$ecific mar'et segment1

)itrogen-based organic flame retardants1

#ccording to the ma*or manufacturers of 6(7s5 more than !0 bromine com$ounds are in use today5
although only a few are used in large amounts 8-6(74P5 2091 #$$endi; ! lists !0 "#S numbers of
6(7s5 and @ 6(7s with $ro$rietary "#S numbers 8non-disclosed "#S numbers95 manufactured and
mar'eted by the ma*or global manufacturers of flame retardants1

Over time more than >0 different 6(7s have been mar'eted1 Several of the 6(7s are banned today5
but may still be $resent in $roducts in use in society or in the environment1

# gross list of 6(7s has been $o$ulated on the basis ofC

# list of 6(7s mar'eted by ma*or manufacturers shown in #$$endi; !1
6(7s evaluated by the -uro$ean (ood Safety #uthority 8-(S#91 -(S# has in recent years $ub-
lished a number of assessments re$orts addressing 6(7s1
# review $a$er suggesting a novel abbreviation standard for organobromine 8and other9 Vame
retardants 86ergman et al.5 202a9I
# substance flow analysis of 6(7s in ,enmar' from ... which identified / 6(7s used for
$roduction $rocesses in ,enmar' 8Lassen et al.5 ...9I
!0 brominated flame retardants

# survey of brominated flame retardants in the )ordic environment 8Schlabach et al.5 2091

(or all substances in the gross list it has been chec'ed if they are $re-registered or registered under
7-#"H1 (or substances im$orted or manufactured in the 00-000 t2y range the deadline for reg-
istration was %une 20!1 +he registered volume is based on the u$date of the registration database
of ! %une 20!1

+he 6(7s from the gross list has been divided into two tables1

+able includes a list of A. identified 6(7s5 which have been $re-registered under 7-#"H and2or
are $roduced by the ma*or manufacturers of 6(7s1 Some of the $ro$rietary 6(7s 8with non-
disclosed "#S )umber9 may in fact consist of the same substances 8the total number would conse-
=uently be less than A.9 and H6",, is re$resented by two "#S numbers5 so the total may actually
be about A? 6(7s1

+he manufacturing and use of the 6(7s are further described in cha$ter 05 but the registered ton-
nages are indicated in +able with the aim of $rioritiBation of the substances for the survey1 +he
substances are either registered by an individual or a *oint submission1 4n the case of a *oint submis-
sion5 the indicated tonnage band is the total of all manufactured and2or im$orted volumes1 +he
registration of H6",, is5 for instance5 a *oint submission by > com$anies with a total registered
tonnage of 05000-005000 t2y1 4n some cases the substances are registered by more than one indi-
vidual submissionI in these instances5 each of the individual tonnage bands are indicated5 i1e1 the
total registered tonnage is the sum of the individual submissions1

+he $resent study concerns all 6(7s5 but in some cha$ters more focus is $ut on the substances
manufactured in larger volumes and5 therefore5 currently of greater concern1 (or some of the manu-
factured 6(7s the "#S numbers are indicated as $ro$rietary 8not disclosed9 and it has not been
$ossible to identify these substances in the 7-#"H databases1 (urthermore5 some of the $olymeric
flame retardants are $olymers and5 as such5 are not sub*ect to $re-registration and registration
under 7-#"H1 (or at least one "#S number5 the substance has been introduced after the $re-
registration deadline and is conse=uently not included in the database of $re-registered substances
8and still not registered91

+he abbreviations used in this re$ort are in accordance with a novel abbreviation standard for or-
ganobromine 8and other9 Vame retardants suggested by 6ergman et al. 8202a91 +he abbreviations
used are the so-called $ractical abbreviations 8P7#691 +he 4nternational OrganiBing "ommittee for
the bi-annual international sym$osia for 6(7s recommends that authors follow this abbreviation
system in order to facilitate communication and minimiBe confusion1 4n all tables derived from the
literature5 the abbreviations have been changed to be consistent throughout the re$ort1 Original
abbreviations from the cited literature are listed together with the abbreviations used in this re$ort
in #$$endi; 25 which includes chemical and $hysical $ro$erties of the substances1

#$$endi; 2 also indicates the common names for the substances5 which are generally used in this
re$ort1 +he substance names indicated in +able are the names as they a$$ear in $re-registrations
and registrations1


TAB>0 $
4,-)+4(4-, 6(7S 3H4"H #7- -4+H-7 P7--7-K4S+-7-, #),2O7 P7O,U"-, 6Y &#%O7 &#)U(#"+U7-7S 34+H
4),4"#+4O) O( 7-K4S+-7-, +O))#K- 8#S UP,#+-, 6Y -"H# 2A %ULY 20!9

CAS No 0C No Substance name C$ Abb. C) 'DA C/

'e#isteredA
tonna#e bandA
tDy C&
Prere#istered
Su%%lied
by ma7or
manu:
facturers
C*
01alu:
ated by
0;SA
$$,*:$:/ 2/-A0/-. 6is8$entabromo$henyl9
ether
deca6,- # 05000 -
005000
; -(S#5
20b
$$5:7:, 20/-2>@-A 25/5A-+ribromo$henol +6P #27 5000 - 05000 ; -(S#5
202b
$&,:7&:7 20/->..-. tris825!-dibromo$ro$yl9
$hos$hate
+,6PP # -
-(S#5
202a
$*/&&:)5:. ZA0!-.-> Pratherm -" 20 8as indicat-
ed in the $reregistration 9
- # - ;
$*,/):.:, 2!>-!>-2 ,ecabromo-5S-bi$henyl ,eca66
# -
- -(S#5
200
$)5*::$ Polydibromo-styrene co$ol-
ymer
- # )ot $re-
registered 8$ol-
ymer9
;
$//,$*:*:7 ZA0?-0@-@ H-4ndene5 25!-dihydro-
55!-trimethyl-!-$henyl-5
octabromo deriv1
O6+&P4 # -
- -(S#5
202a
$/57&/:)):$ ?00-!..-A 252S5A5AS-+etrabromo-/5/S-
iso$ro$ylidenedi$henol5
oligomeric reaction $roducts
with -chloro-25!-
e$o;y$ro$ane and 25/5A-
tribromo$henol
- # - ; -
$5*,/5:&7:7 - 2-ethylhe;yl-25!5/5?-
tetrabromobenBoate
-H-+66 # )ot $reregis-
tered
;
$$5,:7:$ A0A-2?/-/ +ri:!-bromo-252-
bis8bromomethyl9$ro$yl<$h
os$hate1
++6)PP # 00 - 5000
-0
; -
&./,,:*/:& 2/!-@@?-0 2-82-Hydro;yetho;y9ethyl 2-
hydro;y$ro$yl !5/5?5A-
tetrabromo$hthalate
H--HP-
+-6P
# 00 - 5000
; -(S#5
202a
&$5/.:)):& 2//-A>-? 5S-84so$ro$ylidene9 bis:!5?-
dibromo-/-825!-
dibromo$ro$o;y9benBene<
+66P#-
6,6P-
7 00 - 5000
; -(S#5
20c
&*)55:*5:& 2/?-A@@-? 25!5?5A-+etrabromo-$-
;ylene
+6N # -
- -(S#5
202a
&/*&7:5:* 2/A-@?0-@ 5S-4so$ro$ylidenebis:/-
8allylo;y9-!5?-
dibromobenBene<
+66P#-
b#-
#27 -
; -(S#5
20c


'e#isteredA
tonna#e bandA
tDy C&
Prere#istered
Su%%lied
by ma7or
manu:
facturers
C*
01alu:
ated by
0;SA
&/,*7::) 2/>-/@-/ 525?5A5.50-
He;abromocyclododecane
H6",, # 05000 -
005000
;
&ainly
indicated
as "#S )o
!./-??-A
-(S#5
20a
&/7$*:,.:) ZA0>->@/-. 5!5?-+riaBine5 25/5A-
tris825/5A-
tribromo$heno;y9-
++6P-+#O # 5000 - 05000
; -(S#5
202a
&,.).:/$:7 2/>-/2A-? 6is82-ethylhe;yl9 tetrabro-
mo$hthalate
6-H-
+-6P
# 00 - 5000
; -(S#5
202a
*.7&:5):& 22-!/A-0 252S-:8-
&ethylethylidene9bis:825A-
dibromo-/5-
$henyle-
le-
ne9o;ymethylene<<biso;iran
e
+66P#-
6K-
7 -
; -(S#5
20c
*$75.:&,:) 2?0-@02- ,ibromostyrene
,6S #27 -
- -(S#5
202a
*$)://:, 22-A.?-. 525?5A5.50-
H6",, # Preregistered R
H6",, regis-
tered under "#S
)o 2?A!>-..-/
; -(S#5
20a
*&/*):5$: 2?-0@/-2 ,i$henyl ether5 $entabromo
derivative
$enta6,- # -
- -(S#5
20b
*&/*,:/&:. 2?-0@>-. ,i$henyl ether5 octabromo
derivative
octa6,- # -
- -(S#5
20b
*&/55:7,:) 2?-@-A )5)S-ethylenebis8!5/5?5A-
tetrabromo$hthalimide9
-6+-6P4 # 00 - 5000
; -(S#5
202a
*&75:5:/ 22-.!-2 2-8allylo;y9-5!5?-
tribromobenBene
+6P-#- #27 -
; -(S#5
202b
*&,:.:. 22-.A>-> 252-
bis8bromomethyl9$ro$ane-
5!-diol
,6)PK 7 00 - 5000
; -(S#5
202a
**&&:*:5 222-0!A-@ 52-,ibromo-/-852-
dibromoethyl9cyclohe;ane
,6--
,6"H
# -
- -(S#5
202a
**75:.&:, 2?-A@-@ /5/S-iso$ro$ylidenebis:25A-
dibromo$henyl< diacetate
+66P#-
bO#c
# -
- -(S#5
20c
brominated flame retardants !!


'e#isteredA
tonna#e bandA
tDy C&
Prere#istered
Su%%lied
by ma7or
manu:
facturers
C*
01alu:
ated by
0;SA
*)/7$:$,: 2?2-0.>-A 525!5/5>5>-He;achloro-?-
8tetrabromo-
$henyl9bicyclo:2121<he$t-2-
ene
H"+6PH # -
- -(S#5
202a
*/$.:,.:/ 2?2-!>2-0 5!5?-tribromo-2-825!-
dibromo$ro$o;y9benBene
,P+- # -
- -(S#5
202b
*///:$$:$ 222-A0-@ #llyl $entabromo$henyl
ether9
P6P#-
#27 -
- -(S#5
202b
*,*//:.$:5 2?2-../-2 He;abromo-5S-bi$henyl
He;a66 # -
-(S#5
200
*,)5*:/7:/ 2?!-0?>-0
252-dimethyl$ro$an--ol5
tribromo derivative
+6)P# 7 +onnage ,ata
"onfidential
4ntermediate
Use Only
; -
*75/*:/:$ 2?!-A.2-! 5S-:ethane-52-
diylbiso;y<bis:25/5A-
tribromobenBene<
6+6P- # -
; -(S#5
202a
*75/*:,$:/ 2?!-A.!-. 6enBene5 5T-8-
methylethylidene9
bis:!5?-dibromo-/-metho;y
+66P#-
6&-
7 -
- -
*/,:&$:, 2?/-?22-0 6enBene5 525!5/-
tetrabromo?-chloro-A-
methyl
+6"+
# -
- -
*,*/:7:/ 2?/-??-. /5/S-sul$honylbis:25A-
dibromo$henol<
+66PS #27 -
- -(S#5
202b
)$,&:)/:& 22/-00?-/ /5/S-iso$ro$ylidenebis82-
825A-
dibromo$heno;y9ethanol9
+66P#-
6H--
#27
- -(S#5
20c
)&7/7://:$ 2??-.2.-A bis:!5?-dibromo-/-825!-
dibromo$ro$o;y9$henyl<
sul$hone
+66PS-
6,6P-
# -
- -(S#5
202b
/$*,://:$ 2?>-?2A-0 >5@-,ibromo-525!5/55-
he;achloro-
5/5/a5?5A5>5@5.5050a-
decahydro-5/-
methanobenBocyclooctene
,6H"+, # -
- -(S#5
202a
/&)*):.: 2?>-.!-/ 5!5?-+ris825!-
dibromo$ro$yl9-5!5?-
triaBine-25/5A8H5!H5?H9-
trione
+,6P-
+#O+O
# -
- -(S#5
202a
!/ brominated flame retardants


'e#isteredA
tonna#e bandA
tDy C&
Prere#istered
Su%%lied
by ma7or
manu:
facturers
C*
01alu:
ated by
0;SA
/5,/:,,:/ 2A-?2A-A 525/5?-tetrabromo-!5A-
6is8$entabromo$heno;y9
benBene
/T-
Pe6PO6-
,-20@
# -
- -(S#5
202a
/))7://:$ 2A->A>-> 8Pentabromo$henyl9methyl
acrylate
P66-#cr 7 00 - 5000 ; -(S#5
202a
/))7:/7:* - Poly 8$entabromobenByl
9acrylate
- 7 not $reregis-
trered
;
,$/:/5:7 20-/!A-? 25/-dibromo$henol ,6P #27 - - -(S#5
202b
,.5:7$: 20-A>-! Pentabromo$henol P6P #27 - - -(S#5
202b
,*&:7:$ 2-@?-/ +etrabromo$hthalic anhy-
dride
+-6P-#nh 7 00 - 5000 ; -
,,7$.:7:& 2AA-/??-/ 2-Pro$enoic acid5 5T:8-
methylethylidene9bis:825A-
dibromo-/5$henylene9o;y-
25-ethanediyl<< ester
+66P#-
6H--6#
7 -
- -
,5))$:,&:* A/-?0!-! 2-butyne-5/-diol5 $olymer
with 2-
8chloromethyl9o;irane5
brominated5 dehydrochlo-
rinated5 metho;ylated
- 7 5000 - 05000
; -
,5&5:7.:$ ZA/-@>-0 Phenol5 /5/S-8-
dibromo-5 $olymer with 252S-
:8-
dibromo-/5-
$he-
nylene9o;ymethylene<<bis:o
;irane<
- # -
; -
7$*)&:77:* ZA?-2@2-A "arbonic dichloride5 $oly-
mer with /5/S-8-
dibromo$henol<5 bis825/5A-
tribromo$henyl9 ester
7,+-> # - ; -
7:):7 20-2!A-. 252S5A5AS-+etrabromo-/5/S-
iso$ro$ylidenedi$henol
+66P# #27 5000 - 05000 ; -(S#5
20c
brominated flame retardants !?


'e#isteredA
tonna#e bandA
tDy C&
Prere#istered
Su%%lied
by ma7or
manu:
facturers
C*
01alu:
ated by
0;SA
5)5/&:/*: 2@/-!AA-. 5S-8-thane-52-
diyl9bis:$entabromobenBene
<
,6,P- # 5000 Q ; -(S#5
202a
5/:&&:* 20-?.!-0 25!5/5?5A-
PentabromoethylbenBene
P6-6 # -
-(S#5
202a
57:5&:$ 20->>!-. He;abromobenBene
H66 # -
-(S#5
202a
57:5*:& 20->>/-/ 25!5/5?5A-
Pentabromotoluene
P6+ #27 -
-(S#5
202a
55)7:/,:7 ZA@->-0 6enBene5 ethenyl-5 homo$ol-
ymer5 brominated
:6rominated Polystyrene<
- # -
; -
)**):,):& ZA.-02-@ "arbonic dichloride5 $oly-
mer with /5/S-8-
dibromo$henol< and $henol
- # -
; -
$$/75:*:5 - 6enBene5 ethenyl-5 $olymer
with 5!-butadiene5 bromin-
ated
- # )ot indentified
in $reregistra-
tion database
8$olymer9
;
Pro%rietary Physical blend of brominat-
ed $olystyrene and a $olyes-
ter resin
- # )ot indentified
in $reregistra-
tion database
;
Pro%rietary 7eactive diol blend
- 7 -F-
;
Pro%rietary #romatic reactive diol
- 7 -F-
;
Pro%rietary 6rominated $olymer
- # -F-
;
Pro%rietary +etrabromo$hthalic #nhy-
dride 6ased ,iol
- 7 -F-
;
Pro%rietary Phos$horus-6romine (lame
7etardant
- [ -F-
;
Pro%rietary Phos$horus-6romine (lame
7etardant
- [ -F-
;
Z Substances without an -" number R the number is a list number a$$lied for the $re-registration1
Z "hemical name according to $re-registration2registration1
Z2 Substances registered with -"H#C +he database on registered substances includes as of %une 20!C
- substances manufactured or im$orted at 00 tonnes or more $er year5
- carcinogenic5 mutagenic or to;ic to re$roduction substances above tonne $er year1
Substances which are $re-registered but not registered are indicated by a F-F
Z! 4dentified at web-sites of ma*or manufacturers &arch 2021 Substances and $roducts listed in #$$endi; !1
Z/ Practical abbreviations5 P7#6s 86ergman et al.5 202a91
!A brominated flame retardants

Z? 7C reactive5 #C additiveI see main te;t for descri$tion for additive vs1 reactive use of 6(7s1 SourceC 6ergman
et al. 82029 R for substances not included in this review $a$er information is searched in the technical liter-
ature1

Substances from the gross list5 which are not $re-registered or $roduced by the ma*or manufactur-
ers5 are included in +able 21 +he substances are listed se$arately as most of the substances are
$robably not currently manufactured or im$orted into the -U5 but are rather manufactured outside
the -U 8not by the ma*or global manufacturers91

One of the substances in +able 2 has been demonstrated to be $resent in the environment in a sur-
vey of brominated flame retardants in the )ordic environment 8Schlabach et al.5 209C +6# 8"#S
)o1 A0>-..-@91

TAB>0 &
4,-)+4(4-, 67O&4)#+-, (L#&- 7-+#7,#)+S 3H4"H #7- )O+ P7--7-K4S+-7-, O7 SUPPL4-, 6Y &#%O7
&#)U(#"+U7-7S

CAS No 0C No Substance name C$ Abb. 01aluated by
0;SA
Source
$.5)55:/$:
$.&//,:,/:*
5*5)*:.7:7
- Octabromotrimethyl-
$henyl indane

O6+&P4 ; -(S#5 202a
$/&&:&:/ - +ribromoneo$entyl
alcohol :same substance
as "#S )o !A/@!-?>-?<
+6)P# ; -(S#5 202a
$,5)*):)/:/ - Phenol5 25/5A-
tribromo!-
8tetrabromo$entadecyl9
+6P,-+6P ; -(S#5 202b
&/)/:5:$ - He;abromocyclodecane H6"Y, ; -(S#5 202a
*$):/7:5 - "yclooctane5 525?5A-
tetrabromo
+6"O - 6ergman et
al.5 202a
*7)$:)&:) - Phenol5 /5/T-8-
methylethyli-
dene9bis:25Adibromo-5
di$ro$anoate 8."49
+66P#-6P - 6ergman et
al.5 202a
*5/&$:/$:, 2?!-.@?-A 6enBene5 525!5/5?-
$entabromoA-
8bromomethyl9
P666 - 6ergman et
al.5 202a
)7$.7:$*:5 - 6enBene5 5T-
:o;ybis8methylene9<bis
:25!5/5?5A-
$entabromo8."49
,6,6- - 6ergman et
al.5 202a
//&./:*5:) - 2-Pro$enoic acid5 5T-
:8-methylethylidene9
bis825A-dibromo-/5-
$henylene9< ester
+66P#-6# - 6ergman et
al.5 202a
brominated flame retardants !>

CAS No 0C No Substance name C$ Abb. 01aluated by
0;SA
Source
/75&:5:7 - -825!-,ibromo$ro$yl9-
!5?-diallyl-5!5?-triaBine-
25/5A8H5!H5?H9-trione
,6P-+#O+O ; -(S#5 202a
/5)/:.:* - 6enBene5 525!5/5?-
$entabromoA-
8chloromethyl9
P66" - 6ergman et
al.5 202a
,.7::5 - 25/5A5-tribromoanisol +6# - 6ergman et
al.5 202a
7.$/,:7:/ - 6enBene5 5T-
sulfonylbis:!5
?-dibromo-/-metho;y
+6PPS-6&- ; -(S#5 202b
7/7/:$,:* - 5!-6is825!-
dibromo$ro$yl9-?-allyl-
5!5?-triaBine-
6,6P-+#O+O ; -(S#5 202a

+he brominated flame retardants5 as defined in this survey5 can be divided into five classesC

#romatic 6(7s 8with a double carbon ring structure95 such as tetrabromobis$henol #
8+66P#95 $olybrominated di$henyl ethers 8P6,-s9 and $olybrominated bi$henyls 8P66s9C the
largest grou$ of 6(7sI
"ycloali$hatic 6(7s 8with a single carbon ring structure95 $rimarily he;abromocyclododecane
8H6",,9I
#li$hatic 6(7s 8with carbon chains without ring structures95 a few flame retardants which are
used in relatively small =uantitiesI
Polymeric 6(7s 8with re$eating carbon units9 such as brominated $olystyreneI
4norganic 6(7s 8without carbon95 includes ammonium bromide only1

4n some conte;ts only the three first classes are considered to be included in the grou$ of brominat-
ed flame retardants1

+ost common B;'s
+he most common 6(7s are decabromodi$henyl ether 8deca6,-95 tetrabromobis$henol #
8+66P#9 and he;abromocyclododecane 8H6",,95 according to information from the ma*or manu-
facturers5 and confirmed by the registered volumes 8-6(74P5 2091 ,eca6,- and H6",, are both
registered with a total $roduction Q im$ort in the 05000 - 005000 t2y range5 while +66P# are
registered in the 5000 - 05000 t2y range1

6esides these substances5 four 6(7s are registered with a $roduction Q im$ort of more than 5000
t2yC

5S-8-thane-52-diyl9bis:$entabromobenBene 8,6,P-5 additive 6(79I
5!5?-+riaBine5 25/5A-tris825/5A-tribromo$heno;y9 8++6P-+#O5 additive 6(79I
25/5A-+ribromo$henol 8+6P5 reactive 6(79I
2-butyne-5/-diol5 $olymer with 2-8chloromethyl9o;irane5 brominated5 dehydrochlorinated5
metho;ylated 8halogenated $olyether$olyol 65 reactive 6(791

!@ brominated flame retardants

;ocus of the sur1ey
LOUS 200. includes E"ertain brominated flame retardants E with three e;am$les from the grou$C
,ecabromdi$henyl ether 8deca6,-95 additive use of tetrabromobis$henol # 8+66P#9 and he;a-
bromocyclododecane 8H6",,91 +hese are also the 6(7s currently used in the highest =uantities
and some of the 6(7s which are given most attention as concerns $ossible legislative actions1 Some
alternatives to deca6,-5 $rimarily ,6,P-5 have drawn some attention as well as u$coming high-
volume 6(7s1 3ithin the limits of this survey5 a decision was made to describe the environmental
and health $ro$erties of these substances in more detail and focus the assessment of alternatives on
alternatives to these substances1 +he additive (7 ++6P-+#O with a registered volume in the 5000 -
05000 t2y range was not indicated as registered at -"H#Ss website until the u$date of 2A %uly
20!5 and was not included in the list of substances with $articular focus5 as the review of environ-
mental and health haBards were finaliBed at that time1

(or the other 6(7s5 available information on their use and $resence in environment as well as $o-
tential human e;$osure is briefly reviewed in order to identify u$coming issues and ma*or data
ga$s1

PBD0s and PBBs
Historically5 the $olybrominated di$henyl ethers or P6,-s5 together with +66P# and its deriva-
tives5 have been the main grou$s of 6(7s1 +he $olybrominated di$henyl ethers 8P6,-s9 with three
to ten bromine atoms were used in commercial additive flame retardants1

+hree different P6,-s were commercially available5 but the commercial $roducts were not $ure
substances1 +hey were referred to as commercial $enta-5 octa- and decabromodi$henyl ether5 but
each $roduct was a mi;ture of brominated di$henyl ethers1 +he commercial $roducts are often
abbreviated c-$enta6,-5 c-octa6,- and c-deca6,-1 +he e;act com$osition of the commercial
$roducts varied and according to the -U 7is' #ssessment 7e$ort for deca6,- FThe actual compo-
sition of the products from different producers/suppliers is regarded as confidential information"
(ECB, !!". 4n ..?5 the $roducers in the US# and -uro$e committed themselves to $roducing c-
deca-6,- with an average $urity of .>M or better 8Lassen et al.5 200A91 +y$ical contents5 as re$ort-
ed in the -U 7is' #ssessment for deca6,-5 are shown in +able !1

TAB>0 *
+YP4"#L "O&POS4+4O) O( "O&&-7"4#L P6,-S 86#S-, O) -"65 20029

Com%onent Number of
bromine atoms
Commercial %roductA E by (ei#ht
c:%entaBD0
C$
c:octaBD0
C&
c:decaBD0
C&
Tribromodi%henylethers ! 012
Tetrabromodi%henylethers / !A10
Pentabromodi%henylethers ? ??1
4e3abromodi%henylethers A @1A ?1?
4e%tabromodi%henylethers > /21!
6ctabromodi%henylethers @ !A1
Nonabromodi%henylethers . !1. 21?
Decabromodi%henylethers 0 21 .>1/
Total ..1. ..1. ..1.
Z ,ata from 2000I Z2C data from ..>1

brominated flame retardants !.

+oday5 mainly c-deca6,- is in commercial use1 +he $roduction of $enta6,- and octa6,- has
ceased by the ma*or global manufacturers of brominated flame retardants 8see Section !11!95 but
the substances may still be $roduced by minor $roducers 8e1g1 in "hina9 or $resent in $roducts in
use in society5 or in recycled materials1 Some im$ort of $enta6,- into the -U is re$orted in statis-
tics5 and information on the use of octa6,- in ,enmar' has been obtained 8see "ha$ter !91

+he P6,-s consist of many different congeners5 each re$resenting a s$ecific configuration of the
bromine atoms on the bi$henyl grou$5 and in monitoring they are referred to by a s$ecific congener
number e1g1 6,--/>1 ,eca6,-5 with only one $ossible configuration5 is referred to as 6,--20.1

,ecabromodi$henyl ether, decaB#E, C$% &o ''()-'*-+

+he manufacturing of brominated bi$henyls 8P66s9 which have a structure similar to P"6s but with
bromine substituting for hydrogen in the bi$henyl5 have ceased5 but the substances may still be
$resent in $roducts used in society1 +he commercial $roducts of the brominated bi$henyls5 c-
he;a66 and c-deca665 consisted of a mi;ture of different P66s1

,exabromobiphen-l, hexaBB, C$% &o )()++-!'-.

+he P66s and P6,-s are the most well described of the substances5 and much information on hu-
man health and environmental effects as well as monitoring data is available1 #s the use of $enta-
and octa6,- is highly restricted today5 the descri$tion of environmental and health im$acts of the
P6,-s will5 as well as descri$tion of alternatives5 mainly focus on deca6,-5 which is still used1 +he
other substances are described in the conte;t of their $resence in the environment5 in $roducts in
society and in waste streams1

TBBPA and deri1ati1es
+etrabromobis$henol # 8+66P#9 and derivatives are a grou$ of aromatic 6(7s in which four hy-
drogens in the bis$henol structure are re$laced by bromine1 (rom a global $ers$ective5+66P# and
derivatives have been the most im$ortant grou$ of brominated flame retardants for decades1

Tetrabromobisphenol $, TBB/$,
C$% &o 0*-*1-0
Tetrabromobisphenol $ bis (all-l ether"
TBB/$-b$E,
C$% &o +)0-.*-)
/0 brominated flame retardants

+etrabromobis$henol # 8+66P#9 can be used both as an additive 6(7 and as a reactive 6(71
+66P# is used as reactive flame retardant in the $roduction of e$o;y resins5 re$lacing bis$henol #5
$artially or totally5 in the reaction with e$ichlorhydrin1 3hen +66P# is used as a reactive flame
retardant5 the chemical identity of the com$ound is lost in the $rocess of $olymerisation1 +his
means that +66P# per se is not $resent in the final $roduct e;ce$t for a trace content of unreacted
+66P#1 +66P# can be used as an additive flame retardant in acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene 8#6S95
$olystyrene 8PS9 and $henolic resin1 4n this case the substance is $resent in the $olymer and can be
released from the surface1 #s mentioned in the $reface5 it is stated in the LOUS that only the addi-
tive use of +66P# is included in the list1

6esides +66P#5 a number of 6(7s are used reactively5 including 25/5A-tribromo$henol 825/5A -
+6P95 tetrabromo$hthalic anhydride and reactive diol blends1

4BCDD
He;abromocyclododecane5 H6",,5 is a cycloali$hatic com$ound with si; bromine atoms and the
most common non-aromatic 6(71 +he bromine atoms can have different configurations5 and com-
mercial H6",, is made u$ of three Echiral diastereomers\ which com$licates a ris' assessment
8-"65 200@91 +he three diastereomers5 ]-5 ^- and _-H6",,5 shown in the figure below5 are all
chiral and e;ist as $airs of enantiomers in technical H6",,1 #fter release to the environment5 the
enantiomers may interact differentially with other chiral molecules in biological systems 8-"65
200@91

+he sum of the diastereomers are commonly referred to as `H6",,1

2-,BC## 3-,BC## 4-,BC## (ECB, !!."

,exabromoc-clododecane, ,BC##, C$% +()0-**-1, the line indicates the mirror plane

Stereomerism is also an issue for other cycloali$hatic 6(7s such as 52-dibromo-/-852-
dibromoethyl9cyclohe;ane 8,6--,6"H91

DecaBD0 alternati1es
,eca6,- has been re$laced to a large e;tent by other 6(7s e1g1 in electrical and electronic e=ui$-
ment5 and some of the substitutes are themselves of some concern and increasingly included in
surveys and studies1 -;am$les are the aromatic 6(7sC decabromodi$henyl ethane, 8,6,P-95 eth-
ylenebis8tetrabromo$hthalimide9 8-6+-6P49 and +66P# and derivatives1 +he two first are shown
below1 #s they are alternatives to deca6,- with a nearly similar a$$lication $rofile5 the consum$-
tion of these substances may increase significantly in the future1

brominated flame retardants /

#ecabromodiphen-l ethane, #B#/E,
C$% &o .1.+-+)-*

Eth-lenebis(tetrabromophthalimide",
EBTEB/5,
C$% &o )+..-0(-1

25/5A-+ris825/5A-tribomo$heno;y9-5!5?-triaBine 8++6P-+#O9 is registered in the tonnage band of
5000-0500o t2y by one com$any which re$resents #sian manufacturers1 +he substance is indicat-
ed to be used in the $olymers H4PS and #6S in electronics and may be one of the main alternatives
to the regulated octa6,- in #6S5 and alternative to deca6,- for H4PS and other $olymers1 Very
limited information on the use of the substance is available1

5C6, !'

',),+-Tria7ine, ,1,(-tris(,1,(-tribromophenox-", ++6P-+#O, C$% &o +0')-(!-1

Brominated %olymers
6rominated $olymers have been used for certain a$$lications for many years5 but have in recent
years been increasingly mar'eted as FgreenF alternatives to e1g1 regulated 6(7s1 -;am$les are the
$ro$rietary $olymeric 6(7s Kreen#rmor
+&
and Kreen"rest
+&
from the manufacturer #lbemarle
which are mar'eted as alternatives to deca6,- and H6",,5 res$ectively5 and the -merald 4nnova-
tion
+&
series from "hemtura1 +he structure of a recently introduced $olymeric alternative to
H6",,5 which is manufactured by three of the ma*or manufacturers5 is shown below1

8% E/$, !''a

Ben7ene, ethen-l-, pol-mer 9ith ',)-butadiene, brominated
C$% &o ''*+*0.-*)-.

Other e;am$les of $olymeric 6(7s are brominated e$o;y and brominated $olyacrylate5 shown
below1 +he brominated e$o;y has brominated benBene rings in the bac'bone5 whereas the bromin-
ated $olyacrylate $olymers contain brominated aromatic side chains1


5C6, !'
5C6, !'
Brominated epox-, C$% &o )!0-.1- Brominated pol-acr-late, C$% &o +*110-+0-)

(or the assessment of these $olymeric substances it may be of im$ortance as to what e;tent the
degradation of the $olymers leads to the formation of brominated aromatic com$ounds1

Antinomy trio3ide
&any of the additive brominated flame retardants are used together with antimony trio;ide 8Sb/OA5
"#S )o !0.-A/-/9 which acts as a synergist 8+roitBsch5 200/91 #ntimony trio;ide is classified as
carcinogenic according to the "LP 7egulation 8"arc1 25 H!?91

$.& Physical and chemical %ro%erties of selected brominated flame re:
tardants
+he names5 other identifiers5 $hysical and chemical $ro$erties of the three high-volume 6(7s are
shown in +able /1 # list with selected $hysical and chemical $ro$erties of all 6(7s is included in
#$$endi; !1

+he listed $ro$erties mainly refer to the registration dossiers available at -"H#Ss website1 +he reg-
istration dossiers may include different values for the same $arameterI in this case5 all values are
indicated1 Please consult the registrations for the original references1

TAB>0 )
PHYS4"#L #), "H-&4"#L P7OP-7+4-S O( S-L-"+-, 67O&4)#+-, (L#&- 7-+#7,#)+S

BisF%entabromo%henylG ether 'eference
0C number 2/-A0/-. %oint submission registration
at -"H#Ss website
CAS number A!-.-? -E-
Synonyms ,ecabrominated di$henyl ether5 deca6,-5
5S-o;ybis8$entabromobenBene9
-E-
+olecular formula "26r0O

-E-
Physical state Solid5 at 20a" and 0! hPa -E-
+eltin#Dfree2in# %oint !0/ a"5 measurement $erformed at sea level
and room tem$erature
-E-
Boilin# %oint )o data -E-
'elati1e density 21A!5 at 20 a" -E-
Ba%our %ressure 0100000/A! Pa at 2 a" -E-
brominated flame retardants /!

Surface tension )o data -E-
-ater solubility Fm#DlG b 01 cg2l at 2? a" -E-
>o# P FoctanolD(aterG A1A2? at 2? a" -E-
+olecular (ei#ht
ran#e

&A&HA,A,H:tetrabromo:)A)H:
iso%ro%ylidenedi%henol FTBBPAG
'eference
0C number 20-2!A-. %oint submission registration
at -"H#Ss website
CAS number >.-./-> -E-
Synonyms +etrabromobis$henol #5 +66P#5 +66P-#5
252-6is8!5?-dibromo-/-
hydro;y$henyl9$ro$ane5 Phenol5 /5/T-8-
methylethylidene9 bis:25A-dibromo
6ergman et al15 202
+olecular formula
"?H26r/O2
-E-
+eltin#Dfree2in# %oint !0/ a"5 measurement $erformed at sea level
and room tem$erature
-E-
'elati1e density 21>
1>?0 'g2l
212 'g2l at / a"
-E-
Ba%our %ressure b 010000. Pa at 20 a"
Surface tension no data -E-
-ater solubility Fm#DlG Slightly soluble 801-00 mg2l9

bP 010@ mg2l at 20 d" and $H eP >1A bP @1
01>2 mg2l at ? a"
/1A mg2l at 2? a"
1>> mg2l at !? a"
-E-
>o# P FoctanolD(aterG ?1.0! at 2? a"
/1?/
-E-
+olecular (ei#ht
ran#e
?/!1@> 6ergman et al15 202
4e3abromocyclododecane 'eference
0C number 2/>-/@-/I 22-A.?-. %oint submission registration
at -"H#Ss website
CAS number 2?A!>-..-/ 8mi;ture of mainly three dia- -E-
// brominated flame retardants

stereomers9
!./-??-A 8not registered9
Synonyms H6",,5 H6",5 cyclododecane5 525?5A5.50-
he;abromo
6ergman et al15 202
+olecular formula "2H@6rA -E-
+eltin#Dfree2in# %oint @?1. f 010/ a" 8.?M confidence interval91
@21> a" 8results for H6",, 29
20 -20? a" 8for highest melting version9
&elting $oints of $ure isomers of H6",C
H6",, 8_-isomer9 P 20@ - 20d"
H6",, 2 8g-isomer9 P A. - >0d"
H6",, ! 8]-isomer9 P > - >!d"
-E-
'elati1e density 21/0! 'g2l -E-
Ba%our %ressure A12> ; 0--? Pa at 2a" -E-
Surface tension )o data -E-
-ater solubility Fm#DlG ]-H6",, /@1@f1. cg2l
^-H6",, /1>f01? cg2l
_-H6",, 21f012 cg2l
H6",, technical $roduct5 sum of above5
a$$ro;imately A? cg2l
!1/ cg2l at 2?d"
Slightly soluble 801-00 mg2l9
-E-
>o# P FoctanolD(aterG ?1A2? at 2?d"
+he Log 0ow of H6",, is within the range
of ?10>-?1/> 8]-H6",, P ?10> f 010.5 ^-
H6",, P ?12 f 010.5 _-H6",, P ?1/> f
0109 under the conditions of the calcula-
tions $resented1
-E-
+olecular (ei#ht
ran#e
A/1> 6ergman et al15 202

$.* ;unction of the substances for main a%%lication areas
+he brominated flame retardants are used to $revent the ignition of $lastic materials and te;tiles1

# fire starts with an ignition source 8for e;am$le a match9 setting combustible material 8for e;am-
$le a $iece of $lastic9 on fire1 +he fire s$reads5 heats u$ the surroundings and once the materials in
the room have formed enough flammable gases and are sufficiently hot5 flashover ta'es $lace1 +his
is the start of the fully develo$ed fire whereby tem$eratures u$ to 5200 a" can be reached1 8-(7#5
20!91

,e$ending on their nature5 flame reactants can act chemically and2or $hysically in the solid5 li=uid5
or gas $hases 8+roitBsch5 200/91 +hey interfere with combustion during a $articular stage of this
$rocess5 for e;am$le during heating5 decom$osition5 ignition5 or flame s$read 8+roitBsch5 200/91

brominated flame retardants /?

+he brominated flame retardants and other halogenated flame retardants 8generally chlorinated9
act mainly though gas $hase mechanisms 8+roitBsch5 200/91 ,ue to the release of hydrogen halide
during decom$osition5 halogen com$ounds act by re$lacing the highly reactive OH and H radicals
by the less reactive halogen radical1 6y dissi$ating the energy of the hOH radicals by tra$$ing5 the
thermal balance is modified and this strongly reduces the combustion rate1 8+roitBsch5 200/9

6rominated flame retardants dehydrogenate $olymers by virtue of abstracting hydrogen atoms
needed to $roduce hydrogen bromide1 +his $rocess enhances charring of the $olymer at the e;-
$ense of volatile combustible $roducts5 thus contributing to the flame retardancy of the $olymer1
8-(7#5 20!9

+he overall flame retardancy mechanism of all the halogenated (7s is conse=uently the same1 +he
choice of halogenated (7 de$ends on the ty$e of $olymer to be made flame retardant5 for e;am$le
in relation to the behaviour of the halogenated flame retardant under $rocessing conditions 8stabil-
ity5 melting5 distribution91 8+roitBsch5 200/9

4n the series of ali$hatic5 cycloali$hatic5 and aromatic halogen com$ounds5 the strength of the bond
between the halogen and the basic structure of the molecule increases5 which means that the tem-
$erature stability also rises5 but that the flame retardancy effectiveness may decrease1 Polybromin-
ated di$henyl ethers 8for instance deca6,-95 being aromatic com$ounds5 have more tem$erature
stability than cycloali$hatic bromine com$ounds 8such as5 for instance5 he;abromocyclododecaneC
H6",95 and can therefore be utiliBed with $lastics that must be $rocessed at relatively high tem$er-
atures1 However5 they do re=uire antimony trio;ide as a synergist to raise their effectiveness
8LeisewitB et al.5 20091

Often the addition of metallic com$ounds such as Binc or antimony o;ides enhance the efficiency of
6(7s5 by allowing the formation of transition s$ecies5 Emetal o;ohalides\5 which allow the de$osit
of a $rotective layer of metal o;ides on the surface of the material1 #ntimony trio;ide Sb2O! does
not have flame retardant $ro$erties on its own5 but is an effective synergist for bromine- and chlo-
rine-based flame retardants1 4t acts as a catalyst5 facilitating the brea'down of these halogenated
flame retardants to active free radicals1 4t also reacts with the halogens to $roduce volatile antimony
halogen com$ounds5 which are themselves directly effective in removing the high energy Hi and
OHiradicals that feed the gas $hase of the fire5 thus strengthening the flame-su$$ressing effect of
the flame retardants1 8-(7#5 20!I +roitBsch5 200/91

+he a$$lication of the 6(7s5 loading in different $lastic ty$es5 etc1 is further described in section
!1!1

/A brominated flame retardants

brominated flame retardants />

&. 'e#ulatory frame(or"
+his cha$ter gives an overview of how 6(7s are addressed in e;isting and u$coming -U and ,anish
legislation5 international agreements and by -U and )ordic eco-label criteria1

4n #$$endi; 5 a brief overview of legal instruments in the -U and ,0 and how they are related is
$resented1 +he a$$endi; also gives a brief introduction to the chemicals legislation5 e;$lains the
lists referred to in section 2112 on 7-#"K5 and $rovides a brief introduction to international
agreements and the -U and )ordic ecolabelling schemes1

&.$ >e#islation
+his section will first list e;isting legislation addressing 6(7s and then give an overview of on-going
activities5 focusing on which substances are in the $i$eline in relation to various 7-#"H $rovisions1
&.$.$ 03istin# le#islation
+able ? $rovides an overview of e;isting legislation addressing 6(7s1 (or each area of legislation5
the table first lists the -U legislation 8if a$$licable9 and then 8as concerns directives9 e;isting trans-
$osition into ,anish law and2or other national rules1 +he latter will only be elaborated u$on in case
of ,anish rules differing from -U rules1

4n ,enmar'5 the ,anish -P# $ublished an action $lan for brominated flame retardants in 200
8,anish -P#5 20091 +he target of the action $lan was to internationally eliminate the use of P6,-s
and P66s in the short term and to identify and eliminate other $roblematic 6(7s in the longer
term1 4t was stated that 6(7s5 which can migrate from $roducts5 shall not be used if they are $ersis-
tent5 are bioaccumulative and harmful effects on human health or the environment are sus$ected1
Some actions initiated on the basis of the action $lan were dissemination of information on 6(7s
and alternatives5 and a number of studies on the feasibility of $hasing out selected brominated
flame retardants5 as well as assessments of human health and environmental effects of alternatives
to the 6(7s1

+he first measures for reducing the emission of 6(7s at -U level were introduced in 200! with the
7oHS ,irective5 restricting P6,-s in electrical and electronic e=ui$ment $laced on the -U mar'et5
and with ,irective 200!22-" 8an amendment to ,irective >A2>A.2--"95 which introduced a
general restriction on $enta6,- and octa6,- in concentrations above 01M1

+able ? illustrates that current -U legislation mainly focuses on the P6,-s and P66s and includes
strict restrictions on the use of these substances5 a re=uirement for e;$ort notification $rocedure
and listing as $ossible $riority substances under the 3ater (ramewor' ,irective1

He;a665 tetra6,-5 $enta6,-5 he;a6,- and he$ta6,-5 are strictly restricted by the POPs regula-
tion 87egulation 8-"9 )o @?02200/9 which is the main im$lementing instrument of the Stoc'holm
"onvention in the -U1 +he tetra6,- and $enta6,- are main constituents of the commercial $en-
ta6,-5 whereas he;a6,- and he$ta6,- are some of the constituents of the commercial octa6,-1
+he e;em$tions generally allow very low concentrations in substances5 $re$arations and the ad-
dressed articles1 +he -uro$ean "ommission is currently wor'ing on setting s$ecific concentration
limits in waste for the covered brominated flame retardants and other new substances under the
Stoc'holm "onvention1
/@ brominated flame retardants

(or P6,-s in electrical and electronic e=ui$ment5 the restrictions are currently effectively an inter-
$lay between the POPs 7egulation5 the 7-#"H 7egulation and the 7oHS ,irective1 +he POPs 7eg-
ulation and the 7-#"H 7egulation have an e;em$tion for electrical and electronic e=ui$ment with-
in the sco$e of the 7oHS ,irective1 +he 7oHS ,irective 8and the ,anish 7oHS Statutory Order9
a$$lies to articles $laced on the -U mar'et5 whereas $roduction for e;$ort is outside the sco$e of
the ,irective and is therefore regulated by the POPs 7egulation and the 7-#"H 7egulation1 +his
also a$$lies to electrical and electronic $arts for a range of a$$lications including large-scale sta-
tionary tools and fi;ed installations5 means of trans$ort5 $hotovoltaic $anels5 and military e=ui$-
ment1 (or such ty$e of e=ui$ment5 the deca6,- can still be a$$lied5 whereas other P6,-s and
P66s will be restricted by the POPs 7egulation and the 7-#"H 7egulation1 +he 7oHS ,irective
includes some e;ce$tions for medical devices and monitoring and control instruments and s$are
$arts 8see +able ? for details91 (or the e;ce$ted e=ui$ment and some s$are $arts octa6,- and $en-
ta6,- may still be used1 (or this e=ui$ment and some s$are $arts5 the -U legislation does not a$-
$ear to be in accordance with the Stoc'holm "onvention1 "ontrary to this5 the ,anish 7oHS statu-
tory order do not have a general e;em$tion for medical devices and monitoring and control instru-
ments5 but substance2a$$lications s$ecific e;em$tions for this e=ui$ment1 P66 and P6,- are not
among the substances e;em$ted for use in this e=ui$ment in ,enmar'1

+he -uro$ean "ommission has $ut forward a $ro$osal for a regulation on shi$ recycling on 2!
&arch 202 8"O&82029 @@5 final91 P66s and P6,-s are included in a list of items for inventory of
haBardous substances1

;ire re#ulations
(ire safety regulations are the driver for using flame retardants to a large e;tent1 +he anne; NV
re$ort for deca6,- 8U05 2029 lists e;am$les of fire regulation in different -U &ember States and
fire safety standards a$$licable for various a$$lication areas of 6(7s1
(ire safety regulations in general do not include any s$ecific re=uirements for the use of 6(7s1 +he
regulations ty$ically define some fire tests which the materials5 article or building com$onent
should $ass5 but it is u$ to the manufacturer2user to decide how the re=uirements can be met1
# detailed descri$tion of fire safety standards in ,enmar'5 Kermany and U0 is $rovided in Lassen
et al. 8...91 4t has been beyond the sco$e of this re$ort to $rovide an u$dated descri$tion of fire
regulations and fire standards in ,enmar' and internationally1 (ire tests are $erformed by ,64 -
,anish 4nstitute of (ire and Security +echnology and other authorities in ,enmar'1 4nformation on
re=uirements and test methods is available from the instituteSs website 8,645 20!91

(ire safety regulation is mentioned here with the sco$e of identifying $otential a$$lication areas of
the 6(7s1 Section !1!12 discusses the necessary loadings of 6(7s in different materials in order to
meet the fire safety standards1 4n "ha$ter 0 on alternatives5 it is discussed to what e;tent the fire
safety re=uirement can be met by the use of other flame retardants or use of other materials1 4t is
beyond the sco$e of this re$ort to discuss to what e;tent the fire safety regulation and standards are
able to reduce the ris' of fire and reduce the number of fatalities from fires1 4t is furthermore be-
yond the sco$e to discuss to what e;tent the benefits of using the 6(7s is counterbalanced by the
environmental and health im$acts of the flame retardants1 (ire statistics for different &ember
States and the correlation between number of fire deaths and fire regulation has recently been re-
viewed in a study for the -uro$ean "ommission5 Health and "onsumers ,K 8#rcadis5 2091

+he fire safety standards that are a$$licable to $lastics2$olymers will de$end on the end-use1
Legislation that sets safety goals for goods su$$lied to the -U mar'et includes the Keneral Product
Safety ,irective 82002.?2--"95 the +oy Safety ,irective 8@@2!>@2--" now re$laced by
200.2/@2-"95 the 7adio and +elecommunications +erminal -=ui$ment ,irective 8...2?2-"95 the
&achinery ,irective 8200A2/22-"9 and the "onstruction Products ,irective 8@.20A2--"9 8U05
brominated flame retardants /.

20291 +hese $ieces of legislation do not s$ecify $articular levels of fire safety $erformance within
the legal te;t but in some cases5 e1g1 the "onstruction Products 7egulation5 very general re=uire-
ments for fire $erformance 8referred to as Eessential re=uirements\9 are described in the legal te;t1
+hese essential re=uirements are clarified by reference to harmonised fire $erformance standards
and classifications1 8U05 2029

(or the electrical and electronic e=ui$ment and means of trans$ortation5 the re=uirements are to a
large e;tent the same across the -U5 but ma*or differences e;ist as concerns te;tiles2furniture and
building materials5 resulting in differences in the use of 6(7s among -U &ember States1

+here are no harmonised fire safety standards within the -U that are a$$licable to the use of flame
retardants in te;tiles1 4nstead a $atchwor' of fire safety re=uirements has develo$ed with some
&ember States $lacing re=uirements on domestic furniture and some on furniture used in $ublic
buildings 8U05 20291 +his means that there are differences in the fire $erformance re=uired for
te;tiles de$ending on the country to which they are su$$lied and their intended end use1 +he most
stringent re=uirements for domestic furniture have been introduced in the U0 and in 4reland1 +his
legislation is $articularly demanding because it re=uires the $erformance of u$holstery te;tiles to be
assessed when the te;tile is $laced over untreated foam1 +his means that in addition to its own fire
$erformance5 the te;tile must $rovide $rotection to the filling below1

# com$ilation of international building regulations relevant for -PS2NPS insulation $anels de-
scribes the re=uirements a$$lied in different -U &ember States and in other $arts of the world1
86lom=uist et al.5 20091 4n the -U5 the -uroclass System for classification of building $roducts
defines a range of fire classes1 +he -uroclass system im$lements #rticle 20 of the "onstruction
Products ,irective1 (urthermore5 a number of -uro$ean $roducts standards define re=uirements
regarding reaction-to-fire $erformance of the $roducts1 +he building regulations in the individual
&ember States are decided nationally1 4n some countries 8e1g1 Kermany9 the re=uirements are set at
material level5 whereas in others the re=uirements concern the fire safety $erformance of the build-
ing 8e1g1 in Sweden for some a$$lications9 which does not result in a formal re=uirement that the
building materials used are flame retardant1 +his situation results in different use $atterns for flame
retarded -PS2NPS building insulation material across the -U1

+he fire regulations mainly concern the following areasC

0lectrical and electronic eIui%ment. +his is regulated in ,enmar' by the )ational -lec-
trical "ode Standard Handboo' 8,anishC StWr'stGmsbe'endtgGrelsen9 which is a framewor'
of se$arate Statutory Orders for the different areas covered1 +he re=uirements are mainly
based on international 4-"- and "-)-L-" standards with some s$ecific ,anish additions1
-irin#1 #lso regulated by the )ational -lectrical "ode Standard Handboo'1
Buildin# materials1 6uilding materials are regulated by the 200 6uilding 7egulations5
670 8,anishC 6ygningsreglementet91 "ombustible insulation materials can be used for some
s$ecific a$$lications $rovided that the combustible material is $rotected against ignition
sources 8details s$ecified in the regulations91 +he regulations do not re=uire that combustible
insulation materials are flame retardant1
Protecti1e clothin#. 4n ,enmar'5 there are no fire re=uirements for clothing te;tiles e;ce$t
for some ty$es of $rotective clothing5 which are regulated by different ,anish2-uro$ean
standards1 8Lassen et al., ...9
;urniture. S$ecific re=uirements a$$ly to furniture used in shi$s and building rooms intend-
ed for more than ?0 $ersons 8,645 20!91
Car%ets1 "ar$ets used in esca$e routes and other areas with re=uirements for fire and smo'e
shall meet the -uro$ean fire class ,fl-s and be tested using international standards
8Kulvbranchen5 20!91
?0 brominated flame retardants

+eans of trans%ort1 S$ecific fire regulations a$$ly to vehicles5 trains5 shi$s and aircraft
which are based on international standards1 +he re=uirements a$$ly to a range of com$o-
nents2materials1 4n shi$s5 for e;am$le5 s$ecific re=uirements a$$ly to $rimary dec' coverings5
vertically su$$orted te;tiles and films5 u$holstered furniture5 bedding com$onents among oth-
er materials2com$onents 8,645 20!91

TAB>0 /
-U #), ,#)4SH L-K4SL#+4O) #,,7-SS4)K 67O&4)#+-, (L#&- 7-+#7,#)+S 8#S O( %ULY 20!9

>e#al instrument C$ 09D
National
Substances Fas
indicated in the
instrumentG
'eIuirements as concerns B;'s
>e#islation addressin# %roducts
'e#ulation F0CG No
5/.D&..) of the 0uro%ean
Parliament and of the
Council on %ersistent or:
#anic %ollutants as re#ards
Anne3es I and III FP6Ps
'e#ulationG

The B;'s are added by
Commission re#ulation No
7/7D&.$. amendin# 'e#ula:
tion F0CG No 5/.D&..)
as re#ards Anne3es I and III

-U

-U

He;a66 8"#S )o
!A!??-0-@9

+etra6,-5 "2HA6r/O
Penta6,-5 "2H?6r?O
He;a6,-5 "2H/6rAO
He$ta6,-5 "2H!6r>O

Production5 mar'eting and use of the five 6(7s are
$rohibited1

6y way of derogation5 $roduction5 mar'eting and use of
the following is allowed for the four P6,-sC

1 "oncentrations of the substances e=ual to or below 0
mg2'g 80500 M by weight9 when it occurs in substances5
$re$arations5 articles or as constituents of the flame-
retarded $arts of articles1
21 Production5 $lacing on the mar'et and use of the
following shall be allowedC
8a9 articles and $re$arations containing concentrations
below 01 M of by weight when $roduced $artially or fully
from recycled materials or materials from waste $re-
$ared for re-useI
8b9 electrical and electronic e=ui$ment within the sco$e
of ,irective 20022.?2-" of the -uro$ean Parliament
and "ouncil 8Z91
!1 Use of articles already in use in the Union before 2?
#ugust 200 containing +etrabromodi$henyl ether as a
constituent of such articles shall be allowed1 #rticle /8295
third and fourth sub$aragra$hs shall a$$ly in relation to
such articles1

3aste management $rovisions are mentioned under
legislation addressing waste below1
'e#ulation F0CG No
$.7D&.., concernin# the
'e#istrationA 01aluationA
Authorisation and 'e:
striction of Chemicals
F'0AC4G
-U +ris 825! dibromo$ro-
$yl9 $hos$hate
8"#S )o 2A->2->9
P66s
8"#S )o ?.?!A-A?-9
Sub*ect to restriction 8#nne; NV449

1 Shall not be used in te;tile articles5 such as garments5
undergarments and linen5 intended to come into contact
with the s'in1
21 #rticles not com$lying with $aragra$h shall
not be $laced on the mar'et1
Octa6,-
"2H26r@O
1 Shall not be $laced on the mar'et5 or usedC
j as a substance5
j as a constituent of other substances5 or in
mi;tures5 in concentrations greater than 01 M by weight1
21 #rticles shall not be $laced on the mar'et if

National
Substances Fas
indicated in the
instrumentG
they5 or flame-retardant $arts thereof5 contain this
substance in concentrations greater than 01 M by
weight1
!1 6y way of derogation5 $aragra$h 2 shall not
a$$lyC
j to articles that were in use in the "ommunity
before ? #ugust 200/5
j to electrical and electronic e=ui$ment within
the sco$e of ,irective 20022.?2-" 87oHS91
H6",, 8"#S )o
!./-??-A5 2?A!>-..-
/5 !/2!>-?0-A5
!/2!>-?->5 !/2!>-
?2-@9
Sub*ect to authorisation 8#nne; N4V9
Latest a$$lication dateC 2 (ebruary 20/
Sunset dateC 2 #ugust 20?
'e#ulation ,)D&.$& con:
cernin# the e3%ort and
im%ort of ha2ardous chemi:
cals
-U Octa6,- 8"#S )o
!2?!A-?2-09
P66s
8"#S )o !A?/-0.-A5
2>@?@-0>->5 !A!??-
0-@ and others9
+ris 825!-
dibromo$ro$yl9 $hos-
$hate 8"#S )o 2A->2-
>9
Penta6,- 8"#S )o
!2?!/-@-. and oth-
ers9
+etra6,- 8"#S )o
/00@@-/>-. and
others9
He;a6,- 8"#S )o
!A/@!-A0-0 and
others9
He$ta6,- 8"#S )o
A@.2@-@0-! and
others9

Sub*ect to e;$ort notification $rocedureC
Octabromodi$henyl ether5 Polybrominated bi$henyls
8P669 e;ce$t he;abromobi$henyl5 +ris 825!-
,ibromo$ro$yl9 $hos$hate

Sub*ect to e;$ort banC He;abromobi$henyl5 tetrabromo-
di$henyl ether5 $entabromodi$henyl ether5 he;abromo-
di$henyl ether5 he$tabromodi$henyl ether

4ncluded in list of chemicals =ualifying for P4" notifica-
tionC Octabromodi$henyl ether5 $olybrominated bi$hen-
yls 8P6695 tris 825!-dibromo$ro$yl9 $hos$hate

Directi1e &.$$D,/D09
on the restriction of the use
of certain ha2ardous sub:
stances in electrical and
electronic eIui%ment
FrecastG
F'o4S Directi1eG

-U P66s

P6,-s

-lectrical and electronic e=ui$ment 8---9 $laced on the
mar'et5 including cables and s$are $arts for its re$air5 its
reuse5 u$dating of its functionalities or u$grading of its
ca$acity5 shall not contain P66 and P6,- in concentra-
tions above 01 mg2'g1

+he following a$$lication areas are outside the sco$e of
the directiveC
8a9 e=ui$ment which is necessary for the $rotection of
the essential interests of the security of &ember StatesI
8b9 e=ui$ment designed to be sent into s$aceI

National
Substances Fas
indicated in the
instrumentG

8c9 e=ui$ment which is s$ecifically designed5 and is to be
installed5 as $art of another ty$e of e=ui$ment that is
e;cluded or does not fall within the sco$e of this ,i-
rectiveI
8d9 large-scale stationary industrial toolsI
8e9 large-scale fi;ed installationsI
8f9 means of trans$ort for $ersons or goods5 e;cluding
electric two-wheel vehicles which are not ty$e-a$$rovedI
8g9 non-road mobile machinery made available e;clu-
sively for $rofessional useI
8h9 active im$lantable medical devicesI
8i9 $hotovoltaic $anels intended to be used in a system
that is designed5 assembled and installed by $rofession-
als for $ermanent use at a defined location to $roduce
energy from solar light for $ublic5 commercial5 industrial
and residential a$$licationsI
8*9 e=ui$ment s$ecifically designed solely for the $ur$os-
es of research and develo$ment only made available on a
business-to-business basis1

+he restriction shall not a$$ly toC
1 &edical devices and monitoring and control instru-
ments which are $laced on the mar'et before 22 %uly
20/5 to in vitro diagnostic medical devices which are
$laced on the mar'et before 22 %uly 20A and to indus-
trial monitoring and control instruments which are
$laced on the mar'et before 22 %uly 20>

21 cables or s$are $arts for the re$air5 the reuse5 the
u$dating of functionalities or u$grading of ca$acity of
the followingC
8a9 --- $laced on the mar'et before %uly 200AI
8b9 medical devices $laced on the mar'et before 22 %uly
20/I
8c9 in vitro diagnostic medical devices $laced on the
mar'et before 22 %uly 20AI
8d9 monitoring and control instruments $laced on the
mar'et before 22 %uly 20/I
8e9 industrial monitoring and control instruments $laced
on the mar'et before 22 %uly 20>I
8f9 --- which benefited from an e;em$tion and which
was $laced on the mar'et before that e;em$tion e;$ired
as far as that s$ecific e;em$tion is concerned1

!1 7eused s$are $arts5 recovered from --- $laced on the
mar'et before %uly 200A and used in e=ui$ment $laced
on the mar'et before %uly 20A5 $rovided that reuse
ta'es $lace in auditable closed-loo$ business-to-business
return systems5 and that the reuse of $ars is notified to
brominated flame retardants ?!

National
Substances Fas
indicated in the
instrumentG
the consumer1
Be"endt#?relse om be:
#r<nsnin# af im%ort o# sal#
samt fremstillin# til e"s%ort
inden for 09 af ele"tris" o#
ele"tronis" udstyrA der
indeholder 1isse farli#e
stoffer
F'.4S:be"endt#?relsenG
JStatutory 6rder on the
restriction of the im%ort
and mar"etin# as (ell of
manufacturin# (ithin the
09 for e3%ort of electrical
and electronic eIui%ment
containin# certain ha2ard:
ous substances K
B0! nr $.)$ af *.D$.D&.$&
)ational P66s

P6,-s

+he ,anish Statutory Order differs from the 7oHS di-
rective in the way that the Statutory Order does not
include general e;em$tions for medical e=ui$ment and
other e=ui$ment e;em$ted from the 7oHS directive1 +he
e;em$tions only concern s$ecific substances in the
e=ui$ment e;em$ted in the 7oHS directive e1g1 FLead
used in ;-ray tubesF in medical e=ui$ment1 +he use of
P66 and P6,- is not e;em$ted in any e=ui$ment1

'e#ulation F0CG No
$&&*D&.. of *. No1ember
&.. on cosmetic %roducts
Fa%%ly from $$ Luly &.$*G
-U Octa6,- 8"#S )o
!2?!A-?2-09

4ncluded in list of substances $rohibited in cosmetic
$roducts
Be"endt#?relse om
"osmetis"e %rodu"ter
JStatutory 6rder on cosmet:
ic %roductsK
B0! nr )&& af .)D./D&..,
)ational Octa6,- 8"#S )o
!2?!A-?2-09

4ncluded in list of substances $rohibited in cosmetic
$roducts

>e#islation addressin# (aste
Commission re#ulation
F09G No 7/,D&.$. amend:
in# 'e#ulation F0CG No
5/.D&..) as re#ards An:
ne3es IB and B
FAmendin# the P6Ps 'e#u:
lationG
-U He;a6,- 8"#S )o
!A!??-0-@9

+etra6,-5 "2HA6r/O
Penta6,-5 "2H?6r?O
He;a6,-5 "2H/6rAO
He$ta6,-5 "2H!6r>O

3aste management $rovisionsC
+he substances shall be dis$osed of in such a way as to
ensure that the $ersistent organic $ollutant content is
destroyed or irreversibly transformed so that the remain-
ing waste and releases do not e;hibit the characteristics
of $ersistent organic $ollutants1

He;abromobi$henyl
Limit value for dis$osal $rovisionsC ?0 mg2'g1
Permanent storage shall be allowed only when s$ecified
conditions are met C?5000 mg2'gC

"oncentration limits for the four P6,-s in the conte;t of
waste management are not set yet1
Directi1e &.$&D$D09 on
(aste electrical and elec:
tronic eIui%ment FrecastG
F-000:Directi1eG
-U 6rominated flame
retardants 86(7s9
Plastic containing brominated flame retardants is sub*ect
to selective treatment for materials and com$onents of
waste electrical and electronic e=ui$ment 83---91

?/ brominated flame retardants

National
Substances Fas
indicated in the
instrumentG

Pro$er treatment5 other than $re$aring for re-use5 and
recovery or recycling o$erations shall5 as a minimum5
include the removal and a selective treatment1

-=ui$ment outside the sco$eC
(rom ! #ugust 202 to / #ugust 20@ 8transitional
$eriod95 sub*ect to $aragra$h !5 --- falling outside the
categories set out in #nne; 41 8industrial tools5 stationary
e=ui$ment5 etc19

8a9 -=ui$ment which is necessary for the $rotection of
the essential interests of the security of &ember States5
including arms5 munitions and war material intended for
s$ecifically military $ur$osesI

8 b9-=ui$ment which is s$ecifically designed and in-
stalled as $art of another ty$e of e=ui$ment that is e;-
cluded from or does not fall within the sco$e of this
,irective5 which can fulfil its function only if it is $art of
that e=ui$mentI

8c9 filament bulbs1
Be"endt#?relse om mar:
"edsf?rin# af ele"tris" o#
ele"tronis" udstyr samt
h@ndterin# af affald af ele":
tris" o# ele"tronis" udstyr
F-000 Be"endt#?relsenG
JStatutory 6rder on %lacin#
on the mar"et of electrical
and electronic eIui%ment
and mana#ement of (aste
of electrical and electronic
eIui%mentK

B0! nr $&, af $&D$&D&.$$

)ational 6rominated flame
retardants 86(7s9
Plastics containing brominated flame retardants must be
delivered to com$anies that are authoriBed to handle
brominated waste under the -nvironmental Protection
#ct k !! or similar legislation abroad1

Plastic with bromine content of less than ? $$m 8mg2'g9
can be returned for re$rocessing and recycling by com-
$anies that have been a$$roved under the -nvironmen-
tal Protection #ct k !! or similar legislation abroad

Printed circuit boards that are not recycled5 shall follow-
ing dismantling of ca$acitors5 batteries5 accumulators
and mercury containing com$onents5 including L",
dis$lays with gas discharge lam$s5 be delivered to $lants
that are a$$roved for treatment of metallic waste con-
taining brominated flame retardants5 P"6s and berylli-
um under the -nvironmental Protection #ct k !! or
similar legislation abroad1
+he sco$e of the ,anish statutory order is wider than the
3--- ,irective
>e#islation addressin# emissions
'e#ulation F0CG No
$,,D&.., concernin# the
establishment of a 0uro%e:
an Pollutant 'elease and
Transfer 'e#ister FP'T'
-U

+he o$erator of a facility that underta'es one or more of
the activities s$ecified in the 7egulation above the a$$li-
cable ca$acity thresholds shall re$ort the amounts annu-
ally to its com$etent authority if the releases are above
the following threshold for releasesC
brominated flame retardants ??

National
Substances Fas
indicated in the
instrumentG
'e#ulationG

P6,-s 8total of $enta-
6,-5 octa-6,- and
deca-6,-19

He;a66

+o airC -
+o landC 'g2year
+o waterC 'g2year

+o airC 01 'g2year
+o landC 01 'g2year
+o waterC 01 'g2year
Bekendtgrelse om visse
virksomheders afgivelse af
miljoplysninger
FP'T':be"endt#?relsen G
[Statutory Order on certain
companies delivery of
environmental infor-
mation]
B0! no &$. of .*D.*D&.$.
)ational Same Same
Directi1e &...D,.D0C of
the 0uro%ean Parliament
and of the Council of &*
6ctober &... establishin# a
frame(or" for Community
action in the field of (ater
%olicy
F-ater ;rame(or" Di:
recti1eG
-U P6,-s

Penta6,- 8congener
number -2@5 -/>5 -..5 -
005 -?! and -?/9

4ncluded in #nne; NC EList of $riority substances in the
field of water $olicy E1
Only $enta6,- is included in the list of $riority haBard-
ous substances
As amended by
Directi1e &..5D$./D0C on
en1ironmental Iuality
standards in the field of
(ater %olicy
-U P6,-s

#nnual #verage -cological luality Standards 8##--lS9
and &a;imum #llowable "oncentration 8&#"9 in cg2l
for $enta6,-
##--lS5 4nland surface watersC 01000?
##--lS5 Other surface watersC 010002
&#"--lS5 4nland surface watersC not a$$licable
&#"--lS5 Other surface watersC not a$$licable
8)ew $ro$osal 8"O&82095 @>A final9C
P6,-s should as regards -lS cover tetra-5 $enta-5 he;a-
and he$ta6,- only
He;abromocyclododecane included in #nne; N1
Bekendtgrelse om milj-
kvalitetskrav for vandom-
rder og krav til udledning
af forurenende stoffer til
vandl! ser eller havet
[Statutory Order on en1i:
ronmental Iuality stand:
ards for the aIuatic en1i:
ronments and reIuirements
re#ardin# dischar#es of
)ational P6,-s

Same as ,irective 200@20?2-"
?A brominated flame retardants

National
Substances Fas
indicated in the
instrumentG
%ollutants to streamsA la"es
and the sea]
B"# nr $%&& af &'(%)(&%$%
Bekendtgrelse om
kvalitetskrav til
miljmlinger JStatutory
6rder on Iuality reIuire:
ment to en1ironmental
analysesK
B0! no .. of $7D.5D&.$$

)ational P6,-s

Penta6,- 8congener
number -2@5 -/>5 -..5 -
005 -?! and -?/9
Sets re=uirements concerning =uality control of chemical
analyses of environmental and $roduct sam$les and
re=uirements concerning standard deviation on the
measurements1 "oncerns analyses $re$ared as $art of
the authoritiesD enforcement of the ,anish -nvironmen-
tal Protection #ct5 the "hemical Substances and Prod-
ucts #ct and other legal instruments in the field of the
environment and analysis $re$ared as $art of environ-
mental monitoring $rogrammes1
Z Unofficial translation of name of ,anish legal instruments1

Standard conditions for industrial installations or acti1ities
)one of the standard conditions for industrial installations or activities listed in #nne; 44 to the
,anish Order of -nvironmental $ermitting 8Kod'endelsesbe'endtgGrelsen5 6-0 )o /?/ of
202222029 s$ecifically address brominated flame retardants 8cf1 #nne; ? to 6-0 )o /@A of
2?20?220291

C>ASSI;ICATI6N AND >AB0>>IN8
+able A lists brominated flame retardants for which a harmonised "LP classification and labelling
have been agreed u$on 8as of !0 %uly5 20!91 4t shows that harmonised classification has been es-
tablished for octa6,-5 $enta6,- and +66P1

TAB>0 ,
H#7&O)4S-, "L#SS4(4"#+4O) #""O7,4)K +O #))-N V4 O( 7-KUL#+4O) 8-"9 )O 2>22200@ 8"LP 7-KUL#+4O)9

Inde3 No International
Chemical
Identification
CAS No Classification
4a2ard Class and
Cate#ory CodeFsG
4a2ard
statement
CodeFsG C$
A02-0./-00-/ ,i$henyletherI octabromo
derivate 8octa6,-9
!2?!A-?2-0 7e$r1 6 H!A0,f
A02-0@!-00-/ ,i$henyl ether5 $en-
tabromo derivative $en-
tabromodi$henyl ether
8$enta6,-9
!2?!/-@-. S+O+ 7- 2 Z
Lact1
#=uatic #cute
#=uatic "hronic
H!>! ZZ
H!A2
H/00
H/0
A0/-0>/-00-0 +etrabromobis$henol-#I
252S5 A5AS-tetrabromo-/5/S-
8+66P#9
>.-./-> #=uatic #cute
#=uatic "hronic
H/00
H/0
A02-0.-00-/ He;abromocyclododecane
525?5A5.50-
he;abromocyclododecane
8H6",,9
2?A!>-..-/
!./-??-A
7e$r1 2
Lact1
H!A
H!A2
brominated flame retardants ?>

Z +he classification shall be considered as a minimum classification1
ZZ +he classification under A>2?/@2--" indicating the route of e;$osure has been translated into the corre-
s$onding class and category according to this 7egulation5 but with a general haBard statement not s$ecifying
the route of e;$osure as the necessary information is not available1
Z H!A0,fC &ay damage the unborn child1 Sus$ected of damaging fertility1
H!AC Sus$ected of damaging fertility or the unborn child
H!A2C &ay cause harm to breast-fed children
H!>!C &ay cause damage to organs through $rolonged or re$eated e;$osure
H/00C Very to;ic to a=uatic life
H/0C Very to;ic to a=uatic life with long lasting effects

Self classification
4ndustry classifications for substances without harmonised classifications and labelling agreements
are summarised in #$$endi; A and ta'en into account in "ha$ters 0 and 0 on environment and
human health assessments1

&.$.& '0AC4
+his section concerns $i$eline activities under 7-#"H5 whereas e;isting regulation is included in
+able ?1

Community rollin# action %lan FC6'APG
One brominated flame retardant5 ,6,P-5 is included in the "ommunity rolling action $lan
8"O7#P9 8-"H#5 202a9 for 2025 whereas no 6(7s are included in the most recent draft "ommu-
nity 7olling #ction Plan5 20!-20? 8-"H#5 20!e91

TAB>0 7
SU6S+#)"-S 4) +H- "O&&U)4+Y 7OLL4)K #"+4O) PL#) (O7 202-20/ 8-"H#5 202#9

CAS No 0C No Substance Name Year +ember
State
Initial #rounds for
concern
5)5/&:/*: 2@/-!AA-. 5S-8ethane-
52diyl9bis:$entabromo
benBene<5
,6,P-
202 United
0ingdom
-nviron-
ment2Sus$ected P6+I
-;$osure23ide dis-
$ersive use5 high
aggregated tonnage

'e#istry of Intentions
+able @ shows 7egistry of 4ntentions by -"H# and &ember StatesD authorities for restriction $ro-
$osals5 $ro$osals for harmonised classifications and labelling and $ro$osals for identifying bromin-
ated flame retardants as Substances of Very High "oncern 8SVH"91

,eca6,- has been recommended by -"H# for inclusion in the authorisation list and a $ublic con-
sultation is on-going until 2! Se$tember 20!5

?@ brominated flame retardants

TAB>0 5
67O&4)#+-, (L#&- 7-+#7,#)+S 4) 7-K4S+7Y O( 4)+-)+4O)S 8#S O( !0 %ULY 20!9

'e#istry of: CAS No Substances Sco%e Fre%roduced as
indicated in the 'e#:
istry of intentionsG
Dossier in:
tended by:
Date of
submission:
4armonised Classification and >abellin# intentions
Anne3 MB
dossiers
submitted
2?A!>-..-/
!./-??-A
He;abromocyclododecane5
H6",,
Pro$osed classification
according to "LPC
7e$r1 2 H!Afd 8Sus-
$ected of damaging
fertility1 Sus$ected of
damaging the unborn
child19
Lact1 -ffects H!A2 8&ay
cause harm to breast-fed
children9
Sweden SubmittedC
020A2200@

:slightly
different
classification
has been
agreed u$on<
SB4C intentions
Anne3 MB
dossiers
submitted
A!-.-? ,ecabromodi$henylether5
deca6,-
P6+ United 0ingdom 0A20@2202
2?A!>-..-/ He;abromocyclododecan5
H6",,
P6+ Sweden !020A2200@

Candidate list
#s of &arch 20! deca6,- and H6",, have been included in the candidate list with the sco$e of
being P6+ substances 8and vPv6 for deca6,-91 Please note that H6",, has been included in #n-
ne; N4V to 7-#"H 8and is conse=uently not a FcandidateF anymore91

TAB>0
67O&4)#+-, (L#&- 7-+#7,#)+S O) +H- "#),4,#+- L4S+ 8-"H#5 20!6I L#S+ UP,#+-,C 2020A220!9

CAS No 0C No Substance Name Date of
inclusion
'eason for
inclusion
Decision num:
ber
$$,*:$:/ 2/-A0/-. 6is8$entabromo$henyl9 ether5
deca6,-
202222. P6+ 8#rticle ?> d9I
vPv6 8#rticle ?> e9
-,2A.2202
&/,*7::)
*$)://:,
F$*)&*7:/.:,G
F$*)&*7:/$:7G
F$*)&*7:/&:5G
22-A.?-.
2/>-/@-/
8H6",,9 and all ma*or diastereoi-
somers identifiedC #l$ha-
he;abromocyclododecaneI 6eta-
he;abromocyclododecaneI Kam-
ma-he;abromocyclododecane
200@2022@ P6+ 8article ?>d9 -,2A>2200@

Anne3 MIB recommendations
+he latest list of #nne; N4V recommendations does not include any 6(7s1

&.$.* 6ther le#islationDinitiati1es
B0CAP
+he Voluntary -missions "ontrol #ction Programme 8V-"#P9 is a voluntary initiative of member
com$anies of the -uro$ean (lame 7etardant #ssociation 8-(7#9 together with the industryDs global
organisation5 the 6romine Science and -nvironmental (orum R 6S-( 8V-"#P5 2091 +he $ro-
brominated flame retardants ?.

gramme aims to reduce emissions of deca6,-5 H6",, and +66P# through the $romotion of envi-
ronmental management and manufacturing $rocess best $ractices throughout the value chain5 from
$roducers to downstream users1 +he $rogramme $ublishes an annual $rogress re$ort for -uro$e
and )orth #merica5 res$ectively1

Nor(ay
+he legislation in )orway on brominated flame retardants goes beyond the legislation in the -U as
)orway has a general ban on $roduction5 im$ort5 e;$ort and $lacing on the mar'et of substances5
mi;tures and articles containing deca6,- in concentrations above 01 M w2w 8(O7 200/-0A-0 nr
.22C91 +he use in vehicles and most other means of trans$ort is e;em$ted1

9.S.A.
On ,ecember >5 200.5 as the result of negotiations with US -P#5 the two U1S1 $roducers of
decabromodi$henyl ether 8deca6,-95 #lbemarle "or$oration and "hemtura "or$oration5 and the
largest U1S1 im$orter5 4"L 4ndustrial Products5 4nc15 announced commitments to $hase out deca6-
,- in the U1S1#1 8US -P#5 20291 +he com$anies have committed to end $roduction5 im$ortation5
and sales of deca6,- for most uses in the U1S1#1 by ,ecember !5 2025 and to end all uses by the
end of 20!1

Canada
4n )orth #merica the first restriction was ado$ted in "anada in 200@ with a ban on manufacture of
P6,-s5 including deca6,-5 under the +he Polybrominated ,i$henyl -thers 7egulations 8-nvi-
ronment "anada 200@ as cited by )orway520!91 # voluntary agreement between -nvironment
"anada and three large worldwide $roducers of deca6,- include a $hase-out of deca6,- e;$orts
and sales for electrical and electronic e=ui$ment by the end of 2005 for trans$ortation and military
uses by the end of 20! and for all other uses by the end of 202 8-nvironment "anada 200 b5 as
cited by )orway520!91 #ccording to the announcement5 -nvironment "anada is also considering a
ban on P6,- use in articles 8-nvironment "anada 200 b as cited by )orway5 20!91

&.& International a#reements
+able 0 gives an overview of how brominated flame retardants are addressed by various interna-
tional agreements1

TAB>0 $.
4)+-7)#+4O)#L #K7--&-)+S #,,7-SS4)K 67O&4)#+-, (L#&- 7-+#7,#)+S

A#reement Substances 4o( the selected brominated flame retardants
are addressed
6SPA' Con1ention 6rominated flame retardants
P6,-s and P66s
25!5/5?5A-PentabromoethylbenBene5 P6-6
8Pentabromo$henyl9methyl acrylate5 P66-#cr
4ncluded in list OSP#7 List of "hemicals for Priority
#ction 87evised 209
(or P6-6 and P66-#"7 it is indicated that no bac'-
ground document is $re$ared because there is no current
$roduction and use interest9
+he OSP#7 bac'ground document on certain brominat-
ed flame retardants addresses P6,-s5 P66s and H6",,
8OSP#7 200.95 but it is not clear from the list if F6ro-
minated flame retardantsF only include those 6(7s
covered by the bac'ground document1
Lead country for 6(7sC Sweden
A0 brominated flame retardants

,ecabromodi$henyl ether5 deca6,-
6enBene5 525!5/5?-$entabromo-A-
8bromomethyl95 P666
,ecabromobi$henyl5 ,eca66
Pentabromodi$henyl ether5 $enta6,-
Octabromodi$henyl ether5 octa6,-
2-8allylo;y9-5!5?-tribromobenBene5 +6P-#-
5!5?-+ris825!-dibromo$ro$yl9-5!5?-triaBine-
25/5A8H5!H5?H9-trione5 +,6P-+#O+O
4ncluded in Section # of list of substances of $ossible
concernC Substances which warrant further wor' by
OSP#7 because they do not meet the criteria for Sections
6 R , and substances for which5 for the time being5
information is insufficient 8it is not indicated which of
the substances are listed due to insufficient information9
He;abromo-5S-bi$henyl5 he;a66
)onabromobi$henyl5 nona66
Octabromobi$henyl5 octa66
+etrabromo$hthalic anhydride5+-6P-#nh
4ncluded in Section " of list of substances of $ossible
concernC Substances which are not $roduced and2or
used in the OSP#7 catchment or are used in sufficiently
contained systems ma'ing a threat to the marine envi-
ronment unli'ely
40>C6+ F4elsin"i
Con1entionG
Octabromodi$henyl ether5 octa6,-
,ecabromodi$henyl ether5 deca6,-
He;abromocyclododecane5 H6",,
8not indicated if it is the substances or the
commercial $roducts which are addressed9
4ncluded in list of H-L"O& $riority haBardous sub-
stances 8H-L"O& 7ecommendation !-2 of &ay 2009
He;abromobi$henyl Selected substance for immediate $riority action 8H-L-
"O& 7ecommendation1 .2? of &arch ..@9
6rominated and antimony-containing flame
retardant used in leather $rocessing industry
6#+ measuresC Substitution
H-L"O& 7ecommendation 2?22 of &arch 200/9
'otterdam Con1en:
tion FPIC Con1en:
tionG
P66s
+ris825!-dibromo$ro$yl9 $hos$hate
4ncluded in #nne; 444 to the "onvention and sub*ect to
the P4" $rocedure
Stoc"holm Con1en:
tion
He;abromobi$henyl5 he;a66
+etrabromodi$henyl ether5 tetra6,-
He;abromodi$henyl ether5 he;a6,-
He$tabromodi$henyl ether5 he$ta6,-
Listed in #nne; #5 FList of restricted substancesF1
+he re=uirements are trans$osed into the -U POPs
7egulation 87egulation 8-"9 )o @?02200/9 and refer-
ence is made to +able !

He;abromocycledodecane5 H6",, #t the si;th meeting of the "onference of the Parties5
&ay 20! the Parties decided to include H6,, in #nne;
# to the "onvention with s$ecific e;em$tions for $roduc-
tion and use in e;$anded $olystyrene and e;truded
$olystyrene in buildings 8S"-A2!91 -ach Party that uses
the e;em$tion shall register the e;em$tion by the secre-
tariat1 #ll registrations of s$eciUc e;em$tions shall e;-
$ire Uve years after the date of entry into force of the
"onvention with res$ect to H6",,1
+he restriction will enter into force in the -U by &ay
20/
brominated flame retardants A

Octabromodi$henyl ether5 octa6,- +he substance has been suggested by the -uro$ean
"ommunity for inclusion in the relevant anne;es1
4t has been reviewed by the POPs 7eview "ommittee of
the "onvention5 which has suggested that the ris' of
octa6,- is managed by inclusion of the congeners of
commercial octa6,- 8c-octa6,-9 with POPs character-
istics i1e1 the he;a6,- and the he$ta6,-1

Octa6,- is conse=uently not included in #nne; #1
,ecabromodi$henyl ether5 deca6,- +he substance has been suggested by the )orway for
inclusion in the relevant anne;es 8)orway5 20!91
4s currently 8October 20!9 under review by the POPs
7eview "ommittee of the "onvention1
Basel Con1ention P66s 4ncluded in "ategory Yo of waste to be controlledC
F3aste substances and articles containing or contami-
nated with $olychlorinated bi$henyls 8P"6s9 and2or
$olychlorinated ter$henyls 8P"+s9 and2or $olybromin-
ated bi$henyls 8P66s9F1 #ddressed by technical guide-
lines for the environmentally sound management of
wastes consisting of the substances 86asel5 year not
indicated91
Other 6(7s )ot s$ecifically addressed by a waste category but may
be included in various categoriesC Y/? F Organohalogen
com$ounds other than substances referred to in this
#nne;F5 waste metal cables5 or Fwaste electrical and
electronic assemblies or scra$1111F
Under the convention technical guidelines for the envi-
ronmentally sound management of the Enew\ 6(7 POPs
substances are develo$ed1
Con1ention on
>on#:ran#e Trans:
boundary Air Pol:
lution FC>'TAPG

He;abromobi$henyl5 he;a66

4ncluded in #nne; 5 substances scheduled for elimina-
tion1 -limination of $roduction and use1
+etrabromodi$henyl ether5 tetra6,-
He;abromodi$henyl ether5 he;a6,-
He$tabromodi$henyl ether5 he$ta6,-
-limination of $roduction and use1
# Party may allow recycling and final dis$osal of articles
that may contain these substances $rovided that the
recycling and final dis$osal is carried out in an environ-
mentally safe manner and does not lead to the recovery
of any of these substances for the $ur$ose of their reuse1

&.&.$ The Stoc"holm Con1ention im%lementation %lan
He;a665 and four of the P6,-s5 tetra-5 $enta-5 he;a- and he$tabromodi$henyl ether5 are included
in the list of restricted substances 8#nne; #9 of the Stoc'holm "onvention 8with e;em$tions9 and in
the list of substances for elimination in the POPs Protocol under the U)-"- L7+#P "onvention1 4t
is the individual substances 8each consisting of several congeners9 which are covered by the conven-
tion1 #s the commercial $roducts consists of mi;tures of these substances5 the inclusion of the four
substances means that the commercial $roducts c-$enta6,- and c-octa6,- de facto are restricted
by the "onvention1 +he convention further restricts the use of H6",, 8with e;em$tions9 and he;a-
bromobi$henyl5 he;a661 ,eca6,- has recently been suggested by )orway for inclusion in #nne;
#1


Action %lan for reduction of he3aBB and the four PBD0s in Denmar"
#s $art of the u$dated ,anish national im$lementation $lan for Stoc'holm "onvention submitted
to the secretariat for the "onvention in #ugust 2025 an action $lan for the reduction of he;a66 and
tetra6,-5 $enta6,-5 he;a6,- and he$ta6,- in ,enmar' was develo$ed1

+he following table indicates the new initiatives that will be ta'en in relation to the release of the
substances throughout their life cycle1

#s Party to the "onvention the -U has $re$ared an u$dated community im$lementation $lan for
the Stoc'holm "onvention as well5 but the u$dated $lan is not yet $ublished 8as of %uly 20!91

TAB>0$$
#"+4O) PL#) (O7 7-,U"+4O) O( he;a665 tetra6,-5 $enta6,-5 he;a6,- #), he$ta6,- 4) ,-)&#70

No. Initiati1e Descri%tion 'es%onsible
institution
Time frame
$ Validation of
destruction of
technical $en-
ta6,-
-ncourage the -uro$ean "ommission to $re$are a study to validate
whether technical $enta6,- is sufficiently destroyed in ordinary waste
incineration1 On the basis of the results5 the need for treatment of
waste containing $enta6,- in ,enmar' will be assessed1
:#s mentioned elsewhere in this re$ort the -uro$ean "ommission has
answered on this sub*ect<
,anish -P# )ot set
& Possible se$ara-
tion of house-
hold waste
containing
$enta6,-
,e$ending on the results of 4nitiative 5 any re=uirements for se$arat-
ing im$ortant fractions of household waste containing $enta6,- will
be $re$ared1
,anish -P# )ot set
* Kuidelines
concerning
articles which
must not be
reused and
recycled
Pre$are guidelines concerning articles which must not be reused and
recycled as a conse=uence of a content of $enta6,- e;ceeding the set
limit values1
,anish -P# )ot set
) -;amine the
$ossibilities of
identifying
$enta6,- in
shredder waste
4n 205 the ,anish -P# established an innovation $artnershi$ for
shredder waste5 thus $utting focus on im$roved e;$loitation of re-
sources from waste5 managing substances of concern 8including POPs9
and reducing the amounts for landfilling5 e1g1 by establishing treatment
re=uirements for shredder waste1

+hrough the #ction $lan to $romote eco-efficient technology5 the
,anish -P# has su$$orted several $ro*ects on shredder waste5 includ-
ing a $ro*ect aimed at identifying $otential substances of concern in
shredder waste 8e1g1 $enta6,-9 and investigating the $ossibilities of
using sensor-based technology to identify and se$arate materials
containing such substances before or after the shredder $rocess1 +he
results from these $ro*ects are included in the wor' of the innovation
$artnershi$1
,anish -P# )ot set

brominated flame retardants A!

&.* 0co:labels
+able 2 gives an overview of how brominated flame retardants are addressed by the -U and )ordic
eco-labelling schemes5 with an indication of re=uirements beyond e;isting restrictions in the -U
87oHS ,irective5 7-#"H #nne; NV445 etc19

+he )ordic ecolabelling criteria for a wide range of articles contain re=uirements which restrict the
use of some or all brominated flame retardants1 +he e;act criteria vary among the article grou$s1 4n
some grou$s only 6(7s that are assigned s$ecific 7- $hases 8e1g1 $hases concerning "&7 $ro$er-
ties9 are restricted5 whereas in others it is s$ecified that certain (7s must not be $resentC all (7s5 all
halogenated (7s5 or all halogenated organic (7s1 4n many of the criteria for electrical and electronic
e=ui$ment5 some e;em$tions for reactive 6(7s and $lastic $arts of less than 2? g a$$lies1

+he -U ecolabelling criteria generally do not a$$ly to the use of reactive flame retardants1 +he crite-
tardants which meet the criteria for classification in s$ecific haBard classes1 4n $ractice5 for most of
the criteria5 the restrictions 8beyond general -U restrictions9 would mainly concern additive use of
+66P# and the use of H6",,1 +he criteria for bed mattresses5 te;tile floor coverings5 te;tile $rod-
ucts and furniture restrict any use of additive flame retardants in the articles1

TAB>0 $&
-"O-L#6-LS +#7K-+4)K S-L-"+-, 67O&4)#+-, (L#&- 7-+#7,#)+S

0co:label Articles Criteria rele1ant for B;' Fbeyond #eneral
09 restrictionsG
Document titleDnumber
Nordic S(an #udiovisual e=ui$-
ment
(lame retardants containing organohalogen com-
$ounds are not $ermitted1
-;em$tions from the re=uirement areC
Plastic $arts does not include cables
7eactive flame retardants in $rinted wired boards
8P369 i1e1 those which u$on use change their
$ro$erties 8i1e1 are actually not contained in the
final $roduct in a concentration e 01M9 such that
the identified 7-$hases above no longer a$$ly1
Plastic $arts weighing less than 2?g1
Process-induced technologically unavoidable
im$urities1 +he ma;imum allowable concentra-
tions are 01 w-M in homogenous material1
)ordic -colabelling of
#udiovisual e=ui$ment5 Version /12 m
? ,ecember 200. R ! October 20/
"om$uters &ore or less the same as above )ordic -colabelling of "om$uters5
version A1/ m @ %une 200. R !0 %une
20/
4maging e=ui$ment &ore or less the same as above )ordic -colabelling of
4maging e=ui$ment5 Version ?1/ m /
%une 200> R !0 %une 20/
,ish washers Plastic $arts heavier than 2? grams shall not con-
tain additive flame retardant substances that are
assigned any of the ris' $hrases which concern
"&7 $ro$erties1 4n $ractice this restricts the
$resence of H6",,1
)ordic -colabelling of ,ishwashers5
Version !1A / &arch 200> R ! %uly
20/
3ashing machines +he same as above )ordic -colabelling of
3ashing machines5 Version /1> m @
&arch 200/ R ! %uly 20/
A/ brominated flame retardants

09 restrictionsG
7efrigerators and
freeBers
+he same as above )ordic -colabelling of
7efrigerators and freeBers5 Version ?1?
m 2. &ay 200@ R ! %uly 20/
&achines for $ar's
and gardens
H6",, and +66P# may not be actively added to
the $roduct1
Other halogenated organic flame retardants which
has been classified with some or combinations
listed 7-$hases may not be added in com$onents
weighing more than 2? g
&achines for Par's and Kardens5
Version ?10 m ! &arch 20! R !
&arch 20>
7echargeable bat-
teries
6attery charger may not contain flame retardants
with ris' classification as "&7 substances1 7e-
stricting in $ractice the use of H6",,1
7echargeable batteries5 Version /12 m >
,ecember 200 R ! ,ecember 20?
+e;tile services Halogenated flame retardants must not be $resent
in laundry chemicals
+e;tile services5 Version !10 m 2 ,e-
cember 202 R ! ,ecember 20A
+e;tiles5 hides2s'ins
and leather
(lame retardants shall not be $resent1 +his also
a$$lies to flame retardants that are integrated in
the $roduct or material
)ordic -colabelling of +e;tiles5
hides2s'ins and leather1 4ncludes
$roducts for a$$arel and furnishings5
Version /10 m 2 ,ecember 202 R !
,ecember 20A
+oys Halogenated organic flame retardants shall not be
$resent
+oys5 Version 210 m 2 &arch 202 R !
&arch 20A
(urniture and fit-
ments
&ore or less the same as above )ordic -colabelling of
(urniture and fitments5 Version /1/ m
> &arch 20 R !0 %une 20?
Outdoor furniture
and $layground
e=ui$ment5
Outdoor furniture and $layground
e=ui$ment5 Version !10 m > &arch
20 R !0 %une 20?
Laundry detergents Halogenated flame retardants must not be $resent )ordic -colabelling of
Laundry detergents for
$rofessional use5 Version 212 m ?
,ecember 200. R ! ,ecember 20/
3indows and e;te-
rior doors
+he same as above )ordic -colabelling of
3indows and -;terior ,oors5 Version
!1/ m / )ovember 200@ R ! ,ecember
20/
,is$osable bags5
tubes and accesso-
ries for
health care
Keneral restriction of substances with "&7 and
P6+ $ro$erties would restrict some of the 6(7s in
the articles
,is$osable bags5 tubes and accessories
for health care5 Version 1/ m ! ,e-
cember 200> R ! ,ecember 20?
brominated flame retardants A?

09 restrictionsG
Printing com$anies5
$rinted matter5
envelo$es and other
converted $a$er
$roducts
Printing com$anies5 $rinted matter5
envelo$es and other converted $a$er
$roducts5 Version ?10 m ? ,ecember
20 R ! ,ecember 20/
7emanufactured
O-& +oner "ar-
tridges
7emanufactured O-& +oner "ar-
tridges5 Version ?1 m ? %une 202 R
!0 %une 20A
Panels for the build-
ing5 decoration and
furniture industries
Plastic $arts should not contain haBardous sub-
stances meeting the criteria for classification in
listed haBard classes1 3ould restrict the use of
H6",,
Panels for the building5 decoration
and furniture industries5 Version ?12 m
> &arch 20 R !0 %une 20?
Sanitary $roducts (lame retardants must not be added )ordic -colabelling of
Sanitary $roducts5 Version ?1/ m ?
&arch 200@ R ! October 20?
Small houses5
a$artment buildings
and $re-school
buildings
6rominated flame retardants must not be $resent )ordic -colabelling of
Small houses5 a$artment buildings
and $re-school buildings5 Version 21? m
? ,ecember 200. R ! ,ecember
20/
09 ;lo(er )oteboo's +he $roduct should not contain haBardous sub-
listed haBard classes1 +he use of substances or
mi;tures which change their $ro$erties u$on
$rocessing 8e1g1 become no longer bioavailable5
undergo chemical modification9 so that the identi-
fied haBard no longer a$$lies is e;em$t from the
above re=uirement1 #dditive use of +66P# and
H6",, meets these criteria and would therefore
be restricted1
"ommission decision 202!!02-U
Personal com$uters +he same as above "ommission decision 202!!>2-U
+elevisions Plastic $arts should not contain haBardous sub-
listed haBard classes1 +his re=uirement shall not
a$$ly to reactive flame retardants i1e1 those which
u$on use change their $ro$erties 8i1e1 are actually
not contained in the final $roduct in a concentra-
tion e 01 M91 #dditive use of +66P# and H6",,
meets these criteria and would therefore be re-
stricted1
"ommission decision 200.2!002-"
AA brominated flame retardants

09 restrictionsG
6ed mattresses Only flame retardants that are chemically bound
into mattress materials or onto the materialsD
surfaces 8reactive flame retardants9 may be used in
the $roduct1 Less than 01 M of the flame retardant
may remain in the form as before a$$lication5 if
the flame retardants used have any of 7-$hrases
listed in the decision1
"ommission decision 200.2?.@2-"
+e;tile floor
coverings
+he same as above "ommission decision 200.2.A>2-"
+e;tile $roducts +he same as above "ommission decision 200.2?A>2-"
(urniture +he same as above "ommission decision 200.2@./2-"

&.) Summary and conclusions
B;'s in #eneral : One legal instrument at the -U level addresses the 6(7s as a wholeC +he 3---
,irective on waste electrical and electronic e=ui$ment 83---9 re=uires selective treatment and
$ro$er dis$osal for materials and com$onents of 3--- with brominated flame retardants1 (ur-
thermore5 some of the ecolabels address all 6(7s in common1

PBD0s and PBBs : +he main legal focus has so far been on the P6,- and the P66s1 He;a665
tetra6,-5 $enta6,-5 he;a6,- and he$ta6,- are strictly restricted by the Stoc'holm "onvention
on Persistent Organic Pollutants 8POPs95 and are addressed by the POPs 7egulation 87egulation
8-"9 )o @?02200/9 and the 7oHS ,irective which are the main im$lementing instruments for the
$rovisions of the convention in the -U1 +he ,anish national im$lementation $lan for the Stoc'holm
"onvention includes an action $lan for the im$lementation of the $rovisions of the Stoc'holm "on-
vention in ,enmar'1 +he tetra6,- and $enta6,- are the main constituents of the commercial c-
$enta6,-5 whereas he;a6,- and he$ta6,- are some of the constituents of the commercial c-
octa6,- and the restriction of the substances is a de facto restriction of the commercial $roducts1
+he substances are furthermore addressed by the "LP 7egulation 8classification and labelling95
waste legislation5 im$ort2e;$ort restriction5 emission legislation and environmental monitoring
legislation1

+ogether with the other P6,-s and P66s5 deca6,- is restricted in electrical and electronic e=ui$-
ment by the 7oHS ,irective with some e;em$tions 8but not in ,enmar'9 and some a$$lication
areas outside the sco$e of the directive1 )o harmonised classification has been established for
deca6,- and the substance is not addressed by -U legislation e;ce$t for the electrical and electron-
ic e=ui$ment and some ecolabelling criteria1 4t is listed in the 7-#"H "andidate List and has been
$ro$osed by -"H# for inclusion in the list of substances for authorisation on the basis of an #nne;
NV re$ort1 +he substance has been nominated for inclusion in the list of restricted substances under
the Stoc'holm "onvention1 4n the US and "anada5 voluntary agreements on $hasing out deca6,-
have been entered between the ma*or international manufacturers and the federal authorities1

,eca66 is restricted in electrical and electronic e=ui$ment within the sco$e of the 7oHS ,irective5
but otherwise not restricted1 #ccording to the available information5 the substance is not manufac-
tured anymore in any country of the world1

4BCDD : H6",, has recently been listed for restriction under the Stoc'holm "onvention with a
time-limited e;em$tion for building materials of -PS2NPS5 but the POPs 7egulation has still not
been amended as of #ugust 20!1 # dossier for harmonised "lassification and Labelling has been
brominated flame retardants A>

submitted1 H6",, is sub*ect to authorisation 8#nne; N4V to 7-#"H9 with a sunset dateC 2 #ugust
20?1

TBBPA : # harmonised "LP classification has been agreed u$on for +66P#1 Otherwise5 the sub-
stance is not s$ecifically addressed by any -U or ,anish legislation1

DBDP0 and 0BT0BPI : +he two substances are not s$ecifically addressed by current ,anish and
-U legislation5 but ,6,P- is included in the "ommunity 7olling #ction Plan under 7-#"H1

6ther B;'s : -;ce$t for the re=uirements of the 3--- ,irective5 the 6(7s are not addressed by
any -U or ,anish legislation1 P6-6 and P66-#"7 are included in the OSP#7 list of "hemicals for
Priority #ction1

0colabel schemes : +he )ordic ecolabelling criteria for a wide range of articles contain re=uire-
ments which restrict the use of some or all brominated flame retardants1 +he e;act criteria vary
among the article grou$s1 4n some grou$s only 6(7s that are assigned s$ecific 7is'- $hrases 8e1g1
$hases concerning "&7 $ro$erties9 are restricted5 whereas in others it is s$ecified that certain (7s
must not be $resentC all (7s5 all halogenated (7s5 or all halogenated organic (7s1 4n many of the
criteria for electrical and electronic e=ui$ment5 some e;em$tions for reactive 6(7s and $lastic $arts
of less than 2? g a$$ly1

+he -U ecolabelling criteria generally do not a$$ly to the use of reactive flame retardants1 +he crite-
tardants which meet the criteria for classification in s$ecific haBard classes1 4n $ractice for most of
the criteria5 the restrictions 8beyond general -U restrictions9 would mainly concern additive use of
+66P# and the use of H6",,1 +he criteria for bed mattresses5 te;tile floor coverings5 te;tile $rod-
ucts and furniture restrict any use of additive flame retardants in the articles1

Boluntary a#reement on emission reduction - # voluntary -uro$ean emission reduction
$rogramme has been introduced for the three main 6(7sC deca6,-5 +66P# and H6",,1 +he
$rogramme addresses emissions from the manufacture of 6(7s and industrial downstream uses1

A@ brominated flame retardants

brominated flame retardants A.

*. +anufacture and uses
*.$ +anufacturin#
+he mar'et for 6(7s is dominated by relatively few ma*or global manufacturersC #lbemarle "or$o-
ration 8U1S1#195 4"L 4ndustrial Products 84srael95 "hemtura 8U1S1#19 and +osoh "or$oration 8%a$an91
+he com$anies each manufacture a range of different 6(7s1 +he four com$anies established 6ro-
mine Science and -nvironment (orum 86S-(9 in ..> to commission research on 6(7s and bro-
mine and disseminate information to decision-ma'ers and other sta'eholders1 Until 205 three of
the manufacturers of 6(7s were further organised in +he -uro$ean 6rominated (lame 7etardant
4ndustry Panel 8-6(74P95 but in 205 the members decided to dissolve the $anel and integrate the
industrySs advocacy activities into -(7#5 the -uro$ean (lame 7etardant #ssociation5 which brings
together and re$resents the leading organisations which manufacture5 mar'et or use flame retard-
ants in -uro$e1

6esides these four manufacturers5 6(7s are manufactured by a number of com$anies which ty$ical-
ly $roduce a limited range of 6(7s1

4nformation on manufacturers in "hina and 0orea is limited1 (or the 7-#"H registering of the
6(7s in the -U5 the #sian manufacturers are assisted by re$resentatives including 8as indicated in
registrations9C 0+7 -uro$e KmbH Kermany 8established by 0orea +esting and 7esearch 4nstitute95
)etSun -U 61V1 8re$resentative of 3eifang Yucheng "hemical "o15 Ltd15 "hina9 and "hemical 4n-
s$ection and 7egulation Service 8"47S9 Limited 8head=uarters based in HangBhou5 "hina91

*.$.$ +anufacturin# %rocesses
6(7s are manufactured using different $rocesses1 Processes used for the main ty$es of 6(7s are
briefly described below on the basis of the -U 7is' #ssessments for the substances1

P6,-s are $roduced by direct bromination of di$henyl ether using a (riedel-"rafts catalyst1 4nfor-
mation re$orted in the 7is' #ssessment 8-"65 20029 indicates that $roduction of deca6,- is car-
ried out by using bromine as both the reactant and reaction medium1 ,i$henyl ether is added to the
bromine in the $resence of a catalyst and the rate of addition of di$henyl ether effectively controls
the rate of reaction1 +he reaction is a batch $rocess and the tem$erature of the reaction is around
the boiling $oint of the bromine solvent 8n?. d"9 8-"65 200291

+etrabromobis$henol-# is $roduced by the bromination of bis$henol-# in the $resence of a solvent1
+he bromination reaction may be conducted in the $resence of hydrocarbon solvent only or with
water5 ?0M hydrobromic acid or a=ueous al'yl monoethers1 3hen methanol is used as the solvent
the fumigant methyl bromide is $roduced as a co-$roduct1 +he $roduction $rocess is largely con-
ducted in closed systems 8-"65 200A91

+he $roduction of H6",, is a batch $rocess1 -lementary bromine is added to cyclododecatriene in
the $resence of a solvent 8-"65 200@a91 +he $rocess tem$erature is 20 to >0 a"5 and the reaction
ta'es $lace in closed systems1 +he sus$ension obtained is filtered5 the solvent is removed with wa-
ter5 and the $roduct is dried5 stored in a silo and $ac'ed1 #ccording to one $roducer5 $roduction
and trans$ortation of the material to silo and the $ac'aging are done in a closed system1 +he $rod-
uct is delivered as $owder or $ellets1

>0 brominated flame retardants

*.$.& +anufacturin# sites
#ccording to a $resentation by P4)(#5 which re$resents the -uro$ean manufacturers of non-
halogenated $hos$horus5 inorganic and nitrogen 8P4)9 flame retardants5 brominated flame retard-
ants are $roduced at one site in the -U 8in +he )etherlands9 8P4)(#5 20091 #ccording to the -U
7is' #ssessment 7e$ort for H6",,5 the manufactured volume of H6",, at the site in +he )eth-
erlands was A5000 tonnes in 200?1 +66P# and P6,-s were not manufactured in the -U according
to the -U 7is' #ssessment 7e$orts1 )o data on the manufacturing of other 6(7s in the -U have
been obtained1

6(7s are not manufactured in ,enmar'1

*.$.* +anufacturin# 1olumes
The #lobal flame retardants mar"et
+he worldwide $roduction and consum$tion of flame retardants 8(7s9 amounts to around 2 million
tonnes a year 8"lariant5 20!91 6(7s accounted for .1>M of the total in 20 8(igure 9 which would
corres$ond to a$$ro;imately !A05000 tonnes1

(in' et al. 8200@5 as cited by Har*u5 200.9 estimated the total 6(7 mar'et in 200? at !5000
tonnes1

#ccording to a 202 mar'et study by +ownsend 8as cited by "lariant5 20!95 the consum$tion of
flame retardants has grown substantially in the $ast / years5 notably in electronics5 and is e;$ected
to continue to grow at a global annualiBed rate of /-?M1 Use in $lastics accounts for a$$ro;imately
@?M of all flame retardants used5 with te;tiles and rubber $roducts accounting for most of the re-
maining fraction 8"lariant5 20!91

;I89'0 $
KLO6#L "O)SU&P+4O) O( (L#&- 7-+#7,#)+S 4) PL#S+4"S 6Y +YP- 4) 20 8"L#74#)+5 20! "4+4)K +O3)S-),
SOLU+4O)S -S+4&#+-9

The #lobal mar"et of B;'s
+he global demand for 6(7s has been increasing as a conse=uence of the increasing usage of $oly-
meric materials in construction5 electronic and com$uter e=ui$ment1 +he global mar'et demand for
6(7s in ..0 was /?5000 tonnes and grew to more than !05000 tonnes in 2000 8#laee et al.5
200!9 while the demand in 20 was a$$ro;imately !A05000 tonnes as estimated above1

U$dated information on the global use of 6(7s by substances has not been available1 +he global
mar'et demands for P6,-s5 +66P# and H6",, in 200 is shown in +able !1 "om$ared to the
estimate of the total 6(7 mar'et of !05000 tonnes in 20005 it can be estimated that the five listed
6(7s accounted for about 22! of the total global mar'et at that time1 +hese data indicate that the

total mar'et for other 6(7s was about 005000 t2y in 2001 4n accordance with this5 Har*u et al.
8200.9 reach an estimate of about 005000 t2y for other brominated flame retardants based on data
from 200?1 #ccording to O-", 8../95 in ..2 other 6(7s accounted for !AM of the total 6(7
mar'et volume 8O-",5 ../9I the $ercentage of other 6(7s seems to have been fairly stable over
time1

#s shown in +able !5 the consum$tion of the main 6(7s in #sia is more than four times the con-
sum$tion in -uro$e5 reflecting the fact that a ma*or $art of the electrical and electronic articles are
$roduced in #sia1

4n ,enmar'5 im$orted articles accounted for about .0M of the consum$tion in end $roducts in
...5 and today the $ercentage is li'ely even higher as the ma*ority of electrical and electronic
$roducts are $roduced in #sia1 4t means that the 6(7s in the end $roducts reflect the use $attern of
the 6(7s in #sia to a much higher e;tent than the use of 6(7s in $roduction $rocesses in ,enmar'1

TAB>0 $*
&#70-+ ,-&#), (O7 P6,-S #), +3O O+H-7 &#%O7 67O&4)#+-, (L#&- 7-+#7,#)+S5 6Y 7-K4O)5 4) 200
8+O))-S9 86S-( 200A5 #S "4+-, 6Y L#SS-) ET $6.5 200A9

;lame re:
tardant
+ar"et demand FtonnesDyearG
Americas 0uro%e Asia 'est of the
-orld
Total
"-$enta6,- >500 ?0 ?0 00 >5?00
"-octa6,- 5?00 A0 5?00 @0 !5>.0
"-deca6,- 2/5?00 >5A00 2!5000 50?0 ?A500
H6", 25@00 .5?00 !5.00 ?00 A5>00
+66P# @5000 5A00 @.5/00 A00 .5>00
+O+#L ?!5.00 2.5/A0 >5.?0 25/!0 20!5>.0

PBD0s
C:%entaBD0 - 6ased on the information $rovided by the bromine industry for the POPs 7eview
"ommittee under the Stoc'holm "onvention5 the estimated cumulative use of c-$enta6,- since
.>0 was 005000 tonnes 8POP7"5 200A91 +he total mar'et demand decreased from @5?00 tons in
... to >5?00 tons in 200 86S-(5 20091 #s of 200> c-$enta6,- was not manufactured in -uro$e5
%a$an5 "anada5 #ustralia and the U1S1#15 but no information on the status of the $roduction in "hi-
na was available 8POP7"5 200>a91 4t is $ossible that c-$enta6,- is not $roduced in any country at
$resent1

C:octaBD0 :4nformation $rovided by the bromine industry for the POPs 7eview "ommittee indi-
cates that c-Octa6,- has been $roduced in +he )etherlands5 (rance5 US#5 %a$an5 U0 and 4srael5
but since 200/5 it was no longer $roduced in the -U5 US# and the Pacific 7im 8lands around the
edges of the Pacific Ocean e1g1 %a$an and "hina91 )o information was available that indicates it was
being $roduced in develo$ing countries 8POP7"5 200>b91 Octa6,- was commercialiBed sometime
in the mid-.>0s1 6y the early 2000s5 global $roduction was b/5000 tonnes2year and by the time
$roduction ceased5 demand was b?00 tonnes1 #ssuming !0 years of $roduction at A5000 tonnes $er
year5 total $roduction volume would be around @05000 tonnes 8POP7"5 200>b91 #s mentioned
later in this cha$ter5 octa6,- was still im$orted to ,enmar' in 20! with $olycarbonate raw mate-
rials5 demonstrating that the substance is still $roduced in at least one country 8details not $rovid-
ed91

C:decaBD0 : #ccording to V-"#P 8209 a range of ?5000->5?00 t2y of c-deca6,- was sold in the
-U on average in the years 200.-20 8described further in the ne;t section91 +hese figures do not
include deca6,- im$orted in $re$arations or articles1 +he $roduction2im$ort volume of deca6,-
in the U1S1#1 is re$orted to be in the range of 2?5000 R ?05000 t2y in 2002 and in 200A 8US -P#
4nventory U$date 7e$orting as cited by )orway5 20!91 +he V-"#P re$orts for )orth #merica do
not include information on volumes sold1 #s described in section 211!5 the two U1S1 manufacturers
and the largest im$orter have committed to ending $roduction5 im$ort5 and sales of c-deca6,- for
all uses by the end of 20!1 +he current global use must conse=uently be e;$ected to be well below
the 2?5000-?05000 tonnes in 200A1 #mong the #sian countries5 c-deca6,- is $roduced mainly in
"hina5 where its $roduction was u$ to !5?00 t2y in 200 and u$ to !05000 t2y in 200? 8Nia et al.,
200?I Oou et al., 200> as cited by )orway5 20!91

PBBs1 R He;a66 has not been $roduced since the .>0s5 but deca66 8not covered by the Stoc'-
holm "onvention9 but was $roduced in (rance until 2000 8OSP#75 200.91 4t is $ossible that the
P66s are currently not $roduced in any country1

4BCDD
#ccording to the ris' management evaluation of H6",, $re$ared by the POPs 7eview "ommittee5
H6",, is $roduced in "hina5 -uro$e5 %a$an5 and the US# 8POP7"5 2091 +he 'nown annual
$roduction in 20 was a$$ro;imately !5000 tonnes $er year 8@5000 tonnes in "hina and !5/2A
tonnes in -uro$e and the U1S1#19 8data for "hina u$dated from POP7"5 20291 #vailable infor-
mation suggests that use of H6",, may be increasing1 (rom 200 to 20 the global mar'et de-
mand increased from A5>00 t2y to !5000 t2y 8POP7"5 205 20291 +he main share of the mar'et
volume is used in -uro$e and "hina 8POP7"5 2091 Of the @5000 tonnes $roduced in "hina in
205 ?5?00-A5000 tonnes were e;$orted 8POP7"5 20291

#ccording to the OSP#7 bac'ground document on +66P#5 the substance is $roduced in the US#5
4srael5 %ordan and %a$an5 but not in the -U 8OSP#75 2091 +he total global $roduction volume in
20 was estimated to be in the range 205000-?05000 t2y1 8OSP#75 209

6ther B;'s
#s indicated above5 until recently the total global mar'et volume of other 6(7s have been about
005000 t2y5 but may have been increasing in recent years1 # brea'down of the global mar'et for
other 6(7s by substance has not been available1 +he following sections include scattered infor-
mation on the global mar'et of individual substances5 while a more detailed descri$tion of the con-
sum$tion of other 6(7s in the -U is $rovided in section !1!11

DBDP0 : ,6,P- was introduced as an alternative to deca6,- and has been on the mar'et for
more than 20 years1 +he mar'et for ,6,P-s is $robably increasing due to the restriction on
deca6,- in electrical and electronic e=ui$ment in the -U and the general $hase out of $roduction
in the U1S1#1 4nformation on the global $roduction of ,6,P- has not been available1 +he total
consum$tion of the ,6,P- in 3estern -uro$e in ..@ was about 25?00 tonnes while5 according to
-"H#Ss registration database5 the total im$ort to the -U in 20 was in the 5000Q tonnes range
8u$$er limit not indicated5 see +able @91 4n "hina5 ,6,P- was the second most used 6(7 in 200A
after deca6,- 8Shi5 200.91 +he estimated domestic $roduction volumes in "hina were 2050005
250005 /5?005 and /5000 t2y for deca6,-5 ,6,P-5 H6",5 and +66P#-,6P-5 res$ectively1 4n
%a$an5 the consum$tion of ,6,P- sur$assed the consum$tion of c-deca6,- in ..>-..@ accord-
ing to 3atanabe and Sa'ai 8200!95 as cited by 7ic'lund et al. 8200@91

0BT0BPI : -6+-6P4 has a similar a$$lication $rofile as deca6,- 8O-",5 ../9 and has been on
the mar'et for more than 20 years1 4nformation on the global $roduction of -6+-6P4 has not been
brominated flame retardants >!

available1 +he total consum$tion of -6+-6P4 in 3estern -uro$e in ..@ was about ?52?0 tonnes5
but the substance has not been registered and the im$ort statistics indicate an im$ort of a few hun-
dred tonnes only 8+able @91

BTBP0 - #ccording to #hi et al1 8200@95 6+6P- is $roduced and used in "hina5 but information on
its $roduction and consum$tion is not available1

*.& Im%ort and e3%ort

*.&.$ Im%ort and e3%ort of brominated flame retardants in Denmar"
,ata on im$ort and e;$ort of brominated flame retardants on their own are shown in +able /
based on data from Statistics ,enmar'1 +he only 6(7 for which the statistics $rovide s$ecific data
is -6+-6P45 which is listed together with another 6(7 8"#S )o ?2.0>-0>-091 +he latter has not
been $re-registered and it is therefore assumed that the re$orted im$ort2e;$ort concern -6+-6P4
only1 +he net im$ort of -6+-6P4 to ,enmar' in 20 was 2 tonnes1

TAB>0 $)
,#)4SH P7O,U"+4O)5 4&PO7+ #), -NPO7+ O( 67O&4)#+-, (L#&- 7-+#7,#)+S 8S+#+4S+4"S ,-)&#705 20!9

CN5 code Te3t
Im%ortA tDy 03%ortA tDy Production
A1er:
a#e
&..,:
&.$.
&.$$
A1er:
a#e
&..,:
&.$o
&.$$
A1er:
a#e
&..7:
&.$$
&.$&
2.01.!0! Pentabromodi$henyl etherI 525/5?-
tetrabromo-!5A-
bisF$entabromo$heno;yFbenBene :$en-
ta6,-<
0 0 0 0
0 0
2.0.1!0!? 52-bisF25/5A-tribromo$heno;yFethane for
the manufacture of acrylonitrile-
butadiene-styrene :abs< :6+6P-<
0 0 0 0
0 0
2.0.1!0!@ 6rominated derivatives of aromatic ethers
8e;cl1 Pentabromodi$henyl ether5 525/5?-
tetrabromo-!5A-
bisF$entabromo$heno;yFbenBene and 52-
bisF25/5A-tribromo$heno;yFethane for the
manufacture of acrylonitrile-butadiene-
styrene :abs<9
0 0 0 0
0 0
2.>1!.20 -ster or anhydride of tetrabromo$hthalic
acidI benBene-525/-tricarbo;ylic acidI
iso$hthaloyl dichloride5 containing by
weight 01@M or less of tere$hthaloyl di-
chlorideI na$hthalene-5/5?5@-
tetracarbo;ylic acidI tetrachloro$hthalic
anhydrideI sodium !5?-
bis8metho;ycarbonyl9benBenesul$honate
A A@ 0 0
0 0
2.2?1.20 !5!S5/5/S5?5?S5A5AS-octabromo-n5nS-
ethylenedi$hthalimide :EBTEB/5<I

n5nS-ethylenebis8/5?-dibromohe;ahydro-
!5A-methano$hthalimide9 :"#S )o
?2.0>-0>-0<
2 0 0
0 0

>/ brominated flame retardants

*.&.$ Im%ort and e3%ort of brominated flame retardants in the 09
-U e;ternal trade of the 6(7s is shown in +able ?1

+he average net im$ort of the 6(7s can be summarised as followsC

Penta6,- and2or /T-Pe6PO6,-20@ C 2A tonnes in 20 8average 2? t2y for 200A-20091
"onsidering that $enta6,- is restricted for nearly all $ur$oses it is most li'ely that the re$ort-
ed im$ort concerns /T-Pe6PO6,-20@1
Other P6,-sI mainly deca6,-C ?5/.. t2y in 20 8average .5!@. t2y for 200A-2009
6+6P-C confidential tonnes in 20 8average @2 t2y for 200A-200>9
-6+-6P4C .@ tonnes in 20 8average AA t2y for 200.-2009
Other 6(7sC $art of /5A>/ tonnes in 20 8$art of average A5A?A for t2y for 200.-20091

TAB>0 $/
-U2> -N+-7)#L 4&PO7+ #), -NPO7+ O( S-L-"+-, 67O&4)#+-, (L#&- 7-+#7,#)+S 8-U7OS+#+5 202#9 Z

CN code Te3t Im%ortA tDy 03%ortA tDy
A1era#e
&..,:
&.$.
&.$$ A1era#e
&..,:
&.$.
&.$$
&..*.*$
Pentabromodi$henyl ether 8$enta6,-9I
525/5?-tetrabromo-!5A-
bisF$entabromo$heno;yFbenBene 8"#S )o
?@.A?-AA-?9

2? 2A 21> 01.
&..*.*/
52-6is825/5A-tribromo$heno;y9 ethane5
for the manufacture of acrylonitrile-
butadiene- styrene 8#6S9 :6+6P-5 "#S )o
!>@?!-?.-<
@2
8average
200A-
200>9
confi-
dential
.1A
8average
200A-
200>9
0
&..*.*5
6rominated derivatives of aromatic ethers
8e;cl1 $entabromodi$henyl ether5 525/5?-
tetrabromo-!5A-
bisF$entabromo$heno;yFbenBene and 52-
bisF25/5A-tribromo$heno;yFethane for the
manufacture of acrylonitrile-butadiene-
styrene :abs<9
.5!@. ?5/.. /.2 0?
&$7.*&.
-ster or anhydride of tetrabromo$hthalic
acidI benBene-525/-tricarbo;ylic acidI
iso$hthaloyl dichloride5 containing by
weight 01@M or less of tere$hthaloyl di-
chlorideI na$hthalene-5/5?5@-
tetracarbo;ylic acidI tetrachloro$hthalic
anhydrideI sodium !5?-
bis8metho;ycarbonyl9benBene-sul$honate
A5A?A /5A>/ 52! 25!20
&&/.$&.
!5!S5/5/S5?5?S5A5AS-octabromo-n5nS-
ethylenedi$hthalimide :EBTEB/5<I
n5nS-ethylenebis8/5?-dibromohe;ahydro-
!5A-methano$hthalimide9 :"#S )o ?2.0>-
0>-0<
00
8average
200.-
2009
@ 21?
8average
200.-
2009
?12
Z ,ata from other years are confidential1
brominated flame retardants >?

(or many of the 6(7s5 a significant $art of the im$ort of the substances would be in im$orted arti-
cles5 $rimarily electrical and electronic e=ui$ment im$orted from #sia1

,ata on im$ort of 6(7s in articles are generally not available1 +he -U 7is' #ssessment for deca6-
,- 8-"65 200/9 estimates that net im$ort of deca6,- in articles around 2000 was $robably small
com$ared to consum$tion in the -U1

(or +66P#5 the -U 7is' #ssessment 8-"65 200>9 estimated im$ort to be significant whereas the
-U 7is' #ssessment for H6",, 8-"65 200@9 does not $rovide data5 but indicates that H6",,
contained in e;$anded $olystyrene 8-PS9 and e;truded $olystyrene 8NPS9 for the construction
industry is not li'ely to be trans$orted long distances1 4t should be noted that even though the net
im$ort of deca6,- in articles is considered relatively small5 deca6,- in im$orted articles may still
account for a ma*or $art of the deca6,- in articles sold on the -U mar'et5 because a significant
$art of the deca6,- used in the -U may be incor$orated into articles e;$orted from the -U1

# ma*ority of the +66P# 8indicated as the +66P# used to $roduce the +66P# flame retarded $las-
tics9 was im$orted into the -U in finished articles and com$onents in 200!2200?5 as shown in
+able A1 #ccording to the -U 7is' #ssessment5 the im$ort of +66P# on its own 8Fas the sub-
stanceF9 decreased from !5@00 t2y in the late ..0s to A5?00 t2y in 200!2200?1 +he im$ort of
+66P# in finished articles and com$onents in 200!2200? accounted for A.M of the total im$ort5
and the $ercentage is li'ely higher today1 #s indicated in section !1!15 the im$ort of +66P# on its
own has further decreased to 5000-25?00 t2y in 2001

+he change reflects the fact that an increasing fraction of electrical and electronic e=ui$ment sold in
the -U is im$orted1

TAB>0 $,
4&PO7+ O( +66P# 4) +H- -U 4) 200! +O 200? 8-"65 200>9

Im%ort FtDyG
&..*D&../ data
TBBPA im%orted into the 09 as Nthe substanceO A5?00
TBBPA im%orted into 09 as %artly finished %roducts
Fe.#. masterbatchA e%o3y resinsG
A5000
Amount of TBBPA im%orted into the 09 in finished
articles and com%onents
2>5?00
Total /05000

*.* 9ses of brominated flame retardants
*.*.$ Consum%tion of B;'s in the 09
-(7#5 the -uro$ean (lame 7etardant #ssociation5 has been contacted in order to obtain u$dated
information on the use of 6(7s in -uro$e5 but the organisation has not submitted any information1

,ata on the use of deca6,-5 +66P# and H6",, in the -U are available from the re$orting of the
Voluntary -missions "ontrol #ction Programme 8V-"#P95 which was develo$ed and first im$le-
mented in 200/ by three $roducers of flame retardants in $artnershi$ with user industries1 +he
V-"#P $rogramme addresses deca6,-5 +66P# and H6",, and $re$ares annual re$orts on used
volumes and emissions from manufacturers and industrial downstream users in -uro$e1 +he re-
$orted volumes sold and emissions for the $eriod 200@ to 200 are shown in +able > 8V-"#P5
2091 4n 205 in total !5?00- 205000 tonnes of the three 6(7s were sold for industrial down-
>A brominated flame retardants

stream uses in -uro$e5 a decrease as com$ared to the 200> figures1 +he e;act figure for 200> is
205@2. tonnes 8V-"#P5 200.91 +he V-"#P $rogramme covers )orth #merica and the #sia-Pacific
regions as well5 but data on the volumes sold in those regions are not re$orted1

TAB>0 $7
+O+#L VOLU&- SOL, 6Y &-&6-7S O( +H- V-"#P P7OK7#&&- 8V-"#P5 2029

Substance Total 1olume sold in 0uro%eA tDy C$ Co1era#e
&.$$ C&
&..7 &..5 &.. &.$. &.$$
DecaBD0 ?5000->5?00 ?5000->5?00 ?5000->5?00 >5?00-05000 25?00-?5000 @/M
4BCDD 05000- 25?00 >5?00-05000 >5?00-05000 05000-25?00 05000-25?00 .@M
TBBPA 25?00-?5000 25?00-?5000 5000-25?00 5000-25?00 5000-25?00 .?M
Z +he volumes sold in a s$ecific year are referred to in the re$ort as the survey results of the subse=uent year1
4n this table5 the volume data from the 20 survey are conse=uently referred to as 200 volume1
Z 4ndicates the $ercentage of the total volumes sold by -(7# member com$anies covered by the survey1

+he only $ublished detailed mar'et analysis of the consum$tion of 6(7s in 3estern -uro$e is re-
$orted in a ,anish substance flow analysis from ... 8Lassen et al.5 ...91 +he data5 re$resenting
..@5 are shown in +able @ together with an u$dated estimate based on information from registra-
tions 8+able 95 im$ort2e;$ort statistics 8section 09 and data from V-"#P 8+able >91

,ue to the wide ranges indicated in the registration5 the total consum$tion can only be estimated
with high uncertainty at 25000->5000 t2y1 +o this uncertainty5 substances should be added which
are not registered and or that have confidential "#S numbers 8which have not been included in the
search at -"H#Ss web site91 (or the non-$olymeric substances5 the total is e;$ected to be small5 as
all substances manufactured or im$orted in volumes of more than 00 t2y should now be regis-
tered1 +he total re$orted consum$tion of 6(7s in the -U in 200A was a$$ro;imately />5000 t2y
8Stevens et al.520091

#s indicated in +able @5 the total consum$tion of +66P# as a substance on its own has decreased
mar'edly from !5?0 t2y in ..@ to 5000-25?00 t2y in 2001 #bout .0M of the +66P# was used as
reactive 6(7 in the $roduction of $rinted circuit boards 8V-"#O5 20291 4t is not indicated whether
the remaining $art is used as reactive 6(7 for other a$$lications or as additive 6(71 +he additive
use of +66P# in the -U would be 2?0 t2y as a ma;imum5 indicating that it re$resents a small $art
of the additive use of 6(7s1

+he brominated $olyols5 which are 6(7s used reactively5 accounted in ... for @5/00 t2y5 and the
consum$tion may still be of the same magnitude as halogenated $olyether$olyol 6 as the main 6(75
with a registered im$ort2manufacture in the 5000-05000 t2y range1

#mong the additive 6(7s5 deca6,- and H6",, were the main 6(7s both in ..@ and in 2001
+he use of ,6,P- may have increased from 25?00 t2y consum$tion in ...5 but the registered
volume is only indicated as 000Q t2y without an u$$er limit of the range1 ++6P-+#O is registered
in the 5000 - 05000 t2y range1 +he consum$tion of -6+-6P4 in the -U seems to have decreased
significantly from about ?5000 t2y in ..@ to a few hundred tonnes in 2001

+wo of the 6(7s showing substantial consum$tion in ...5 $olybrominated $olystyrenes 8/5>? t2y9
and $oly825A-dibromo$henylene o;ide9 8!52?0 t2y95 are not registeredI the latter is also not $rereg-
istered5 indicating that it is not mar'eted in the -U anymore1

brominated flame retardants >>

+he $olymeric 6(7s are not sub*ect to registering and therefore not included in the 200 estimate1
+he total consum$tion of the $olymeric 6(7s in ..@ was about .5000 t2y and may have been of
the same magnitude in 2001 One $olymeric 6(7 8brominated $olystyrene9 has been $reregistered5
but none of the $olymeric 6(7s have been registered1

TAB>0 $5
"O)SU&P+4O) O( 67O&4)#+-, (L#&- 7-+#7,#)+S 4) 3-S+-7) -U7OP- ..@ #), 4) +H- -U 4) 200

Substance F$5G $5 C$ &.$.
As indicated in >assen et al* F$G +ar"et 1olumeA
tDy
-estern 0uro%e
E of total +ar"et 1olumeA tDy
09&7P& C,
'eacti1e:
TBBPA !5?0 2 5000-25?00 Z!
TBBPA %olycarbonate oli#omer
F'DT:7 and otherG
25?0 ! )ot registered
TBBPA bisF&A*:dibromo%ro%yl etherG
F+66P#-6,6P-G
5?00 2 00-5000
Brominated %olyols

@5/00 ! H--HP-+-6PC 00 - 5000
+-6P-#nhC 00-5000
Halogenated $olyether$olyol 6C
5000 - 05000
Brominated e%o3y oli#omers 52?0 2 7elevant substances not registered
8e1g1 +66P#-6K- and end-ca$$ed
brominated e$o;y9
Dibromoneo%entyl #lycol
F,6)PK9
5?0 2 00-5000
6ther reacti1e 2?0 01/ +6PC 5000-05000
8$artly used for other a$$lications9
+6)P#C "onfidential
P66-#crC 00-000
SubtotalA reacti1e 2@5@00 /? !5000 R 2A5000
Q non registered Q confidential
Additi1e:
PBD0s
>50?0 deca6,-C ?5000->5?00

PBBs
A00 )ot $re-registered
4BCDD
@5.?0 / 05000-25?00
0thylene bisFtetrabromo%htalimideGA
F0BT0BPIG
?52?0 @ 00 - 5000
4m$C @ 8209
Polybrominated %olystyrenes
/5>? > )ot registered 8$olymers9
Poly F&A,:dibromo%henylene o3ideG C)

!52?0 ? )ot $re-registered 8$olymer9
Sayte3 5.$. %ro%rietary %roduct
FDBDP0G
25?00 / 5000 Q

Polybrominated imidesC/
@?0 )ot registered
>@ brominated flame retardants

Substance F$5G $5 C$ &.$.
As indicated in >assen et al* F$G +ar"et 1olumeA
tDy
-estern 0uro%e
E of total +ar"et 1olumeA tDy
09&7P& C,
Brominated %henylindane
F6BT+PIG
>?0 )ot registered
PolyF%entabromoben2ylG acrylate
?00 01@ )ot $re-registered 8$olymer9

6ther additi1e
>>? ++6P-+#OC 5000 - 05000
++6)PPC 00-000
6-H-+-6PC 00-000
Substances not registered but cov-
ered by the statisticsC
/T-Pe6PO6,-20@C im$ortC 2A
8205 together with $enta6,-9
6+6P-C 4m$ort confidential 8209
@2 8average 200A2200>9
SubtotalA additi1e !/5>00 ?? @5000-/?5000
Qnon registered Z2
Total Fadditi1e P reacti1eG A25?00 00 25000->5000
Q non registered Q confidentialZ2
Z SourceC Lassen et al.5 ...1 Substances names as indicated in Lassen et al. with abbreviations used in this
survey in brac'ets1
Z2 +he 000Q for ,6,P- is calculated as 000-050001
Z! # $art may be used as additive 6(71
Z/ "#S )o A.@@2-->1 )ot $re-registered 8$olymer9 or $roduced by ma*or manufacturers1 &ar'eted by "hi-
nese manufacturers via the 4nternet1
Z? )ot clear which s$ecific substances are covered by this1
ZA -U2> Q )orway and SwitBerland

*.*.& A%%lications of B;'s
+he 6(7s are a com$le; grou$ of substances with a wide range of a$$lications1 #s mentioned be-
fore5 the mechanism of flame retardancy is basically the same for all 6(7s1
+he o$timal 6(7 for a s$ecific a$$lication de$ends mainly on the $olymers2te;tiles2coating to be
$rovided with flame retarded $ro$erties5 the $rocessing conditions 8e1g1 $rocessing tem$erature95
desired characteristics of final $olymer 8e1g1 UV stability and colour9 and the $rice of the 6(7s1
+he a$$lication s$ectra of the main 6(7s from one of the ma*or manufacturers are shown in #$-
$endi; ? 8+able #?-29 +he other ma*or manufacturers have similar $ortfolios of 6(7s for a range of
$olymers5 te;tiles and coatings1
,eca6,-5 with a high degree of bromination5 has traditionally been the cost-effective allround 6(7
used as additives in a wide range of thermo$lastics1 ,6,P-5 -6+-6P4 and a newly introduced
$olymeric 6(7 have5 as mentioned earlier5 nearly the same a$$lication s$ectrum as deca6,- and
have been used as substitutes for deca6,-1 &ost of the other 6(7s have relatively narrow s$ectra
and are o$timised for s$ecific $olymers or te;tiles1 (or the reactive flame retardants5 s$ecific 6(7s
are used for the different thermosets e1g1 tetrabromo$hthalic anhydride diester2etheriol is used as a
reactive com$onent in $olyurethane1 +he a$$lication of each of the 6(7s is described in more detail
below1
+he flame retardant $olymers may be used for different a$$licationsI generally5 the same flame
retardants are used in a $olymer regardless of the end a$$lication e1g1 the same ty$es of 6(7 are
brominated flame retardants >.

used to manufacture flame retardant $olyamides used in electrical and electronic e=ui$ment5 trans-
$ortation or building a$$lications1
+he global $roduction of $olymers with 6(7s in 2000 is shown in the table below with an indica-
tion of the ty$ical content of 6(71 +he $olymer with the highest volume was flame retardant $oly-
styrene foams used mainly for building insulation5 with a global $roduction of A005000 t2y1 Other
$olymers with a narrow a$$lication s$ectrum are (7 e$o;y 8mainly $rinted circuit boards9 and (7
$olyurethanes 8mainly insulation $anels95 whereas the other $olymers are used for $roduction of
various articles1
TAB>0 $
KLO6#L #))U#L P7O,U"+4O) O( POLY&-7S 4) 2000 #), +H-47 6(7 "O)+-)+ 86#S-, O) #L#-- ET $6.5 200!9

Polymer Abbre1ia:
tion C$
Ty%ical
B;' con:
tent FEG
AD'C
$
Ty%e of B;' Annual
%roduc:
tion of
%olymer
F$... tDyG
+ain a%%lication areas
C&
Polystyrene foam -PS5 NPS 01@R/ # H6",, A00 6uilding insulation $anels
4i#h:im%act %oly:
styrene
H4PS R? # deca6,-5 bromin-
ated $olystyrene
!?0 Housing and other mould-
ed $arts for ---5 sheets Z!
0%o3y resin -$o;y .R !! 7 +66P# !00 Printed circuit boards for
---
Polyamides P# !R A # deca6,-5 bromin-
ated $olystyrene
200 Switchgear5 fuse bo;es5
terminal bloc's5 $rint
connectors5 etc1 for ---
Polyolefins P-5 PP ?R @ # deca6,-5 $ro$yl-
ene dibromo
styrene
200 "able covering5 $i$es5
sheets for trans$ortation
and constructionI various
--- a$$lications
Polyurethanes PU 0R @ # deca6,-5 esters of
+66P#
?0 4nsulation $anels
Polytere%hthalate P-+5 P6+ @R # brominated $oly-
styrene5 +66P#
derivatives
?0 7elays5 motors5 switchgear
and other --- com$onents
9nsaturated %oly:
esters
UP- !R 2@ 72# +66P# ?0 +rans$ortation5 roof sheets5
sanitary ware5 switchgear
and other --- com$onents
Polycarbonate P" /R A 72# 6rominated $oly-
styrene5 +66P#-
derivatives
00 --- com$onents
Styrene co%oly:
mers
#6S and
others
2R ? # octa6,-5 bromin-
ated $olystyrene
?0 Housing and other mould-
ed $arts for ---
Z 4nformation added in this survey1 #PadditiveI 7P reactive
Z2 4nformation added in this survey5 based on Lassen et al.5 ...

Concentrations of B;'s in materials
+he concentration of 6(7s added to the different $olymers de$ends onC
@0 brominated flame retardants

+he efficacy of the 6(7 8e1g1 determined by the bromine content of the 6(79 and synergistsI
+he desired level of flame retardancy 8tested by different flammability tests9I
+he flammability of the base resin 8e;$ressed by the Flimiting o;ygen inde;F or ELO4\ of base
resin91

# further descri$tion of the concentrations of 6(7s in different $lastic materials is included in #$-
$endi; /1

+ain a%%lication areas
+he main a$$lication areas of materials with 6(7s as flame retardants areC

-lectrical and electronic e=ui$mentI
3iring and $ower distributionI
+e;tiles5 car$ets and furnitureI
6uilding materialsI
&eans of trans$ortation 8vehicles5 trains5 air$lanes5 shi$s5 etc19I
Paint and fillers1

# brea'down of the total mar'et volume by a$$lication area at global or -U level is not available5
but a detailed brea'down of the use of 6(7s by a$$lication area in ,enmar' in ... is shown in
+able 22 in section !1!1!1

# list of a$$lications of deca6,- is shown in #$$endi; ? 8+able #?-91 #$art from the uses in insu-
lation materials 8mainly H6",,95 the list of deca6,- a$$lications covers the main a$$lication
areas of the additive 6(7s1 +he a$$lication of deca6,- is therefore described in more detail in the
following1

DecaBD0
# brea'down of the consum$tion of deca6,- by a$$lication area in the -U is not available1 4n the
U1S1#15 around 2005 the consum$tion of deca6,- could be bro'en down as follows 8e;cluding
im$ort in articles9C #utomotive and trans$ortation 2AM5 building and construction 2AM5 te;tiles
2AM5 electrical and electronic e=ui$ment 8---9 !M and others .M1 #s a conse=uence of the re-
striction of deca6,- in the 7oHS ,irective5 the use in electrical and electronic e=ui$ment would be
lower in the -U1 ,eca6,- may still be used for manufacturing of some ty$es of --- which are
outside the sco$e of the 7oHS ,irective or a$$lications currently e;em$ted1

+he 200 V-"#P re$ort stated that te;tiles account for one third of the volume of deca6,- sold
8V-"#P5 20091 6ased on the su$$ly figures from the 200 V-"#P re$ort5 this suggests that around
/5?00 tonnes $er annum are used in $lastics2$olymers and 252?0 tonnes $er annum are used in
te;tiles 8U05 20291

Polymeric a%%lications : #ccording to the #nne; NV re$ort for deca6,- 8U05 20295 the follow-
ing range of $olymers has been identified as $ossible a$$lications for deca6,- 8$lease note that
this is not a definitive list9C

1 Polyolefins R deca6,- may be used in $oly$ro$ylene 8PP95 $olyethylene 8P-95 $oly$ro$ylene
ether 8PP-9 and ethylene vinyl acetate 8-V#9 $olymers1 -;am$les of end uses where deca6,-
may be $resent include $ower cables and wires insulation5 conduits5 stadium seating5 electrical
connectors5 electrical bo;es5 heat shrin'able material5 shi$$ing $allets and roofing membranes1
,eca6,- may also be used in $olyethylene wood com$osites used in construction1

brominated flame retardants @

21 Styrenics R deca6,- can be used in high-im$act $olystyrene 8H4PS95 acrylonitrile butadiene
styrene 8#6S9 and $oly$henylene o;ide2$olystyrene blends 8PPO2PS91 7oHS restricts the use of
deca6,- for end uses of these $olymers in consumer electrical and electronic goods1

!1 -ngineering thermo$lastics R deca6,- may be used in the followingC
- $olyesters such as $olybutylene tere$hthalate 8e;am$les include circuit brea'ers5 soc'ets and
electrical connectors9 and $olyethylene tere$hthalate 8P-+9I
- $olyamides5 e1g1 nylon 8used for in*ection moulding a$$lications in trans$ort e1g1 wheel
covers and handles5 chair and seat belt mechanisms5 under-hood a$$lications9I
- $olycarbonate 8P"9 8used to ma'e window housings in trains and aircraft5 as well as automo-
tive com$onents such as headlam$s and bum$ers9 and $olycarbonate blends5 e1g1 P"2#6SI
- $olyimides 8used for bearings in aircraft5 seals and gas'ets9 and
- melamine 8te;tile finishing a$$lications91

/1 +hermosets R deca6,- is used in unsaturated $olyester resins 8UPS9 8used to ma'e a variety of
articles for construction including modular building $arts5 roofing materials5 $orch cano$ies
and decorative mouldings9 and e$o;y resins 8these have a$$lications in electronics5 construc-
tion and aeros$ace91

?1 -lastomers R deca6,- may be used in ethylene $ro$ylene diene monomer 8-P,&9 rubber
8automotive radiator hoses and seals5 roofing membranes5 cable and wire insulation95 styrene-
butadiene rubber 8S6795 thermo$lastic $olyurethanes 8+PUs9 8automotive and wire and cable
a$$lications9 and ethylene vinyl acetate 8-V#9 elastomers often used for wire and cable insula-
tion1

A1 3aterborne emulsions and coatings such as acrylic emulsions5 $olyvinyl chloride emulsions5
ethylene vinyl chloride emulsions and urethane emulsions1 +hese are used for coating5 im$reg-
nation and saturation of fibrous materials such as $a$er5 nonwovens 8e1g1 felt9 and woven te;-
tiles1

(or many of these $olymers5 other (7s will also be used1 +he choice of (7s will de$end on the fire
$erformance that is re=uired and the cost 8both of the raw materials and the sale $rice to the end
user91 +y$ically5 deca6,- is used in $lastics2$olymers at loadings of 0-?M by weight5 though in
some cases loadings as high as 20M may be re=uired 8sta'eholder communication5 2091 +he
amount of flame retardant that is re=uired for any given a$$lication de$ends on a number of fac-
torsI the fire $erformance re=uired for the finished $roduct 8in some cases determined by fire safety
standards95 the effectiveness of the flame retardant 8and synergist9 and the $hysical $ro$erties
re=uired for the end $roduct 8e1g1 colour5 density5 stability5 etc19 8see #$$endi; ? for more infor-
mation91

Te3tile a%%lications : ,eca6,- is a versatile flame retardant that can be used to treat a wide
range of synthetic5 blended and natural fibres1 +he versatility of deca6,- ma'es it $articularly
suitable for the most $o$ular te;tile fabrics used in the u$holstery mar'et at $resentC blends of
$olyester5 acrylic and viscose fibres1 -nd-uses identified in 200! for te;tiles treated with deca6,-
are listed in +able ?1 +he main end-uses were u$holstery5 window blinds5 curtains 8e1g1 for $ublic
occu$ancy areas including hos$itals95 mattress te;tiles 8some &ember States have s$ecific fire $er-
formance re=uirements for mattresses used in $ublic buildings5 e1g1 $risons95 tentage 8e1g1 military
tents and te;tiles also commercial mar=uees5 tents and canvasses9 and trans$ort 8e1g1 interior fab-
rics in cars5 rail $assenger rolling stoc' and aircraft9 8U05 20291 4t was suggested in the -U 7#7
that u$holstery accounts for three =uarters of the total U0 te;tiles usage of deca6,- 8-"5 200291 4t
is $ossible that deca6,- is also used in synthetic late; foam in mattresses5 but no further details of
this use are available 8U05 20291


,eca6,- is not used in a$$lications with the $otential for $rolonged contact with s'in e1g1 clothing
te;tiles5 bedding5 or $rotective clothing1 4n 200!5 -6(74P indicated that deca6,- does not $lay an
im$ortant role as a flame retardant for car$ets 8as cited by 7P#5 200!9 and recent information
confirms that it is not used for commercial and residential car$ets 8U05 20291 However5 some air-
craft manufacturers have identified car$ets as a $ossible a$$lication for deca6,- 8U05 20291

TAB>0 &.
US- O( ,-"#6,- 4) +-N+4L-S 87P# 200!5 #S "4+-, 6Y U05 2029

Domestic sector Contract sectors
+aterial
9
%
h
o
l
s
t
e
r
y

;
i
l
t
e
r
s

f
o
r

c
o
o
"
e
r
s

B
l
i
n
d
s

B
l
a
c
"
o
u
t

c
u
r
t
a
i
n
s

9
%
h
o
l
s
t
e
r
y

F
h
o
s
%
i
t
a
l
s
A

t
h
e
a
t
r
e
s
A

e
t
c
.
G

A
u
t
o
m
o
t
i
1
e

t
e
3
t
i
l
e
s

8
e
o
t
e
3
t
i
l
e
s

a
n
d

(
a
l
l

c
o
1
e
r
i
n
#
s

C
$

6
t
h
e
r

Cotton o o o
Polyester o o o o o o
Acrylic o
Biscose o
Polyamide FnylonG o
Poly%ro%ylene o
Blends of all abo1e o
Polyester cotton o o o o o
8lass o o o
Z pKeote;tilesD are te;tiles used in civil engineering to re$lace natural stabilisation of 8for e;am$le9 earthwor's
while natural materials grow and they are usually $ositioned underground 8$ossible areas of a$$lication in-
clude tunnels9 8U05 20291

C:octaBD0 and c:%entaBD0
#ccording to the -U 7is' #ssessment for octa6,-5 in -uro$e c-octa6,- was $rimarily used in
acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene 8#6S9 $olymers at 2-@M weight loadings in the final $roduct1
#round .?M of the total octa6,- su$$lied in the -U is used in #6S 8-"65 200!91 Other minor uses5
accounting for the remaining ?M usage5 include high im$act $olystyrene 8H4PS95 $olybutylene ter-
e$hthalate 8P6+9 and $olyamide $olymers5 at ty$ical loadings of 2-?M weight in the final $roduct1
Other uses that have been re$orted for octa6,- include nylon and low density $olyethylene $oly-
carbonate5 $henol-formaldehyde resins and unsaturated $olyesters 8O-",5 ../95 and in adhesives
and coatings 83HO5 ../91

#s indicated elsewhere5 the use of octa6,- is assumed to have ceased worldwide5 but a use of the
octa6,- in $olycarbonate in ,enmar' has been confirmed for this survey1

(lame retarded #6S with octa6,- has $redominantly been used for enclosures and structural $arts
of electrical and electronic e=ui$ment and may be $resent in recycled $lastics from electrical and
electronic waste1

brominated flame retardants @!

4t is considered that between .0M and .?M of the use of c-Penta6,- globally was for the treatment
of $olyurethane 8PU9 foam 8U)-P5 202a91 +hese foams were mainly used in automotive and u$-
holstery a$$lications1 &inor uses included te;tiles5 $rinted circuit boards5 insulation foam5 cable
sheets5 conveyer belts5 lac=uers and $ossibly drilling oils 8U)-P5 202a91 +he total amount of c-
Penta6,- used for these minor uses is estimated to account for ?M or less of the total usage1 #n
a$$ro;imate distribution of global c-Penta6,- use of !AM in trans$ort5 A0M in furniture and a /M
residual in other articles is considered by U)-P 82029 to be reasonable and is generally consistent
with the analytical data for different waste streams1 +he average content of c-Penta6,- in PU7
foam is re$orted to be around !-? M 8w2w9 for u$holstery5 cushions5 mattresses5 and car$et $adding
used in $articular in countries with flammability standards for these a$$lications 8e1g1 United
States5 United 0ingdom91 PU7 foam in the trans$ort sector might have been used in lower concen-
trations for a$$lications such as seats or arm2head rests at 01?- M 8w2w9 8U)-P5 202a91

4BCDD
+he main $art 8.0 M9 of H6",, used in the -U is used as a flame retardant in $olystyrene 8PS91
PS-containing H6",,5 in the form of -;$anded PS 8-PS9 or -;truded PS 8NPS95 is mainly used as
rigid thermal insulation $anels2boards for buildings and for road and railway constructions to $re-
vent frost heaves and $rovide a lightweight load-s$reading construction material1 H6",, is also
used to $rovide flame retardant $ro$erties to te;tiles 8for furniture5 automobile interiors1 etc19 and
in smaller =uantities in high-im$act PS 8H4PS91 +he latter $olymer material is ty$ically used in
electronic and electrical e=ui$ment1 Some other minor uses have been re$orted5 but it is not clear
whether they are relevant for the -U1

9se in 0PS and MPS1 - )early all -PS-containing H6",, is used in the building and construc-
tion industry5 with smaller =uantities used in 8non-food9 $ac'aging1

#ccording to an #nne; NV re$ort for H6",,5 in -uro$e some /205000 tonnes of -PS is used for
construction a$$licationsI >05000 tonnes of this is used in -astern -uro$e 8Sweden5 200@91 4n
3estern -uro$e a$$ro;imately >0 M of this -PS is in flame-retardant grades5 while in -astern -u-
ro$e it is more than .. M1 Pac'aging uses some 2?0 000 tonnes of -PS in 3estern -uro$e5 of
which a$$ro;imately 0 M is flame-retardant grade1 H6",, is incor$orated as an integral and
enca$sulated com$onent within the $olymer matri; with uniform concentration throughout the
bead1 +he ma;imum concentration of H6",, in -PS beads is assumed to be 01> M1 84O&5 200.9
-PS foam is $roduced from -PS beads through $re-e;$ansion of the beads with dry saturated
steam5 drying with warm air and sha$ing in sha$e moulds or in a continuous moulding machine1

NPS with H6",, is used in the construction industry as rigid insulation boards in constructions
and in road and railway emban'ments to $rotect against frost damage and as thermal insulation1 4t
is also used as insulation in sandwich constructions in vehicles such as caravans and lorries for cold
or warm trans$ort of goods1 8Sweden5 200@9

9se in 4IPS : 4t is believed that the use of H6",, in H4PS is small 8less than 0M of total use9
and that its use in te;tiles is also small 84O&5 200@91 H4PS containing H6",, is used mainly in
electronic and electrical e=ui$ment such as video and stereo e=ui$ment5 distribution bo;es in elec-
trical lines5 and refrigerator lining1

9se in te3tiles :(or the use in te;tiles5 H6",, is formulated to $olymer-based dis$ersions 8e1g1
acrylic or late;9 in water 84O&5 200@91 +his dis$ersion is then a$$lied to the te;tile1 +he dis$ersion
is a$$lied to the te;tile by bac' coating5 either as a $aste which is a$$lied to the te;tile and a scratch
'nife defines the final thic'ness5 or as a foam layer which is $ressed on the te;tile through a rotating
screen1 +he use of rotation screen is limited1 (lame-retarded te;tiles treated with H6",, are ty$i-
cally technical te;tiles and furniture fabric1 H6",, has certain $articular advantages when used on
synthetic fibres5 although this does not e;clude its use on cotton1 +y$ical end $roducts are u$hol-
@/ brominated flame retardants

stered furniture5 dra$eries5 interior te;tiles and automobile interior te;tiles1 ,ra$eries would only
be treated by bac'-coating in s$ecific 8institutional9 end-uses5 and then ty$ically only when there
are s$ecific fabric-related reasons for using H6",,1 +he H6",, $articles used for te;tile bac'-
coating need to be very small and micronised1 ,eca6,- is the 6(7 of choice for bac' coating5 as
H6",, is more e;$ensive 84O&5 200@91 #ccording to industry information 8as cited by 4O&5
200@95 the concentration of H6",, in the dis$ersion may range from ? to /@ M1 However5 addi-
tional $roduct information indicates that a li'ely concentration of H6",, in the coated layer may
be about 2? M5 corres$onding to 0 - ? M in the final dilution of the dis$ersion1 3ater and solvents
will leave the $re$aration when dried and concentrations of flame-retardants in the coating layer
will be higher than in the $re$aration1 +he formulated $roduct is used on technical te;tile and fur-
niture fabric5 on cotton fabrics5 and on cotton $olyester blends1 (or the calculations of e;$osure5 the
7#7 assumed that the bac'coating layer of the finished te;tile contains 2? M H6",,1 H6",, is
usually a$$lied with antimony trio;ide as a bac'-coating in a mass ratio of 2C 8i1e1 about A-? M
H6",, and /-0 M antimony o;ide by weight9 8)ational 7esearch "ouncil5 200091 84O&5 200.9

#ccording to the -U 7#75 the $rimary use of +66P#5 accounting for a$$ro;imately .0M of +66P#
used5 is as a reactive 6(7 in the manufacture of e$o;y and $olycarbonate resins 8-"65 200A91 3hen
used as a reactive 6(7 it becomes covalently bound in the $olymer and is only $resent in trace con-
centrations as unreacted monomer1 3hen used as a flame retardant in the $roduction of e$o;y
resins5 +66P# along with bis$henol-# is reacted with e$ichlorohydrin1 "ommercial flame retardant
e$o;y resins contain u$ to a$$ro;imately 20M bromine 8the ma;imum bromine content that can be
achieved in e$o;y resins is /@M if no bis$henol-# is used in the formulation91 +he main use of these
resins is in the manufacturing of rigid e$o;y-laminated $rinted circuit boards1 +he (7/-ty$e lami-
nate is by far the most commonly used laminate and is ty$ically made by reaction of around ?->M
+66P# in the e$o;y resin 8-"65 200A91 +he bromine content of these circuit boards is around @-
20M on a resin weight basis or .-0M on a laminate weight basis 8the resin ma'es u$ around ?0M of
the total weight of the laminate91 +he most commonly used laminate is a$$ro;imately 1A mm thic'
and the +66P# content has been estimated at around 01/2 'g2m
2
8Lassen et al.5 ...91 +his ty$e of
laminate is ty$ically used in com$uters and telecommunications e=ui$ment1 +66P# is used in more
than .0M of (7-/ $rinted circuit boards1 8V-"#P5 209 #ntimony o;ide is generally not used in
con*unction with tetrabromobis$henol-# in reactive flame retardant a$$lications1

#s well as use in the $rinted circuit board laminate itself5 e$o;y resins containing +66P# are also
used to enca$sulate certain electronic com$onents 8e1g1 $lastic2$a$er ca$acitors5 micro$rocessors5
bi$olar $ower transistors5 4K6+ 84ntegrated Kate 6i$olar +ransistor9 $ower modules5 #S4"s 8#$$li-
cation S$ecific 4ntegrated "ircuits9 and metal o;ide varistors9 on the $rinted circuit board 8-"65
200A91 +he concentration of +66P# in the $roduction of the resins used for enca$sulation is rela-
tively low5 a$$ro;imately 2M1

+66P# is also used as a reactive flame retardant in $olycarbonate 8P"9 and unsaturated $olyester
resins1 Polycarbonates are used in communication and electronics e=ui$ment5 electronic a$$lianc-
es5 trans$ortation devices5 s$orts and recreation e=ui$ment5 lighting fi;tures and signs1 Unsaturat-
ed $olyesters are used for ma'ing simulated marble floor tiles5 bowling balls5 glass reinforced $an-
els5 furniture $arts5 sewer $i$es cou$ling com$ounds5 automotive $atching com$ounds5 buttons5
and for enca$sulating electrical devices1

3here +66P# is used as an additive flame retardant5 it is generally used with antimony o;ide1 #6S
resins are used in automotive $arts5 $i$es and fittings5 refrigerators5 business machines and tele-
$hones and other a$$liances1

+66P# is also used in the manufacture of derivatives1 #ccording to the -U 7#75 the main deriva-
tives $roduced from +66P# are +66P# dimethylether5 +66P# dibromo$ro$ylether 8+66P#-
brominated flame retardants @?

6,6P-95 +66P# bis8allylether95 +66P# bis82-hydro;yethyl ether95 +66P# brominated e$o;y oli-
gomer5 and +66P# oligomers 8-"65 20AA91 +he main use of these derivatives is as flame retardants5
usually in niche a$$lications1 +he total amount of tetrabromobis$henol-# derivatives used is less
than the amount of +66P# used 8a$$ro;imately 2?M on a weight basis9 8-"65 200A91 #s indicated
above5 +66P#-6,6P- is the only +66P# derivative registered in the -U 8indicating that it is the
only derivative used in volumes of more than 00 t2y91

DBDP0
Polymer a%%lications - #ccording to U0 -nvironmental 7is' #ssessment5 the ma*or use of
,6,P- in -uro$e and the U0 8accounting for at least .0M of the tonnage su$$lied9 was as an addi-
tive flame retardant for $olymers 8-nvironment #gency5 200>91 +he $ro$erties of ,6,P- ma'e it
suitable for a$$lications involving high tem$erature5 a re=uirement for colour stability or where
recycling is antici$ated1 +he substance can be used with a variety of $olymers5 similar to deca6,-1
# summary of a$$lications is $rovided by -nvironment #gency 8200>9 and includes adhesives5
building insulation and roofing materials5 cables5 coatings5 electronic com$onents and trans$orta-
tion1 4t has not been $ossible to obtain a brea'down of the amounts of ,6,P- used in each a$$lica-
tion1 +y$ical loading rates are similar to deca6,-1 ,6,P- has also been detected in a water $i$e
insulating tube consisting of two different ty$es of $lastics 8an inner insulating layer and an outer
$rotective layer9 80ier'egaard et al.5 200/91

Te3tile a%%lications - ,6,P- is an additive flame retardant for te;tiles used for furniture and
furnishings 8-nvironment #gency5 200>91 +he =uantities are relatively low com$ared to $olymer
a$$lications and account for less than 0M of the total volume1 )o information was available to the
-nvironment #gency 8200>9 about s$ecific a$$lications5 but they are li'ely to be similar to those for
deca6,- 8i1e1 late;-based bac'coatings for dra$ery and u$holstery fabric91 +y$ical loadings for
various fabrics are thought to be in the range of !0-@0 g dry coating $er m
2
of fabricI the brominat-
ed flame retardant ma'es u$ around !0-/0M of the dry coating weight 8-nvironment #gency5
200>91

Polymeric flame retardants
# number of $olymeric 6(7s are mar'eted covering the ma*or a$$lication areas of additive 6(7s1
Some brominated $olymers5 such as brominated $olystyrene and brominated e$o;y $olymers5 have
been used for many years5 whereas others have been introduced as alternatives to deca6,- and
H6",, only in recent years1

+he $olymeric 6(7s are introduced by industry as the safest and most Eelegant\ flame retardants of
high molecular weight man-made materials1 #ccording to manufacturers5 due to their low solubility
in water5 $olymeric flame retardants5 once incor$orated into the end-$roduct $lastic matri;5 be-
come integrated with the $lastic and leaching is not e;$ected to occur1 84"L5 2029 (urthermore5
they do not migrate to the surface of the $lastic during aging5 thus eliminating any $otential bloom-
ing in the finished $roduct1

#s an e;am$le 4"L-4P $romotes several ranges of brominated $olymeric flame retardants for most
a$$lications5 and the other ma*or manufacturers have similar $ortfolios of $olymeric 6(7sC

(7-02?C brominated $olyacrylate 8molecular weightC A005000 daltonI >M 6r9 is es$ecially
suitable for a$$lications in engineering thermo$lastics 8P-+5 P6+5 nylon and styrenic co$oly-
mers91 &ar'eted for use in the automotive and electronics industry1
(-2000 seriesC brominated e$o;y $olymers with a wide range of molecular weight1 #s an e;-
am$le the (-200 8molecular weightC 205000 daltonI ?2M 6r9 is suitable for P6+ and P-+ used
in electronics1
(-!000 seriesC end-ca$$ed brominated e$o;y $olymers with various molecular weights1 #s an
e;am$le the (-!00 8molecular weightC ?5000 daltonI ?2-?/M 6r9 is recommended for use in
@A brominated flame retardants

engineering thermo$lastics such as P6+5 styrenic co$olymers and their alloys
?
and $olyamides
used in the automotive industry1
(7-@0!PC brominated $olystyrene 8molecular weightC A005000 daltonI eAAM 6r9 is most suit-
able for a$$lication in engineering thermo$lastics such as $olyamide5 P-+5 P6+ and their al-
loys in the automotive and electronics industry1
(7-22P5 a $ro$rietary $olymeric flame retardant 8molecular weightC A005000 daltonI eAAM
6r9 84"L5 2029 is recommended for use in -PS and NPS1

)o data on the actual uses of the $olymeric 6(7s and the used volumes have been available1 #s
mentioned elsewhere5 the $olymeric 6(7s are not sub*ect to 7-#"H registrationsI conse=uently5 no
information in their use is available from -"H#Ss registration web-site1

6ther B;'s
4nformation on the a$$lication of other 6(7s is briefly listed in +able 21 4f no reference is indicat-
ed5 the information builds on data $rovided in #nne; ! or elsewhere in this re$ort1

TAB>0 &$
#PPL4"#+4O) O( O+H-7 67O&4)#+-, (L#&- 7-+#7,#)+S #), #) 4),4"#+4O) O( +H- -N+-)+ +O 3H4"H +H-
SU6S+#)"-S H#V- 6--) 7-PO7+-, 4) +H- )O7,4" O7 #7"+4" -)V47O)&-)+

Abbre1iation Common
nameDdescri%tion
A%%lication 'e#istered im:
%ort D%roduction
tDy
+anufac:
tured by
ma7or man:
ufacturers
Additi1e B;'s
)Q:
PeBP6BD0&.5
6is8$entabromo-$heno;y9
benBene
)o data on a$$lication im$ortC 2A 8205
together with $en-
ta6,-9
not registered

B04:T0BP +etrabromo$hthalate ester Primary re$lacement for $enta6,- in
$olyurethane foam together with -H-
+66 8"-"6P5 200@9
(lame retardant $lasticiBer for PV"
a$$lications such as wire and cable
insulation5 coated fabrics5 film and
sheeting1
00-000 ;
BTBP0 6is 8tribromo$heno;y9
ethane
Has been the main substitute for
octa6,- with a wide a$$lication
$rofile1 (lame retardant for H4PS5
#6S5 $olycarbonate5 thermo$lastic5
elastomers5 unsaturated $olyesters5
adhesives5 coatings5 and te;tiles
im$ort @2
8average
200A2200>I conf1
for 209
;
DBDP0 ,ecabromodi$henyl
ethane
Has a similar a$$lication $rofile as
deca6,-1 4s the main substitute for
deca6,- in electrical and electronic
$roducts in which the use of deca6,-
is restricted1
5000 Q ;

?
#lloys are made by mi;ing traditional $olymers which have already been formed whereas co$olymers are made by mi;ing of
monomers
brominated flame retardants @>

Abbre1iation Common
nameDdescri%tion
%ort D%roduction
tDy
+anufac:
tured by
ma7or man:
ufacturers
DB0:DBC4 52-,ibromo-/-852-
+he substance was formerly mar'eted
under the trade name Sayte; 6"L-/A2
8#lbemarle95 but is not mar'eted by
any of the ma*or manufacturers today1
7e$orted to be used $rimarily in e;-
$andable $olystyrene beads 8used for
thermal insulation in housing91 4t was
also used as a flame retardant for
e;truded $olystyrene foam and for
adhesives in fabric and vinyl lamina-
tion5 electrical cable coatings5 high-
im$act $lastic $arts of a$$liances and
some construction materials 8"-"6P5
200@9

DB4CTD He;achlorocyclo$enta
dienyl-
dibromocyclooctane
)o u$dated information on use identi-
fied
7e$orted to be used as a flame retard-
ant is re$ortedly in Estyrenic $oly-
mers\ 84"PS5 ..>9

DPT0 5!5?-tribromo-2-825!-
)o u$dated information on use identi-
fied1
7e$orted t0 be used as flame retardant
in e;trusion grade $oly$ro$ylene
84"PS5 ..>9

0BT0BPI -thylenebis8tetra-
bromo$hthalimide9
Has a similar a$$lication $rofiles as
deca6,-1 Used as alternative to
deca6,- in $articular in electrical and
electronic e=ui$ment1
00 - 5000
4m$C @ 8209

;
04:TBB -thylhe;yl tetrabromo-
benBoate
Primary re$lacement for $enta6,-s in
$olyurethane foam together with 6-H-
+-6P1 8"-"6P5 200@9
;
4BB He;abromobenBene )o u$dated information on use identi-
fied1
7e$orted t0 be used been used as a
flame retardant in $olymers5 $lastics5
te;tiles5 wood and $a$er1 4ts $rimary
uses have been re$orted in the $lastics5
$a$er and electrical
industries 8"-"6P5 200@9

PB0B PentabromoethylbenBene )o u$dated information on use identi-
fied
7e$orted t0 be used for te;tilesI adhe-
sivesI $olyurethane foam1 +hermoset
$olyester resins5 coatings1 #dditive for
unsaturated $olyesters1 84"PS5 ..>9

@@ brominated flame retardants

Abbre1iation Common
nameDdescri%tion
%ort D%roduction
tDy
+anufac:
tured by
ma7or man:
ufacturers
PBT Pentabromotoluene )o u$dated information on use identi-
fied1
7e$orted t0 be used for unsaturated
$olyestersI $olyethyleneI $oly$ro$yl-
enesI $olystyreneI S67-late;5 te;tiles5
rubbersI #6S 84"PS5 ..>9

'DT:7
F%artlyG
Pheno;y-terminated
carbonate oligomer of
+66P#
(lame retardant for thermo$lastic
resin systems
;
TBA +ribromoanisole )o information on actual uses identi-
fied

TBBPA:bA0 +66P#- bis 8allyl ether9 #dditive flame retardant for -PS and
in foam $olystyrene1 +he unsaturated
end grou$s $rovide the uni=ue func-
tion of initiating (7 $erformance1
;
TBBPA:BDBP0 +66P#- bis 825!-
dibromo$ro$yl ether9
Suitable for $olyolefin and styrenic
resins1 -nd use in ---1
;
TBBPA:B80 6rominated e$o;y Used to stabiliBe $lastic com$ositions
containing active halogen atoms such
as flame retardant Polystyrene foam
8NPS91 4t can also be used as a (7 in
e$o;y formulation
;
TBP:A0 +ribromo$henyl allyl ether #dditive flame retardant for -PS and
foamed $olystyrene
;
TTBNPP +ris8tribromo-
neo$entyl9$hos$hate
#dditive flame retardant develo$ed for
a$$lications such as PP and H4PS1
3ith high UV and light stability1 -nd
use in ---1
;
TTBNPP +ris8tribromo-
neo$entyl9$hos$hate
#dditive flame retardant develo$ed for
a$$lications such as PP and H4PS1
Kood UV and light stability1
00-000 ;
TTBP:TAR 25/5A-+ris825/5A-
tribromo$heno;y9-5!5?
triaBine
&a*or use of ++6P-+#O is in #6S and
H4PS
5000 - 05000 ;
: Pheno;y-terminated
+66P#
(or thermo$lastic resin systems not sub*ect to regis-
tration
;
: 6rominated 6utadi-
ene2Styrene 6loc' "o$ol-
ymer
#lternative to H6",, mar'eted by
three ma*or manufacturers of 6(71
(or e;$anded $olystyrene 8-PS2NPS9
for thermal insulation a$$lications1
not sub*ect to regis-
tration
;
brominated flame retardants @.

Abbre1iation Common
nameDdescri%tion
%ort D%roduction
tDy
+anufac:
tured by
ma7or man:
ufacturers
: -nd "a$$ed 6rominated
-$o;y
Suitable for use in H4PS and #6S
including electronics a$$lications
tration
;
: Polydibromo-styrene
co$olymer
,esigned for $olyamides and thermo-
$lastic $olyesters 8P6+ and P-+9
which are used in --- and means of
trans$ort
tration
;
: Physical blend of bromin-
ated $olystyrene and a
$olyester resin
,esigned s$ecifically for in*ection-
molding grades of $olybutylene ter-
e$hthalate 8P6+91 #dditive that wor's
well in unfilled5 fiberglass and fiber-
glass2mineral-reinforced P6+ com$o-
sites
tration
;
: #mmonium bromide &ainly used as flame retardant for
chi$board1
;
'eacti1e B;'s
DBNP8 ,ibromoneo$entyl glycol Used in "("-free foam systems de-
signed to meet more stringent stand-
ards of flame retardancy1
00-5000 ;
DBP 25/-dibromo$henol )o u$dated information on use identi-
fied
7e$orted to be used for e$o;y resinsI
$henolic resinsI intermediates 84"PS5
..>9

4004P:T0BP &i;ture of the
diester2ether diol of tetra-
bromo$hthalic anhydride
and $hos$hate ester1
7eactive diol for rigid $olyurethane
and $olyisocyanurate foams5 urethane
elastomers and coatings
00 - 5000 ;
PBB:Acr 8Pentabromo-
$henyl9methyl acrylate
Late;5 rubbers ;
TBNPA +ribromoneo$entyl alco-
hol
Used as a reactive intermediate for
high molecular weight flame retard-
ants5 $articularly in the $roduction of
$hos$horus and bromine containing
(7s
;
TBP 25/5A-tribromo$henol 7eactive flame retardant with a high
content of aromatic bromine5 mainly
used as intermediate in the $roduction
of other 6(7s1 4t is also an effective
fungicide and wood $reservative
5000-05000 ;
T0BP:Anh +etrabromo$hthalic anhy-
dride
,esigned as a reactive intermediate for
use in unsaturated or saturated $olyes-
ters5 $olyols5 esters and imides
00-5000 ;
.0 brominated flame retardants

Abbre1iation Common
nameDdescri%tion
%ort D%roduction
tDy
+anufac:
tured by
ma7or man:
ufacturers
: Halogenated $olyeth-
er$olyol 6
Particularly well suited for the $roduc-
tion of rigid $olyurethane foams1
5000 - 05000 ;
: #romatic reactive diol (or rigid $olyurethane and $olyisocy-
anurate foams5 urethane elastomers
and coatings
;
: +etrabromo$hthalic anhy-
dride based diol
Uses include rigid foam5 $olyurethane
74&5 elastomers5 coatings5 adhesives5
and unsaturated $olyesters1
5000 - 05000 ;
Z See section ?1!121 )C among the 6(7s detected in highest concentration in the )ordic -nvironment1 #C
detected in #rtic R mar'ed in bold and underline5 suggested as $articular relevant for monitoring in the #rc-
tic1

*.*.* Consum%tion of B;'s in Denmar"
+he only detailed survey of the use of 6(7s in ,enmar' dates from ... 8Lassen et al.5 200.91
+he study consisted of two $artsC a substance flow analysis of brominated flame retardants and an
assessment of alternatives to brominated flame retardants1

+he consum$tion by end use area and main grou$ of 6(7s is shown in +able 221 +he total con-
sum$tion was estimated at !20-AA0 tonnes bro'en down to />M +66P# and its derivatives5 2M
P6,-s5 M P66s5 M H6",, and 2.M other brominated flame retardants1 #bout //M of the total
was used as reactive constituents1

+he $rinci$al fields of a$$lication wereC

-lectric and electronic e=ui$ment accounting for about >0M of the total
6uilding materials accounting for about ?M of the total
+rans$ortation accounting for about 2M of the total

+he use of brominated flame retardants was wides$read1 6rominated flame retardants were $resent
in almost all $roducts containing electronic com$onents i1e1 virtually all electronic $roducts and
means of trans$ort and a large $ortion of electric $roducts1 4n addition5 brominated flame retard-
ants were used in a significant $art of $lastics in contact with live $arts in electric e=ui$ment such
as switches5 $lugs5 and soc'ets for lighting1 6rominated flame retardants were not $roduced in
,enmar' 8and are still not91 +he total im$ort of brominated flame retardants with chemicals5 $oly-
mer com$ounds and $lastic semi-manufactures for $roduction in ,enmar' was 2A0-!.0 tonnes in
..>1 Of this +66P# accounted for about ?/M5 while P66s and P6,-s in total accounted for only
about 2M1

#t that time5 there had been a mar'ed shift from P6,-s to +66P# 8and derivatives9 in thermo$las-
tics used in ,anish $roduction1 +he total consum$tion of deca6,- for manufacture in ,enmar'
was 01-012 t2y while the consum$tion of +66P# and derivatives was !/-/2 t2yI of this ..M was
used as additive 6(71

+his trend was also seen for housings of im$orted electronics5 although P6,-s were still $resent in
many im$orted $roducts1 #ssessments on the overall -uro$ean consum$tion only indicated a de-
crease in the consum$tion of P6,-s in )orthern -uro$e1 6(7s other than +66P# and derivatives
a$$ear to be dominating alternatives to the P6,-s today1 ,ue to the 7oHS restriction of P6,-s

and P66s in electrical and electronic e=ui$ment 8---95 the $resence of these substances in the first
? use areas in +able 22 must be e;$ected to be significantly lower today and only $resent in ty$es of
--- still e;em$t from the 7oHS ,irective 8e1g1 medical devices and monitoring and control instru-
ments9 or beyond the sco$e of the directive 8e1g1 large-scale stationary industrial tools and large-
scale fi;ed installations19

6rominated $olyether$olyol was used reactively for $roduction of rigid $olyurethane foam for insu-
lation in ,enmar' and H6",, was used for $roduction of e;$anded $olystyrene for e;$ort1

+here was at that time a significant difference between the consum$tion of 6(7s in ,anish $roduc-
tion of $lastics $arts and the distribution of 6(7s in the 3estern -uro$ean mar'et1 P6,-s in ,an-
ish $roduction only accounted for about 2M of the total 6(7 consum$tion in ..> in com$arison to
a$$ro;imately 2AM and M of the 31 -uro$ean mar'et in ..A and ..@5 res$ectively1

4m$orted goods accounted for about .0M of consum$tion with end $roducts and at the same time
the ma*ority of the 6(7s and 6(7-containing raw materials used in ,anish $roduction were e;-
$orted with the $roduced articles1 +he use of 6(7s with final mi;tures and articles in ,enmar'
conse=uently reflected the general global use of the 6(7s rather than the use of 6(7s in ,anish
$roduction1

+he survey formed a basis for the develo$ment of an action $lan for brominated flame retardants
which was $ublished in 200 by the ,anish -P# 8,anish -P#5 20091

TAB>0 &&
"O)SU&P+4O) O( 67O&4)#+-, (L#&- 7-+#7,#)+S 4) -), P7O,U"+S 4) ,-)&#70 ..>

0nd use area Total consum%tion of
B;'s
Consum%tion of s%ecific B;'s FtDyG
tDy E PBD0 TBBPA PBB 4BCD 6ther B;'s
Printed circuit boards 00-@0 2. 01!-?12 00-@0 0-2
Epox- laminates *-'+! *-'+!
/aper/phenolic laminates )-1.. !.)-' .)-)..
Electronic component encapsulates (- :. 0.1-
;ther plastic parts :1 : : :
4ousin# of 00 a%%liances and
machines
@0-!0 2 !-0 ?A-@. 2?-/.
/C monitors 1.-0) )1-+ '1-'
&oteboo< computers )-1 -) '-'.1
;ther office machines !-)' '0-+ ).0-+.+
T=-sets )-1 '-) '- -1
;ther consumer electronics -( !.+- !.+- -(
>edical and industrial electronics -'1 '-1 '-1 -'!
%mall household appliances !.+- !.+-' !.+-' !.+-'
6ther %arts of 00 a%%liances and
machines
20-?0 > ?-/ !-@ 0-2 A-/!
%9itches, rela- parts etc. '!-+ -( -( .-!
>oulding fillers -+ -+ -+
;ther plastic parts (-! '-) '- !- (-'.
>i#htin# /-/ 2 -> /- -.

0nd use area Total consum%tion of
B;'s
Consum%tion of s%ecific B;'s FtDyG
tDy E PBD0 TBBPA PBB 4BCD 6ther B;'s
%oc<ets in lamps and fluorescent
tubes
1-0 '-) 1-0 '-)
/lastic cover parts :) : : :
%9itches, electronic parts etc. :1 : : :1
-irin# and %o(er distribution !0-@0 >-2. /-? -? 2-/ 20-/.
?ubber cables -'! '-+ '-+
;ther cables :+ !-+ !-+
@iring of houses ''-( -0 -0 -1 0-'1
Contactors, rela-s, s9itches etc. for
automation and po9er distribution
'+-)+ 1-' -. ')-)!
Te3tilesA car%ets and furniture 2- 1! 0-? 2-. 0-?
/rotective clothing :!.' :!.' :!.' :!.'
Curtains, carpets and tents :' :' :!.+ :!.+
Aurniture, Aoam and stuffing .-*.0 :1 .-..0 :1
Buildin# materials ?0-00 ? -? 0-2 !-!A /-AA
Expanded pol-st-rene, E/% !.+-.0 !.+-.0
Extruded pol-st-rene foam, B/% ''-* ''-*
/ol-urethane foam 1!-(! 1!-(!
;ther uses '-0 '-+ !- '-1 '-(
Paint and fillers 01A-1> 012 01-01? 01?-12
/aint !.'-!.) !.'-!.)
Aillers and 9ood proofing !.+-'.1 !-!. !.+-'.
Trans%ortation !0-.0 2 !-/A /-?2 .1/-!0 .->
Cars, lorries and busses 1-0 ')-1' '-)0 *.1-* '.-+
Trains !.)-1 !.!1-'.0 !.)-1 !.)-1
;ther means of transport '-'+ !-) '-'' !-'.+ '.+-'+
6ther uses b! 01! 0-2 0-2 0- 0-2
Total FroundG !20-AA0 .. !0-20 @0-!A0 -> 2A-@0 20-!00

DecaBD0 in other %roducts than electronic and electrical eIui%ment
# survey of deca6,- in $roducts other than electronic and electrical e=ui$ment from 200>
8&ortensen et al.5 200>9 detected deca6,- in tents5 cars5 and heat-shrin' tubing1 ,eca6,- was not
detected in u$holstered furniture5 bedroom articles5 cables5 furnishing fabrics5 glue5 nursing arti-
cles5 baby and childrenDs articles5 $aints and *oint fillers1 +he information on deca6,- im$ort as
$art of finished articles was5 however5 sub*ect to considerable uncertainty1

9%dated information of the use of B;'s in Denmar"
4t has been beyond the sco$e of the current survey to $re$are an u$dated inventory of the use of
6(7s in ,enmar'1 4t must be e;$ected that more than .0M of the 6(7s in articles $laced on the
,anish mar'et is still im$orted5 and the $resence of 6(7s for electrical and electronic e=ui$ment5
wiring and means of trans$ortation will li'ely reflect the general -U mar'et for these articles1

brominated flame retardants .!

(or two a$$lication areas5 the use of 6(7s differs significantly among the -U &ember StatesC 4nsu-
lation materials for buildings and construction and furniture2te;tiles1

Data from the Danish Product 'e#ister
,ata on brominated flame retardants registered in the ,anish Product 7egister were retrieved in
#$ril 20! on the basis of the gross lists of brominated flame retardants shown in +able and 21

+he ,anish Product 7egister includes substances and mi;tures used occu$ationally and which
contain at least one substance classified as dangerous in a concentration of at least 01M to M 8de-
$ending on the classification of the substance91 Of the brominated flame retardants5 only a few are
classified as dangerous1 (or the other non-classified substances5 the registration will only occur if
they are constituents of mi;tures which are classified and labelled as dangerous due to the $resence
of other constituents1 Polymer com$ounds and masterbatches used in the $roduction of $lastics are
not covered by the notification scheme1 +he data conse=uently do not $rovide a com$lete $icture of
the $resence of the substances in mi;tures $laced on the ,anish mar'et1 #s stated above5 the
amounts registered are for occu$ational use only1 However5 for substances used for the manufac-
ture of mi;tures in ,enmar'5 the data may still indicate the =uantities of the substances in the fin-
ished $roducts $laced on the mar'et both for $rofessional and consumer a$$lications1

4n total 0 substances were registered as $resent in im$orted or $roduced mi;tures1 +he registered
substances are listed in +able 2!1 +he data for the . of the substances are confidential because mi;-
tures containing each substance were re$orted by less than three com$anies or less than three dif-
ferent mi;tures with the substance were re$orted1

TAB>0 &*
6(7S 7-K4S+-7-, 4) +H- ,#)4SH P7O,U"+ 7-K4S+-7 &#7"H 20!

CAS No
Substance name
Fas indicated in the Product 'e#isterG
Abb.
7:):7 252S5A5AS-+etrabromo-/5/S-iso$ro$ylidenedi$henol +66P#
$$,*:$:/ ,ecabromodi$henyl o;ide deca6,-
$&$&):7: #mmonium bromide -
&./,,:*/:&
2-82-Hydro;yetho;y9ethyl 2-hydro;y$ro$yl !5/5?5A-
tetrabromo$hthalate
H--HP-+-6P
&/,*7::)
525?5A5.50-He;abromocyclododecane
H6",,
&,.).:/$:7
6is82-ethylhe;yl9 tetrabromo$hthalate
6-H-+-6P
*&/55:7,:)
)5)S-ethylenebis8!5/5?5A-tetrabromo$hthalimide9
-6+-6P4
/&)*):.:
5!5?-+ris825!-dibromo$ro$yl9-5!5?-triaBine-
+,6P-+#O+O
,5))$:,&:*
2-butyne-5/-diol5 $olymer with 2-
8chloromethyl9o;irane5 brominated5 dehydrochlorinated5
metho;ylated
-
55)7:/,:7
6enBene5 ethenyl-5 homo$olymer5 brominated
-

+he only substance registered in significant amounts 8$roduction and im$ort of 0 t2y9 was halo-
genated $olyether$olyol 65 which is registered in a volume of 5000-05000 t2y at -U level1 +he
a$$lication of the substances is discussed below1
./ brominated flame retardants

TAB>0 &)
67O&4)#+-, (L#&- 7-+#7,#)+S 4) &4N+U7-S PL#"-, O) +H- ,#)4SH &#70-+ 4) 20 #S 7-K4S+-7-, 4)
+H- ,#)4SH P7O,U"+ 7-K4S+-7

CAS No Chemical name No of
mi3tures
'e#istered tonna#eA tDy
Produc:
tion P
im%ort
03%ort Consum%:
tion C$
,5))$:,&:* 2-butyne-5/-diol5 $olymer with 2-
8chloromethyl9o;irane5 brominated5 dehydrochlorinated5
metho;ylated
/ 0 @. 2
6ther B;' . "#S )o 2@ /5. 5? !5!
Total !2 0A . ?
Z +otal content of mi;tures $laced on the ,anish mar'et

9se of B;'s in Danish %roduction
,ata on the im$ort of brominated flame retardants with $olymer raw materials for $roduction in
,enmar' was in the ... survey obtained through a =uestionnaire in co-o$eration with the ,anish
Plastics (ederation 8Plastindustrien91 #s $art of this survey5 a re=uest for u$dated information was
sent to su$$liers of raw materials for $lastics by the ,anish Plastics (ederation and to manufactur-
ers of $aints and adhesives via the ,anish "oatings and #dhesives #ssociation1

Limited information was obtained on 6(7s in raw materials for $lasticsI the answers did not $ro-
vide a com$rehensive view of im$ort of 6(7s with $lastic materials 8com$ounds and masterbatch-
es91

6esides information on 6(7s in raw materials for $roduction of insulation materials described
below5 it was re$orted that about A0 t2y octa6,- in $olycarbonate was im$orted for use in the
electronics industry1 Some of the $olycarbonate was fiberglass reinforced1 Octa6,- may still be
used for a$$lications e;em$t from the 7oHS ,irective1 +he use of octa6,- in ,enmar' was une;-
$ected5 but has been confirmed by a follow u$ re=uest1

4n the ... survey5 the main additive 6(7 used in raw materials for the ,anish $lastics industry
was +66P# and derivatives5 but no information on the continued use of these substances was ob-
tained1

)one of the ,anish manufacturers of $aints and coatings use 6(7s in $roduction according to the
information obtained1 (urthermore5 no im$orts of 6(7s in $aint and adhesives are registered in the
,anish Product 7egistry1

#s shown in +able /5 an im$ort in 20 of 2 tonnes of -6+-6P4 and of t2y the $revious ? years
was registered by Statistics ,enmar'1 4t has not been $ossible to obtain any information on the use
of the substances5 but it is li'ely used for the $roduction of $lastic $arts for electrical and electronic
e=ui$ment1

9se of B;'s in insulation materials
Production and im$ort of 0 t2y halogenated $olyether$olyol 6 and an e;$ort of @. t2y of the sub-
stance were registered in the Product 7egister1 +he consum$tion in ,enmar' by final $roduct can
be estimated at 2 t2y1 4t is not clear from the available data whether the e;$ort concerns re-e;$ort
8without any formulation in ,enmar'9 or re$resents an e;$ort of mi;tures formulated in ,enmar'1
#ccording to data from the SP4) ,atabase 8based on data from the ,anish Product 7egister95 the
total annual registered consum$tion in ,enmar' varies considerably with A t2y in 200 and 200.5
! t2y in 200@ and /? t2y in 200>1
brominated flame retardants .?

#ccording to information from the manufacturer of the substance5 it is $articularly suited as a reac-
tive 6(7 for $roduction of flame retardant rigid $olyurethane 8PU9 foam1 #ccording to the survey
from ...5 the ma*or use of 6(7s in ,anish industry was the use of @0-2o t2y brominated $olyeth-
er$olyol used for manufacture of rigid PU foamI the consum$tion with end uses in ,enmar' was
estimated at /0-A0 t2y1 +he flame retardant rigid $olyurethane foam was used for various insula-
tion $ur$oses within the construction industry1 PU7 foam has good insulation characteristics and
was widely used within the building sector for cold-storage $lants5 freeBing rooms and cold stores5
e1g1 at su$ermar'ets5 $rocessing rooms in the food industry5 and refrigerating holds in shi$s and in
containers1 &inor consum$tion areas were faqade insulation5 $re-insulated $i$es5 and *oint filler
foam1 4n ...5 these a$$lications were usually flame retarded e;ce$t for the latter three e;am$les
where the use of flame retardants de$ended on the actual a$$lication1 +his is li'ely still the situa-
tion1 4n a number of a$$lications of rigid PU foam5 flame retardants were not used in ... and
$robably still are not1 +hese were domestic refrigerators and $lain district heating $i$es 8some
indoor uses5 e1g1 in factories5 may im$ly the use of 6(7s91

#ccording to information obtained from the ,anish Plastics (ederation5 about t2y of H6",, was
used in ,enmar' for $roduction of flame retarded -PS in 20 corres$onding to a$$ro;imately /0
t2y flame retarded -PS if the H6",, concentration is 01>M1 "om$ared to the A-! t2y H6",, used
in ... for $roduction of flame retarded -PS for e;$ort5 the consum$tion seems to have decreased
significantly1 4n accordance with the general use of H6",, in the -U5 the ma*ority of the flame
retarded -PS was used for building insulation and a small $art was used for $ac'aging for electronic
e=ui$ment1 # new a$$lication area of flame retarded -PS in ,enmar' is Bero energy houses with
walls of -PS covered with $laster 8an e;am$le of this a$$lication in 6oBel5 20!91

(lame retarded -PS is used in some walls and sandwich constructions5 but is not re=uired by the
building fire regulations in ,enmar'1 4n any case5 the building fire regulations re=uire that the -PS
is covered by fire-resistant materials 8e1g1 $laster91 +he main driver for the use of flame retardant
grades is to avoid fire at the construction site and by mounting the -PS sheets5 according to the
,anish Plastics (ederation1

#$$ro;imately .0-.?M of the !05000 t2y -PS used in ,enmar' 8for all a$$lications9 is $roduced in
,enmar' while the rest is im$orted from Kermany and Poland1 ,ata have not been obtained on the
$ossible content of 6(7s in im$orted -PS sheets1 4f all of the im$orted -PS was flame retarded5 the
total H6",, content would be a$$ro;imately 2 t2y1

+he ma*or use of H6",, in articles in ... was H6",, in im$orted NPS5 where the sheets gener-
ally contained H6",,1 +otal consum$tion of H6",, was estimated at -2. t2y 8+able 2291 +he
sheets are mainly used below ground for basement insulation5 below $ar'ing dec's5 $atios5 artificial
turf5 etc1I flame retardants are not re=uired for these uses1 #ccording to the ,anish Plastics (edera-
tion today5 r of the total volume is im$orted from Scandinavia and does not contain flame retard-
ants5 while s is im$orted from Kermany and #ustria and contains H6",,1 +he a$$lication areas
are the same for sheets im$orted from Scandinavia and other countries1 +he total im$orted volume
was not re$orted1

4n the im$ort2e;$ort statistics5 the -PS and NPS sheets for insulation are included in the commodi-
ty grou$ !.2 00C FOther $lates5 sheets5 film5 foil and stri$5 of $lastics5 R "ellular5 R R Of $oly-
mers of styreneF1 +he commodity grou$ also includes some -PS used for $ac'aging1 +he total im-
$ort in 20 was a$$ro;imately 25@00 tonnes1

9se of B;'s in furniture and te3tiles
+he ... survey estimated that the main use of 6(7s in furniture and te;tiles was in im$orted u$-
holstered furniture and in foam and stuffing1 (lame retardants are not re=uired for u$holstered
.A brominated flame retardants

furniture for the $rivate mar'et in ,enmar'1 4n ... furniture used for the contract mar'et was
normally flame retarded5 but not with 6(7s1 #t that time5 seemingly no a$$lication of 6(7s for
te;tiles and furniture too' $lace in ,enmar'1 +his conclusion was based on in=uiries among the
,anish industries and ma*or foreign su$$liers of brominated flame retardants for te;tiles1 4n=uiries
among ,anish $roducers of sla$-stoc' foams also indicated that no brominated flame retardants
were used in ,anish $roduction of foams1 +he estimated consum$tion of 2- t2y of 6(7s was based
on limited evidence5 assuming that some furniture im$orted from countries with more e;tensive
use of 6(7s in te;tiles and furniture such as the U101 and 4reland must contain 6(7s1 4t has been
beyond the limits of this survey to $rovide an u$dated view of the $ossible content of 6(7s in furni-
ture and te;tiles sold on the ,anish mar'et1

*.) 4istorical trends in use
+he historical trend in the global consum$tion of 6(7s during the $eriod from ../ to 20 is
shown in +able 2?1 (or 205 the overview is based on information from different sources1 (or
deca6,- the estimates are uncertain as the consum$tion has $robably decreased in recent years5
but no u$dated information has been available1 +he total use of 6(7s has increased considerably
from about ?05000 t2y in ../ to a$$ro;imately !A05000 t2y in 201 ,uring the last decade5 the
global consum$tion of H6",, and +66P# and derivatives has increased while the consum$tion of
deca6,-5 in $articular during the last ? years5 has decreased1 +he consum$tion of other 6(7s5
estimated as the difference between the total and the estimated consum$tion of the three main
6(7s5 has increased significantly during the last decade1

+he world mar'et for flame retardants is e;$ected to rise by about ? M $er year the ne;t year in
several mar'et research re$orts5 but forecasts s$ecifically for the 6(7s have not been found in the
$ublic $art of the mar'et research re$orts1 +he mineral yearboo' from the United States Keological
Survey states in the outloo' section that F Use of 6(7s5 however5 will li'ely increase at a slower $ace
than (7s in general because of legislative mandates and customer demand for more environmental-
ly friendly materials1F 8USKS5 2029

#s a conse=uence of the inclusion of H6",, in #nne; # to the Stoc'holm "onvention5 it must be
e;$ected that the consum$tion of H6",, will decrease significantly over the ne;t ? years5 though a
time-limited e;em$tion has been granted for the use of H6",, in -PS2NPS for building a$$lica-
tion1 #lternatives to H6",, have been introduced by all ma*or manufacturers of 6(7s5 and alter-
natives are mar'eted with reference to the Stoc'holm "onvention restriction1

+he consum$tion of deca6,- is e;$ected to decrease significantly due to voluntary $hase out of
deca6,- by ma*or manufacturers in the US#5 cessation of some e;em$tions under the 7oHS ,i-
rective5 $ossible re=uirements for authorisation under 7-#"H and $ossible inclusion of the sub-
stance in #nne; # to the Stoc'holm "onvention1

+he consum$tion of +66P# and derivatives is more li'ely to increase in the coming ? years in the
absence of drivers for a reduced demand1

+he use of other 6(7s seems to have increased considerably1 +he main drivers have been a general-
ly increased demand for flame retardants 8in $articular in #sia9 and the introduction of alternatives
to deca6,-5 other P6,-s and recently H6",,1 +he increasing trend will most $robably continue
in the coming years1

4n the electronics industry5 a trend away from the use of 6(7s 8or at least additive 6(7s9 has been
re$orted5 but it has not been $ossible to identify mar'et data demonstrating a significant effect of
this trend on the total consum$tion of 6(7s1

brominated flame retardants .>

TAB>0 &/
H4S+O74"#L +7-), 4) +H- KLO6#L "O)SU&P+4O) O( 6(7S

$) C$ &..$ C& &.$$
tDy E of
total
tDy E of
total
tDy 'eference
"-$enta6,- /5?00 ! >5?00 21/ n0 Z!
"-octa6,- A5000 / !5>.0 1 00-000 Z/
"-deca6,- !05000 20 ?A500 @ 2?5000-?05000

Z?
H6",, 4ncluded in other - A5>00 ? !5000 8POP7"5 205 2029
+66P# and
derivatives
/.5?00 !! .5>00 !. 205000-?05000 OSP#75 20
P66s b25000 b1? 0A520 !/ 0 20
Other 6(7s n?@5000 n !. n!05000-@05000 ZA 20
+O+#L ?05000 00 !05000 Z 00 n!A05000 "lariant5 20!
Z SourceC O-",5 ../
Z2 SourceC 6S-(5 200A5 as cited by Lassen et al.5 200A1 +otal for 200 is not available1 +otal for 2000 from
#laee et al.5 200! used as best estimate1 Other 6(7s estimated as difference between total in 2000 and the
re$orted volumes for 2001
Z! #s of 200> c-$enta6,- were not manufactured in -uro$e5 %a$an5 "anada5 #ustralia and the U1S1#15 but no
information on the status of the $roduction in "hina was available 8POP7"5 200>a9
Z/ Since c-octa was no longer $roduced in the -U5 US# and the Pacific 7im5 no information was available that
indicates it was being $roduced in develo$ing countries 8POP7"5 200>b91 4n 20! Octa6,- was still im-
$orted to ,enmar' with $olycarbonate raw materials5 demonstrating that the substances is still $roduced in
at least one country 8details not $rovided91+he indicated range is a rough estimate1
Z? U$dated information only available for -uro$e 8see section !1!191 4n 200A the mar'et in the $roduc-
tion2im$ort volume in the U1S1#1 is re$orted to be in the range of 2?5000 R ?05000 t2y 8US -P# 4nventory
U$date 7e$orting as cited by )orway5 20!91 +he manufactured volume in "hina in 200? is re$orted to be
!05000 t2y 8Nia et al. 200?5 Oou et al. 200> as cited by )orway5 20!91 #round 200?2200A the global de-
mand was in the range of A?5000-.05000 t2y1 +he volume in the US# and "hina has most $robably de-
creased in recent years as result of regulatory actions 8e1g1 the -U 7OHS ,irective9 and a voluntary $hase
out of the $roduction in the US#1 +he total global volume in 20 is roughly estimated at 2?5000-?05000 t2y1
ZA -stimated as the difference between the total and the estimated consum$tion of the three main 6(7s1

*./ Summary and conclusions
8lobal and 09 consum%tion
+he total global $roduction of 6(7s has increased from ?05000 t2y in ../ to a$$ro;imately
!A05000 t2y in 201 +he increase in $roduction and consum$tion has $rimarily been in #sia1 His-
torically5 the P6,-s and +66P# 8and derivatives9 have been the main 6(7s accounting for nearly
22! of the global $roduction in ../1 On a global scale5 the 6(7s account for a$$ro;imately 20M of
the consum$tion of flame retardants1 # detailed brea'down by a$$lication area is not available1 +he
ma*or use area is electrical and electronic e=ui$ment5 where the 6(7s are also the dominating flame
retardants1 Other a$$lication areas include wiring and $ower distributionI te;tiles5 car$ets and
furnitureI building materialsI means of trans$ortation 8vehicles5 trains5 air$lanes5 shi$s5 etc195 and
$aints and fillers1

.@ brominated flame retardants

PBD0s - +he global consum$tion of the P6,-s in 200 was ?A500 t2y5 of which deca6,- ac-
counted for nearly .0M1 )o u$dated data for 20 have been available1 +he consum$tion of $en-
ta6,- and octa6,- has more or less ceased5 while the consum$tion of deca6,- more recently has
been decreasing due to regulatory action 8e1g1 the 7oHS ,irective9 and a voluntary $hase out of
$roduction in )orth #merica by the ma*or manufacturers of 6(7s1 4n the -U5 the average con-
sum$tion for the $eriod 200-20 was ?5000->5?00 t2y1 #$$ro;imately 2! was used for te;tiles5
while the remaining $art was used for $lastic $arts for means of trans$ort and electrical and elec-
tronic e=ui$ment e;em$ted from or out of sco$e of the 7oHS ,irective1 ,eca6,- in electrical and
electronic e=ui$ment has a$$arently mainly been re$laced by ,6,P- and to a smaller degree by
-6+-6P45 ++6P-+#O5 $olymeric 6(7s and non-brominated flame retardants 8in some with a
change in the base resin as well91

4BCDD - +he global consum$tion of H6",, has increased from A5>00 t2y in 200 to !5000 t2y
in 201 4n the -U5 the average consum$tion of H6",, for the $eriod 200-20 was 05000-
25?00 t2y and H6",, is currently the 6(7 used in the highest =uantities in the -U1 +he main $art
8.0 M9 of H6",, is used as flame retardant in $olystyrene in the -U1 PS-containing H6",,5 in
the form of e;$anded PS 8-PS9 or e;truded PS 8NPS95 is mainly used as rigid thermal insulation
$anels2boards for buildings and for road and railway constructions to $revent frost heaves and
$rovide a lightweight load-s$reading construction material1 +he remaining $art is used for the $las-
tic material H4PS and for te;tiles1

TBBPA - +66P# is still the main 6(7 accounting for about /0M of global $roduction and is mainly
used as a reactive flame retardant in $rinted circuit boards of electronic e=ui$ment1 4n the -U5 the
average consum$tion of +66P# in 200-20 was 5000-25?00 t2yI the substance accounts for a
smaller $art of the use of 6(7s in the -U1 #bout .0M of the consum$tion in the -U is as reactive
flame retardants for $rinted circuit boards1 +he ma*ority of the amount of +66P# end-$roducts
8where it is $resent in reacted form9 is im$orted into the -U in finished articles and com$onents5
$rimarily from #sia1

DBDP0 and 0BT0BPI = ,P,P- seems to be a main substitute for deca6,- so farI the data
indicated that ,6,P- is among the main additive flame retardants in the -U5 "hina and %a$an1 4n
the -U the registered $roduction and im$ort is indicated as 000Q without an u$$er limit1
-6+-6P4 is registered in the -U with a $roduction and im$ort in the 00-5000 t2y tonnage band1

6ther B;'S : (or the other 6(7s5 information on global and -U $roduction2consum$tion is more
limited1 +he global consum$tion has increased from about 05000 t2y in 200 to about ?05000 t2y
in 20 8also including ,6,P- and -6+-6P491 (or the non-$olymeric 6(7s5 the registrations at
-"H#Ss website indicate total im$ort in tonnage bands 8e1g1 00-5000 t2y95 but for the $olymeric
6(7s5 no data are available as the $olymers are not sub*ect to registration1 +he 6(7s registered in
the highest tonnage 8a$art from the substances mentioned above9 are the reactive halogenated
$olyether$olyol 6 and +6P and the additive 6(7 ++6P-+#O5 which are all registered in the 5000-
05000 t2y tonnage band1 +6)P# is registered with confidential tonnage1 Other additive 6(7s reg-
istered with an im$ort and $roduction in the 00-5000 t2y tonnage band are -6+-6P45 ++6)PP5
P66-#cr and 6-H-+-6P1 +he overall a$$lications of the different 6(7s is 'nown and described in
this survey5 but detailed brea'downs of the use of each substance by end-a$$lication areas are not
available1

Denmar"
# com$rehensive inventory of the use of 6(7s in ,enmar' in ... e;ists1 #t that time a$$ro;imate-
ly .0M of the consum$tion of 6(7s in end $roducts 8mi;tures and articles9 were due to im$ort of
articles5 $rimarily electrical and electronic $roducts1 Of the total consum$tion of !!0-AA0 tonnes of
6(7s5 more than >0M was in electrical and electronic e=ui$ment1 +his is li'ely still the situationI
the 6(7s in articles on the ,anish mar'et are a reflection of the general use $attern in the -U and
brominated flame retardants ..

globally rather than the use $attern of 6(7s in ,anish industry1 # full u$date of the inventory has
been beyond the sco$e of this survey1

4n ,anish industry5 the main a$$lication of 6(7s in ... and 202 was in reactive brominated
$olyols used for $roduction of flame retardant PU foams for insulation1 ,eca6,- was not used in
$roduction in ,enmar' in significant amounts either in ... or 2025 but deca6,- may be $resent
in various im$orted articles e1g1 cars and other means of trans$ort1 4n 205 an im$ort of 2 tonnes of
-6+-6P4 was registered5 li'ely used as a deca6,- alternative in the $roduction of $lastic $arts for
electrical and electronic $roducts1 4n 2025 about A0 t2y octa6,- in $olycarbonate was im$orted for
use in the electronics industry in ,enmar'1 +he use of octa6,- is sur$rising5 as the $roduction of
the substance has been $hased out in most countries and the substance is banned for all uses in
,enmar'1

H6",, was used for manufacture of -PS sheets for building a$$lications and $ac'aging for elec-
tronics1 +he total consum$tion for $roduction in ,enmar' was about tonne in 202 as com$ared
to A-! tonnes in ...1 4n ... most of the $roduced flame retarded -PS was e;$orted1 4n ... the
main usage of H6",, in building2construction materials was in im$orted flame retarded NPS5
accounting for -2. tonnes H6",,5 and most li'ely still is1 NPS im$orted from origins other than
the )ordic countries currently contains H6",,1 (or a$$lications in buildings and construction in
,enmar'5 flame retarded grades of -PS and NPS are not re=uired5 as the materials are combustible
and need to be covered by a non-combustible material1 #mong other a$$lications5 flame retarded
grades of -PS are to some e;tent used in in FBero energyF houses of a new construction5 where the
walls are built of flame retarded -PS sheets covered non-combustible materials1

(lame retardants are not re=uired for u$holstered furniture for the $rivate mar'et in ,enmar'1 4n
...5 furniture used for the contract mar'et was normally flame retarded5 but not containing 6(7s1
4n ...5 the estimated consum$tion of 2- tonnes of 6(7s was based on limited evidence5 assum-
ing that some furniture im$orted from countries with more e;tensive use of 6(7s in te;tiles and
furniture such as the U101 and 4reland contain 6(7s1 +his is $robably still the situation1

Data #a%s
,etailed data on the use of 6(7s other than the P6,-s5 H6",, and +66P# globally and in the -U
are not available in the $ublic literature1 +he $ublic $art of the 7-#"H registrations $rovide some
indication on the $roduction and im$ort in the -U tonnage bands5 as mentioned5 but the $olymeric
6(7s are not sub*ect to registration and no information on the mar'et volumes of these substances
is available1 +he consum$tion of some of the other 6(7s is e;$ected to be increasing5 but the lac' of
data constrain an assessment of the trends in the use of the 6(7s and the monitoring of the effects
of regulatory action1 +he lac' of detailed data on the consum$tion by a$$lication areas furthermore
constrains an assessment of the $otential releases and e;$osure of humans and the environment1



). -aste mana#ement

).$ -aste from manufacture and industrial use of brominated flame
retardants
+he amounts of 6(7s directed to waste from manufacture and industrial use of 6(7s are generally
not =uantified in the -U 7is' #ssessment re$orts1

#ccording to the V-"#P guidelines of managing emissions of $olymer additives through the $roac-
tive im$lementation of good $ractice5 the following $otential emissions have to be consideredC re-
sidual $roducts in the em$ty $ac'agingI s$ills and floor swee$ingsI contaminated $roductsI off
s$ecification $roductsI test s$ecimensI dust filtersI sludge resulting from waste water treatmentI
and emissions $otentially resulting from the selling of discharged big bags or internal bul' contain-
ers5 without $ro$er treatment1 8V-"#P5 year not indicated91 Potential land emissions5 resulting
from residual $roducts in em$ty $ac'aging5 are considered to $otentially re$resent the ma*ority of
overall $otential emissions1 #s $art of the $rogramme5 it is recommended that em$ty $ac'aging
should be dis$osed of using either incineration or a chemically secure landfillI V-"#P has devel-
o$ed some guidelines on best available techni=ue for em$tying bags containing $olymer additives
8together with guidelines on a number of other management actions5 $lease consult the guidelines
for more information91 #ccording to the V-"#P 202 $rogress re$ort5 the total emission to land
from all sources decreased from ?>? g2t in 200@ to A0 g2t for deca6,-5 from >0 g2t to g2t for
H6",, and >? g2t in 200@ to 0 g2t for +66P# 8Veca$5 20291 +he reduced emission is $artly a
conse=uence of reduced generation of waste 8lower =uantities of flame retardant left in the bags9
and $artly a conse=uence of the direction of the waste from landfilling to incineration or chemically
secure landfill1

3ith losses to waste in the range of less than 01 M of the volumes handled5 losses from the manu-
facture and industrial sources are small com$ared with the losses to waste from the use and final
dis$osal of mi;tures and articles1

).& -aste %roducts from the use of brominated flame retardants in
mi3tures and articles
#n overview of the dis$osal of $ost-consumer 6(7-containing mi;tures and articles in ,enmar' is
shown in +able 2A and further discussed in the below table1 #side from the $ost-consumer $rod-
ucts5 some solid waste will be generated from $roduction of flame retarded $lastic $arts and $rinted
circuit boards in ,enmar'1 #ccording the to ... survey5 this waste fraction accounted for less than
0M of the total 6(7s in solid waste 8Lassen et al15 ...91


TAB>0 &,
,4SPOS#L O( 6(7-"O)+#4)4)K POS+-"O)SU&-7 3#S+- 4) ,-)&#70

Product #rou% Dis%osal method in Denmar" >e#islation
0lectrical and elec:
tronic eIui%ment
includin# 000 in 1ehi:
cles

#fter a $re-treatment5 the ma*ority of the
waste electrical and electronic e=ui$-
ment 83---9 8e;cl1 cables and wires9 is
e;$orted for $rocessing in other -U
countries1

# $art is dismantled in ,enmar'1 Plastic
$arts are dis$osed of to munici$al waste
incinerators

# $art of the 3--- is incorrectly dis-
$osed of to munici$al waste incineration
with waste from households and enter-
$rises

)o overview of the final destination of
6(7-containing $lastic $arts after dis-
mantling abroad is available

Some functioning e=ui$ment 8in fact not
3---9 is e;$orted to countries outside
the -U for reuse of the e=ui$ment1 +he
final dis$osal of the 6(7-containing
$arts is not 'nown

Some 3--- is illegally e;$orted to
countries outside the -U1 +he final
dis$osal of the 6(7-containing $arts is
not 'nown

#ccording to the recast 3--- ,irective 8,irective
2022.2-U9 $lastic containing brominated flame re-
tardants has to be removed from any se$arately collected
3--- and shall be dis$osed of or recovered in com$li-
ance with the 3aste ,irective 8,irective 200@2.@2-"91
+he ,anish 3--- statutory order 86-0 no 2.A of
2222209 states s$ecifically that $lastic with bromine
content of less than ? $$m 8mg2'g9 can be returned for
re$rocessing and recycling by com$anies that have been
a$$roved under the -nvironmental Protection #ct k !!
or similar legislation abroad1 (or $lastics containing
more than ? $$m 6(7s5 the Statutory Order indicates
that it must be delivered to com$anies that are author-
iBed to handle brominated waste a$$roved under the
-nvironmental Protection #ct k !! or similar legislation
abroad1

)ote that the sco$e of the ,anish statutory order goes
beyond the 3--- ,irective e1g1 without a transitional
$eriod for some ty$es of 3---
6(7s in $rinted wiring boards are $rob-
ably incinerated in connection with the
regeneration of metal $arts outside
,enmar'
+he ,anish statutory order 86-0 no 2.A of 2222209
states that $rinted circuit boards after dismantling shall
be delivered to the facility which is a$$roved for treat-
ment of metallic waste containing 6(7s5 P"6s and beryl-
lium under the -nvironmental Protection #ct k !! or
similar legislation abroad1
-lectrical and electronic e=ui$ment from
vehicles is e;$ected to be dis$osed of as
other 3---
+he ,anish statutory order on end of life vehicles 86-0
no !2 of .2222029 re=uires that electrical and elec-
tronic e=ui$ment is dismantled and dis$osed of 3---
8re=uirements beyond the re=uirements of the -nd-of-
life Vehicles ,irective 8-LV5 ,irective 20002?!2-"91 +he
,anish 3--- Statutory order s$ecifies that waste ---
removed from vehicles shall be treated as 3--- 8beyond
the 3--- ,irective9C

Product #rou% Dis%osal method in Denmar" >e#islation
3ires and cables are to a large e;tent
recovered in ,enmar' 8not covered by
the 3--- and 6#+ statistics91 +he
$lastic $arts are either recycled5 inciner-
ated or dis$osed of to controlled landfill

Behicles Fte3tiles and
stuffin# in seatsA inte:
rior %artsA etc.G e3cl.
electrical and elec:
tronic %arts

&ainly dis$osed of with shredder waste
to controlled landfill
+he statutory order on end of life vehicles 86-0 no !2
of .2222029 does not have any s$ecific re=uirements
for treatment of other $arts with 6(7s in vehicles1
Te3tilesA car%ets and
furniture
,is$osed of to munici$al waste incinera-
tors
)o s$ecific legislation
Buildin# materials
F0PSDMPS and P9
foam insulationA
sheetsA etc.G
,is$osed of to munici$al waste incinera-
tors
PaintA fillers and (ood
%roofin#
(ire$roof wood is e;$ected to be dis-
$osed of to munici$al waste incinerators1
Paints mainly dis$osed of metal recy-
cling as fire-$roof $aints are mainly used
on metal $arts

+he main issues with regard to the dis$osal of 6(7s with solid waste areC
Standards for treatment of $lastics containing 6(7s
Uncontrolled final dis$osal due to e;$ort of 3--- and second hand electronic $roducts to
countries with management of 3--- not meeting the re=uirements of -U legislationI
Particular re=uirements to 6(7s considered POPs and covered by the -U POPs 7egulationI
(ate of the 6(7s by munici$al solid waste incineration and uncontrolled burning R destruction
efficiencies and formation of dio;ins and furans 8section /1295 and
7eleases of 6(7s from landfills 8section /1291

#longside these issues5 section /12 discusses the $otential releases from the a$$lication of sewage
sludge containing 6(7s1

).&.$ Standards for treatment of %lastics containin# B;'s
+he -uro$ean "ommission has on / (ebruary 20! re=uested the -uro$ean StandardiBation Or-
ganiBations to develo$ -uro$ean standards for the treatment of 3---1 4t is li'ely that also stand-
ards for the treatment of brominated flame retardants will be develo$ed1

#s $art of the -U funded 3---L#6-N $ro*ect 5 the 3--- (orum5 *ointly with sta'eholders from
the community of 3--- $rocessors and $roducers of electrical and electronic e=ui$ment5 has
develo$ed normative technical re=uirements for 3--- treatment 83---L#6-N5 2091 +he
3--- (orum is the -uro$ean #ssociation of -lectrical and -lectronic 3aste +a'e 6ac' System1
#mong the develo$ed re=uirements are re=uirements for treatment of Plastics containing certain
ty$es of brominated flame retardants1 4t is by the ,anish -P# considered li'ely that future stand-
ards will build on the normative standards develo$ed by the 3--- (orum1


).&.& 9ncontrolled final dis%osal of -000
+otal treated 3--- =uantity collected in ,enmar' in 20 was @25.> tonnes 8,P#5 2091 #ccord-
ing to the statistics on 3--- and 6#+ from the ,P# system 8,P#5 2095 which administers ,an-
ish $roducer res$onsibilities5 in 2005 around >0M of the waste received $rimary treatment in
,enmar'1 However5 this seems to refer $rimarily to a $re-treatment5 whereas actual dismantling
and re$rocessing of most of the waste ta'es $lace abroad 8,anish -P#5 20291 +he ,anish Statutory
Order states that 6(7-containing $lastics in 3--- must be se$arated and delivered to com$anies
that are authoriBed to handle brominated waste a$$roved under the -nvironmental Protection #ct k
!! or similar legislation abroad1 +he 3--- ,irective re=uires that the 6(7-containing $lastics
should be se$arated5 but has no s$ecific clause on the final treatment of the $lastics and $ermit
re=uirements1 4t has not been assessed to what e;tent authorisation schemes for handling bromin-
ated waste is in $lace in all -U &ember States1

+he fate of 3--- in ,enmar' and the -U and the $ossible illegal e;$ort of 3--- to develo$ing
countries are not described in detail1

# ,utch review of the 3--- flows in +he )etherlands 8Huisman et al15 20295 concludes that in
20 a ma;imum $otential of @5000-/5000 t2y5 of a total 3--- Q used --- of !.25000 t2y5 was
illegally e;$orted1

4llegal shi$ment of 0-?M of the 3--- has been re$orted from several other &ember States as
cited in a review of the 3--- ,irective for the -uro$ean "ommission 8Huisman et al15 200>91 +he
review also concluded that more than half of the collected 3--- in the -U was $otentially the
ob*ect of im$ro$er treatment and illegal e;$orts1

-;$ort of second hand5 still functioning --- in good wor'ing condition for reuse abroad is legal as
the e=ui$ment is not considered waste1 4t is5 however5 very difficult to enforce5 as the e=ui$ment
may be outdated5 but still functional1 One of the ob*ectives of the recast 3--- ,irective is to give
the -U &ember States the tools to fight illegal e;$ort of waste more effectively5 according to the
-uro$ean "ommission1

# re$ort from 200A investigated the fate of second hand electronic e=ui$ment e;$orted for reuse
abroad 8Planmil*G5 200A91 #t that time5 about 25?00 tonnes in second hand --- was e;$orted for
reuseI of this5 half was e;$orted by ,anida su$$orted aid organisations1 +he re$ort did not assess to
what e;tent the e;$orted e=ui$ment was actually reused1 4t notes that e;$ort to #frica5 for the $ur-
$ose of scra$$ing the e=ui$ment in #frica5 is not very li'ely5 as the cost of shi$ment to #frica is
many times the cost of shi$ment to "hina or 4ndia1 ,an3atch 8209 concludes that if *ust 2? com-
$uters in a container with !00 are functioning5 it may cover the shi$ment costs to Khana1 )ewer
assessments of the total e;$ort have not been identified1 +he assessment of the ,utch 3--- flows
concluded that more than 0M of the generated 3---Q used --- in +he )etherlands5 corres$ond-
ing to //5000 tonnes in 205 was e;$orted 8Huisman et al15 20291

3hether the e=ui$ment is reused or not before dis$osal5 the final dis$osal will most li'ely not meet
the -U re=uirements1 +he flame retarded $lastics may be recycled one or more times 8for different
$ur$oses - not necessarily $ur$oses re=uiring flame retardants 8U)-P5 202b995 but the ultimate
dis$osal of the flame retarded $lastics is most li'ely uncontrolled burning or waste dum$ing1 4t
should be noted that the same would be in fact be the situation for flame retarded $lastics in new
--- e;$orted from -U countries to develo$ing countries1

).&.* P6Ps B;'s in (aste in the 09 and Denmar"
He;a66 and four of the P6,-s 8corres$onding to the commercial c-$enta6,- and c-octa6,-9 are
covered by the -U POPs regulation 8here collectively referred to as POPs 6(7s95 and in the near
future H6",, will be added to the list1 Particular $rovisions for waste containing POPs are sti$u-

lated in "ommission 7egulation 8-U9 )o >?A2200 amending the POPs 7egulation1 (or he;abro-
mo$henyl5 a limit value for dis$osal $rovisions of ?0 mg2'g is established5 but no concentration
limits have been established yet for the P6,-s1 4n order to assess the $otential im$act on establish-
ing different limit values for new POPs5 the -S34 consortium5 on behalf of the -uro$ean "ommis-
sion5 ,K -nvironment undertoo' a EStudy on waste related issues of newly listed POPs and candi-
date POPs\ 8-S345 2091 ,e$endent on the actual values established5 it may be necessary to se$a-
rately collect and destroy $lastic with the POPs 6(7s1

#s $art of the u$dated im$lementation $lan for the Stoc'holm "onvention5 the $resence of the
POPs 6(7s in articles in used in ,enmar' was assessed1 +he following is based on the im$lementa-
tion $lan1 4n the survey of brominated flame retardants from ... 8Lassen et al.5 ...95 the total
,anish consum$tion of P6,-s was estimated at !0-20 tonnes1 &ost of the P6,-s were im$orted
in articles1 +he re$ort does not include individual estimates for the three ty$es of technical P6,-1
Since no s$ecific inventories are available of the historical consum$tion of the POPs 6(7s in ,en-
mar'5 reference was be made to the -S34 8209 re$ort1 +he results of this study are summarised in
+able 2>1

#ccording to the -S34 8209 re$ort5 the total consum$tion of technical $enta6,- in the -U5 in-
cluding im$orts of articles decreased from around 500 tonnes in ../ to 200-2?0 tonnes in 20005
and subse=uently ceased altogether in 200/1 #round .?M of the technical $enta6,- was used in
the -U in $olyurethane foam in mattresses and u$holstered furniture1 #round half was used in
vehiclesC in the seats5 dashboard5 steering wheel5 roofs5 sound insulation and door $anels1 "oncen-
trations in $olyurethane foam varied from 2-@M1 +he remaining ?M was used in other $lastics 8in
electronics in $articular95 and in rubber5 $aints and varnish5 te;tiles5 and hydraulic oils1 3ith regard
to the $ortion of the consum$tion lin'ed to vehicles5 there is no basis for assuming that ,anish
consum$tion figures vary significantly from those of the other -U countries1 +he accumulated con-
sum$tion of technical $enta6,- in the -U is estimated at around ?5000 tonnes1 Of these5 around
@M or around !20 tonnes5 was estimated still to be in use in 2001 4f consum$tion and dis$osal
$atterns for technical $enta6,- in ,enmar' corres$ond to the -uro$ean average5 there should be
around ! tonnes of technical $enta6,- left in articles that have been used in ,enmar'1 #round
three-=uarters of these are in vehicles $roduced before 200/5 and around one-=uarter are in $olyu-
rethane foam which was $reviously used in mattresses and u$holstered furniture1 #lthough this is
an uncertain estimate5 it gives us an idea of the order of magnitude of =uantities1 +he study carried
out for the -uro$ean "ommission concluded that more or less all of the technical $enta6,- in
vehicles in the -U will be dis$osed of by 20A1 Since cars are used for relatively longer $eriods of
time in ,enmar'5 it will $robably ta'e somewhat longer before all technical $enta6,- has been
dis$osed of in ,enmar'1

#ccording to the -S34 study from .>0 to 200?5 the accumulated consum$tion of octa6,- in the
-U was around >5000 tonnes5 of which an un'nown =uantity was e;$orted1 Klobally5 around .?M
of technical octa6,- were used in #6S $lastics5 which are ty$ically used in enclosures for electrical
and electronic e=ui$ment1 +he remaining ?M are used in other ty$es of $lastic5 as well as in electri-
cal and electronic e=ui$ment1 +echnical octa6,- was ty$ically used in concentrations of 0-@M1
#s the articles in which octa6,- has been used have a relatively short lifetime5 it is assumed that
the ma*ority of the =uantity in circulation has been dis$osed of at $resent1 #t -U level5 in 2005 it
was estimated that around 2@ tonnes of octa6,- in waste electrical and electronic e=ui$ment
83---9 was dis$osed of5 and that most materials containing this substance will have been dis$osed
of by 2021 Since the technical octa6,- $resent in ,enmar' is $rimarily in im$orted electrical and
electronic e=ui$ment5 there is no basis for assuming that consum$tion in ,enmar' has been con-
siderably different from consum$tion in the -U1 4t will therefore have to be assumed that all octa6-
,- is already dis$osed of5 while a few tonnes of the remaining technical octa6,- will be dis$osed of
over the ne;t cou$le of years1


TAB>0 &7
"O&&-7"4#L P-)+#- #), O"+#6,- 4) #7+4"L-S 4) US- #), 4) 3#S+- 4) +H- -U 8-S345 20 #S SU&&#74S-,
6Y ,#)4SH -P#5 2029

Articles Amounts used in
the 09
>ifetime Amounts in
articles in use in
the 09 in &.$&
Penta: and octaBD0
concentration in
(aste
Penta: and octaBD0
amounts in (aste in
the 09 in &.$&
Polyurethane
foam
+otal consum$tion
of $enta6,- in the
-U in the $eriod
.>0-2000C about
?5000 tonnes1 Of
these5 .?M for
$olyurethane foam1
Of this5 around A0M
is incor$orated in
u$holstered furni-
ture and mattress-
es5 !AM in vehicles5
and /M for other
uses1
Polyurethane foam
ty$ically contains 2-
@M $enta6,-1
VehiclesC 2
years
U$holstered
furniture 0
years
"ar interiorsC in
202 around .>1/
tonnes accumulat-
ed $enta6,-5
decreasing to Bero
tonnes in 20A1
U$holstered furni-
tureC in 202
around 2 tonnes
accumulated $en-
ta6,-5 decreasing
to Bero tonnes in
20/1
2-@M $enta6,- in
$olyurethane foam1
"alculations are based
on an average of /M for
car interiors and !1@M
for u$holstered furni-
ture1 +he ma;imum
content $er vehicle is
stated at ?0 g $enta6-
,-1
"ar interiorsC around
2 tonnes $enta6,- in
2021
U$holstered furnitureC
around >? tonnes
$enta6,- in 2021

0lectrical and
electronic
eIui%ment
#round /M of the
?5000 tonnes of
total consum$tion
of $enta6,- in the
$eriod .>0-20001
+he uses shown
include $rinted
circuit boards1
.-? years )ot stated1 )ot stated1 )ot stated1
0lectrical and
electronic
eIui%ment
+otal accumulated
consum$tion in the
-U in the $eriod
.>0-200?C A5?.0
tonnes octa6,-1
#round .?M of
octa6,- was used
in #6S $lastics in
concentrations of
0-@M1 +he re-
maining ?M was
used in other $lastic
ty$es1 &ore or less
all $lastics contain-
ing octa6,- were
used in electrical
and electronic
e=ui$ment1
. years #round 2@ accu-
mulated tonnes
octa6,- in 2021 4t
is assumed that all
will be dis$osed of
by 2021
0-@M in $lastic com-
$onents containing
octa6,-1
2@ tonnes octa6,- in
200I Bero tonnes in
202 8it is assumed that
all octa6,- will dis-
$osed of by 20291


#ccording to the ... survey of 6(7s5 the only $olybrominated bi$henyl 8P669 used with certainty
was technical deca66 8with ten bromine atoms91 #ccording to data from the O-",5 the technical
deca66 did not contain he;a661 "onsidering that he;a66 has not been used since the .>0s5 it is
li'ely that only an insignificant number of articles containing he;a66 remain1

).$ 'ecyclin#
#ccording to the 3--- ,irective 8,irective 2022.2-U95 $lastic containing brominated flame
retardants have to be removed from any se$arately collected 3--- and be dis$osed of or recovered
in com$liance with the 3aste ,irective 8,irective 200@2.@2-"91 7ecycling is one of the recovery
o$erations5 which means that 6(7-containing $lastics in accordance with the 3--- ,irective can
be recycled if the $lastics do not contain restricted 6(7s1 +he ,anish statutory order on waste elec-
trical and electronic e=ui$ment states s$ecifically that $lastic with bromine content of less than ?
$$m 8mg2'g9 can be returned for re$rocessing and recycling by com$anies that have been a$$roved
under the -nvironmental Protection #ct k !! or similar legislation abroad1 (or $lastics containing
more than ? $$m 6(7s the Statutory Order indicates that it must be delivered to com$anies that are
authoriBed to handle brominated waste a$$roved under the -nvironmental Protection #ct k !! or
similar legislation abroad1 4t is not s$ecifically stated that the waste cannot be recycled1

#ccording to the POPs 7egulation5 articles and $re$arations containing concentrations below 01 M
by weight of each of the four covered P6,-s may be $laced on the mar'et if they are $roduced $ar-
tially or fully from recycled materials or materials from waste $re$ared for re-use1 #s the limit con-
cerns the individual P6,-s5 the limit for the commercial octa6,- 8of which he$ta6,- accounts for
less than ?0M9 would be at least double1 +he POPs 7egulation has a derogation for --- which fall
within the sco$e of the 7oHS ,irective1 #ccording to the 7oHS ,irective materials should not con-
tain more than 01M total P6,-s5 recycled or not1 +he restrictions on recycled material are conse-
=uently generally stricter for --- than for other a$$lications5 while for some --- e;em$t from the
7oHS ,irective 8but still in the sco$e of the ,irective95 no restriction a$$lies1 Plastics containing
deca6,- may not be recycled for use in --- 8if the concentration is e01 M95 but may be recycled
for other $ur$oses1 Plastics containing other 6(7s can be recycled without any restriction1

)o data on the actual recycling of 6(7-containing waste in ,enmar' or the -U have been identi-
fied1

+he draft guidance on best available techni=ues and best environmental $ractices for the recycling
and dis$osal of articles containing P6,-s listed under the Stoc'holm "onvention includes a de-
tailed descri$tion of recycling activities 8U)-P5 202b91 #ccording to the guidance5 PU7 foams in
furniture5 trans$ort5 end-of-life vehicles and mattresses are $artially recycled into new articles by
$rocesses such as car$et rebond and regrinding 8no =uantitative data $rovided91 4t further re$orts
that recent studies have shown that $lastics containing POP-P6,-s and other 6(7s have been
recycled in the $roduction of articles for which no flame retardancy is re=uired5 including childrenDs
toys5 household goods and video ta$es1

).& 'elease of brominated flame retardants and de#radation %roducts
from (aste dis%osal

).&.$ +unici%al solid (aste incineration and uncontrolled combustion
#ccording to the statistics on 3--- and 6#+ from the ,P# system 8,P#5 2095 in 205 >52>2
tonnes of waste from treatment of 3--- was incinerated in ,enmar' in munici$al waste incinera-
tors5 corres$onding to less than 0M of the total weight of the collected 3---1 4n addition5 incin-
eration of a$$ro;imately ! M of the generated =uantity of 3--- as discussed above should be in-
cluded1


+he =uantity directed to munici$al waste incineration in ... was estimated at >0-!A0 t2y 8Lassen
et al15 ...9I of this 3--- accounted for a$$ro;imately @?M1 Using data from the ... survey the
total amount of 6(7s incinerated with --- waste can be estimated at >0-00 t2y5 assuming that
$lastics flame retardant with 0-?M 6(7s on average accounted for a$$ro;imately 0M of all $las-
tics1

One of the main concerns about the incineration of 6(7-containing $lastics has been the ris' of
formation of brominated dibenBo-$-dio;ins and brominated dibenBo furans 8P6,,2(9 and mi;ed
$olybrominated and $olychlorinated dio;ins and furans 8PN,,2(91 4n the ,anish action $lan for
6(7s from 2005 it was stated that the formation of dio;ins and furans by incinerations was of
concern5 and the -uro$ean "ommission considered re=uiring that all 6(7-containing $lastics from
3--- should be dis$osed of in haBardous waste incinerators1 6rominated dio;ins and furans have
been shown to have to;icities similar to5 and in some cases greater than5 their chlorinated counter-
$arts in human cell lines and mammalian s$ecies and assay tests 8U)-P5 20095 but dio;insD to;ici-
ty e=uivalency factors do not e;ist for the 8P6,,2(9 and 8PN,,2(91

Some of the 6(7s5 in $articular the P66s and P6,-s5 are highly similar to the brominated dio;ins
and furans and can serve as $recursors 8building bloc's9 for the formation of the dio;ins and furans
if the substances are not decom$osed during incineration1 4n addition5 all 6(7s serve as bromine
donors for the so-called Fde-novoF synthesis of the dio;ins and furans in the $ost-combustion Bone
of the incinerator1 #ccording to the -U 7is' #ssessments for deca6,-5 the relative $ro$ortions of
bromine to chlorine in most waste $rior to incineration indicates that the ma*or dibenBo-$-dio;ins
and furans formed will contain chlorine only5 with mi;ed bromine2chlorine containing s$ecies
8most li'ely containing bromine9 ma'ing only a very minor contribution 8-"65 200291 4n addition
to this5 -uro$ean 7egulations e;ist on the design of munici$al incinerators in order to minimise the
formation of chlorinated dio;ins and furans during incineration1 Pro$er incinerator design should
also reduce the $otential for release to the environment of the brominated dio;ins and furans1 +he
-U 7is' #ssessment concludes that it is e;$ected that emissions from controlled incineration $ro-
cesses will be near Bero5 although the =uestion of formation of brominated dio;ins and furans has
been raised as a $otential $roblem1 +he -U 7is' #ssessment for octa6,- 8-"65 200!9 concludes
that overall5 for dis$osal by incineration and landfill5 metal recycling and accidental fires5 the
$olybrominated di$henyl ethers5 as a source of bromine5 can contribute to the formation of halo-
genated dio;ins and furans generated during such $rocesses but it is not $ossible to =uantify the
amounts or assess the environmental significance of these $roducts1 (urthermore5 it is noted that
halogenated dio;in and furan formation from some of these $rocesses is well 'nown and emission
control technology is available for incinerators and metal recycling that can be used to reduce the
amounts of these substances formed in the $rocess to acce$table levels1

Vi'elsGe 8200!5 200/9 measured the concentration of P6,,2( and P6",,2( in flue gas from two
incinerators in ,enmar' and in soil around the incinerators in 200! and 200/1 -levated levels of
P6,,2( were found in the vicinity of the two incinerators as com$ared to a remote area5 demon-
strating the significance of the incinerators as sources of P6,,2( in their surroundings1 4ncinera-
tors in ,enmar' have since been e=ui$$ed with better flue gas controls1

4n a )ordic study from 200? of emission during incineration of waste containing bromine5 incinera-
tion tests and measurements of brominated5 chlorinated and mi;ed brominated2chlorinated dio;-
ins and furans were $erformed in three full-scale incineration $lants in )orway 86orgnes and
7i'heim5 200?91 #ll $lants were e=ui$$ed with advanced flue gas treatment systems1 &easurements
were $erformed during incineration of waste from households and the commercial sector 8waste
with low 6(7 content95 and the results showed very low levels for all analysed dio;ins1 +he main
goal of the incineration tests was to establish the flue gas concentration of halogenated dio;ins and
furans before and after flue gas cleaning5 with different $ro$ortions of $lastic waste containing
6(7s1 +he measured results confirmed that 6(7s decom$ose in the incineration $rocess1 +he

amount of 6(7s in out$ut flows is less than 0500 M by weight of the total amount of 6(7s in the
waste mi; 8i1e1 a destruction efficiency of better than ..1...M91 -missions of chlorinated5 bromin-
ated and chlorinated2brominated dio;ins were measured without any addition of brominated
waste5 and with the addition of ? M by weight5 0 M by weight and 20 M by weight bromine-
containing waste1 4ncreasing the content of 6(7s in the waste gave no significant increase in the
emissions of either chlorinated dio;ins5 or brominated or chlorinated2brominated dio;ins1 +he
emission measurement results indicate that the incineration efficiency and the o$erating conditions
of the flue gas treatment systems are of greater im$ortance to the resulting emission levels of dio;-
ins and furans5 rather than the bromine content level1 &easurements of halogenated dio;ins and
furans in the flue gas before and after flue gas cleaning were carried out with addition of 0 M by
weight bromine-containing waste at the 0lemetsrud Plant 8Oslo91 +he concentration of chlorinat-
ed2brominated dio;ins before cleaning was a$$ro;imately three times the concentration of chlorin-
ated dio;ins1 +he removal efficiency for chlorinated2brominated dio;ins was e..M5 while it was
a$$ro;imately .!M for chlorinated dio;ins2furans1

4n ,enmar'5 6(7-containing $lastics are currently incinerated in munici$al solid waste incinera-
tors e=ui$$ed with filters for control of emissions of P",,2( 8chlorinated dio;ins and furans91 +o
what e;tent the destruction efficiency of the POPs 6(7s in these incinerators is sufficient to meet
the re=uirements of the Stoc'holm "onvention is not totally clear5 but the available information as
described above indicates a destruction efficiency of better than ..1...M1 One of the actions of the
u$dated national im$lementation $lan for the Stoc'holm "onvention is to encourage the -uro$ean
"ommission to $re$are a study to validate whether technical $enta6,- is sufficiently destroyed in
ordinary waste incinerators1 4n an e-mail to the ,anish -P# of 2 %une 20!5 the -uro$ean "om-
mission states that according to the e;$erts the -uro$ean "ommission have consulted5 it would
seem that P6,-s could be incinerated in munici$al solid waste incinerators5 ta'ing necessary
measures to secure that the bromine concentration is not e;cessive1

,io;in to;icity e=uivalency factors have not been established for brominated and mi;ed brominat-
ed2chlorinated dio;ins and furansI these substances are not included when estimating the total
dio;in to;icity e=uivalency of e1g1 flue gas emissions or dio;ins and furans in food 8limit values are
e;$ressed in dio;in to;icity e=uivalency rather than total content of the substances91

3hilst the emission from well-e=ui$$ed incinerators may be of no concern5 much literature indicat-
ed that the emissions of dio;ins and furans from fires 8including incidental landfill fires9 and un-
controlled burning of 6(7-containing $lastics may be significant 83eber and 0uch5 200!I ,esmet
et al15 200?I Lai et al.5 200>I Yu et al.5 200@91 Uncontrolled burning of waste is illegal in the -U5 but
some 6(7-containing $lastics will be destroyed in fires in buildings and vehicles and by accidental
landfill fires1

+he $ossible formation of haBardous substances by thermal decom$osition is one of the main ar-
guments against the use of 6(7s e1g1 by environmental )KOs5 manufacturers of alternative (7s and
$arts of the scientific community1

3eber and 0uch 8200!9 have studied the effect of 6(7s and thermal conditions on the formation
$athways of brominated and brominated-chlorinated dibenBodio;ins and dibenBofurans1 #ccording
to the results5 under insufficient combustion conditions5 e1g1 accidental fires and uncontrolled burn-
ing as well as gasification2$yrolysis $rocesses5 considerable amounts of P6,,s2P6,(s 8brominated
dio;ins and furans9 can be formed from 6(7s5 $rimarily via the $recursor $athway1 +he $recursor
$athway is relevant for 6(7s which may act as $recursors5 in $articular the P6,-s and P66s5 but
$ossibly other 6(7s as well1

# technical review of the im$lications of recycling c-$enta6,- ether and c-octa6,- for the POPs
7eview "ommittee under the Stoc'holm "onvention has been underta'en on the sub*ect 8U)-P5

20091 P6,,2( are $resent as im$urity of technical P6,-s 8which was the bac'ground for the
$hase out in Kermany in the ..0s9 and can be formed in different life-cycle ste$s1 #ccording to the
review5 com$elling evidence has accumulated over the $ast twenty years or so that 6(7s5 and es$e-
cially P6,-5 are a ma*or source of to;ic tri- to octa-brominated dio;in and furan contamination1
+he $eer-reviewed and grey literature clearly shows that the generation5 emissions and im$acts of
P6,,2,( are relevant considerations in relation to the manufacture2$rocessing5 recycling and
dis$osal of $roducts containing5 or contaminated with5 P6,- and related com$ounds1 +he total
generation of P6,,2,( from all ty$es of P6,- are at a scale of tons $er year 8Oennegg5 200. as
cited by U)-P5 2009 and therefore of the same order or even larger than the total inventory of
P",,2(1

+he draft guidance on best available techni=ues and best environmental $ractices for the recycling
and dis$osal of articles containing P6,-s listed under the Stoc'holm "onvention includes detailed
information on the $ossible generation of P6,,2( from different recycling activities5 in $articular
thermal recycling activities 8U)-P5 202b91

Kouteu; et al. 820!9 has recently demonstrated that u$on a$$lication of thermal stress to sam$les
of $olymeric 6(7s with brominated aromatic moieties5 a drastic increase of the release of bromin-
ated com$ounds was observed1 # variety of substituted al'yl benBenes or $henols with two to si;
bromine atoms were formed1 +he $a$er deals with the $otential environmental effects of the formed
substances5 and does not discuss the significance of the releases of the substances on the $otential
formation of haBardous P6,,2( by combustion of the $roducts1

).&.& B;'s emission from landfills
# limited amount of 6(7-containing $lastics in ,enmar' would end u$ in landfills as the general
$olicy is to incinerate combustible waste for energy recovery1 4n other -U &embers States5 a larger
$art 8u$ to 00M9 of the combustible waste is landfilled1

3hen additive 6(7s in $lastics are dis$osed of to landfill5 in theory they could leach out of the $las-
tic and into groundwater or volatilise to the atmos$here1

#ccording to the -U 7is' #ssessment for deca6,- 8-"65 200295 however5 several e;$eriments have
shown that leaching of deca6,- from $olymers is minimal 8see below9 and it would not be e;$ected
to leach to a significant e;tent from $olymers in landfill5 unless the $olymer itself undergoes some
form of degradation5 thus releasing the deca6,-1 #ny released deca6,- is li'ely to adsorb strongly
onto soil5 thus minimising the $ossibility of reaching groundwater 8see also Section !111A1291 Simi-
larly5 the low va$our $ressure of the substance would limit its volatility to the atmos$here1 #lthough
the available information indicates that leaching of deca6,- from landfills will be minimal5 move-
ment of $olymer $articles containing deca6,- within the landfill could $rovide a trans$ort mecha-
nism leading to entry into leachate water or groundwater1 However5 it is not currently $ossible to
assess the significance of this ty$e of $rocess1 3ell-designed landfills already include measures to
minimise leaching in general terms5 and these measures would also be effective in minimising the
leaching of any deca6,- $resent1 8-"65 200291

).&.* B;'s in se(a#e slud#e
+he ,anish Statutory order in sludge 8FSlambe'endtgGrelsenF9 does not include any limit values for
P6,- or any other 6(7I furthermore5 6(7s levels in sludge are not regulated at -U level1 +he ,an-
ish action $lan for 6(7s 8,anish -P#5 2009 considered that the levels of 6(7s found in sludge did
not call for establishing limit values5 as no environmental and health ris' from the a$$lication of
sewage sludge to agricultural soils was antici$ated1 Keneral limit values for the P6,-s covered by
the -U POPs regulation are still not established1 +he established limit value for he;a66 is ?0 mg2'g
and if similar values are established for the P6,-s5 these will not have any im$act on the dis$osal of
sewage sludge1

PBD0s : ,ata on P6,-s in sewage sludge in ,enmar' is summarised in +able 2@1 4n the only
study which included 6,--20. 8deca6,-9 this congener was higher than the concentration of `tri-
he$ta6,-s 8"hristensen et al15 200!91 )o data for other 6(7s in sludge from ,anish waste water
treatment $lants have been identified1

TAB>0 &5
6(7S 4) S-3#K- SLU,K- (7O& ,#)4SH &U)4"4P#L S-3#K- +7-#+&-)+ PL#)+S

ConcentrationA
S#D"# d.(.
A1era#e
Number of mu:
nici%al se(a#e
%lants
Source
BD0:$7 !10

"hristensen et al. 8200!9 R
)"L analysis shown R
nearly similar results
obtained with H7-4 analy-
sis
BD0:&5 1.
BD0:)7 .A1@
BD0:) 01>
BD0:,, 1>
BD0:5/ !1
BD0: @A12
BD0:$.. .1
BD0:$/* >1@
BD0:$/) A1
BD0:$5* 210
Ttri:he%taBD0s 2!@
BD0:&. 2/@
BD0:)7 >0 Vi'elsGe et al.5 2002

BD0: .0
BD0:$.. /
BD0:$/* b detection limit
TPBD0s ?-.2
8average not re$orted9
2 Videncenter for %ord-
forurening 8209
BD0:)7 2? 2 #arhus #mt5200? as cited
by %ensen et al15 20
BD0: !>
BD0:$.. A
BD0:$/* /

Some data on P6,-s in sewage sludge from other -uro$ean countries have been summarised by
%ensen at al1 82091 "onsistently5 6,--20. 8deca6,-9 accounts for more than ?0M of the total
P6,- concentration1 +he concentrations of deca6,- in sludge from different countries were 8year
of sam$ling9C Kermany 20022! 8mean P /2. cg2'g w1w95 Sweden 2002 8mean P cg2'g d1w195
Sweden 200>2@ 8mean P !@! cg2'g w1w195 Sweden 8200> 8mean P 2. cg2'g95 Sweden 8200@
8mean P 2.2 cg2'g95 and SwitBerland 200!-? 8mean P !0 cg2'g91


#s a result of the ris' assessment of deca6,-5 a ten-year monitoring $rogramme 8'nown as the
conclusion 8i9 monitoring $rogramme9 was re=uested by the -U &ember States to investigate the
long-term trends in the levels of deca6,- in sewage sludge5 sediment5 air and birdsD eggs 8-nvi-
ronment #gency5 200.91 Under this $rogramme5 financed by 6S-(5 sewage sludge sam$les from a
total of twelve sites in the -U are being analysed with three sam$les being collected at each site over
a one wee' $eriod in each sam$ling year1 Of the sites5 > are sewage treatment $lants 8S+Ps9 with
mainly domestic waste water in$ut1 +he levels of deca6,- in the sludge from these S+Ps in 200>
differed significantly between the countries with !5@0f25?@0 cg2'g d1w1 and ?5/.0f25@.0 cg2'g
d1w1 in sewage from two S+Ps in U05 ?5>0f.@. cg2'g d1w1in one S+P in 4reland and 2/@f/?
cg2'g d1w15 20@f2. cg2'g d1w15 !?!f2@ cg2'g d1w1 and /A!f!? cg2'g d1w1 in four S+Ps in +he
)etherlands1 Similar results were obtained in 200A 8-nvironment #gency5 200.91

"om$ared to the levels found in the S+Ps in +he )etherlands and other -uro$ean countries5 the
levels in 4reland and the U0 were a factor of ten higher1 # similar $attern is found for H6",, as
described below1

4BCDD : #ccording to the -U 7is' #ssessment for H6",,5 in general5 the concentrations of
H6",, in sludge observed in 4reland 8median P /!. cg2'g d1w9 and U0 8median P 52?A cg 2'g
d1w19 are more than one order of magnitude higher than those observed in +he )etherlands 8medi-
an P 2 cg2'g d1w195 )orway 8median P !? cg2'g d1w19 and Sweden 8median P 2/ cg2'g d1w19 8-"65
200@91 4n a Swiss study from 200@5 mean concentration of H6",, 8nPA wastewater treatment
$lants9 was /. 8!. R ?.>9 cg2'g d1w1 80u$$er et al15 200@91

+he higher concentrations of H6",, and deca6,- in sludge from 4reland and the U0 may =uite
well be a conse=uence of a higher consum$tion of H6",, and deca6,- in te;tiles and furniture in
these countries5 as washing of te;tiles is one of the main sources of deca6,- and H6",, to waste
water1

TBBPA - "om$ared to deca6,- and H6",,5 the concentration of +66P# in sludge is generally
lower1 +he -U 7is' #ssessment re$orts 8-"65 200>9 on concentrations of +66P# in sewage sam-
$les from a range of -uro$ean countries 8year of $ublication indicated9C (inland 2002 8all b012
cg2'g d1w195 Sweden 2002 8median P 210 cg2'g w1w195 Kermany 200! 8median P A cg2'g95 Ker-
many 200 8range P ?12-!/1? cg2'gI dimethyl derivative range P 01!.-10 cg2'g d1w195 4reland
200/ 8mean P .? cg2'g dry weight95 U10 200/ 8mean P ?. cg2'g9 and +he )etherlands 8mean P >.
cg2'g d1w19

6ther B;'s R +he )ordic screening re$ort 8Schlabach et al15 209 analysed A FnewF 6(7s in
sludge from the )ordic countries and A P6,- congeners for reference1 +he 6(7s were $resent in
sludge from 33+Ps5 storm water sludge5 and sludge from landfills1 +he fre=uent occurrence in the
different sludge sam$les indicates a wides$read use of these substances in the )ordic countries1
7esults for the 6(7s found in the highest concentration in the sludges are shown in the figure be-
low1 +he highest concentrations were found for ,6,P- 8range P/1?RA0 cg2'g d1w1 95 P6+ 8range P
0102>R?12 cg2'g d1w19 and ,6--,6"H 8range P b012>R.10 cg2'g d1w191 +he concentration of
,6,P- is in the same range as re$orted for deca6,- and H6",,5 whereas the concentrations of
the other analysed 6(7s were considerably lower1


;I89'0 &
"O)"-)+7#+4O)S O( +H- &OS+ S4K)4(4"#)+ #)#LYS-, (L#&- 7-+#7,#)+S 4) SLU,K- S#&PL-S 8S"HL#6#"H
ET $615 2091 ,P 4S +H- )O)-67O&4)#+-, ,4"HLO7#)- PLUS1 +6-"H P ,6--,6"H1

Total releases to land from se(a#e slud#e
+he emissions of P6,-s to environmental com$artments within the 6altic Sea region as estimated
in the "OH46# Pro*ect tend to originate mainly from the a$$lication of contaminated sewage
sludge5 followed by emissions during the service life of flame retardant $roducts in the form of re-
lease from the indoor environment1 +he releases from the indoor environment are5 however5 noted
to be highly uncertain and $ossibly underestimated1 +he total releases to land in the 6altic #rea
from a$$lication of sewage sludge is estimated at 012-01/ t2y for the total P6,-s and 010!-010A t2y
for H6",,1

#n inventory and assessment of o$tions for reducing emissions of P6,-s as $art of the source con-
trol of $riority substances in -uro$e 8Soco$se9 estimates the total release to land from sewage
sludge a$$lications in the -U at 01/-1? t2y for $enta6,- and 01.-1? t2y for deca6,- 8Soco$se5
200.91

'is" e1aluation of a%%lication of B;'s in slud#e to a#ricultural land in Denmar"
# ris' evaluation of 6(7s and four other grou$s of $ersistent organic contaminants in sewage
sludge in ,enmar' has recently been $ublished 8%ensen et al15 20291 ,ue to lac' of data5 a ris'
evaluation was done for 6,--20. 8deca6,-9 and +66P# only1 (or the ris' evaluation %ensen et al.
82029 used a concentration of 6,--20. of >?0 tg2'g d1w1 and5 for +66P#5 the highest re$orted
sludge concentration of 220 tg2'g d1w1 6ased on the e;$osure model the following steady-state soil
concentrations 8P-"ss9 were $redicted after multi$le sludge a$$licationsC P-"ss 86,--20.9 P 010
mg2'gI P-"ss 8+66P#9 P 0100 mg2'g1 +hese $redicted concentrations are at the lower end of the
observed concentrations re$orted for agricultural fields amended with very large amounts of sewage
sludge for multi$le years1 #ccording to the authors5 such scenarios are5 however5 no longer valid for
a ty$ical situation in ,enmar'5 where sludge amendment of agricultural land is strongly regulated1
#n additional margin of safety may5 however5 be needed in order to encom$ass the $ossibility of
higher soil concentrations in areas that are not in com$liance with e1g1 the ,anish sludge regula-
tions5 or areas receiving sludge from sewage treatment $lants treating waste water s$ecifically from
industries $roducing or ma'ing use of 6(71 8%ensen et al15 2029

6ased on a com$arison between the lowest test concentration5 where no significant effects were
observed 8)O-L95 and the $redicted concentrations in soils after multi$le sewage sludge amend-
ment5 a margin of safety 8&oS9 was be estimated at .0. for 6,--20. and 2A0 for +66P#1 On this
basis5 it was concluded that it was unli'ely that the levels found in ,anish sludge should $ose a

significant ris' to soil dwelling organisms and soil =uality in general5 if the current a$$lication
guidelines of sewage sludge are followed1 8%ensen et al15 2029

Transformation in se(a#e slud#e
One of the issues regarding deca6,- in sewage sludge is the transformation of deca6,- to lower
brominated P6,-s 8U05 20291 +he available studies on the transformation have been reviewed as
$art of the #nne; NV dossier for deca6,-1 #ccording to the dossier5 overall5 these studies $rovide
good evidence that deca6,- can be transformed to at least octa6,- congeners by sewage sludge
micro-organisms over a $eriod of about eight months1 +he amounts a$$ear to be below 0M over
this timescale5 and the rate of reaction a$$ears to de$end on the $resence of other substances1
3hilst these findings do not suggest that tetra- to he$ta6,- congeners would be formed in signifi-
cant amounts during wastewater treatment $rocesses 8since sludge residence times are usually too
short5 at around 20 days95 they do $rovide some su$$orting evidence that the reaction might occur
over longer time scales in the environment under a$$ro$riate conditions1 8U05 2029

).* Summary and conclusions

Dis%osal of B;':containin# (aste R 3aste electrical and electronic e=ui$ment re$resent the
ma*ority of 6(7s in solid waste1 Other ma*or waste fractions are building insulation materials
8-PS2NPS and PU foam9 and waste from shredding of vehicles while 6(7s in te;tiles5 furniture5
$aints5 etc1 ta'e u$ a small $art1 +he 3--- ,irective re=uires that $lastics containing 6(7s should
be removed from the collected e=ui$ment for selective treatment1 +he ,anish statutory order fur-
ther re=uires the removed 6(7-containing $lastics should be dis$osed of to enter$rises with a $er-
mit for handling of bromine-containing e=ui$ment1 4n ,enmar'5 the 6(7-containing $lastics from
3--- are dis$osed of to munici$al solid waste incineration with a $ermit for incineration of 6(7s1
+he same is the situation for 6(7-containing $lastics from the building sector and te;tiles and fur-
niture1 Plastics from shredding of vehicles are dis$osed of to controlled landfill1

# $art of flame retarded $lastics in 3--- in the some -U &ember States still a$$ears to end u$ in
uncontrolled waste handling in countries outside the -U5 either by illegal shi$ment of the --- or
e;$orted as second- hand e=ui$ment for reuse in develo$ing countries1 +he ultimate dis$osal of the
6(7-containing $lastics 8$ossibly after recycling9 in any case is e;$ected to be uncontrolled burning
or landfilling1

P6P B;'s : He;a66 and four of the P6,-s 8corres$onding to the commercial c-$enta6,- and c-
octa6,-9 are covered by the -U POPs regulation5 and in the near future H6",, will be added to
the list1 Particular $rovisions for waste containing POPs are sti$ulated in "ommission 7egulation
8-U9 )o >?A2200 amending the POPs 7egulation1 (or he;abromo$henyl a limit value for dis$osal
$rovisions of ?0 mg2'g is established5 but it has no $ractical im$lications for ,enmar'5 as he;a-
bromo$henyl is not li'ely $resent in the waste1 )o concentration limits have been established as yet
for the P6,-s1 ,e$ending on the limits to be established by the -uro$ean "ommission5 se$arate
collection and treatment of some waste fractions may be necessary1

Incineration and uncontrolled burnin# : One of the main concerns about the incineration of
6(7-containing $lastics has been the ris' of formation of brominated and mi;ed brominat-
ed2chlorinated dio;ins and furans1 +he available data indicates that the destruction efficiency for
6(7s is better than ..5...M5 that the incineration of 6(7s may contribute a less significant $art to
the total generated dio;ins and furans5 and that the filters for control of emissions of dio;ins and
furans are also efficient in ca$turing the brominated and mi;ed brominated2chlorinated dio;ins
and furans1


3hilst the emission from well-e=ui$$ed incinerators may be of no concern5 much literature indi-
cates that the emissions of dio;ins and furans from fires 8including incidental landfill fires9 and
uncontrolled burning of 6(7-containing $lastics may be significant1

A%%lication of slud#e on a#ricultural soils R+he ma*ority of the 6(7s in sewage water ends
u$ in the sludge fraction in sewage treatment $lants1 ,eca6,-5 H6",, and ,6,P- are the domi-
nant 6(7s in munici$al sewage sludge1 +he available data indicates that the levels of deca6,- and
H6",, levels in sewage sludge in the U0 and 4reland is a$$ro;imately a factor of 0 higher than in
other -U &ember States5 indicating a lin' to the wides$read use of these substances in te;tiles and
furniture in the two countries1 7ecent analyses of A FnewF 6(7s in sewage sludge show that the
concentration of ,6,P- is of the same magnitude as for deca6,- and H6",, in other studies5
whereas the concentrations for the remaining ? 6(7s is considerably lower1 +he results confirm
that ,6,P- to a large e;tent has substituted for deca6,- in a$$lications that may lead to releases
to waste water1

# ris' evaluation from 202 of the a$$lication of 6(7-containing sludge to agricultural land in
,enmar'5 which included a detailed assessment of deca6,- and +66P#5 concluded that it was
highly unli'ely that the levels of 6(7s found in ,anish sludge should $ose a significant ris' to soil
dwelling organisms and soil =uality in general5 if the current a$$lication guidelines of sewage sludge
are followed1

+ain data #a%s
4nformation on the actual fate of 3--- e;$orted for waste management outside ,enmar'1

+he significance of the different 6(7s on the formation of brominated and mi;ed brominat-
ed2chlorinated dio;ins and furans by different ty$es of thermal $rocesses is not 'nown for most
6(7s1 4n solid waste incinerators e=ui$$ed with filters for dio;ins and furans control5 the dio;ins
and furans formed in the $rocess will end u$ in the flue gas cleaning $roducts1


/. 0n1ironmental ha2ards and
e3%osure
/.$ 0n1ironmental ha2ard
/.$.$ Classification
+hree of the 6(7s have a harmonised classification according to the "LP 7egulation 8see +able A in
section 091 +66P# and $enta 6,- are assigned the HaBard "lass and "ategory "odes E#=uatic
#cute \ and E#=uatic "hronic \5 whereas octa6,- is not assigned any environmental HaBard "lass
and "ategory "odes1 +he $ro$osed harmonised classification for H6",, 8see section 21129 does
not include environmental HaBard "lass and "ategory "odes5 whilst almost all notifiers in the "JL
4nventory have been assigned #=uatic "hronic 1

+he following table lists the harmonised classification and the environmental HaBard "lass and
"ategory "ode8s9 and HaBard Statement "odes assigned to the substances by more than 2?M of the
notifiers in the "JL 4nventory -"H# 820!d91 +he self-classification of the substances in the "JL
4nventory database is shown in #$$endi; A1

TAB>0 &
6(7S #SS4K)-, -)V47O)&-)+#L H#O#7, "L#SS #), "#+-KO7Y "O,-8S9 #""O7,4)K +O +H- "LP 7-KUL#+4O)
#), +H- "JL 4)V-)+O7Y

CAS No Substance name Abbr. 4a2ard Class and
Cate#ory CodeFsG C$
4a2ard State:
ment Codes C$
$$5:7:, 25/5A-+ribromo$henol +6P #=uatic #cute

H/00
$&,:7&:7 +ris825!-dibromo$ro$yl9 $hos-
$hate
+,6PP #=uatic #cute
#=uatic "hronic
H/00
H/0
&./,,:*/:& 2-82-Hydro;yetho;y9ethyl 2-
tetrabromo$hthalate
H--HP-+-6P #=uatic "hronic ! H/2
&/*&7:5:* 5S-4so$ro$ylidenebis:/-8allylo;y9-
!5?-dibromobenBene<
+66P#-b#- #=uatic "hronic / H/!
&/,*7::) He;abromocyclododecane H6",, #=uatic "hronic H/0
*&/*):5$: ,i$henyl ether5 $entabromo de-
rivative
$enta6,- #=uatic #cute Z
#=uatic "hronic Z
H/00 Z
H/0 Z
*&,:.:. 252-bis8bromomethyl9$ro$ane-5!-
diol
,6)PK #=uatic "hronic / H/!
*///:$$:$ #llyl $entabromo$henyl ether9 P6P#- #=uatic "hronic / H/!
*,)5*:/7:/ 252-dimethyl$ro$an--ol5 tribromo
derivative
+6)P# #=uatic "hronic ! H/2
/&)*):.: 5!5?-+ris825!-dibromo$ro$yl9-
5!5?-triaBine-25/5A8H5!H5?H9-
trione
+,6P-+#O+O #=uatic "hronic / H/!
/))7://:$ 8Pentabromo$henyl9methyl acry-
late
P66-#cr #=uatic "hronic / H/!
,.5:7$: Pentabromo$henol P6P #=uatic #cute H/00
7:):7C 252S5A5AS-+etrabromo-/5/S-
+66P# #=uatic #cute Z
#=uatic "hronic Z
H/00 Z
H/0 Z
5)5/&:/*: 5S-8-thane-52-
diyl9bis:$entabromobenBene<
,6,P- #=uatic "hronic / H/!
Z Harmonised classification mar'ed by Z1 Only codes assigned by more than 2?M of the notifiers in "J" in-
ventory are included in the table1
H/00C Very to;ic to a=uatic life
H/0C Very to;ic to a=uatic life with long lasting effects
H/2C Harmful to a=uatic life with long lasting effects
H/!C &ay cause long lasting harmful effects to a=uatic life

/.$.& PBD0s
+he ris' assessments carried out under the -U -;isting Substances 7egulation summarise the
available ecoto;icity data obtained in standard test systems for deca6,- 8-"65 200295 octa6,-
8-"65 200!9 and $enta6,- 8-"65 20091 +he data are summarised in +able !01 4n some of the
a=uatic studies no effects were seen and the results are re$orted as Egreater than\ values5 reflecting
the highest concentration tested 8which in some cases is above the water solubility of the substance
testedI water solubility is a$$ro;imately ! cg2l for $enta6,-5 01? cg2l for octa6,- and b01 cg2l
for deca6,-91 +hese results are best inter$reted as the substance showing little or no to;icity at the
solubility limit of the substance in the test media1 +he available data show that $enta6,- is gener-
ally more to;ic than octa6,- and deca6,- to sediment organisms and terrestrial $lants1 +he gen-

eral lac' of effects seen with octa6,- and deca6,- means that it is not $ossible to draw further
conclusions from the available data on the relative to;icity of these two substancesI however5 as
these two substances have high molecular weights 8e>00 g2mole9 the lower to;icity of octa6,- and
deca6,- com$ared with that seen for $enta6,- may reflect a low bioavailability of octa6,- and
deca6,- com$ared to $enta6,-1
+he P)-"s derived from the available data in -"6 82005 2002 and 200!9 are summarised in +able
!1
TAB>0 *.
SU&&#7Y O( -"O+ON4"4+Y ,#+# (O7 P6,-s

Tro%hic le1el S%ecies Substance 0nd%oint Concentration 'eference
$
-ater
;resh(ater fish ;ncorh-nchus
m-<iss
Penta6,- .Ah-L"?0 e0102 mg2l
2
Palmer et al.5 ..>c 8from -"65
2009
Penta6,- @> day )O-" 0100@. mg2l 3ildlife 4nternational5 2000a
8from -"65 2009
;r-7ias latipes ,eca6,- /@h-L"?0 e?00 mg2l
2
"4+45 ..2 8from -"65 20029
Octa6,- /@h-L"?0 e?00 mg2l
2
"4+45 ..2 8from -"65 200!9
Penta6,- /@h-L"?0 e?00 mg2l
2
"4+45 .@2 8from -"65 2009
;resh(ater
in1ertebrates
#aphnia magna Octa6,- 2 day )O-" e0100> mg2l
2
Kraves et al.5 ..> 8from -"65
200!9
Penta6,- /@h--"?0 010/ mg2l Palmer et al. ..>b 8from -"65
2009
Penta6,- 2 day )O-" 0100?! mg2l ,rottar and 0rueger5 ..@ 8from
-"65 2009
;resh(ater
al#ae
/seudo<irchneri-
ella subcapitata
8formerly Selenas-
trum capricornu-
tum9
Penta6,- .Ah--"?0 e0102A mg2l
2
Palmer et al.5 ..>a 8from -"65
2009
Salt(ater al#ae %<eletonema
costatum and
Thalassiosira
pseudonana
,eca6,- >2h--"?0 e mg2l
2
3alsh et al.5 .@> 8from -"65
20029
Chlorella sp. ,eca6,- .Ah--"?0 e mg2l
2
3alsh et al. 8.@>9 8from -"65
20029
Sediment
;resh(ater
sediment in1er:
tebrates
Chironomus
riparius
Penta6,- 2@ day )O-" A mg2'g dry
sediment
3ildlife 4nternational5 2000d
8from -"65 2009
,-alella a7teca Penta6,- 2@ day )O-" A1! mg2'g dry
sediment
3ildlife 4nternational5 2000c
8from -"65 2009
6umbriculus
variegatus
,eca6,- 2@ day )O-" !5@/ mg2'g
dry sediment
0rueger et al.5 200b 8from -"65
20029
Octa6,- 2@ day )O-" 52>2 mg2'g 0rueger et al.5 200a 8from -"65

Tro%hic le1el S%ecies Substance 0nd%oint Concentration 'eference
$
dry sediment 200!9
Penta6,- 2@ day )O-" !1 mg2'g dry
sediment
3ildlife 4nternational5 2000e
8from -"65 2009
Soil and terrestrial en1ironment
Terrestrial
in1ertebrates
Eisenia fetida ,eca6,- ?A day )O-" /5.0 mg2'g
dry soil
#6"5 200 8from -"65 20029
Octa6,- ?A day )O-" 5/>0 mg2'g
dry soil
#6"5 200 8from -"65 200!9
Penta6,- / day )O-" ?00 mg2'g dry
soil
3ildlife 4nternational5 2000f
8from -"65 2009
Soil microor:
#anisms
)itrogen trans-
formation activity
Penta6,- 2@ day )O-" e mg2'g dry
soil
4nveres'5 ... 8from -"65 2009
Terrestrial
%lants
$llium cepa,
Cucumis sativa,
Cl-cine max,
6olium perenne,
6-copersicon
esculentum and
Dea ma-s
,eca6,- 2 day )O-" ?5!/. mg2'g
dry soil
Porch and 0rueger5 200 8from
-"65 20029
Octa6,- 2 day )O-" 5.0 mg2'g
dry soil
Porch and 0rueger5 200 8from
-"65 200!9
Penta6,- 2 day -"? A mg2'g dry
soil 8lowest
value5 for Dea
ma-s9
3ildlife 4nternational5 2000g
8from -"65 2009
Z See -"6 82005 2002 and 200!9 for full reference1
Z2 Value above the water solubility of the substance1 +he data are best inter$reted as showing no effects at the
solubility limit of the substance1

TAB>0 *$
SU&&#7Y O( P)-"S ,-74V-, (O7 P6,-s

Substance PN0C

;resh(ater Sediment Soil
PentaBD0 01?! cg2l 1?? mg2'g dry sediment 8normal-
ised to ?M organic carbon content9
01!@ mg2'g dry soil 8normalised to
!1/M organic matter content9
6ctaBD0 e012 cg2l u2> mg2'g dry sediment u2!1@ mg2'g dry soil
DecaBD0 )o P)-" could be derived u!@/ mg2'g dry sediment u.@ mg2'g dry soil

/.$.* 4BCDD
H6",, has been shown to cause adverse effects to a=uatic invertebrates in long-term e;$osuresI a
2d-)O-" of !1 tg2l has been determined for #aphnia magna 8-"65 200@aI +able !291 6ased on
this value5 -"6 8200@a9 estimated a P)-" of 01! cg2l for freshwater and 010! cg2l for marine
water1 4n some of the studies5 no effects were seen and the results are re$orted as Egreater than\
values which reflect the highest concentrations tested1 4n these cases where the concentration is
above the water solubility 8a$$ro;imately AA cg2l9 the results are best inter$reted as the substance
showing little or no to;icity at the solubility limit of the substance in the test media1

(or sediment organisms5 the lowest long term )O-" was obtained with 6umbriculus variegatus
and the P)-" for sediment was estimated by -"6 8200@a9 to be 01@A mg2'g dry weight 8normal-

ised to a ?M organic carbon content9 for freshwater sediment and 01> mg2'g dry weight 8normal-
ised to a ?M organic carbon content9 for marine sediment from these data1

(or soil organisms Eisenia fetida was found to be the most sensitive s$eciesI a P)-" of ?1. mg2'g
dry weight 8normalised to a !1/M organic matter content9 was estimated from these data in -"6
8200@a91

TAB>0 *&
SU&&#7Y O( -"O+ON4"4+Y ,#+# (O7 H6",,

Tro%hic le1el S%ecies 0nd%oint Concentration 'eference
$
-ater
;resh(ater fish 6epomis macrochirus .Ah-L"?0 e00 mg2l
2
"almbacher5 .>@ 8from -"65 200@a9
6euciscus idus 6., .Ah-L"?0 e0000 mg2l
2
0irsch and &un'5 .@@ 8from -"65
200@a9
;ncorh-nchus m-<iss .Ah-L"?0 e01002? mg2l Kraves and Swigert5 ..>b 8from -"65
200@a9
@@ day )O-" u0100!> mg2l1 ,rottar et al.5 200 8from -"65 200@a9
;resh(ater
in1ertebrates
#aphnia magna /@h--"?0 e0100!2 mg2l

Kraves and Swigert5 ..>a 8from -"65
200@a91
2 day )O-" 0100! mg2l ,rottar and 0rueger5 ..@ 8from -"65
200@a9
;resh(ater
al#ae
%cenedesmus subspicatus .Ah--"?0 e?00 mg2l
2
Siebel-Sauer and 6ias5 .@> 8from -"65
200@a9
/seudo<irchneriella sub-
capitata 8formerly Sele-
nastrum capricornutum9
>2-hour -"?0 e01002? tg2l 7oberts and Swigert5 ..> 8from -"65
200@a9
Salt(ater al#ae Chlorella s$1 .Ah--"?0 e1? mg2l
2
3alsh et al.5 .@> 8from -"65 200@a9
%<eletonema costatum >2h--"?0 010?2 mg2l ,es*ardins et al.5 200? 8from -"65
200@a9
Thalassiosira pseudonana >2h--"?0 010/0-01!@ mg2l 3alsh et al.5 .@> 8from -"65 200@a9
Sediment
;resh(ater
sediment in1er:
tebrates
Chironomus riparius 2@ day )O-" )O-" is !1A
mg2'g dry sedi-
ment
Oet'en et al.5 200 8from -"65 200@a9
,-alella a7teca 2@ day )O-" u5000 mg2'g dry
sediment
+homas et al.5 200!a5b 8from -"65
200@a9
6umbriculus variegatus 2@ day )O-" !1 mg2'g dry
sediment
Oet'en et al.5 200 8from -"65 200@a9
Terrestrial
in1ertebrates
Eisenia fetida ?A day )O-" 2@ mg2'g dry soil #ufderheide et al.5 200! 8from -"65
200@a9
Soil microor:
#anisms
)itrogen transformation
activity
2@ day )O-" u>?0 mg2'g dry
soil
(vrster5 200> 8from -"65 200@a9

Terrestrial
%lants
$llium cepa5 Cucumis
sativa5 Cl-cine max5
6olium perenne5 6-coper-
sicon esculentum and Dea
ma-s1
2 day )O-" u?5000 mg2'g dry
soil
Porch et al.5 2002 8from -"65 200@a9
Z See -"6 8200@a9 for full reference
Z2 Value above the water solubility of the substance 8around AA cg2l91 +he data are best inter$reted as showing
no effects at the solubility limit of the substance1

/.$.) TBBPA and deri1ati1es

+he ecoto;icity data for +66P# have been reviewed in detail in -"6 8200@b91 +he data are summa-
rised in +able !!1 +he lowest long-term )O-"2-"0 is the ? day -"0 for the marine co$e$od $car-
tia tonsa of ! tg2l5 which is similar to a )O-" of > cg2l determined in a long-term study with
>-tilus edulis1 P)-"s for +66P# have been estimated as 1! cg2l for freshwater5 012? cg2l for ma-
rine water5 21? mg2'g dry weight 8normalised to ?M organic carbon9 for freshwater sediment5 21?
mg2'g dry weight 8normalised to ?M organic carbon9 for marine sediment and 0102 mg2'g wet
weight 8normalised to !1/M organic matter9 for soil1

-nvironment "anada2Health "anada 82029 re$orted that there is some recent evidence to suggest
that +66P# may be ca$able of disru$ting normal functioning of the thyroid system in am$hibians
and fish5 and enhancing immune system activity in marine bivalves1

Little information is currently available on the environmental haBard from derivatives of +66P#1
-nvironment "anada2Health "anada 82029 used a modelling a$$roach to $redict that the to;icity
of +66P# bis82-hydro;yethyl ether9 8+66P#-6H--9 may be similar to that of +66P#1 Similar $re-
dictions for +66P# bis8allyl ether9 8+66P#-6#-9 suggested that the substance would generally not
show any to;icity to a=uatic organisms u$ to its solubility limitI however5 the $redictions of chronic
to;icity values were of an order similar to the solubility limit of the substance1

TAB>0 **
SU&&#7Y O( -"O+ON4"4+Y ,#+# (O7 +66P#

$
-ater
;resh(ater fish Brach-danio rerio .Ah-L"?0 n!10 mg2l Lee et al.5 ..! 8from -"65 200@b9
;ncorh-nchus m-<iss /?M mortality after .A
hours
1 mg2l 3ildlife 4nternational5 200!a 8from
-"65 200@b9
;r-7ias latipes /@h-L"?0 @12 mg2l

"4+45 ..2 8from -"65 200@b9
/imephales promelas .Ah-L"?0 01?/ mg2l

S$ringborn Life Sciences5 .@@b 8from
-"65 200@b9
!?d-)O-" 01A mg2l S$ringborn Laboratories5.@.b 8from
-"65 200@b9
;resh(ater
in1ertebrates
#aphnia magna /@h-L"?0 01.A mg2l Union "arbide "or$oration5.>@a
8from -"65 200@b9
2d-)O-" 01!0 mg2l S$ringborn Laboratories5 .@.a 8from
-"65 200@b9
Chironomus tentans -ffects on growth over
/ days
010AA mg2l S$ringborn Laboratories5 .@.c 8from
-"65 200@b9
Salt(ater in:
1ertebrates
$cartia tonsa /@h-L"?0 01/0 mg2l 6reitholtB et al.5 200 8from -"65
200@b9
? day -"0 8for larval
develo$ment rate9
0102> mg2l 3ollenberger et al.5 200? 8from -"65
200@b9

$
Crassostrea virginica .Ah--"?0 8shell de$o-
sition9
010.@ mg2l S$ringborn Life Sciences5 .@.b 8from
-"65 200@b9
>-sidopsis bahia .Ah-L"?0 01@A mg2l Koodman et al.5 .@@ 8from -"65
200@b9
>-tilus edulis >0 day )O-" 010> mg2l 6rown et al.5 200? 8from -"65 200@b9
&itocra spinipes .Ah-L"?0 01!? mg2l 6reitholtB et al.5 200 8from -"65
200@b9
@ day )O-" u010!? mg2l 6reitholtB et al.5 200
;resh(ater
al#ae
/seudo<irchneriella sub-
capitata 8formerly %ele-
nastrum capricornutum9
>2h-)O-" u?1A mg2l

S$ringborn Life Sciences5 .@@a 8from
-"65 200@b9
Salt(ater al#ae Chlorella s$1 .Ah--"?0 e1? mg2l

3alsh et al.5 .@> 8from -"65 200@b9
%<eletonema costatum >2h--"?0 010.-01@. mg2l

3alsh et al.5 .@> 8from -"65 200@b9
Thalassiosira pseudonana >2h--"?0 01!-10 mg2l 3alsh et al.5 .@> 8from -"65 200@b9
Sediment
;resh(ater
sediment in1er:
tebrates
Chironomus riparius 2@d-)O-" 2? mg2'g dry
sediment
3ildlife 4nternational5 200?a 8from
-"65 200@b9
,-alella a7teca 2@d-)O-" 2?0 mg2'g dry
sediment
3ildlife 4nternational5 200Ad 8from
-"65 200@b9
6umbriculus variegatus 2@d-)O-" .0 mg2'g dry
sediment
3ildlife 4nternational5 2002d 8from
-"65 200@b9
Terrestrial
in1ertebrates
Eisenia fetida ?A day )O-" 012. mg2'g dry
soil
#6" Laboratories5 200? 8from -"65
200@b9
Ench-traeus cr-pticus 2 day -"0 21> mg2'g dry
weight
Sverdru$ et al.5 200A 8from -"65
200@b9
Soil microor:
#anisms
)itrogen transformation
activity
2@ day -"0 e5000 mg2'g
dry weight
3ildlife 4nternational5 200?c 8from
-"65 200@b9
)O-" !00 mg2'g dry
weight
Sverdru$ et al.5 200A 8from -"65
200@b9
Terrestrial
%lants
$llium cepa, Cucumis
sativa, Cl-cine max,
6olium perenne, 6-coper-
sicon esculentum and Dea
ma-s
2 day )O-" A mg2'g dry
weight 8lowest
value5 for Cu-
cumis sativa9
3ildlife international5 2002a 8from
-"65 200@b9
Trifolium pratense 2 day )O-" u5000 mg2'g Sverdru$ et al.5 200A 8from -"65
200@b9
Z See -"6 8200@b9 for full reference

/.$./ DBDP0 and 0BT0BPI

DBDP0 : #cute to;icity results for decabromodi$henyl ethane 8,6,P-9 for fish5 invertebrates and
algae have been reviewed by the -nvironment #gency 8200>9 and the available data are summa-
rised in +able !/ below1 -nvironment #gency 8200>9 concluded that it was not $ossible to derive a
meaningful P)-" for ,6,P- for surface water from these data as no to;ic effects were seen in any
of the tests with ,6,P-5 indicating that the substance is not acutely to;ic at concentrations u$ to its
water solubility limit in these s$ecies1 However5 a more recent study by )a'ari and Huhtala 82009
suggests that ,6,P- may be acutely to;ic to #aphnia magna 8/@h--"?0 of 010. mg2l9 and may
affect re$roduction in fish at relatively low concentrations5 although it should be noted that these

results are based on nominal concentrations and the actual water solubility of ,6,P- may be lower
than these values1

+he results of long-term to;icity tests using ,6,P- with freshwater sediment-dwelling organisms
8Chironomus riparius and 6umbriculus variegatus9 are available 8+able !/91 )o statistically signif-
icant effects were observed with either s$ecies at concentrations u$ to ?5000 mg2'g dry weight1
-nvironment #gency 8200>9 derived a P)-"sediment 8normalised to a standard organic carbon con-
tent of ?M9 of uA0 mg2'g wet weight for freshwater sediment organisms and uA mg2'g wet weight
for marine sediment organisms5 based on these data1

+ests using ,6,P- with terrestrial organisms 8+able !/9 give indications of to;ic effects in both
$lants and earthworms at relatively high concentrations1 +he lowest )O-" with $lant s$ecies is
5?A! mg2'g dry weight with $llium cepa and the )O-" for Eisenia fetida is 5.>0 mg2'g dry
weight1 -nvironment #gency 8200>9 estimate the P)-"soil to be 2A mg2'g wet weight 8normalised
to a standard organic matter content of !1/M91

TAB>0 *)
SU&&#7Y O( -"O+ON4"4+Y ,#+# (O7 ,6,P-

Tro%hic le1el S%ecies Substance 0nd%oint Concentration 'eference C
$
-ater
;resh(ater
fish
#anio rerio ,6,P- -ffects on
hatching and
larval survival
0100-01020 mg2l )a'ari and Huhtala 82009
;ncorh-nchus
m-<iss
,6,P- .Ah-L"?0 e0 mg2l Z
2
6lan'inshi$ and 0rueger5 200!a
8from -nvironment #gency5 200>9
;r-7ias latipes ,6,P- /@h-L"?0 e?0 mg2l Z
!
"4+45 .. 8from -nvironment
#gency5 200>9
;resh(ater
in1ertebrates
#aphnia magna ,6,P- /@h--"?0 e0 mg2l Z
2
6lan'inshi$ and 0rueger5 200!b
/@h--"?0 010. mg2l )a'ari and Huhtala 82009
;resh(ater
al#ae
/seudo<irchneri-
ella subcapitata
8formerly %elenas-
trum capricornu-
tum9
,6,P- .Ah--"?0 e0 mg2l Z
2
,es*ardins and 0rueger5 200!
Sediment
;resh(ater
sediment
in1ertebrates
Chironomus
riparius
,6,P- 2@ day )O-" u)O-" of ?5000
mg2'g dry weight
0rueger et al.5 200!a 8from -nvi-
ronment #gency5 200>9
6umbriculus
variegatus
,6,P- 2@ day )O-" u)O-" of ?5000
mg2'g dry weight
0rueger et al.5 200!b 8from -n-
vironment #gency5 200>9
Terrestrial
in1ertebrates
Eisenia fetida ,6,P- ?A day )O-" 5.>0 mg2'g dry
weight
#ufderheide5 200! from -nviron-
ment #gency5 200>9
Terrestrial
%lants
$llium cepa,
Cucumis sativa,
Cl-cine max,
,6,P- 2 day )O-" 5?A! mg2'g dry
soil 8for $llium
cepa9
Porch and 0rueger5 200? 8from
-nvironment #gency5 200>9

Tro%hic le1el S%ecies Substance 0nd%oint Concentration 'eference C
$
6olium perenne,
6-copersicon
esculentum and
Dea ma-s
Z See -nvironment #gency 8200>9 for full reference
Z2 Substance tested as a 3ater #ccomodation (raction 83#(9I the result is based on the loading rate1 +he data
are best inter$reted as showing no effects at the solubility limit of the substance1
Z! Value above the water solubility of the substance1 +he data are best inter$reted as showing no effects at the
solubility limit of the substance1

0BT0BPI : 4n contrast to ,6,P-5 few e;$erimental data a$$ear to be available on the ecoto;icity
of ethylenebis8tetrabromo$hthalimide9 8-6+-6P491 +he substance is listed in the -"H# "JL data-
base5 but no environmental classification is given 8data lac'ing91

/.$., 6ther B;'s

#lthough the 6(7s covered in the $revious sections are historically the most commonly used5 there
are numerous other 6(7s currently commercially available5 or becoming available1 Only limited
information is generally available for many of these 6(7s1 +he to;icity and fate of these substances
are described together in section ?121?1

/.& 0n1ironmental fate
/.&.$ PBD0s
&uch of the recent wor' on the environmental fate of P6,-s has focused on deca6,-5 $articularly
whether or not it can degraded5 metabolised5 or otherwise bro'en down to form environmentally
relevant amounts of P6,-s with lower amounts of bromine5 or other haBardous substances1 "ertain
lower brominated P6,-s are more to;ic 8see above9 and more accumulative 8see below9 than
deca6,- itself1 (or e;am$le5 tetra- and $enta6,-s 8commercial $enta6,-s9 and he;a- and he$-
ta6,-s 8commercial octa6,-s9 are listed as $ersistent organic $ollutants 8POPs9 in #nne; # of the
Stoc'holm "onvention1 4n addition5 a recent $ro$osal has been $ut forward by )orway to identify
deca6,- itself as a $ossible POP under the Stoc'holm "onvention 8)orway5 20!91
Several recent authoritative reviews and evaluations of the environmental fate of deca6,- have
been underta'en 8for e;am$le #"HS 820095 -"H# 8202b95 -"6 8200295 -"6 8200/95 -nviron-
ment #gency 8200.99I this Section is based mainly on the discussions and findings in these evalua-
tions1

#biotic degradation of deca6,- has been shown to occur in laboratory test systems1 # degradation
half-life for deca6,- of ? days on the surface of high im$act $olystyrene 8H4PS9 sam$les5 and a
degradation half-life of around 21? days for deca6,- adsorbed to the surface of natural dusts5 have
been estimated 8#"HS5 2009
A
1 +he degradation is thought to $roceed by a $hotolytic reductive
debromination mechanism1 #biotic degradation of deca6,- to lower brominated $roducts 8e1g1
P6,-s with fewer bromine atoms9 has also been demonstrated in laboratory studies using test
systems containing Bero valent iron5 iron sul$hides or manganese o;idesI however5 the concentra-
tions of these s$ecies used were much higher than ty$ically found in natural soil systems1 "onse-
=uently5 the inter$retation of the results in terms of degradation in natural soil systems is unclear
8#"HS5 20091

A
,egradation half-lifeC +he time ta'en for ?0M of substance to disa$$ear2dissi$ate from a com$artment following single first-
order 'inetics1

Laboratory studies using aerobic and anaerobic soils and sediment have generally shown that
deca6,- has a long degradation half-life in such systems 8ty$ically e year91 (or e;am$le5 little or
no degradation of deca6,- was seen in anaerobic freshwater sediment after !2 wee's in the dar' at
22a"1 Similarly5 only limited degradation of deca6,- was found over a /0 wee' $eriod in a sedi-
ment microcosm study at 22a" in the dar'I as well5 little or no degradation of deca6,- occurred in
aerobic and anaerobic soils with digested or activated sludge 8#"HS5 20091

-ven though the degradation of deca6,- in these systems is slow5 there is some evidence that
debromination to lower brominated P6,-s can occur5 albeit at a slow rate1 &icroflora from sewage
sludge have been shown to be ca$able of debrominating deca6,- to form nona- and octa6,-1 +he
estimated half-life for the degradation was of the order of >00 days when brominated $rimers 8for
e;am$le /-bromobenBoic acid or a range of brominated aromatic com$ounds9 were $resent1 +he
half-life for the degradation was longer in the absence of $rimers 8#"HS5 20091 Similarly it has
been shown that deca6,- and octa6,- can be debrominated under anaerobic conditions using
cultures of %. multivorans derived from activated sludge1 Preliminary results from an un$ublished
mesocosm study carried out under semi-natural conditions in a "anadian la'e are also suggestive of
debromination of deca6,- to form nona- and octa6,-s in the environment 8#"HS5 20091

#s well as for microorganisms5 there is evidence that some fungi5 e1g1white rot fungus may be ca$a-
ble of degrading deca6,- 8#"HS5 20091

#n im$ortant recent study has investigated the degradation of deca6,- in a soil-$lant system
8#"HS5 20091 4n this study5 little or no degradation of deca6,- was evident over A0 days in a
loamy soil without $lants1 However5 in tests using the same soil but also containing $lants 8the
s$ecies tested included radish5 alfalfa5 s=uash5 $um$'in5 maiBe and ryegrass95 significant degrada-
tion of deca6,- to lower brominated P6,-s 8nona-5 octa-5 he$ta- and he;a6,-s9 was evident1 +he
degradation $roducts were generally $resent in both the soil and the $lants5 so it is $ossible that
metabolism in the $lants could have been occurring as well as2instead of degradation in the soil1

Overall it can be concluded that degradation of deca6,- in the environment has the $otential to
lead to the formation of environmentally relevant amounts of more to;ic and accumulative lower
brominated P6,-s1 +he strongest evidence shows that such $roducts include nona-5 octa and he$-
ta6,-s5 but it is thought that he;a- and $enta6,-s may also be formed1 &echanisms by which this
degradation could occur include $hotodegradation of deca6,- adsorbed to $articulates 8e1g1 dusts9
or surfaces5 abiotic degradation in soils containing high concentrations of Bero valent iron5 iron
sul$hides or manganese o;ides or certain aerobic and anaerobic organisms1 ,ebromination of
deca6,- could also occur via metabolism in some fish s$ecies 8#"HS 82009 and -"H# 8202991
P6,-s as a grou$ have high log 0ow values 8log 0ow P A1?> for $enta6,- 8-"65 20095 a minimum
of A12. for octa6,- 8values u$ to around @1!?-@1.0 have been re$orted8-"65 200!99 and a mini-
mum of A12> for deca6,- 8values u$ to around .1.> have been re$orted 8-"65 2002 and 200/991
"onse=uently5 the substances have high organic carbon-water $artition coefficients 80oc is around
???5A@0 l2'g for $enta6,- 8-"65 20095 1!Aw0
A
l2'g for octa6,- 8-"65 200!9 and 1?.w0
A
for
deca6,- 8-"65 20029 and are e;$ected to $artition mainly to the sediment and soil $hases in the
environment1

Laboratory bioaccumulation studies with deca6,- have generally shown only limited accumulation
of the substance 8-"65 200291 However5 deca6,- is widely found in biota in the environment5
including to$ $redators and s$ecies from more remote regions5 albeit at relatively low concentra-
tions1 +he bioaccumulation $otential of P6,-s is 'nown to increase with decreasing bromine con-
tent 8octa6,- and deca6,- have molecular weights e>00 g2mole and their bioaccumulation $o-
tential may be limited by reduced bioavailability owing to the large molecular siBe9 and a fish 6"(
value of around /5!?0 l2'g has been determined for a commercial $enta6,- $roduct 86"( values

for individual com$onents within this $roduct were found to be high5 u$ to around AA5>00 l2'g for
tetra6,-5 >5>00 l2'g for $enta6,- and ?5A00 l2'g for he;a6,-I -"65 20091

/.&.& 4BCDD
+he environmental fate of H6",, has been reviewed in detail in -"6 8200@a9 and has been con-
sidered by -uro$ean "hemicals #gency 8-"H#5 200@91

-"6 8200@a9 considered that5 although abiotic degradation of H6",, is theoretically $ossible5 it
will li'ely be of limited im$ortance for the environmental fate of H6",, with the $ossible e;ce$-
tion of anaerobic5 reducing sediments1

H6",, is not readily biodegradable in standard test systems 8-"65 200@a91 Simulation studies in
soil have shown that H6",, has a relatively long biodegradation half-life in soil1 4n one study the
biodegradation half-life of _-H6",, was determined to be . days 8recalculated to 2a"9 and5 in a
second study5 no biodegradation of H6",, was seen over 2 daysD incubation1 Similarly5 in simu-
lation studies in sediment5 a ,+?0 8time to ?0M degradation9 of around 20 days was determined
for ]-H6",, under aerobic conditions and under anaerobic conditions 8all data are recalculated to
2a"91 +he data for _-H6",, in sediment simulation studies is de$endent to some e;tent on the
concentration tested1 #t very low concentrations5 $rimary degradation half-lives 8for disa$$earance
of the $arent com$ound9 of 2 and A days 8both recalculated to 2a"9 were obtained in two differ-
ent sediments5 whereas in a study using a concentration corres$onding to that in more highly $ol-
luted areas5 the ,+?0 for _-H6",, was .> days in aerobic sediment1 4n addition5 data from sedi-
ment cores are suggestive of slow degradation rates of H6",, in the environment 8-"H#5 200@I
-"65 200@a91 4n contrast to this5 ra$id degradation of _-H6",, in anaerobic sediments 8half-lives
around 2-! days or less5 recalculated to 2a"9 and anaerobic soil 8half-life n! days5 recalculated to
2a"9 has been seen5 $ossibly by an abiotic debromination $rocess1

+he initial degradation $roducts from H6",, are thought to include 5?5.-cyclododecatriene
8formed by a ste$wise debromination reaction95 which itself is not readily biodegradable but is min-
eralised in standard ready biodegradation test systems over e;tended timescales 8e1g1 >0M "O2
formation was seen from 5?5.-cyclododecatriene after >> daysD incubation using the O-", !0(
Kuideline test system9 8-"65 200@a91

H6",, has a high $otential for bioaccumulation1 +he 6"( of H6",, in fish has been determined
to be @500 l2'g and there is large body of field measurements in biota that are consistent with
biomagnification of H6",, in the environment 8-"H#5 200@I -"65 200@a91 -"H# 8200@9 notes
that there are no diastereomer-s$ecific 6"(s available1 However5 it should be noted that the _-
H6",, generally dominates in abiotic sam$les5 whereas ]-H6",, generally dominates in biologi-
cal sam$les des$ite it being $resent in commercial H6",, in a relatively low concentration1 4t was
hy$othesised that the reasons for this $henomenon may be differences in bioavailability2u$ta'e5
differences in metabolism and2or bioisomeriBation of the different diastereomers 8-"65 200@a91

H6",, is e;$ected to adsorb strongly to sediment and soil1 +he log 0ow value for H6",, is ?1A2
and the 0oc value is estimated to be around /?5>00 l2'g 8-"65 200@a91 H6",, also has $otential
for long-range trans$ort 8-"H#5 200@9I the estimated distance for H6",, to be trans$orted was
around 25??0 'm in air and 25A00 'm in water 8-"65 200@a91 +he atmos$heric half-life is e2 days
and the substance has commonly been found in abiotic sam$les 8e1g1 air5 de$osition and sediment9
and biota sam$les 8e1g1 $olar bears5 birdsD eggs5 seals9 from remote areas 8-"H#5 200@91 H6",, is
currently being considered for listing as a POP in #nne; # of the Stoc'holm "onvention1

/.&.* TBBPA
#n in-de$th evaluation of the environmental fate of +66P# has been carried out $reviously by -"6
8200@b91

+66P# is e;$ected to degrade in the atmos$here by reaction with hydro;yl radicalsI the half-life for
the reaction has been estimated at around !0 hours1 +66P# is also susce$tible to direct $hotodeg-
radation using UV-radiation 8e1g1 2?/ nm and e2.0 nm wavelengths9 but the significance of the
$rocess in the environment is unclear1 +66P# is not e;$ected to undergo significant hydrolysis in
the environment 8-"65 200@b91

+66P# has been shown to undergo biodegradation in both aerobic and anaerobic test systems
8-"65 200@b91 #lthough +66P# is not readily biodegradable in standard test systems5 $rimary
degradation of +66P# has been found to occur in sediment and soil systems under aerobic condi-
tions1 #round !A-??M degradation of +66P# was shown to occur over ?A days in a sediment system
at 2?a"I between @ and A/M degradation occurred in soils over A/ days at 21?a"1 &ineralisation in
soil has also been shown to occur5 with around @-22M mineralisation occurring over si; months
8mineralisation half-life eeA months91 +here is some evidence that +66P# can undergo O-
methylation by certain bacterial strains1 However5 only trace amounts of the dimethyl ether or di-
ethyl ether derivatives were found to be formed in aerobic degradation studies using soil systems1
+he other $rimary degradation $roducts formed as a result of aerobic biodegradation of +66P# are
unclear1
Primary degradation of +66P# has also been demonstrated under anaerobic conditions 8-"65
200@b91 #round 0 to ?AM degradation was seen over A/ days at 2/a" in anaerobic soil systems5
with the degradation rate being higher in a sandy loam and silty loam 8a$$ro;imate half-life of A0
to >0 days9 than in clay soil 80M degradation in A/ days91 +he $rimary degradation half-life for
+66P# in an uncontaminated freshwater anaerobic sediment2water system was determined to be
around 2/-2@ days at 20a" 8the half-life in the sediment $hase alone was around 2@-/2 days9 and
+66P# was found to be degraded more ra$idly in a contaminated sediment system with a high salt
content 8@?M degradation in ten days at !0a"91 +he half-life of +66P# in anaerobic marine sedi-
ments was determined to be around 2?-!0 days at !0a"1 4n sewage sludge the $rimary degradation
half-life of +66P# was determined to be . days at !?a"1 +he main $rimary degradation $roduct
formed under anaerobic conditions is bis$henol-#1
Overall it is concluded that it is $ossible that +66P# may be degraded to bis$henol-# in anaerobic
freshwater and marine sediments1 #nother $ossible metabolite2degradation $roduct of +66P# is
tetrabromobis$henol-#-bis8methyl ether95 which is $otentially more bioaccumulative than +66P#
itself5 although this is considered to be a minor degradation $roduct based on the currently availa-
ble data 8-"65 200@b and -"5 200@91

+66P# has a high log 0ow 8log 0ow ?1.9 and a low va$our $ressure and so in the environment it
$referentially distributes to environmental com$artments other than the atmos$here 8-"65
200@b91 #s tetrabromobis$henol-# is a wea' acid that may be dissociated at environmentally rele-
vant $Hs5 the adsor$tive behaviour of +66P# is e;$ected to vary with $H of the soil or sediment
system1 #n analysis of the available soil and sediment adsor$tion data was carried out in -"6
8200@b9I this suggested that the 0oc value for +66P# was around /.5>00 l2'g but higher values u$
to around 250005000 l2'g have also been measured1 +he analysis also indicated that a substantial
amount of the adsor$tion could be governed by factors other than the organic carbon content 8i1e1
adsor$tion to mineral fractions could be im$ortant91 Level 444 fugacity modelling 8-"65 200@b9
$redicted that when +66P# is released to air it will distribute mainly to the soil com$artment5 while
when released to soil it will remain in the soil with only a small fraction distributing to water and
sediment13hen released to water5 it will distribute to sediment5 with a small but significant fraction
also $redicted to be $resent in the water $hase1 +he $otential for long-range trans$ort of +66P#
was $redicted to be com$aratively low1

+he bioconcentration of +66P# in fish has been investigated in a number of studies using either
$arent com$ound analysis or radiolabelled +66P#1 +he results from studies using $arent com-

$ound analysis are reasonably consistent5 giving 6"( values in the range n>0-/@? l2'g1 +he studies
using radiolabelling generally result in higher 6"( values in the range n52!/-5!00 l2'g1 +he high-
er values obtained reflect the fact that +66P# is e;tensively metabolised in fish and so5 based on
radiolabel analysis5 the 6"( includes the contribution from these metabolites 8-"65 200@b91 Simi-
larly the bioconcentration factors for +66P# determined in invertebrates are around /@-A0 l2'g
based on $arent com$ound analysis and >@0-@>0 based on radiolabel measurements 8-"65 200@b91
-;cretion of +66P# from a=uatic organisms is ra$id5 with a half-life generally of the order of b day
in fish to !-? days in marine oysters1

+he available avian and mammalian data show that5 although the substance is absorbed through the
gut5 it has a low $otential for bioaccumulation on re$eated e;$osure because it is ra$idly e;creted
via faeces 8-"65 200@b91

4n com$arison to +66P#5 the environmental fate of derivatives of +66P# has been much less stud-
ied1 -"6 8200@b9 considered that some of the sim$le ether derivatives of +66P#5 for e;am$le the
bis8allyl ether9 +66P#-6#-95 the bis82-hydro;yethyl ether9 8+66P#-6H--9 and the bis825!-
dibromo$ro$yl ether9 8+66P#-6,6P-9 derivatives a$$ear5 at least theoretically5 to have some $o-
tential to form +66P# in the environment through a 8bio9degradation $rocess but the significance
of this is un'nown1 +he $ersistence of +66P#-6,6P- in a sediment mesocosm has recently been
investigated by ,e %ourdan et al. 820!91 +his study found that the median dissi$ation time for
+66P#-6,6P- was around !2 days in the $articulate $hase and 02 days in the sediment $hase1
+66P# was detectable in some of the sam$les as a degradation $roduct1

-nvironment "anada2Health "anada 82029 considered the environmental fate of two derivatives
of +66P#5 the bis8allyl ether9 derivative 8+66P#-6#-9 and the bis82-hydro;yethyl ether9 derivative
8+66P#-6H--95 and concluded that the biodegradation half-lives of these two derivatives were
li'ely to be @2 days or more in soil and water and !A? days or more in sediment based on modelled
data1 +he atmos$heric half-lives for reaction with hydro;yl radicals were estimated to be 01?. and
01/@ days res$ectively 8-nvironment "anada2Health "anada 820291 -nvironment "anada2Health
"anada 82029 considered that5 based on modelled data5 the environmental distribution of these
derivatives would be similar to that of +66P# itself1 -nvironment "anada2Health "anada 82029
further considered the bioaccumulation $otential of +66P#-6#- and +66P#-6H-- to be low
based on the available e;$erimental data 8the 6"( for +66P#-6H-- in fish was determined to be
0 to ?! l2'g9 and modelled data1

6ergman et al. 8202a9 gives estimated log 0ow values and 0oc values for several derivatives of
+66P#1 +hese are summarised in +able !?1 +he derivatives all have relatively high log 0ow and 0oc
values5 indicating that they will $artition $referentially onto sediment and soil in the environment1


TAB>0 */
SU&&#7Y O( LOK 0O3 #), 0O" V#LU-S (O7 ,-74V#+4V-S O( +66P# 8(7O& 6-7K&#) ET $6.5 202#9

Abbre1iation TBBPA deri1ati1e >o# !o( !oc FlD"#G
TBBPA:B+0 bis8methyl ether9 derivative 01!? w0
>
TBBPA:B6Ac bis8acetate9 derivative .1/? !12@w0
A
TBBPA:B400 bis82-hydro;yethyl ether9 derivative @1? 10w0
A

TBBPA:BA0 bis8allyl ether9 derivative 1/2 w0
>

TBBPA:BA bis8acrylate9 derivative .1!> 21..w0
A

TBBPA:B80 bis8glycidyl ether9 derivative @1@> 1A0w0
A

TBBPA:BP bis8$ro$anoate9 derivative 01/> w0
>

TBBPA:B400BA bis82-hydro;yethyl ether9 bisacrylate
derivative
01>A w0
>

TBBPA:BDBP0 bis825!-dibromo$ro$yl ether9 derivative 21.. w0
>

/.&.) DBDP0 and 0BT0BPI
DBDP0
+he environmental fate and behaviour of ,6,P- has been reviewed in detail in -nvironment #gen-
cy 8200>91 +his review considered hydrolysis to be an insignificant removal $rocess for ,6,P- in
the a=uatic environment and concluded that ,6,P- is unli'ely to be ra$idly degraded by reaction
with OH radicals if released to the atmos$here1 ,6,P- is not readily biodegradable in standard test
systemsI $redictions carried out by -nvironment #gency 8200>9 suggest that ,6,P- is unli'ely to
biodegrade ra$idly in the a=uatic environment under aerobic conditions1 -nvironment #gency
8200>9 considered that there was a $otential for ,6,P- to undergo reductive debromination by
analogy with deca6,- and 3ang et al. 82029 have shown that ,6,P- may have $otential to un-
dergo $hotolytic debromination reactionsI however5 the environmental significance of such reac-
tions is currently un'nown1

6ased on the high log 0ow 8>-0 or more95 ,6,P- is e;$ected to adsorb strongly to organic matter
in sewage sludge5 soils and sediments1 -nvironment #gency 8200>9 estimated the 0oc value to be of
the order of w0
A
l2'g for ,6,P-1 +he relatively low va$our $ressure and high adsor$tion to $ar-
ticulate matter suggest that volatilisation to the atmos$here from a=uatic and terrestrial com$art-
ments is unli'ely to be a significant distribution $rocess for ,6,P-1 ,6,P- $resent in the atmos-
$here would be e;$ected to be associated with atmos$heric $articulates and removed by $rocesses
such as wet or dry de$osition5 but long-range atmos$heric trans$ort on such $articulates is also a
$ossibility 8-nvironment #gency5 200>91

+he available information on the bioaccumulation $otential of ,6,P- is limited and5 in some cases5
of uncertain reliability 8-nvironment #gency5 200>91 # bioconcentration study with fish a$$ears to
show a low level of accumulation 8a limit value for the 6"( is b2? l2'g91 However5 there are uncer-
tainties over the actual dissolved concentration to which the fish were e;$osed and5 assuming the
actual e;$osure concentration was close to the solubility limit of ,6,P-5 the actual 6"( could be
higher at around 5A00 l2'g1 ,ata from a field study found ,6,P- to be $resent in some fish s$e-
cies sam$led5 but -nvironment #gency 8200>9 considered that it was not $ossible to estimate a
reliable biomagnification factor or tro$hic magnification factor owing to the low concentrations and
detection fre=uency involved5 as well as uncertainties about the state of the system over the study
$eriod1 Overall5 -nvironment #gency 8200>9 concluded that there was currently insufficient reliable

data with which to =uantify the bioaccumulation $otential of ,6,P- in both a=uatic and terrestrial
organisms1

0BT0BPI
4n contrast to ,6,P-5 few e;$erimental data a$$ear to be available on the environmental fate of
-6+-6P41 +he substance was considered in a recent review by the -uro$ean (ood Safety #uthority
8-(S#5 202a9 and the log 0ow and 0oc were re$orted to be A1A! and .A5?00 l2'g res$ectively5
which indicates that the substance will adsorb strongly to sediment and soil1 +he 6"( in fish was
re$orted to be low 8b!! l2'g9 but the -(S# 8202a9 re$ort considered the $otential for accumula-
tion in mammals to be high based on modelling1 +he overall environmental $ersistence 8Pov9 was
estimated to be e?00 days5 again based on modelling1

-6+-6P4 has $reviously been evaluated in the -U by the +" )-S sub-grou$ on identification of
P6+ and vPv6 substances consisting of &ember State re$resentatives and -uro$ean "hemical 6u-
reau staff 8+" )-S5 200@91 #ccording to the evaluation5 -6+-6P4 was not considered a P6+ sub-
stance1 -6+P4 meets the P2vP 8$ersistent2very $ersistent9 criteria based on screening data5 but the
substance does not meet the 6 8bioaccumulative9 criterion based on indicators of limited bioaccu-
mulation $otential1 4t also does not meet the + 8to;ic9 criterion in mammals 8+" )-S5 200@91

/.&./ 6ther B;'s
#s mentioned above5 there are numerous other 6(7s currently on the mar'et5 or becoming availa-
ble1 Only limited information is generally available for many of these 6(7s1 # recent review by the
-uro$ean (ood Safety #uthority 8-(S#5 202a9 considered the environmental fate of these sub-
stances5 and a summary of their findings is given in +able !A1 +he -(S# review of brominated $he-
nols and their derivatives does not include a summary on environmental $ersistence and bioaccu-
mulation $otency but data for four substances which are either registered under 7-#"H or re$ort-
ed in surveys of 6(7s in the environment are included in the table belowC ,6P5 +6P and +6P-#-
and P6P1
+he -(S# 8202a9 review considered the overall environmental $ersistence 8Pov9 based on modelled
data and the $otential for bioaccumulation 8considering modelled and e;$erimental data where
$ossible91 4n +able !A these data have been su$$lemented with information on the environmental
effects based on the classification su$$lied in the -"H# "JL database1 (or com$arison $ur$oses5
the available information on the 6(7s reviewed in the $revious sections is also summarised1
&any5 but not all5 of the 6(7s have log 0ow values of ?-A or higher and so are $otentially bioaccu-
mulative5 although it is $ossible that bioavailability of some of the very large molecules 8those with
molecular weights above >00 g2mole9 may be low5 leading to a bioaccumulation $otential that is
lower than e;$ected based on log 0ow alone1 -(S# 8202a9 concludes that based on the limited
e;$erimental data on environmental behaviour5 6+6P- and H66 were identified as com$ounds
that could raise a concern for bioaccumulation1

+he formation of environmentally $roblematic degradation $roducts has not been reviewed in de-
tail as $art of this survey5 as it will differ from substance to substance and an assessment has been
beyond the limit of the study1 Kouteu; et al. 8200>9 have demonstrated that +66P# carbonate oli-
gomer5 bromostyrene oligomers and $entabromobenByl acrylate oligomer 8with a molecular weight
ranging between !5?00 and @05000 ,a9 by thermal stress release substances which were identified
as substituted al'yl benBenes or $henols with two to si; bromine atoms1 +he results of an evaluation
of the environmental $ersistence and $otential to bioaccumulate of these substances indicated that
the ma*ority of these com$ounds were e;$ected to bioaccumulate in the food chain 8Log 0ow e ?
and2or 6"( e ?50009 and to $ersist in the environment1 +he results indicate that further evaluation
of degradation $roducts of other 6(7s is necessary for a full assessment of the $otential environ-
mental im$acts of the flame retardants1

TAB>0 *,
SU&&#7Y O( -)V47O)&-)+#L (#+- #), -((-"+S O( O+H-7 6(7S #S "O&P#7-, +O +H- &#4) 6(7S

Substance CAS No +- C&

>o# !o(C& 0n1. %ersistence

C&
Bioaccumulation %otency C& 0n1. to3icity C*

Abbre1iation

C$

Name 0n1ironment +ammals
TBBPA +etrabromobis$henol # >.-./-> ?/! ?1.

8see Section
?11/9
&ineralisation half-life in
soil e A months1 Primary
degradation occurs under
aerobic and anaerobic
conditions 8see Section
?11/9
6"( x5!00 l2'g #=uatic #cute
#=uatic "hronic
8harmonised class19
PBD0s Polybrominated di$henyl
ethers
A!-.-?
8,eca6,-9

!2?!A-?2-0
8Octa6,-9

!2?!/-@-.
8Penta6,-9
.?.
8deca6,-9

@0
8octa6,-9

?A?
8Penta6,-9
eeA 8,eca6-
,- and Oc-
ta6,-9

A1?> 8Penta6-
,-9

8see Section
?1129
,egradation half-life e
year1 ,ebromination of
deca6,- to form more
to;ic and accumulative
lower brominated conge-
ners can occur 8see Sec-
tion ?1129
4ncreases with
decreasing
bromine con-
tent1 6"(
around AA5>00
l2'g for tetra6-
,-5 >5>00 l2'g
for $enta6,-5
?5A00 l2'g for
he;a6,- but
low for deca6,-
8see Section
?1129
#=uatic "hronic / 8,eca6,-I
some self classifications9
)ot classified 8Octa6,-I harmo-
nised class19
#=uatic #cute
#=uatic "hronic 8Penta6,-I
harmonised class19
4BCDD He;abromocyclododecane 2?A!>-..-/
!./-??-A
?1A2

8see Section
?11!9
,egradation half-life .
days or more in soil and
n200 days in sediment
8see Section ?11!9
6"( @500 l2'g

8see Section
?1129
)ot classified 8harmonised class19
#=uatic #cute
#=uatic "hronic 8some self clas-
sifications9

)H:PeBP6:
BD0&.5
Pentabromo$heno;y-
nonabromodi$henyl ether
?@.A?-AA-? !A> 21A>

A1@./
Pove?00 days

&ay be susce$tible to
$hotolytic debromination
)o data

6"( P !/
)o data )ot classified 8data lac'ing9




C&

Abbre1iation

C$

BDBP:
TART6
5!-6is825!-
dibromo$ro$yl9-?-82-
$ro$en--yl9-5!5?-triaBine-
>?>.?-A-! ?A. !1?? )o data )o data )o data )o data
B04:T0BP 6is82-ethylhe;yl9 tetra-
bromo$hthalate
2A0/0-?-> >0A .1!/ )o data

&edian dissi$ation time
in sediment e200 days?
Low 8&3 y >00
,a9
BTBP0 52-6is825/5A-
tribromo$heno;y9 ethane
!>@?!-?.- A@@ @1! Pove?00 days

&edian dissi$ation time
in sediment n@> days?
Log 6#( !1!-A1
?
High )ot classified 8no details9
ethane
@/@?2-?!-. .> 1 Pove?00 days

8see also Section ?11?9
Low 8&3 e >00
,a9
Unclear #=uatic "hronic /
DB0:DBC4 /-852-,ibromoethyl9-52-
dibromo cyclohe;ane
!!22-.!-@ /2@ /1@2 )o data )o data High )ot classified 8data lac'ing9
DB4CTD ?5A-,ibromo-
505525!5!-
he;achloro--
tricyclo:@1211025.< tride-
cene
?.!A-??- ?/ >1A2 Pove?00 days )o data High )o data
DBNP8 ,ibromoneo$entylglycol !2.A-.0-0 2A2 01/ )o data )o data )o data #=uatic "hronic /
DBP 25/-,ibromo$henol Z A?-?@-> 2?2 !1/> )o data Predicted 6"(C
2/
DBP:TART6 -825!-dibromo$ro$yl9-!5?-
diallyl-5!5?-triaBine-
?>@2.-@.-> /0. 21AA )o data )o data )o data )o data
DBS ,ibromostyrene !>@0-2A-/ 2A2 )o data )o data )o data High )ot classified 8no details9
0BT0BPI -thylenebis 8tetrabro-
mo$hthalimide9
!2?@@->A-/ .? A1A! Pove?00 days )o data High )ot classified 8data lac'ing9

brominated flame retardants !!



C&

Abbre1iation

C$

04:TBB 2--thylhe;yl 25!5/5?-
tetrabromobenBoate
@!A?@-2>-> ??0 >1>! )o data

)o data High )o data
4BB He;abromobenBene @>-@2- ?? A1 Pove?00 days Log 6#( !1!-?1?
?
High )ot classified 8data lac'-
ing2inconclusive9
4BCYD He;abromocyclodecane 2?/.?-.@- A/ )o data Pove?00 days )o data High )o data
4CTBP4 525!5/5>5>-He;achloro-?-
825!5/5?-
tetrabromo$henyl9-
bicyclo:2121<he$t-2-ene
!/?>-A-. A.! 012/ Pove?00 days )o data High )o data
4004P:
T0BP
2-82-Hydro;yetho;y9ethyl
2-hydro;y$ro$yl !5/5?5A-
tetrabromo$hthalate
20?AA-!?-2 A2@ 10/ )o data )o data )o data #=uatic "hronic !
6BT+PI Octabromotrimethyl$henyl
indane
0@/@@.-?-.
02?.?A-A?-!
@.!@/!-0>->
??A!-.!->
@A@ ?1 Pove?00 days )o data )o data )o data
PBB:Acr PentabromobenByl acrylate ?.//>-??- ??> ?1A0 Pove?00 days )o data High #=uatic "hronic /
PB0B PentabromoethylbenBene @?-22-! ?0 A1>A Pove?00 days Log 6#( 21>-/1
?
High )ot classified 8data lac'ing9
PBP Pentabromo$henol Z A0@->-. /@. ?122 )o data Predicted 6"(C
!500
)o data )o data
PBT Pentabromotoluene @>-@!-2 /@> A12? Pove?00 days 6"( P 2>0

Log 6#( 210-
/1@?
High #=uatic #cute

#=uatic "hronic
TBC6 525?5A-
+etrabromocyclooctane
!./-?>-@ /2@ ?12@ )o data )o data High )o data
TBNPA +ribromoneo$entyl alcohol ?22-.2-? !2? 210A )o data )o data )o data )ot classified 8data lac'-
ing2inconclusive9
TBP 25/5A-tribromo$henol Z @->.-A !! /1/0 )o data 6"(C 20 )o data #=uatic #cute
TBP:A0 2-8allylo;y9-5!5?-
tribromobenBene Z
!2>@-@.-? !> ?10/ )o data )o data )o data )o data

!/ brominated flame retardants



C&

Abbre1iation

C$

TBM 25!5?5A-+etrabromo-$-
;ylene
2!/@@-!@-2 /22 A120 Pove?00 days )o data High )ot classified 8data lac'ing9
TDBPP +ris825!-dibromo$ro$yl9
$hos$hate
2A->2-> A.@ !1> )o data )o data )o data #=uatic #cute

#=uatic "hronic
TDBP:
TART6
5!5?-+ris825!-
triaBine-25/5A-trione
?2/!/-.0-. >2. /1/? )o data )o data )o data #=uatic "hronic /
TTBNPP +ris8tribromoneo$entyl9
$hos$hate
.@A-.>- 0@ >1?? Pove?00 days )o data )o data )o data
tribromo$heno;y9-5!5?-
triaBine
2?>!-A0-/ 0A> 21.> Pove?00 days )o data )o data )o data
SourcesC
Z 6ergman et al.5 202a1
Z2 -(S#5 202a5 unless otherwise indicated 8F)o dataF is indicated in the -(S# assessment91 (or substances mar'ed with a Z by substance name5 data are from -(S#5 202b 8for these Fno dataF indicates
that no data are $rovided in the -(S# review91
Z! "JL database1 Substances indicated with Eharmonised class\ have a harmonised classification in accordance with the "LP 7egulation1 )o data indicates that there is no entry for the substance within the
database1 3here the substance is not classified for environmental effects the reason for the Enot classified\ is given in brac'ets where available1
Z/ Letcher and "hen 820!91
Z? ,e %ourdan et al. 820!91
ZA 3u et al. 82091

/.* 0n1ironmental e3%osure

/.*.$ Sources of release

'eleases in Denmar"
)o detailed assessment of releases of 6(7s in ,enmar' is available1

+he ... substance flow analysis for 6(7s estimated a total emission of 6(7s to air of 012-1A t2y to
air 8nearly 00M from $roduct service life95 0100?-010> t2y to water 8effluent from sewage treatment
$lants9 and 010!-01! t2y to soil 8a$$lication of sewage sludge9 on the basis of limited data1 +he
study did not $rovide a s$lit between the different 6(7s5 but stated that the ma*ority would be addi-
tive flame retardants1

+he most recent monitoring data concerning munici$al sewage treatment $lants from the )OV#)#
$rogramme are shown in the table below1 6oth the average and the median for the measured
P6,-s are below the detection level of 010 cg2l1 &onitoring data for other 6(7s have not been
available5 but some data from regional $rogrammes are described in section /11

TAB>0 *7
&OS+ 7-"-)+ &O)4+O74)K ,#+# (O7 67O&4)#+-, (L#&- 7-+#7,#)+S 4) OU+L-+S (7O& PO4)+ SOU7"-S
(7O& +H- )#+4O)#L &O)4+O74)K #), #SS-SS&-)+ P7OK7#&&-

Substance Point
source
Number of
sam%les C$
A1era#e
S#Dl
+edian
S#Dl
Year Source
6,--/>
6,--..
6,--20.
33+P
outlet
!0-/0 b050 b050 20 )aturstyrelsen
202
6,--/>
6,--..
6,--00
6,--?!
6,--?/
6,--@!
33+P
outlet
!> 809 b050 b050 200>-0. )aturstyrelsen
200
6,--20. 33+P
outlet
!> 809 b050! b050! 200>-0. )aturstyrelsen
200
Z )umber of $ositive sam$les in brac'ets
Z2 (rom bar chart in +able .1! in reference5 Y a;is is logarithmic1
bd1l1 C 6elow detection level1 n1i1C not indicated

+he ,anish national surveillance $rogramme for the a=uatic environment 8formerly )OV# 200!5
now )OV#)#9 includes monitoring of trace elements and organic ;enobiotics in discharges from
sewage treatment $lants and other $oint sources since ..@1 3ith the ob*ective of enabling the use
of the resulting information in the $lanning of future surveillance $rogrammes and for assessment
of the total amount of substances discharged from ,anish sewage treatment $lants5 the $oint source
data on haBardous substances for the $eriod ..@-200. were analysed 80*Glholt et al.5 2091 +he
ma;imum re$orted concentration for each congener in inlets was in the range of 010 8e1g1 6,--
009 to 01/ cg2l 86,--20.9 and in the outlets between 010 8e1g1 6,--009 to 01? cg2l 86,--20.91
(or none of the nine monitored P6,-s could a national means for inlet and outlet be established
because all measurements were below the detection limit1 "onse=uently5 the total releases from
sewage treatment $lants could not be estimated1

!A brominated flame retardants

'eleases at 09 le1el = 09 'is" Assessments
3orst case release estimates have been develo$ed as $art of the -U 7is' #ssessments for the
P6,-s5 H6",, and +66P# 8-"65 20025 200@a5 200@b91 +he releases from $roduction $rocesses
may today be significantly lower5 as described below5 whereas releases from other sources may still
be of the same magnitude for the three substances still used in significant amountsC deca6,-5
+66P# and H6",,1

DecaBD0 = +he total releases of deca6,- in the continental scenario were estimated at a$$ro;i-
mately 010-01 t2y to air5 01 t2y to waste water5 .1/ t2y to surface water5 2@ t2y to industrial2urban
soil and A5>00 t2y to landfill2incineration 8as u$dated in -"65 200/91 +he ma*or sources of release
to air were rubber and $olymer $rocessing and te;tile dis$osal1 +he ma*or source to waste water
was te;tile formulation and bac'coating5 while te;tile Fdis$osal $articulate lossF 8uncontrolled loss-
es of te;tiles9 was the ma*or source of deca6,- in direct releases to surface water and industri-
al2urban soil1

4BCDD = +he total release of H6",, is estimated at 010A t2y to air5 21. t2y to waste water and
01. t2y to surface water 8-"65 200@a9 in the continental scenario1 +he emissions to air were mainly
from formulation and industrial uses of the flame retarded $lastics5 whereas emissions from service
life accounted for less than 0M1 +he releases to waste water and direct release to surface water
occurred mainly from industrial bac'coating of te;tiles 8e.0M91

TBBPA : +he total releases of +66P# in the continental scenario were 012 t2y to air5 1 t2y to waste
water5 01! t2y to surface water and 010? t2y to industrial urban soil 8-"65 200>91 +he ma*or sources
of releases to air5 waste water and surface water were com$ounding of #6S and manufacture of
e$o;y and $olycarbonate resin1 Volatilisation during service life of articles from additive flame re-
tardants use was a$$ro;imately ?M of the total emissions to the air whereas other losses from the
service-life of articles were considered negligible1

DBDP0 = #ccording to the -nvironmental 7is' -valuation from -nvironment #gency 8200>95 no
s$ecific information is available about either direct releases of ,6,P- from industrial a$$lications
or indirect releases from treated articles in service and at dis$osal1 +he ris' evaluation was therefore
based on generic industry information and a number of assum$tions1 Overall5 environmental re-
leases were e;$ected to be highest from te;tile bac'coating a$$lications because these are wet $ro-
cesses1 ,iffuse emissions from treated articles over their lifetime will undoubtedly occur5 and are
difficult to =uantify5 but the releases are estimated to be relatively small com$ared to the $redicted
local releases from industrial sites 8-nvironment #gency5 200> 91 +he estimated release figures were
not included in the $ublic version of the 7is' -valuation1

6ther B;'s : ,ata on total releases of other 6(7s at the -U level have not been identified1

'eleases from %roduction %rocesses = 09 le1el
+he -U 7is' #ssessment for the 6(7s identified the need for reducing the releases of the substanc-
es from $roduction $rocesses1 # Voluntary -missions "ontrol #ction Programme 8V-"#P9 was
develo$ed and first im$lemented in 200/ by three ma*or $roducers of flame retardants in $artner-
shi$ with downstream user industries1 +he V-"#P $rogramme addresses deca6,-5 +66P# and
H6",, and $re$ares annual re$orts on used volumes and emissions from manufacturers and
industrial downstream users in -uro$e1 +he re$orted volumes sold are shown in "ha$ter ! while
emissions for the $eriod 200> to 202 are shown in +able !@ 8V-"#P5 2091 4n 2005 a total of
A5000- 225000 tonnes of the three 6(7s were sold for downstream uses in -uro$e1

V-"#P does not $hysically measure emissions from chemical $roduction $rocesses5 but rather
calculates or estimates $otential emissions associated with user and $roducer $rocesses and $rac-
tice5 based on $ractical e;$erience and studies1

brominated flame retardants !>

4n 20 total emission factors for all $rocesses were 8in gram $er tonne sold to downstream users9
8V-"#P5 2029C

,eca6,-C ! g2t to land5 @ g2t to water and g2t to air1
H6",,C g2t to land5 2 g2t to water and !A g2t to air1
+66P#C 0 g2t to land5 012 g2t to water and g2t to air1

TAB>0 *5
+O+#L -&4SS4O)S 6Y &-&6-7S O( +H- V-"#P P7OK7#&&- 8V-"#P5 2029

Substance Total %otential emission from manufacturers and do(nstream users in 0u:
ro%eA tDy C$
Co1era#e
&.$$ C&
&..7 &..5 &.. &.$. &.$$
DecaBD0 b/ b1? b1? b01? b01! @/M
4BCDD b21? b01? b01A? b01? b012? .@M
TBBPA b b01? b01? b0100? b 0100! .?M
Z +he emissions in a s$ecific year are referred to in the re$ort as the survey results of the subse=uent year1 4n
this table5 the emission data from the 20 survey are referred to as 200 emission1
Z 4ndicates the $ercentage of the total volumes sold by -(7# member com$anies covered by the survey1

'eleases in the Baltic Sea 'e#ion
6ased on a substance flow analysis a$$roach5 sources of releases of P6,-s 8all P6,-s ta'en togeth-
er9 and H6",, in the 6altic 7egion have been estimated as $art of the regional $ro*ect F"ontrol of
haBardous substances in the 6altic Sea regionF5 "OH46# 8"OH46#5 20291 +he substance flow dia-
grams for the P6,-s and H6",, $re$ared as $art of the "OH46# $ro*ect are shown in #nne; /1

PBD0s : +he emissions of P6,-s to environmental com$artments within the 6altic Sea region as
estimated in the "OH46# $ro*ect tend to originate mainly from the a$$lication of contaminated
sewage sludge5 followed by emissions during the service life of flame retardant $roducts in the form
of release via the indoor environment1 +he emissions to the indoor environment 8!00-.00 'g2year9
are estimated to be of a similar order of magnitude as the total emissions to the outdoor environ-
ment1 +he amount reaching the environmental com$artments from the indoor environment is es-
timated to be lower 8!-A0 'g91 #ccording to "OH46# 820295 this is $ossibly an effect of dust re-
moval indoors5 but could also be due to incom$lete figures from some of the countries1 # recent
Swedish study 8referred to in "OH46#5 2029 indicated that indoor air may contribute as much as
@AM of the total releases to outdoor air1 +he modelling study $art of the "OH46# $ro*ect indicates
low $otential for trans$ort of P6,-s from inland soil to the 6altic5 but it is $ossible that certain
e;treme conditions 8e1g1 flooding5 erosion etc19 not considered in the model scenarios5 could lead to
such release 8"OH46#5 20291

+he estimated emissions to air in the 6altic 7egion 8/-00 'g9 are about a factor of 0-20 lower
than the estimated atmos$heric de$osition in the area 8a$$ro;imately 00->00 'g2year for 6,-s-
/>5 -..5 -005 -20.95 indicating that long-range trans$ort followed by de$osition is li'ely to be im-
$ortant for these substances 8"OH46#5 20291 +he difference could also indicate that the emissions
from the indoor to the outdoor environment are underestimated in the study 8comment by the
authors of this re$ort91

4BCDD : +he ma*or sources of H6",, to environmental com$artments in the 6altic region are
construction and demolition of buildings and manufacturing of flame retardant $roducts 8"OH46#5

!@ brominated flame retardants

20291 &anufacture of H6",, does not occur within the 6altic Sea 7egion1 +he estimated emis-
sions from the demolition of buildings may be $art of a future scenario5 as many buildings with
H6",,-containing insulation material are not yet being demolished1 &oreover5 H6",, is emitted
during its service life5 albeit in smaller =uantities1 4t was estimated that $art of the service life emis-
sions would end u$ in wastewaterI in the 33+P the ma*ority of the H6",, is removed from the
water $hase by $artitioning to sludge1 +o the e;tent this sludge is used on agricultural soils5 the
substance would enter the environment by this route1

/.*.& +onitorin# data

The Danish N6BANA assessment %ro#ramme
+he national environmental monitoring and assessment $rogramme5 )OV#)#5 includes measure-
ments of three P6,- congeners in $oint sources and of total P6,- in two marine s$ecies 8+able
!.91 +he data are not re$orted annually5 but rather a$$ro;imately every third year1 Other 6(7s are
not regularly monitored1

Some measurements of H6",s and other 6(7s have been included in regional surveys in the )or-
dic or 6altic environments and are mentioned in this conte;t below1

TAB>0 *
67O&4)#+-, (L#&- 7-+#7,#)+S 4)"LU,-, 4) +H- )#+4O)#L &O)4+O74)K #), #SS-SS&-)+ P7OK7#&&-
(O7 +H- #lU#+4" #), +-77-S+74#L -)V47O)&-)+5 )OV#)# 20-20? 8)OV#)#5 209

Substance Point sources +arine 0n1i:
ronment
8round (ater
6,--/> ; Z
6,--.. ; Z
6,--20. ; Z
P6,- ;
8flounder5 eel$out9

Z Only in a small5 sim$le 33+P1

#n initial screening in 2000 of the P6,-s at ten sediment stations and fifteen mussel stations
showed that the highest contamination was found in sediments 821? ng2g dry weight9 and mussels
801@ ng2g wet weight9 close to $o$ulated areas 8"hristensen and PlatB5 20091 )otably5 the con-
centration of deca6,- 86,-20.9 in sediments in most stations was significantly higher than the
concentration of tetra- to he;a6,-s 8(igure 91

brominated flame retardants !.

;I89'0 $
"O)"-)+7#+4O)S O( P6,- 4) &#74)- S-,4&-)+S 4) ,-)&#701 6,- 20. 4S deca6,-1 8"H74S+-)S-) J
PL#+O5 200 #S "4+-, 6Y ,#HLLz( #), #),-7S-)5 200.9

4n blue mussels5 the sum of the / lower brominated congeners 86,-/>5 6,-..5 6,-005 and
6,-?!9 was in the range of 010@-01@ cg2'g wet weight1 Kenerally5 freshwater sediments con-
tained higher levels of P6,-s com$ared to marine sediments5 e;ce$t for the high levels found in
"o$enhagen harbour1 7an'ing of the concentration of P6,-s in sediment from ,enmar' gave the
following orderC 6,--20. ee 6,--.. e 6,--/> e 6,--00 e 6,--?! 8"hristensen and PlatB5
20091
+he results from the )OV#)# monitoring in 200. revealed that of 0 monitored P6,-s5 only !
were demonstrated in more than one sam$le of blue musselsC 6,--/> in @ of !/ sam$les5 6,--..
8$enta6,- congener9 in 225 and 6,--?/ in 2/1 +he highest concentrations were for 6,--/> 801.?
cg2'g wet weight9 and 6,--.. 812? cg2'g wet weight91 Sediment sam$les were not re$orted1
#ccording to the most recent assessment of the P6,-s in =andmilEF og &atur !!. G$Huatic envi-
ronmets and &ature !!.I, no environmental criteria for P6,-s have yet been established within
the conte;t of OSP#7 8)ordemann %ensen et al.5 20091 Only one of the substances5 6,--/>5 is
sub*ect to a =uality criteria within the )orwegian classification system5 and the ,anish results are
assessed on the basis of this system1 4n around /M of the sam$les of mussels e;amined5 the content
of 6,--/> was at a level corres$onding to the classification of Fmoderately $ollutedF1 6,--/> and
6,--.. were observed in around half of all sediment sam$les in 200@I however5 in all sam$les the
concentrations were low1 8)ordemann %ensen et al.5 2009
4n a survey of 2? ,anish la'es in 200@5 6,--/> 8tetra6,-95 6,--.. 8$enta6,-95 and 6,--00
8$enta6,-9 could be detected in the sediment of only one of the la'es5 at levels of 01A-1. cg2'g1
6,- ?!5 6,- ?/ and 6,- 20. could not be detected in any of the la'es 86*erring et al.5 20091

40>C6+ assessments of B;'s in the Baltic Sea
+wo assessments of P6,-s and H6",, in the 6altic Sea have been $ublished by H-L"O& in the
assessment re$ortsC FHaBardous substances of s$ecific concern to the 6altic SeaF 8H-L"O&5 200.9
and F HaBardous substances in the 6altic SeaF 8H-L"O&5 20091

PDBD0s : #ccording to H-L"O& 820095 P6,-s mainly s$read to the 6altic Sea environment by
diffuse distribution via the atmos$here and rivers1 +he environmental distribution differs between
the lower-brominated 6,-s and the higher-brominated 6,-s1 Higher-brominated 6,-s have low
water solubility and are mainly distributed in the sediments1 +hey are not easily trans$orted from
the sediment and sus$ended $articulate material to marine organisms1 ,eca-6,- is therefore
found only in low concentrations in Ush5 in contrast to the lower-brominated 6,-s5 which are
commonly found in marine organisms1


+he concentrations of 6,--/> 8$enta6,- congener9 in herring and $erch muscle and in blue mus-
sel varied throughout the 6altic Sea1 4n the southern regions outside the coast of Poland5 levels were
more than threefold higher than the threshold level of 0100? mg2'g lw
>
1 4n the other $arts of the
region5 the level was below 0100? mg2'g lw or slightly above1 Several time series of 6,--/> concen-
trations in herring muscle tissue from the 6othnian Sea5 the 6altic Pro$er and the 0attegat showed
signiUcant decreasing trends5 with half-lives in the herring $o$ulations of about AR@ years1

4n marine to$ $redators5 P6,- concentrations indicate a cause for concern according to H-L"O&1
(or e;am$le5 white-tailed sea eagles in the 6altic Sea 8)ordlvf et al. 200> as cited by H-L"O&5
2009 have 6,- concentrations 8sum of four 6,-s with four to si; bromines9 u$ to four times high-
er than the re$orted effect levels in e;$osed #merican 'estrels5 which were causing adverse effects
8(ernie et al1 200?a5 200?b5 200. as cited by H-L"O&5 20091

,eca6,- has generally not been analysed in Ush from the 6altic Sea or has been found in low con-
centrations1 However5 6urreau et al. 8200/ as cited by H-L"O&5 2009 re$orted relatively high
levels 8median /@ cg2'g lw9 in roach from the #rchi$elago Sea 8{land91 ,eca6,- was also found in
$erch 81! cg2'g lw9 and $i'e 81> cg 'g| lw9 from the same area1

#ccording to H-L"O& 8200.95 in general the results show that 6,--/> is the dominant congener
in biota of the 6altic Sea1 7an'ing the 6,- congeners according to the concentration in biota of the
6altic Sea yields the following orderC 6,--/> e 6,--.. J 6,--00 e 6,,--20.1 +he levels in
biota are5 in general5 low and always lower than the P)-"
@
level1 +he high 6,--20. levels found in
roach muscle are alarmingI according to H-L"O& 8200.95 more information on the 6,--20. lev-
els in biota of the 6altic Sea is needed1

7elatively few studies have re$orted P6,-s in marine sediment from the H-L"O& region1 H-L-
"O& 8200.9 refers to the ,anish study mentioned above 8"hristensen and PlatB5 20095 where
deca6,- was re$orted to be the dominant 6,- congener com$ared to lower-brominated conge-
ners1 +he highest levels of $enta6,- were found in the Limf*ord5 ,enmar'1 +he Swedish sediment
monitoring $rogramme5 covering A stations in the coastal and offshore areas of the 6altic Sea5
showed that concentrations of 6,--/>5 6,--.. and 6,--00 were clearly the highest in the 0atte-
gat with concentrations at 01//5 01A2 and 010@ cg2'g d1w15 res$ectively5 at station (laden 8SKU
200! as cited by H-L"O&5 20091

7an'ing the 6,- congeners according to concentration in the 6altic Sea sediments yields the fol-
lowing orderC 6,--20. ee 6,--.. e 6,--/>1 4n general5 the levels in the sediment are low and do
not e;ceed the P)-" level 8H-L"O&5 200.91

4BCDD : H6",, mainly s$reads to the environment by diffuse distribution via the atmos$here
and rivers 8H-L"O&5 20091 H6",, concentrations in herring muscle were found to e;ceed the
threshold value at all monitoring stations near the Swedish coast from the 6othnian 6ay to the
0attegat1 +ime series of H6",, from monitoring sites along the Swedish coasts showed no
signiUcant trends in herring muscle tissue5 whereas a clear increasing trend of about !M $er year
8$b01009 was detected in eggs from common guillemot 88ria aalge9 collected from Stora 0arlsv in
the 3estern Kotland 6asin 8H-L"O&5 20091 #n increasing trend in the H6",, content of marine
animals has been re$orted from many areas of the world 86ergman et al.5 202b9

#ccording to H-L"O& 200.5 Swedish results show that H6",, levels in 6altic Sea fish are gener-
ally low and always lower than the estimated P)-" level of 1?! mg2'g w1w1 in $rey tissue1 #lso5 the

>
+hreshold levels are threshold values that are either commonly agreed =uality criteria or $ro$osed levels below which to;ic
effects are not found in the environment 8H-L"O&5 2009 +hey are not e=ual to P)-" values1
@
P)-"C $redicted no effect concentration

brominated flame retardants /

levels in the sediments of the Swedish coastal area are low com$ared to the estimated P)-" level of
01>0 mg2'g d1w11

6ther B;'s : +he H-L"O& assessments do not include monitoring data for other 6(7s1
Screenin# of B;'s in the Nordic 0n1ironment
# *oint )ordic screening of environmental contaminants financed by the )ordic "ouncil of &inis-
ters has investigated the $resence of a range of FnewF
.
brominated flame retardants and other relat-
ed com$ounds in various $arts of the )ordic environment 8Schlabach et al.5 2091 Si;teen different
brominated substances were included in this screening5 and A P6,- congeners were also analysed
as reference com$ounds5 to $rovide for a more relevant discussion of the results1
+he overall results of the screening showed that the FnewF brominated flame retardants were regu-
larly found in all the sam$le matrices indicating a wides$read distribution in the )ordic environ-
ment1 However5 there were geogra$hic differences and differences in occurrence among substances
and grou$s of substances1
Some flame retardants 8(7s9 were fre=uently found in air1 Phenolic 6(7s occurred in air both from
urban and bac'ground sites1 ,6P and +6P were most fre=uently foundI the levels varied from b01@
to 2 $g2m! and b01! to 2> $g2m
!
5 res$ectively1 P6P was only found in urban air5 in one sam$le
from Oslo 81? $g2m
!
91 +he concentrations of the 6(7 ethers and esters varied for different sub-
stances and sites1 -H+e66 and 6+6P- were the substances most fre=uently detected while ,P+-
was measured in the highest concentration 8!12 $g2m
!
91 +6# was determined in four of the air sam-
$les with the highest concentration at ! $g2m
!
1 +he $resence of 6(7s in bac'ground air indicates
that long-range trans$ort in the atmos$here of these substances may ta'e $lace1 +he air concentra-
tions were generally higher in urban areas com$ared to bac'ground areas and increased concentra-
tions of some 6(7s were measured in indoor air1
"oncentration ranges for the most fre=uently detected 6(7s in biota5 sediment and sludge are
shown in +able /01 +he $henolic 6(7s5 ,6P and +6P5 may originate from the industrial use of the
substances5 but they are also naturally formed in the marine environment 8Schlabach et al.5 2091
Some of the FnewF 6(7s were li'e the reference substances 8P6,-s9 wides$read in fish5 mussels
and guillemot eggs in the )ordic region and several of the 6(7s was $resent in all biota sam$les1
+he highest concentrations were found in fish liver sam$les collected in affected areas1 +he detec-
tion fre=uency of 6(7s in sediments was high1 &ost of the sediment sam$les were5 however5 col-
lected in urban areas where emissions from munici$al sewage treatment $lants and other diffuse
sources may affect the concentrations1 4ncreased concentrations of 6(7s were also found in sedi-
ment ta'en in harbours and marinas1 +he 6(7s were $resent in sludge from sewage treatment
$lants5 storm water sludge and sludge from landfills1 +he fre=uent occurrence in the different
sludge sam$les indicates a wides$read use of these substances in the )ordic countries1
+he concentrations of the FnewF 6(7s are5 with a few e;ce$tions5 of the same order of magnitude or
lower com$ared to the sum of 6,- congeners 6,--2@5 -/>5 -..5 -005 -?! and -?/ 8congeners of
commercial P6,- included as $riority substances under the 3ater (ramewor' ,irective91 # com-
$arison of the sediment concentrations as measured in the survey with the $enta6,- =uality stand-
ard for marine sediment 8lS sediment5 !0 cg2'g d1w19 showed that the measured concentrations
were below the lS5 with the e;ce$tion of the concentration of sum ,6--,6"H 8!?0 ng2g d1w19 in
one sam$le1 #ccording to the authors5 data on ecoto;icological effects of the FnewF 6(7s are scarce1
4n a )orwegian screening study 8&Gs'eland5 200 as cited by Schlabach et al.5 2095 the $redicted
no-effect concentration 8P)-"9 were thus assigned to these substances by read-across from the
6,-s and for +66P# which have P)-" values derived in -U 7is' #ssessments and by the Swedish
"hemicals #gency1

.
F)ewF indicates that the substances are new in a moitoring conte;t R some of the substances have been mar'eted for decades1


+he concentrations measured in biota were converted to concentrations in water using the formulae
given in the -U +echnical Kuidance ,ocument 8see Schlabach et al. 8209 for details91 +he $henolic
substances were $redicted by this a$$roach to have the highest water concentrations 8+6P5 ma;
01! cg2lI ,6P ma; 010?. cg2l95 which were above the $enta6,- =uality standard for marine water
8010?! cg2l91 #ccording to the authors5 the initial ris' assessment based on Eread-across\ from $en-
ta6,- indicates that concentrations of the more water soluble substances may in some cases be at
levels that can cause negative effects on the $elagic community1 (or the sediment com$artment5 the
limit value was only e;ceeded in one sam$le1 However5 it was not $ossible to assess the ecoto;ico-
logical ris' satisfactorily1 Substance s$ecific P)-" values need to be develo$ed1
&ore s$ecifically for substances in focus in this survey5 the study foundC
DBDP0 - Sediment was analysed from isolated Swedish la'es along a transect running from
central Stoc'holm through the Stoc'holm archi$elago to the 6altic Sea1 ,6,P- was $resent in all
sam$les1 4n la'e sediment5 the levels ranged from 012! to ng2g d1w1 and were similar to the levels
of deca6,- 801/@- ng2g d1w191 Since the la'es have no 'nown $oint sources of 6(7s5 their $res-
ence in the sediments $rovides evidence for long-range atmos$heric trans$ort and de$osition1 4n
the marine sediment5 the ,6,P- and deca6,- levels decreased by a factor of 20-?0 over /0 'm
from the inner harbour to the outer archi$elago1 4n the outer archi$elago5 the ,6,P- and deca6,-
levels were similar to the levels in nearby isolated la'es1 +he results indicate that contamination of
the Swedish environment with ,6,P- has already a$$roached that of deca6,-5 and that this con-
tamination is $rimarily occurring via the atmos$here1
0BT0BPI was not included in the study1
Screenin# of %henolic substances in the Nordic en1ironments
4n a screening study of $henolic substances in the )ordic environments5 +66P# was found in sew-
age sludge sam$les at concentrations of b?-5!@ cg2'g d1w15 but not in any of the other investigated
matricesC (ish liver5 mussels5 marine mammals5 sediment5 landfill effluents5 waste water influent
and effluents5 and different ty$es of surface water1 +he concentration of methylated +66P# was
below the detection level in all matrices 8Hansen and Lassen5 200@91

6SPA' assessment of B;'s in the North Sea
+he OSP#7 bac'ground document on certain 6(7s 8OSP#75 200.9 $rovides information on moni-
toring data for P6,-s5 P66s and H6",, from the OSP#7 Parties1 +he re$ort does not include
time trends of concentrations of the 6(7s in the )orth Sea biota or sediments1 #ccording to the
OSP#7 luality Status 7e$ort for 6(7s 8OSP#75 20095 data from the $eriod 2000 R 200? show
wides$read contamination of the marine environment with P6,-s and H6",, in all com$onents
of marine ecosystems1 7egular monitoring of these substances in the marine environment5 which
commenced at an OSP#7 scale in 200@5 needs to be continued to evaluate whether any of the ac-
tions that have been ta'en thus far are effective in terms of reducing this burden on the marine
environment1 &onitoring data on an OSP#7 scale have not yet been re$orted in $ublished docu-
ments1

brominated flame retardants /!

TAB>0 ).
"O)"-)+7#+4O) 7#)K-S (O7 +H- SU6S+#)"-S &OS+ (7-lU-)+LY ,-+-"+-, 4) 64O+#5
S-,4&-)+ #), SLU,K- 8S"HL#6#"H ET $6.5 209

Substance C/ Biota
FS#D"# f(G C$
Sediment
FS#D"# d.(.G C&
Slud#e
FS#D"# d.(.G C*
Phenolic B;'s
DBP b0102RA1/ b010!R21. b010/R/0
TBP b010!R@A b010!R>1@ b010R00
B;' esters U ethers
BTBP0 b0100?2R012 b0100@R1> b010>?R!1.
TBA 010!R/ 01000.R01AA 01000!/R2
B04:T0BP b0102AR01/A b010!R!1! b01!R/2
04:TBB b0100AR01@ b0100@2R012 b012?R21A
6ther B;'s
4BB 0100?@R010>2 b01022R01. b01/R01>2
PBT 0100?R0102 b010R21> b0102>R?12
PB0B b01000!/R0100// b0100.@R010/A b01000.?R01!
DBDP0 b010@2R012 b010000R21/ b21?RA0
DB0:DBC4 0100!2R1A 0100R!?0 010@R.10
'eference com%ounds
%entaBD0 C) 010A2R!A 010.AR! 01@R>A
+he values are min-ma;I Eb\ indicates concentration under the limit of =uantification 8LOl95 and the lowest
LOl is listed here1 (or individual com$ounds in grou$s5 concentrations below the LOl have been set to
01?wLOl1
Z &atricesC egg5 fish muscle5 fish liver and mussel1
Z2 &arine5 brac'ish and freshwater sediments1
Z! Landfill2waste de$osit5 S+P sludge and stormwater sludge1
Z/ Sum of congeners -2@5 -/>5 -..5 -005 -?! and -?/ $resent in commercial $enta6,-1
Z? #bbreviations are here changed to be in accordance with abbreviations used in this re$ort1

B;'s in the Arctic
6(7s in the #rctic are monitored within the framewor' of the #rctic &onitoring and #ssessment
Programme 8#&#P91 +he results of the monitoring of 6(7s and other organic $ollutants in the
#rctic have been reviewed in 200 as $art of the #&#P POPs #ssessment5 $ublished as a series of
scientific $a$ers 8Letcher at al15 200I &uir and de 3it5 200I Hung et al.5 2005 ,e 3it et al.5
20091 +he following is5 to a large e;tent5 e;tracted from these $a$ers1

#ccording to the review F6rominated Vame retardants in the #rctic environment j trends and new
candidates", P6,-s containing two to 0 bromines are ubi=uitous in the #rctic5 in both abiotic and
biotic sam$les 8de 3it et al.5 20091 He;abromocyclododecane 8H6",,9 is also ubi=uitous in the
#rctic5 with the _-H6",, isomer $redominating in air5 the ]-H6",, isomer $redominating in
biota and similar concentrations of ]-5 ^ and _-H6",, found in marine sediments1 Other bromin-
ated Vame retardants 86(7s9 found in some #rctic sam$les are P66s5 +66P#5 6+6P-5 H665 P6-65
P6+ and ,6--,6"H1

// brominated flame retardants

+em$oral trends of tetra- to he$ta6,-s and H6",, show increasing concentrations or a tendency
to levelling off de$ending on the matri; 8air5 sediment5 biota9 and location5 but no uniform $icture
for the #rctic emerges 8,e 3it et al.5 20091 6,--20. concentrations are increasing in air1 P6,-s
and H6",, s$atial trends in seabirds and marine mammals are similar to those seen $reviously for
$olychlorinated bi$henyls 8P"6s95 with the highest concentrations found in organisms from -ast
Kreenland and Svalbard1 +hese trends indicate western -uro$e and eastern )orth #merica as im-
$ortant source regions of these com$ounds via long range atmos$heric trans$ort and ocean cur-
rents1 Latitudinal trends showed lower concentrations and flu;es of P6,-s at higher latitudes1 +he
tetra6,-5 he;a6,- and ]-H6",, biomagnify in the #rctic food webs1 7esults for 6,--20. are
more conflicting5 showing either only low or no biomagnification $otential1 P6,- and H6",,
concentrations are lower in terrestrial organisms and higher in marine to$ $redators5 such as some
'iller whale $o$ulations in #las'a and glaucous gulls from the 6arents Sea area1 Higher concentra-
tions are seen near $o$ulated areas5 indicating local sources1 (indings of 6+6P-5 H665 P6-65 P6+
and ,6--,6"H in seabirds and2or marine mammals indicate that these com$ounds reach the
#rctic5 most li'ely by long range atmos$heric trans$ort5 and accumulate in higher tro$hic level
organismsI it is concluded that their increasing use as P6,- re$lacements will lead to increasing
concentrations

,eca6,- have been demonstrated to be the dominant P6,- in air sam$les from one #rctic station
8#lert on -llesmere 4sland9 but was re$orted to be non-detectable in another 8Oe$$elin in Sval-
bard95 $robably due to the sam$ling techni=ue and detection limit 8&uir and de 3it5 20091 +he
$resence of 6,-s5 including 6,--20.5 in the #rctic terrestrial environment and food chains involv-
ing herbivores 8$lant eaters9 is a new observation1 +he detection of 6,--20. and other 6,-s in
moose and grouse in northern )orway $rovides evidence for entry of these 6(7s into the terrestrial
food web1 However5 the 6,- concentrations were low 8sub-cg2'g li$id weight9 8&uir and de 3it5
20091

Long-term tem$oral trend studies of tetra- to he;a6,- congeners in biota in the #rctic are on-
going5 using archived and $resent day sam$les1 &ost studies are now showing a levelling off or
decline of 6,--/>5 while 6,--.. and 6,--20. concentrations a$$ear to be increasing in air1
Strong seasonal trends in air concentrations of all the P6,-s5 however5 ma'e inter$retation of air
trends challenging 8&uir and de 3it5 20091

(or H6",,5 different isomers dominate in different media1 +he _-H6",, isomer $redominates in
air at Svalbard5 and the ]-H6",, isomer in biota5 while similar concentrations of ]-5 ^ and _-
H6",, were found in marine sediments 8&uir and de 3it5 20091 -ight time-trend studies on
biota have included H6",5 but most of them could not identify any clear trends as the H6",,
concentration was highly variable1 4ncreases were found in northern fulmar eggs 8"anada9 and
ringed seal from several sites in "anada5 while decreases were re$orted for ivory gull eggs 8"anada9
and beluga 8"anada91 8&uir and de 3it5 2009

+he Urst re$orts of 6(7s that are used as substitutes for $hased-out substances haw emerged dur-
ing the $eriod 200?R200@ 8&uir and de 3it5 20091 +hese include 6+6P-5 ,6--,6"H5 H66B5
P6-65 and P6+ in seabirds and2or marine mammals1 +his indicates that these com$ounds reach
the #rctic5 most $robably by long-range atmos$heric trans$ort and bioaccumulate in higher tro$hic
level organisms1 (urthermore5 +66P# is $resent at low levels in several #rctic animals and $lants5
but more data are needed to assess its $otential to undergo long-range trans$ort 8&uir and de 3it5
20091

(lame retardants were analysed in adi$ose tissue from circum$olar 8rsus maritimus 8$olar
bear9 sub$o$ulations in 200?-200@ s$anning #las'a east to Svalbard1 #lthough !> P6,-s5 total-
8]9-he;abromocyclododecane 8H6",,95 2 P66s5 P6+5 P6-65 H665 6+6P- and ,6,P- were

brominated flame retardants /?

screened5 only / P6,-s5 total-]-H6",, and 66-?! were consistently found1 +otal-]-H6",,
levels 8b01!-/1 cg2'g lw9 were lower than }P6,- levels in all sub$o$ulations e;ce$t in Svalbard5
consistent with greater -uro$ean H6",, use versus )orth #merican $enta6,- $roduct use1
"om$aring earlier $olar bear studies5 }P6,- and total-]-H6",, levels consistently declined1
8&c0inney et al.5 209

"oncentrations of H6",, were recently determined in a combination of archived and fresh blub-
ber sam$les of *uvenile ringed seals from -ast Kreenland collected between .@A and 200@ 8Vor-
'am$ et al.5 2091 ]-H6",, was the only diastereoisomer consistently above levels of
=uantiUcation and showed a signiUcant log-linear 8e;$onential9 increase from 210 to @1> ng2g li$id
weight 8median concentrations9 with an annual rate of QA1M1

4n a recent )orwegian study5 seven animal s$ecies from Svalbard were screened for the $resence of
2 \new\ 6(7s 8Sageru$ et al.5 20091 ,etection of these 6(7s in #rctic biota im$lies long-range
trans$ort5 because local sources are not $resent1 -H-+66 was detected in all the seven s$ecies and
6-H-+-6P was found in five of the seven s$ecies1 ,ue to a lac' of data $oints above detection limits
no statistical analysis could be $erformed1 +he li$id normaliBed concentrations of +66 indicated
that this com$ound may biomagnify in the marine food chain1 6-H-+-6P did not show the same
ability1 #ccording to the authors5 the results from the study indicate that two of the 2 analysed
6(7s undergo long-range trans$ort to the #rctic 8-H-+66 and 6-H-+-6P9 and that one com$ound
8+669 may undergo biomagnification in the #rctic marine food chain1 +hree other 6(7s5 6+6P-5
,6,P- and +6P were found at very low levels 8mean 010?-01> ng2g wet weight9 and should be
included in future analyses of 6(7s in #rctic biota1 +he authors recommended that +66 and 6-H-
+-6P are monitored in #rctic s$ecies5 or in similar s$ecies at lower latitudes to clarify their distri-
bution and bio-accumulation ca$acity1

6rominated flame retardants were determined in adi$ose tissues from 2./ $olar bears 88rsus mar-
itimus9 sam$led in -ast Kreenland in 2! of the 2@ years between .@! and 200 8,ietB et al.
20291 Significant linear increases were found for }P6,-5 6,--005 6,--?!5 and H6",,1 #ver-
age increases of ?10M $er year 8rangeC 21.->1AM2year9 were found for the subadult $olar bears1
6,--/> and 6,--.. concentrations did not show a significant linear trend over time5 but rather a
significant non-linear trend $ea'ing between 2000 and 200/1 +he average }P6,- concentrations
increased 21! fold from 2?10ng2g lw 8.?M "141C ?1!-!/1>ng2g lw9 in .@!-.@A to ?@1?ng2g lw 8.?M
"141C /!1A->!1/ng2g lw9 in 200A-2001 Similar but fewer statistically significant trends were found
for adult females and adult males5 li'ely due to smaller sam$le siBe and years1 #ccording to ,ietB et
al1 820295 these increasing concentrations of organobromine contaminants contribute to a com$le;
organohalogen mi;ture5 already causing health effects to the -ast Kreenland $olar bears1

Several $otential P6,- alternatives were assessed in Kreenland shar's caught in waters around
4celand between 200 and 200!1 )on-P6,- flame retardants detected were P6-65 6+6P- and
+6N1 +he concentrations were lower than levels of 6,-~/> but similar to other P6,- congeners
$reviously re$orted in Kreenland shar'1 8Strid et al.5 20!9

+he ,anish "entre for -nvironment and -nergy5 #arhus University5 has recently $re$ared a review
of the occurrence of brominated flame retardants 8among other new $ollutants9 in the #rctic which
are not covered by the current monitoring activities in Kreenland and assessed their relevance for
further studies in Kreenland5 for e;am$le under the #&#P "ore Programme 8Vor'am$ and 7igXt5
20!91 +he summary of 6(7s identified is shown in the following table1 6ased on the initial assess-
ments5 a final list of com$ounds which could accumulate in Kreenlandic animals5 and would be
$articularly relevant for further studies in Kreenland5 was $ro$osed1 +his list includes five 6(7sC
,P+-5 6-H-+-6P5 -H-+665 6+6P-5 and ,6,P-1

/A brominated flame retardants

TAB>0 )$
6(7S SHO3) 4) #7"+4" #)4&#LS 8+7#)SL#+-, (7O& VO70#&P #), 74K+5 20!9

Substance
C$
Demonstrated Not demonstrated Comment 'eferences C&
6#+- Z! Hooded seals and har$ seals
from the 6arents Sea and
the Kreenland Sea1
6lac' guillemot eggs
from the (aroe 4slands5
fish from the (aroe
4slands and 4celand1
Possibly degradation $roduct
of ,P+-I can cross the blood-
brain barrier1
Von der 7ec'e J
Vetter 8200>9I Schla-
bach et al. 8209
6-H-+-6P 6lac' guillemot eggs from
the (aroe 4slandsI fish5
birds5 bird eggs5 seals from
Svalbard1
(ish from the (aroe
#rctic fo; and $olar bear
from Svalbard
7e$lacement $roduct for
$enta6,-I also used as $lasti-
ciBer1
Sageru$ et al. 82009I
Schlabach et al. 820
6+6P- (ulmar eggs from the (aroe
4slandsI beluga and ringed
seals from "anadaI Klau-
cous gull from 6*GrnGyaI
blac' guillemot eggs from
the (aroe 4slands5 fish from
the (aroe 4slands and 4ce-
landI guillemot eggs from
Svalbard1
7inged seals from -ast
Kreenland5 $ilot whales
from (aroe 4slands5
min'e whales from
)orway5 fish5 birds5
#rctic fo;5 $olar bears
from Svalbard
7e$lacement $roduct for
octa6,-1 Possibly decom$os-
es into 25/5A tribromo$henol1
0arlsson et al. 8200A9I
"-"P6 8200@9I de 3it
et al. 82009I Verreault
et al. 8200>9I Sageru$
et al. 82009I
Schlabach et al.
8209I ,am et al.
8209
,6,P- Kuillemot eggs from Sval-
bardI blac' guillemot eggs
7inged seals from "ana-
daI fish from the (aroe
4slandsI birds5 fish or
mammal from Svalbard5
seals or whales from the
)- #tlantic1
7e$lacement $roduct for for
deca6,-
de 3it et al. 82009I
Schlabach et al.
8209I ,am et al.
8209
,6--,6"H 6eluga5 "anadaI blac' guil-
lemot eggs from the (aroe
4slands5 fish from the (aroe
- Only beta- ,6--,6"H shown
in beluga1
+omy et al. 8200@9I
,6P (ish from the (aroe 4slands
and 4celand1
6irdsS eggs from the
(aroe 4slands1
"an also be formed naturally1 Schlabach et al. 820
,P+- Hooded seal and har$ seal
Kreenland SeaI higher
concentrations than P6,-1
fish from the (aroe
6iota sam$les 8fish5
birds5 eggs of birds5
mammals9 from Sval-
bard1
- Von der 7ec'e J
bach et al. 8209I
Sageru$ et al. 82009
-H-+66 6lac' guillemot eggs from
the (aroe 4slands5 fish 8but
not all9 from the (aroe
4slands and 4celand5 all biota
sam$les 8fish5 birds5 bird
eggs5 mammals9 from Sval-
bard1
- 7e$lacement $roduct for
$enta6,-1

brominated flame retardants />

Substance
C$
Demonstrated Not demonstrated Comment 'eferences C&
H66 Klaucous eggs from #rctic
)orway5 $ilot whale and
min'e whale in the )-
#tlantic5 of Kreenland $olar
bearsI blac' guillemot eggs
from the (aroe 4slands5 fish
from the (aroe 4slands and
4celand1
6irds5 birdSs eggs5 fish or
mammals from Sval-
bard1
- Verreault et al.
8200>9I Letcher
8200>9I Sageru$ et al.
82009I ,am et al.
8209I Schlabach et
al. 8209
P66 #rctic birds and mammals
including Kreenland and the
(aroe 4slands1 Seals5 min'e
whales and $olar bears from
Kreenland and $ilot whale
and fulmar from the (aroe
4slands1
Polar bear sam$les from
.A>
Substance grou$5 with 66-?!
as the most bio-accumulative
single substance1 Stoc'holm
"onvention #nne; # 8-limina-
tion9
,erocher et al.
8200!9I Vor'am$ et
al. 8200/a9I de 3it et
al. 82009I ,am et al.
8209
P6-6 6lac' guillemot eggs from
the (aroe 4slands 8low9I
glaucous gulls from
6*GrnGya 8)orway91
mammals from Sval-
bard1
- Verreault et al.
82009I Schlabach et
al. 8209
P6+ Klaucous eggs from #rctic
)orway5 with high detec-
tions fre=uencyI blac' guil-
lemot eggs from the (aroe
4slands5 fish from the (aroe
4slands and 4sland1
mammals from Sval-
bardI b,L in marine
mammals from )-
#tlantic1
from ,6,P-1
Verreault et al.
82009I ,am et al.
8209I Schlabach et
al. 8209
+66P# Shown in )orwegian cod5
eggs of )orwegian $eregrine
falcon and golden eagle
Peregrine eggs from
KreenlandI fish and
seabirds from Svalbard5
Kreenland min'e whales
and $olar bears5 in $ilot
whales from the (aroe
4slands I (aroese blac'
guil-lemot eggs5 fish
from the (aroe 4slands
and 4celand1
,egradation $roduct dime-
thyl-+66P# shown in $ere-
grine eggs from Kreenland1
(*eld et al. 8200/9I
HerB'e et al. 8200?9I
Vor'am$ et al. 8200?9I
(rederi'sen et al.
8200>9I -venset et al.
8200.9I Schlabach et
al1 8209
+6P (ish from the (aroe 4slandsI
birds and seals from Sval-
bard1
6irdsS eggs and mam-
mals from Svalbard1
7eactive flame retardant5 but
also many other a$$lications1
"an also be formed naturally1
,egradation $roduct of
P6,-s5 by$roduct in 6+6P-1
Schlabach et al.
8209I "ovaci et al.
8209
+6P-#- Hooded seals and har$ seals
the Kreenland Sea1
fish from the (aroe
of ,P+-1
Von der 7ec'e J
bach et al. 8209
Z #bbreviations changed in order to be in consistent with abbreviations used in this survey1
Z2 See Vor'am$ and 7igXt 820!9 for full reference1
Z! 2-6romallyl 25/5A tribromo$henyl ether1 Possibly degradation $roduct of ,P+-1

/@ brominated flame retardants

Summary of findin#s from the Nordic and Arctic en1ironment
# recent )orwegian re$ort on )ordic screening data relevant for P6+ evaluation summarises data
from the )ordic countries and )orwegian $art of the #rctic for +6P5 +66P#5 +6P#5 6-H-+-6P5
and ,6,P-1 6etween A0 and !>0 results for each of these substances are summariBed5 including
air5 sediment5 biota5 and sewage sam$les1

+6P# was not found in any of the studies1 +he levels found in the different environmental matrices
of the four other 6(7s are shown in for (igure !1 #s mentioned above5 besides emissions from in-
dustrial $rocesses5 +6P is also formed by natural $rocesses in the environment1

;I89'0 *
7#)K- #), #V-7#K- O( +H- 4),4V4,U#L "O)"-)+7#+4O)S (O7 ,6,P- (O7 ,4((-7-)+ -)V47O)&-)+#LLY
7-L-V#)+ &#+74"-S 4) +H- )O7,4" #), #7"+4" -)V47O)&-)+1 "O)"-)+7#+4O) K4V-) 4) ng2m! (O7 #47I
ng2g d1w1 (O7 S-,4&-)+ #), SLU,K-I ng2g 3131 (O7 64O+# #), ng2L (O7 S-3#K- 3#+-71 )O+- ,4((-7-)+ Y-
#N-S S"#L-S1 6-H+6P P 6-H-+-6PI 2/A+6P P +6P1 8S"HL#6#"H5 2029

/.) 0n1ironmental im%act
4t is beyond the sco$e of this survey to $rovide an environmental im$act assessment1 +he following
shortly summarises the findings of e;isting 7is' #ssessments or $reliminary assessments $re$ared
on the basis of monitoring data e1g1 in the conte;t of H-L"O& or #&#P1

PBD0s : +he four P6,-s covered by the Stoc'holm "onvention 8main constituents of c-$enta6,-
and c-octa6,-9 are demonstrated to have the $otential for $ossessing ris's to the environmentC
they are $ersistent5 bioccumulative and have the $otential for long-range trans$ort1 +he -U 7is'
#ssessment for $enta6,- concludes that there is a ris' of secondary $oisoning in the environment
at both local and regional level 8-"65 20091 High levels of $enta6,- have been both $redicted and
measured in fish and earthworms which may lead to secondary $oisoning a higher level in the food
chain1 +he -U 7is' #ssessment for octa6,- li'ewise concludes that there is a need for reducing the
ris' of secondary $oisoning via the earthwor' route 8-"65 200!91

+he -U 7is' assessment u$date for deca6,- concluded that there is a need for further information
and2or testing regarding the P6+ assessment1 (urthermore5 it concluded that there was no need for
further information and2or testing or for ris' reduction measures beyond those which are being
a$$lied at $resent 8-"65 200/91 +he latter conclusion a$$lied to the assessment of surface water
and sediment 8freshwater and marine95 sewage treatment $lants5 the terrestrial com$artment5 the

brominated flame retardants /.

air com$artment and secondary $oisoning for all life cycle stages using the P-"2P)-" assessment
a$$roach1 +he #nne; NV re$ort for deca6,- 8U05 2029 suggests that deca6,- meets the P6+ and
vP2v6 criteria5 but the #nne; NV re$ort does not include an environmental im$act assessment1
#n environmental ris' evaluation re$ort from -nvironment #gency 8200.9 concludes that whilst a
ris' arising from direct to;icity of deca6,- has not been identified5 and it does not itself meet the
#nne; N444 criteria of the 7-#"H 7egulation5 there continue to be concerns related to its $resence
in food chains 8including to$ $redators9 and degradation $athways1 +he latest evidence suggests
that detection of haBardous degradation $roducts 8e1g1 he;a6,- congeners which themselves have
highly $ersistent and bioaccumulative $ro$erties in sediment5 sewage sludge and biota may be
lin'ed to emissions of deca6,-5 although it is still difficult to estimate the rates and amounts of
formation 8-nvironment #gency5 200.91
#ccording to a $ro$osal for nomination of deca6,- for u$ta'e under the Stoc'holm "onvention5
deca6,- can be considered to meet the screening criteria for $ersistence5 bioaccumulation5 long-
range trans$ort and adverse effects under the Stoc'holm "onvention 8)orway5 20!91 #dding to
this concern is the $otential debromination to other POPs and the $ossibility of combined effects1
#ccording to the nomination re$ort5 several assessments have concluded that there is a high $roba-
bility that deca6,- is transformed in the environment and in biota to form substances or act as
$recursors to lower brominated P6,-s1 +he nomination re$ort further states that re$orted in vitro
data suggest the $ossibility that the different P6,-s could act in concert to induce additive or syn-
ergistic effects1
#ccording to H-L"O&5 in marine to$ $redators5 P6,- concentrations indicate a cause for concern1
(or e;am$le5 white-tailed sea eagles in the 6altic Sea 8)ordlvf et al. 200> as cited by H-L"O&
2009 have 6,- concentrations 8sum of four 6,-s with four to si; bromines9 u$ to four times high-
er than the re$orted effect levels in e;$osed #merican 'estrels5 which were causing adverse effects
8(ernie et al1 200?a5 200?b5 200. as cited by H-L"O&5 20091
# new re$ort FState of the Science of endocrine disru$ting chemicals from U)-P and 3HO 86erg-
man et al.5 202b9 mentions that evidence of relationshi$s between e;$osure to chemicals and thy-
roid hormone disru$tion in wildlife s$ecies has increased in the last decade5 es$ecially in relation to
e;$osure to the flame retardant P6,-s and P"6s5 but other chemicals are inade=uately studied1

4BCDD : +he -U 7is' #ssessment for H6",, concluded that there is a need for limiting the
ris's1 +he conclusion a$$lies to sites involved in -PS and NPS formulation5 formulation of $olymer
dis$ersions for te;tiles5 industrial use of NPS and sites involved in te;tile bac'coating 8-"65
200@a91

+he POPs 7eview "ommittee under the Stoc'holm "onvention concluded that H6",, is li'ely5 as
a result of its long-range environmental trans$ort5 to lead to significant adverse human health and
environmental effects 8POP7"5 2091

#ccording to H-L"O&5 H6",, concentrations in herring muscle were found to e;ceed the thresh-
old value at all monitoring stations near the Swedish coast from the 6othnian 6ay to the 0attegat1
4n contrast5 H6",, did not e;ceed the threshold level in the muscle of Vounder and $erch in the
coastal waters of Lithuania5 in the Kulf of 7iga5 in the Kulf of (inland or in SBcBecin Lagoon 8Lil*a et
al. 200. as cited by H-L"O&5 20091

+he FState of the Science of endocrine disru$ting chemicals from U)-P and 3HO 86ergman et al.5
202b9 mention that in harbour $or$oises5 once the effect of age and nutritional condition were
ta'en into account5 the data so far suggest that higher POP concentrations 8P"65 H6",, and ,,-9
tended to be associated with lower numbers of cor$ora scars5 $ossibly indicating that high contami-
nant levels were inhibiting ovulation1 +he review notes that the lower contaminant loads found in


breeding females could sim$ly be reflective of the maternal transfer to the offs$ring5 rather than any
true causative association with the re$roductive status of these females1

TBBPA - +he -U 7is' #ssessment for +66P# concluded that there was a need for limiting the ris's
for surface water and sedimentI this conclusion a$$lied to com$ounding sites where +66P# was
used as an additive flame retardant in #6S 8-"65 200>91 (or the terrestrial com$artment5 this con-
clusion a$$lied to the use of +66P# as an additive flame retardant in #6S from com$ounding and
conversion sites1 +he conclusion for conversion sites was de$endent on whether or not sewage
sludge from the site is a$$lied to agricultural land 8no ris' is identified where sewage sludge is not
a$$lied to land91 (or #6S com$ounding sites5 a ris' was identified regardless of the assum$tions
made over the s$reading of sewage sludge1 (or the ris's to sewage treatment $rocesses5 the atmos-
$here and from secondary $oisoning5 for all sources of +66P# it was concluded that there were no
need for ris' reduction measures beyond those which were being a$$lied already1

)o assessments from international organisations of a $ossible environmental im$act of +66P#
have been identified1

DBDP0 : +he environmental ris' assessment for ,6,P- by -nvironment #gency 8-ngland and
3ales9 concludes that overall5 the ris's arising from direct to;ic effects of ,6,P- are low5 es$ecial-
ly in a U0 conte;t 8-nvironment #gency5 200>91 #ccording to the ris' assessment there are5 howev-
er5 concerns over bioaccumulation $otential and the $otential $roducts of degradation $rocesses
that re=uire further investigation1 (irst5 further studies on u$ta'e and accumulation in wildlife are
needed 8$receded by a more reliable 0ow value5 if $ossible91 Second5 the identity5 $ro$erties and the
rate of formation of ,6,P- $rinci$al metabolites and degradation $roducts should be established5
and their environmental im$act assessed1

6ther B;'
+he results from the screening of FnewF 6(7s in the )ordic environment showed that the measured
levels of the 6(7s in sediments were below the established =uality standard 8lS for9 $enta6,-5
with the e;ce$tion of the concentration of sum ,6--,6"H in one sam$le1 +he initial ris' assess-
ment based on Eread-across\ from $enta6,- cannot e;clude negative effects on the $elagic com-
munity 8organisms living in the water $hase91 However5 it was not $ossible to assess the ecoto;ico-
logical ris' satisfactorily1

Im%act of B;'s in the Arctic
#n e;$osure and effects assessment of $ersistent organohalogen contaminants 8OH"5 among which
are P6,-s and other 6(7s9 in #rctic wildlife and Ush5 $re$ared as $art of the #&#P POPs #ssess-
ment5 concludes that there remains minimal evidence that organohalogen contaminants are having
wides$read effects on the health of #rctic organisms5 with the $ossible e;ce$tion of -ast Kreenland
and Svalbard $olar bears and Svalbard glaucous gulls 8Letcher et al.5 20091 #ccording to the au-
thors5 however5 the true effects of POPs in #rctic wildlife have to be $ut into the conte;t of other
environmental5 ecological and $hysiological stressors 8both anthro$ogenic and natural9 that render
an overall com$le; $icture1

(or $olar bears from the -ast Kreenland and Svalbard regions there are substantial re$orts on or-
ganic haBardous com$ounds 8OH"9 concentration associations with changes in various biomar'er
res$onses8e1g1 endocrine and immune-related95 although these do not directly establish causeR
effect relationshi$s1 +he effects are not s$ecifically attributed to the 6(7s1 # number of glaucous
gull Ueld studies carried out on 6*GrnGya 86ear 4sland5 Svalbard9 during the incubation $eriod have
re$orted signiUcant relationshi$s between circulating levels of endogenous hormones and blood8or
$lasma9 concentrations of ma*or OH" classes5 including organochlorine substances5 6(7s and OH-
containing analogues1 Overall5 these studies strongly suggest that the high e;$osure to OH"s may


contribute to disru$ting endocrine functions and homeostasis in nesting glaucous gulls from
6*GrnGya 8Letcher et al.5 20091

/./ Summary and conclusions
0n1ironmental fate and effects
+here is a wide range of 6(7s currently on the mar'et and it is difficult to generalise the environ-
mental fate and effects of 6(7s as a whole5 $articularly as there is only limited information about
many of the 6(7s1

&any5 but not all5 of the 6(7s have log 0ow values of ?-A or higher and so are $otentially bioaccu-
mulative5 although there is some evidence that bioaccumulation $otential for some substances with
high log 0ow values 8e1g1 deca6,- and ,6,P-9 is low5 $ossibly as a result of reduced bioavailability
of large molecules1 # high level of accumulation has been demonstrated for $enta6,- and H6",,
in $articular1

6(7s as a grou$ are generally relatively $ersistent5 although data are not available for all 6(7s1
#lthough $ersistent5 it is also necessary to consider $ossible brea'down $roducts on a case-by-case
basis1 (or e;am$le5 there is evidence that deca6,- can undergo debromination reactions in the
environment to form $roducts that are more to;ic and accumulative than deca6,-5 and +66P# can
undergo debromination under anaerobic conditions to form bis$henol-#1

#s a grou$5 6(7s tend to have limited solubility in water and so5 in many cases5 little or no to;icity
has been seen in acute ecoto;icty tests at concentrations u$ to the water solubility1 However5 in
longer-term tests5 $enta6,-5 +66P# and H6",, have demonstrated to;icity with some a=uatic
organisms with no-effect concentrations 8)O-"s9 below 0 cg2l for $enta6,- and H6",, and
around ! cg2l for +66P#1

4n terms of P6+ $ro$erties5 he;a665 four P6,-s and H6",, are listed as POPs in #nne; # of the
Stoc'holm "onvention1 4n addition5 deca6,- have been identified as substances of very high con-
cern 8SVH"9 under 7-#"H and recently $ro$osed for #nne; # of the Stoc'holm "onvention1
,eca6,- was identified as a SVH" on the basis that it can undergo debromination in the environ-
ment to form substances with P6+ or vPv6 $ro$erties5 and is currently included on the "andidate
List1

Other 6(7s5 for e;am$le +66P# and ,6,P-5 do not meet the 7-#"H P6+ criteria based on the
currently available dataI however5 there are currently insufficient reliable data for ,6,P-1 (ew data
are currently available for a large number of other 6(7sI the P6+ status of these substances is cur-
rently un'nown1

0n1ironmental releases and e3%osure
+he -U 7is' #ssessment for the 6(7s identified $roduction $rocesses as the ma*or sources of re-
leases of deca6,-5 H6",, and +66P# and called for a reduction of the releases of the substances
from $roduction $rocesses1 # Voluntary -missions "ontrol #ction Programme 8V-"#P9 was devel-
o$ed and first im$lemented in 200/ by three ma*or $roducers of flame retardants in $artnershi$
with downstream user industries1 ,uring the $eriod 200>-205 the total releases from $roduction
and industrial downstream uses from the com$anies included in the $rogramme decreased by a
factor of 0 8re$resenting in 20 @/ M of deca6,-5 .@M of H6"", by volume and .?M of +66P#
of the su$$ly from the manufacturers91

+he ,anish environmental monitoring $rogramme5 )OV#)#5 includes regular monitoring of the
P6,-s only1 # screening survey of A 6(7s in the )ordic environment indicated that the concentra-
tions of the FnewF 6(7s5 with a few e;ce$tions5 are of the same order of magnitude or lower com-
$ared to the sum of 6,- congeners included as $riority substances under the 3ater (ramewor'


,irective1 #vailable data indicate that ,6,P- levels in the environment in the )ordic countries
have a$$roached the levels of deca6,-5 and that this contamination $rimarily occurs via the at-
mos$here1

3hilst the levels of lower brominated P6,-s in the #rctic have been decreasing5 many studies have
demonstrated the $resence of FnewF 6(7s in the air and biota in the #rctic5 indicating the $otential
for long-range trans$ort of these flame retardants1 6ased on a review of the available data on 6(7s
in #rctic biota and abiotic media5 combined with information on the substancesS $otential for bioac-
cumulation5 the ,anish "entre for -nvironment and "limate include five FnewF brominated flame
retardants in a list of candidates for inclusion in the #rctic monitoring $rogrammeC ,P+-5 6-H-
+-6P5 +665 6+6P-5 and ,6,P-1

0n1ironmental im%act
+he $otential for environmental im$act of the lower brominated P6,-s and H6",, and the bac'-
ground for the listing of the substancesD inclusions under the Stoc'holm "onvention is well estab-
lished1 +he $otential environmental im$act of deca6,- is5 as has been mentioned5 mainly lin'ed to
the $otential debromination to other lower brominated P6,-sI the different P6,-s may act in
concert to induce additive or synergistic effects1 However5 it is still difficult to estimate to what
e;tent debromination of deca6,- contributes to the actual environmental levels of the lower bro-
minated P6,-s or contributes to additive or synergistic effects1 -nvironmental im$act of +66P#
has mainly been associated with com$ounding sites where +66P# was used as an additive flame
retardant1 ,6,P- have $ro$erties of concern5 but an environmental ris' assessment concludes that
more information is needed1 +he results from a screening of FnewF 6(7s in the )ordic environment
showed that the measured levels of the 6(7s in sediments5 with the e;ce$tion of the concentration
of sum ,6--,6"H in one sam$le5 was below the established =uality standard 8lS for9 $enta6,-1
+he initial ris' assessment based on Eread-across\ from $enta6,- cannot e;clude negative effects
on the $elagic community of some of the more water soluble com$ounds1 However5 it was not $os-
sible to assess the ecoto;icological ris' satisfactorily1

Data #a%s
&onitoring data and data on environmental fate and effects of FnewF 6(7s are scarce and constrain
a com$rehensive ecoto;icological ris' assessment1

brominated flame retardants ?!

?/ brominated flame retardants

,. 4uman health effects and
e3%osure
,.$ 4uman health ha2ard
4n this cha$ter the human health as$ects of selected brominated flame retardants will be reviewed1
+he main focus will be on the substances most used at $resent1 +hese are tetrabromobis$henol #
8+66P#95 he;abromocyclododecane 8H6",,9 and decabromodi$henyl ether 8deca6,-9I however5
the $olybromodi$henyl ethers 8P6,-s9 in the banned commercial mi;tures of $entabromodi$henyl
ether 8$enta6,-9 and octabromodi$henyl ether 8octa6,-9 and their ingredients are also covered
because of

their continued $resence in humans5
the many available studies5 and
the $otential formation by a degradation of deca6,-1

,.$.$ Classification
#ccording to #nne; V4 of the "LP 7egulation 8-"9 )o 2>22200@5 only three chemicals have a
harmoniBed classificationC

Octa6,- is classified as to;ic for re$roduction in "ategory 65
Penta6,- is classified for acute and chronic to;icity in the a=uatic environment in "ategory 5
for s$ecific target organ to;icity j re$eated e;$osure in "ategory 25 and with adverse effects
on or via lactation 8Lact195
+66P# is classified as haBardous to the a=uatic environment5 acute "ategory and chronic
"ategory 1

4n ,ecember 2005 the -"H# "ommittee for 7is' #ssessment ado$ted a classification $ro$osal for
H6",, submitted by Sweden in 200@5 suggesting that H6",, is to;ic for re$roduction in "atego-
ry 2 87e$r129 and with adverse effects on or via lactation 8Lact19 with the haBard statementsC Esus-
$ected of damaging fertility and the unborn child\ 8H!A9 and Emay cause harm to breast-fed chil-
dren\ 8H!A291

,.$.& PBD0s F(ith focus on decaBD0G
To3ico"inetics and metabolism
+o;ico'inetics in adult animals have indicated that absor$tion5 distribution5 metabolism and e;cre-
tion of P6,-s are congener-5 s$ecies- and gender-de$endent1

+he absor$tion of the lower P6,-s after oral administration to animals is rather com$lete and
mostly e>0M1 ,eca6,- 86,--20.9 has5 however5 a much lower absor$tion1 6,--20. is a large5
bul'y molecule5 with a molecular weight of .?.5 and because of its siBe it cannot easily be absorbed
through the intestinal tract1 4n rats5 some older studies found an oral absor$tion for 6,--20. of A-
.M and a body half-life of b2/ hours 8-"65 200291 +he oral bioavailability in rats of deca6,- 86,--
20.95 defined as the fraction of administered $arent com$ound reaching systemic circulation5 was
determined to be 2A M5 with the ma;imum $lasma concentration of 2A/ $mol2mL occurring A
hours after dosing1 ,ata indicates that 6,--20. can be absorbed into the human body and is dis-

brominated flame retardants ??

tributed to the blood and the adi$ose tissue1 luantitative oral absor$tion data in humans were not
located 8-(S#5 20b91

+here are no data on inhalation or dermal absor$tion of 6,--20.5 but these are assumed to be low
with a ma;imum of M 8-"65 200291

+he lower brominated congeners are also metaboliBed to mono- and di-hydro;ylated metabolites5
which may have to;icological relevance5 and a$$ear to bioaccumulate in serum1 4n contrast5 deca6-
,- may be metaboliBed to lower brominated congeners5 which then may be hydro;ylated1 &ale
mice have a higher rate of urinary e;cretion com$ared to female mice or rats1 Young animals have a
reduced ability to e;crete P6,-s5 which contributes to a higher body burden 8"osta et al.5 200@91
+he lower P6,-s have a $reference for the li$id-rich tissues such as adi$ose tissue and breast mil'1
Substantial differences were observed between 6,--20. and other P6,- congeners1 # few days
after oral administration of 6,--20. to male rats5 the highest concentrations on a fresh weight
basis were in adrenals5 'idneys5 heart5 and liver1 6ased on li$id weight5 blood $lasma and liver had
the highest concentrations5 and adi$ose tissue had the lowest concentrations1 Oral e;$osure of
6,--20. to $regnant rats showed that 01?M of the dose was found in foetuses5 demonstrating that
6,--20. residues are able to cross the $lacental barrier in rats1 4n all tissue e;tracts5 most of the
radioactivity was associated with unchanged 6,--20. 8-(S# 20b91

6,--20. is also able to $enetrate the blood-brain barrier to some e;tent in neonatal mice 8-"65
200291

6,--20. has been determined in blood serum from . wor'ers dismantling electronic $roducts
alongside other P6,-s5 therefore5 absor$tion occurred1 +he median concentration was ?10 $mol or
/1@ ng 6,--20.2g fat 8-"65 200291

6,--20. is also able to cross the $lacental barrier in humans1 4t is detected in cord blood in (rance
8#ntignac et al., 200.95 and it is found to account for a$$ro;imately ?0 M of the total P6,- conge-
ners $resent in ?0 human $lacental sam$les collected in ,enmar' 8(rederi'sen et al., 200.91
4n an organism5 P6,-s are more or less transformed into various hydro;ylated metabolites 8OH-
P6,-s9 de$ending on chemical structure and bromine substitution1 6ecause of the fully brominat-
ed benBene rings in 6,--20.5 hydro;ylation re=uires $revious reductive debromination ste$s1
,ebromination of 6,--20. was confirmed where nona- and octa6,-s and hydro;ylated octa6,-
were identified as metabolites in tissues and e;creta from $regnant rats e;$osed orally to deca-6,-
87iu et al., 200@91 Some of the debromination $roducts are 6,--.>5 6,--20 and 6,--20>1

BDE-207
BDE-201
BDE-197

?A brominated flame retardants

#ll investigated P6,-s were mainly e;creted via faeces5 whereas urine re$resents a minor route of
elimination 8010M91 4n rodents using different routes of administration5 6,--20. is eliminated
faster than some lower brominated di$henyl ethers such as 6,--/> 8-(S#5 20b91

+he transfer rate of 6,--20. to mil' was estimated to be in the 01A-012/ M range in lactating cows
e;$osed to a naturally contaminated diet 80ier'egaard et al.5 200>91

+he whole body half-life of 6,--20. in rats was @1A days5 which is shorter than for the lower P6,-s
8-(S#5 20b91 #vailable data suggests the human P6,-sD half-life tends to increase by the bromin-
ation of the P6,- congener1 +he calculated a$$arent half-life for 6,--20. was ? days and much
smaller than the half-lives of @-!. days and !>-. days5 res$ectively5 for three nona6,-s and four
octa6,- congeners 8+huresson et al.5 200Ab91

Acute to3icity
#ll P6,-s have low acute to;icity5 with oral L,?0s of e? g2'g1
(or e;am$le5 deca6,- e;hibits low acute oral to;icity in rats5 because all rats survived single doses
of u$ to 25000 mg2'g b1 w1 of a deca6,- mi;ture with no signs of to;icity during the / day obser-
vation $eriod 8-"65 200291

#cute inhalation studies indicated no effects in rats u$on R2 h e;$osure to commercial 6,--20.
$roducts at concentrations of /@ mg2l or 200 mg2l5 and no to;icity was also observed in rabbits
u$on dermal e;$osure of 6,--20. 8un'nown $urity9 at doses u$ to @000 mg2'g 8re$orted in Har-
dy et al.5 200.91

Irritation and sensiti2ation
Studies with commercial undissolved solid deca6,- and rabbits showed no s'in irritation but the
method was =uestionable1 However5 mild eye irritation was observed in rabbits after a$$lication of
solid commercial deca6,- 8-"65 200291 )either of the P6,-s has demonstrated any s'in sensiti-
Bation $otential 8-"65 200291

4n ?0 human sub*ects5 re$eated a$$lication of a sus$ension of ?M ,6,PO in $etrolatum ! times a
wee' for ! wee's and challenged two wee's subse=uent to the last induction a$$lication did not
result in s'in sensitiBation1 S'in irritation was observed in . out of the ?0 $ersons 8as cited by -"65
200291

Sub:chronic and chronic to3icity
U$on chronic e;$osure to P6,-s5 target organs are the liver5 the 'idney and the thyroid gland1
P6,-s have been re$orted to decrease levels of total and free +/ in adult animals and in adolescent
animals1 ,ifferent P6,-s a$$ear to have similar to;icological $rofiles5 with deca6,- being less
$otent than other lower brominated congeners1 (or e;am$le5 in sub-chronic to;icity studies in rats5
no-observed-effect-levels are usually in the g2'g2day range for deca6,-5 but less than 0
mg2'g2day for $enta6,- 8"osta et al.5 200@91

# short-term acute to;icity study conducted by the )ational +o;icology Program 8)+P9 found no
effects in rats or mice fed 6,--20. 8..M $ure9 u$ to 005000 $$m 8a$$ro;imately e=uivalent to
05000 mg2'g2day in rats5 and 205000 mg2'g2day in mice in the diet for two wee's 8)+P5 .@A91
4n a 2@-day oral rat to;icity study with deca6,-5 the most sensitive effects in the liver were induc-
tion of "YP# and "YP26 86&,0s 01?-01> mg2'g b1 w1 $er day for a 0 M increase95 and deca6,-
also caused an increase of +! at a 6&,L0 value of !! mg2'g b1 w1 8van der Ven et al., 200@91 4n an
older !0 days study with an im$ure technical $roduct5 the )O#-L was assumed to be 00 $$m 8@
mg2'g2day95 with a LO#-L of 5000 $$m 8-"65 200291

brominated flame retardants ?>

+he available data on the effects of P6,-s $rovide convincing evidence that they have the $otential
to disru$t endocrine systems at multi$le target sites1 3hile the thyroid hormone system a$$ears to
be the main target5 e;$eriencing the most significant effects of these com$ounds5 recent studies
demonstrated in vivo effects on both the estrogen- and androgen-mediated $rocesses as well 8-(-
S#5 20b91

0ffect on re%roduction and offs%rin#
7e$roductive to;ic effects of P6,-s have been re$orted1 +hyroid hormones are 'nown to $lay an
im$ortant role in brain develo$ment and hy$othyroidism has been associated with a large number
of neuroanatomical and behavioural effects1 4n that res$ect it is relevant that P6,-s have been
re$orted to decrease levels of total and free +/ following develo$mental e;$osure1 P6,-s can be
$hototo;ic5 but usually at maternally to;ic doses5 and there is no evidence of teratogenicity 8"osta et
al.5 200@91

&any of the older studies of deca6,- have been carried out using commercial $roducts of low $uri-
ty1 6ased on data from these limited studies5 it was assumed that the maternal )O#-L is 5000
mg2'g2day and the foetal LO#-L is 0 mg2'g2day 8-"65 200291

4n an un$ublished study it was shown that animal e;$osures to deca6,- during gestation and2or
$ostnatally had no re$roductive or develo$mental to;icity at doses u$ to ?00 mg2'g b1 w1 $er day5
which was considered a )O#-L value 8-(S#5 20b91

4n rodents5 deca6,- e;$osure can also result in decreased immune function during $regnancy and
lactation 8Liu et al.5 20291

+he available data indicate the nervous system as one of the main systems vulnerable to P6,--
induced to;icity1 +he main concern relates to the substancesD $otential develo$mental neuroto;ici-
ty1 6,--20. induced changes in s$ontaneous behaviour and habituation after oral administration
of A1> mg2'g b1 w1 in rats and 201 mg2'g b1 w1 in mice on P),! 8Viberg et al.5 200>91

+he 6,--20. has demonstrated to;ic effects during develo$ment of central nervous system in
neonatal rats5 es$ecially in large dosesI dams e;$osed to 6,--20. for more than / wee's 801! g2'g
bw2day9 showed decrease in body and s$leen weight1 &aternal 6,--20. e;$osure during $regnan-
cy decreases the ability to learn and memory function in mice 8Ohang et al15 20091

,eca6,- $robably e;erts its develo$mental neuroto;icity via the accumulation of debrominated
metabolites in the brain 8"osta and Kiordano5 2091

+uta#enicityD8enoto3icity
P6,-s do not a$$ear to be genoto;ic1 Some older5 limited5 and un$ublished mutagenicity tests
carried out on five strains of %almonella t-phimurium with a technical $roduct of deca6,- and
commercial deca6,- in a concentration of u$ to ? mg2$late5 set u$ with and without metabolic
activation5 were negative 8-"65 200291 Similarly5 studies in eu'aryotic cells utiliBing yeast 8%accha-
rom-ces cerevisiae9 and the +0 locus of the mouse lym$homa cell line L?>@Y with and without
metabolic activation were negative1 "ommercial deca6,- did not induce unscheduled ,)# synthe-
sis5 chromosomal aberrations or sister chromatid e;changes in "hinese hamster ovary cells with or
without metabolic activation 8-(S#5 20b91

Carcino#enicity
P6,-s are generally not carcinogenic1 S$ecifically5 deca6,- has been evaluated by 4#7" as Krou$
! - not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans 84#7"5 ..091

?@ brominated flame retardants

3hilst the $ure congener 6,--20. has not been tested for carcinogenicity5 deca6,- 8.>M $urity9
has been studied in rats and in mice5 with some evidence for an increase in liver adenoma in male
rats e;$osed to dietary levels of 2? g deca6,-2 'g feed5 and liver adenoma and carcinoma were
similarly $roduced in male mice 84P"S5 ..?91

4n male mice e;$osed to 2?5000 and ?05000 $$m deca-6,- for 0! wee's5 thyroid gland follicular
cell adenomas or carcinomas were observed at marginally increased incidence 8control5 02?0I low
dose5 /2?0I high dose5 !2?0I historical incidence in male5 1> f 2M91 +he significance of this lesion in
males was su$$orted by an increased incidence of follicular cell hy$er$lasia in males 8control5 22?0I
low dose5 02?0I high dose5 .2?091 4t should5 however5 be noted that only one carcinoma was ob-
served in one male at the lowest dose and 8-"65 200291 # LO#-L for carcinogenicity of 520 mg2'g
bw2day was assigned based on the increased incidence of liver neo$lastic nodules from the lowest
tested dose 8520 mg2'g bw2day9 8-"65 200291

6,--20. caused he$atic hy$ertro$hy and induction of "YP enBymes ty$ical of activation of
"#72PN7 rece$tor8s91 Other com$ounds that act in this way are tumour $romoters in rodent liver1
+umours occur only after $rolonged5 high dose e;$osure5 and $recursor effects are reversible1 +here
is evidence that "#72PN7 activation in humans does not su$$ort a number of the 'ey events neces-
sary for tumor $romotion5 such as he$atic hy$er$lasia1 4t is therefore concluded that 6,--20. does
not $resent a carcinogenic ris' to humans 8-(S#5 20b91

+echanisms and interactions
4n neuronal cells5 P6,- neuroto;icity was $revented by antio;idants 8.95 suggesting that P6,-s
may induce o;idative stress 87eistad et al.5 200A91

P6,-s do not a$$ear to activate the #h rece$tor-#h7 nuclear translocator $rotein-N7- com$le;5
although they can bind to the #h rece$tor1 Various P6,-s have been re$orted to induce mi;ed-ty$e
monoo;ygenase in vivo 8"osta et al.5 200@91

+he mechanism of 6,--20.-induced to;icity may be induction of li$id $ero;idation5 su$$ression of
thyroid hormone rece$tor-mediated gene transcri$tion5 and inhibition of differentiation of rat neu-
ral stem cells into neurons and neurite outgrowth 8-(S#5 20b91

,.$.* 4BCDD
4n rodents orally administered H6",, in the feed5 the substance was easily absorbed with an e;-
tent of ?0-00M from the gastro-intestinal tract and ra$idly distributed in different tissues1 +he
body distribution in mice of ]-H6",,5 observed one day after dosing5 were in the following orderC
liver e muscle e adi$ose tissue e blood e brain e 'idney5 whereas adi$ose tissue had the highest
levels after four days 8Sweden5 200@I -(S#5 20a91

+he absor$tion of H6",, through intact s'in was low 8010M9 in an in vitro study with human
s'in $re$arations but 1!?M did accumulate in the outer s'in 87o$er et al., 200>91 # value of / M
was assumed to be a$$licable for u$ta'e of $owder by the dermal route by the -U #nne; NV docu-
ment1

+here is no information about u$ta'e after inhalation5 but it was considered by the -U #nne; NV
document to be 00M or e=ual to the oral absor$tion1

,ebromination and hydro;ylation seem to be the ma*or metabolic $athways for H6",,s1 +here are
some differences in metabolism observed between the _- and ]-stereoisomers1 _-H6",, was more
ra$idly metaboliBed and changed to ]- and ^-isomers1 &ainly ]-H6",, was found to accumulate
in adi$ose tissue 8-(S#5 20a91

brominated flame retardants ?.

(urthermore5 elimination of ]-H6",, and _-H6",, was $rimarily in faeces and to a lesser e;tent
in urine5 and mono- and dihydro;ylated $entabromocyclododecane metabolites were found in fae-
cal e;tracts 8SBabo et al.5 20a91 +here are differences in tissue distribution of H6",, isomers
between adult and develo$ing mice5 the latter retaining more H6",, 8SBabo et al.5 20b91

-limination of H6",, and its metabolites in rats occurs mainly via faeces with a minor $art e;-
creted in urine1 -limination from body fat a$$ears to be mar'edly slower than from other tissues5
with an elimination half-life of the three stereoisomers $ossibly being in the order of wee's to
months1

6ased on H6",, concentrations in adi$ose tissue5 the elimination half-lives of H6",, stereoiso-
mers have been calculated to vary from 2-A days for _-H6",, and to > days for ]-H6",, in fe-
male mice1 +he average half-life of total H6",, in humans has been estimated to be A/ days 8range
2!-2. days9 on the basis of e;tra$olation from animal studies and human adi$ose fat levels 8-(S#5
20a91

Acute to3icity
#cute to;icity from e;$osure to technical H6",, is low5 and an L,?0 value has not been deter-
mined1 +he oral lethal dose is more than 20 g2'g b1 w1 in rats and more than /0 g2'g b1 w1 in mice
8-"65 200@91 7egarding acute to;icity by inhalation and s'in contact5 the minimum lethal doses
were considered greater than 200 mg2l and greater than 20 g2'g5 res$ectively5 by the -U #nne; NV
document1

H6",, was mildly irritating to the eye but not irritating to the s'in5 according to the -U #nne; NV
document1 +his document also concludes that there was no concern for s'in sensitiBation caused by
the H6",, available on the -U mar'et1 )o information was available on res$iratory sensitiBation1

4n animal e;$eriments H6",, mainly targets the liver5 the thyroid5 and the $ituitary gland1 4n the
liver it induces he$atic microsomal enBymes 8"YP26 and "YP!#9 affecting 'ey metabolic $athways5
such as the metabolism of li$ids and se; hormones1 (emales were most sensitive1 4n rats5 the most
consistent effect found after re$eated doses was a dose-de$endent increase in liver weight with a
no-observable-adverse-effect-level 8)O#-L P 6&,-L209 of 221. mg2'g $er day estimated for this
effect in female rats e;$osed to H6",, for 2@ days 8van der Ven 200A91 Pituitary and thyroid
weight also increased significantly5 accom$anied by thyroid follicular cell hy$ertro$hy1 +his effect
on the $ituitary gland induced the synthesis of thyroid-stimulating hormone 8+SH91 +he )O#-L for
this effect was 2 mg H6",,2'g b1 w1 $er day1 H6",, also had an effect on bone mineral density in
this study1

+here were no available re$eated dose to;icity studies by inhalation or dermal a$$lication1

-;$osure to H6",, can have wide-ranging and $otentially severe effects5 $articularly to the neu-
roendocrine system and to offs$ring during the early $hases of neurodevelo$ment1 Several studies
on H6",,Ds re$roductive effects indicate this 8-(S#5 20a91

4n a two-generation study by -ma et al. 8200@95 the main effects seen were a dose-de$endent de-
crease 8@-/M9 in fertility inde; in both generations1 +hyroid effects were observed both in dams
and in offs$ring5 with a )O#-L of 0 mg2'g b1 w1 $er day1 4n addition5 in the (2 generation at the
highest dose level5 increased $u$ mortality during lactation was observed1


#nother study indicated that neonatal H6",, e;$osure may cause statistically significant changes
in s$ontaneous behaviour and learning and may also induce memory defects 8-ri'sson et al.,
200A91 #n indicative lowest-observable-adverse-effect-level 8LO#-L9 of 01. mg2'g b1 w1 $er day
was also deduced from this study1

# one-generation re$roduction feeding study found that H6",, induces disturbances in hearing
function and changes in do$amine-de$endent behaviour1 +he immune system was also affected5
showing a statistically significant dose-res$onse for decreased lym$hocyte fraction and a decreased
whole white blood cell count in the blood and increased blood cell count in the bone marrow1 +he
most sensitive effect in this study on re$roductive organs was decrease in weight of the testes with a
benchmar' dose limit 86&,L?9 of 1? mg2'g b1 w1 $er day 8van der Ven et al., 200.91

H6",, was not mutagenic in the #mes test with %almonella t-phimurium bacteria and caused no
chromosomal aberrations in an in vitro mammalian cytogenetic test using human $eri$heral blood
lym$hocytes and an in vivo micronucleus test1 6ased on the available studies5 it was concluded that
H6",, was not genoto;ic 8-(S#5 20a91

Carcino#enicity
4n an older .@/ long-term to;icity2carcinogenicity study 6A"!( mice were e;$osed in @ months
to u$ to 05000 mg H6",,2'g of the feed or e=uivalent to an inta'e of !00 mg2'g b1 w1 $er day1
+he results indicated that the incidence of altered foci in the liver of males was increased5 as was the
incidence of liver carcinoma in females5 but without a dose-relationshi$ and within the range of
bac'ground levels for this strain of mice1 -(S# concluded that this study and the lac' of genoto;ici-
ty showed that carcinogenicity was not a critical effect in the ris' assessment of H6",, 8-(S#5
20a91 +here is no human data or data from animal bioassays using e;$osure routes other than
oral1

(urther5 -"H# concluded in 200. that the data available on carcinogenicity did not suggest a clas-
sification of H6",, according to -U criteria1 However5 the lac' of acce$table cancer bioassays in
both mice and rats ma'es these conclusions $remature and gives no incentive to underta'e such
studies1 &odern research also shows that lac' of direct dose-effect relationshi$s and lac' of geno-
to;icity may not be decisive as regards hormone-related carcinogens having a U-sha$ed dose-
res$onse curve1

-;$erimental studies in vivo indicate that re$roductive and neurodevelo$mental to;icity5 disturb-
ance of thyroid homeostasis5 he$atic hy$ertro$hy and immunoto;icity are the ma*or effects of
H6",,s1 ]-H6",, has been re$orted to su$$ress #h7-mediated gene e;$ression5 with 4"?0 P >1/
t& 8-(S#5 20a91

)eurodevelo$mental effects might be associated with modulation of thyroid hormone homeostasis
and the involved $rocesses include direct interaction of H6",,s with thyroid hormone rece$tors5
induction of "#72PN7-de$endent hormone-metaboliBing enBymes5 and2or $erturbation of thyroid
hormone trans$ort 8-(S#5 20a91 H6",, has also been shown in in vitro tests to interact with
calcium levels and neurotransmitter release in cells 8,ingermans et al., 200.91

,.$.) TBBPA and deri1ati1es
+he limited to;ico'inetics data suggest that oral bioavailability of
/
"-labelled +66P# in rats is
above >0 M 8-(S#5 20c91 4n a new study 80nudsen et al.5 20!9 following oral administration of
:/"<-+66P#5 the $rimary route of elimination of radioactivity was in faeces with dose recoveries in
>2 hours between ./ and .@M5 de$ending on dose siBe1

brominated flame retardants A

#fter oral e;$osure to +66P# dissolved in corn oil5 the highest tissue concentrations 8radioactivity
P +66P# Q metabolites9 were found in the liver5 adi$ose tissue and in the gonads1 +he half-life of
+66P# in the blood in rats was !-20 hours5 and it was > hours in adi$ose tissue1 &ost of the radi-
oactivity 8e.0M9 was e;creted via the bile in faeces1 Klucuronide or sulfate con*ugates of +66P#
were identified in the bile1 +ribromobis$henol # has been identified in faeces5 suggesting that
debromination of +66P# can occur in mammals 8-(S#5 20c91

4n one human study5 only +66P# glucuronide was detected in the blood and with a half-life a$$ear-
ing to be between /@ and >2 hours 8Schauer et al15 200A91 4n another older study with occu$ational-
ly e;$osed individuals 8Hagmar et al., 20009 the half-life was about 2 days1 4n that study the serum
concentrations were between b2 and >1/ $mol2g li$id weight1

7at e;$eriments with oral administration of +66P# indicate that the trans-$lacental transfer is less
than 010M 8-(S#5 20c91 However5 this study only had a general oral absor$tion of 01?M5 which is
in contrast to other studies re$orting e>0M absor$tion1 +he detection of +66P# in cord serum
collected from (rench women volunteers during caesarean deliveries 8"ariou et al.5 200@9 confirms
that trans-$lacental transfer of +66P# occurs in humans1

+he studies demonstrate the $resence of +66P# in breast mil' and suggest that mil' re$resents a
substantial route of e;cretion for +66P# in humans 8-(S#5 20c91

Acute to3icity
+he acute to;icity of +66P# was re$orted as low in rodents with an oral L,?0 e?0 g2'g b1 w1 in rats
and e0 g2'g b1 w1 in mice 8-"6 200A91 However5 in single administration studies5 +66P# has an
established L,?0 of greater than ? g2'g bw when administered by gavage to rats5 and L,?0 in mice
was about /1? g2'g b1 w1 84P"S ..?91 +he dermal L,?0 in rabbits and guinea $igs were res$ectively
e2 g2'g b1 w1 and e g2'g b1 w1 84P"S5 ..?91

+66P# was not irritating to s'in when ?00 mg was a$$lied to intact and shaved rabbit s'in for 2/
hours5 and it was neither a sensitiBer in guinea-$igs nor humans 84P"S ..?91 4nstallation of +66P#
$owder in rabbit eyes caused a slight redness but the chemical was not considered irritating to the
eyes 84P"S5 ..?91

#nimal studies with +66P# have been carried out using different e;$erimental designs with single
or re$eated administration during gestation5 $ostnatally or in adulthood1 +he general to;icity is low5
and -"6 8200A9 considered 000 mg2'g b1 w1 $er day as a )O#-L in rats e;$osed for .0 days1 (or
mice5 the )O#-L for weight and blood changes in a similar study was >00 mg2'g b1 w1 $er day
84P"S5 ..?91

+66P# e;hibits some signs of he$atoto;icity in rats and mice5 $articularly in *uvenile mice5 in the
gram $er 'g b1 w1 dose range 8-(S#5 20c91

#vailable studies indicate that +66P# can affect the host immunity in mice after administration of
5>00 mg2'g b1 w1 $er day for 2@ days 8-(S#5 20c91

+he available studies did not indicate any re$roductive or teratogenic effects of +66P#1 # few stud-
ies have $rovided contradictory results es$ecially with regard to the develo$mental neuroto;ic $o-
tential of +66P# 8-(S#5 20c91


4n a one-generational re$roductive study in rats5 +66P# e;$osures resulted in decreased circulating
thyro;in levels5 while other endocrine effects increased weight of testis and male $ituitary gland1
+he hy$othyro;inemia correlated to a cluster of develo$mental $arameters including delayed se;ual
develo$ment in females5 decreased $u$ mortality5 and effects on brainstem auditory evo'ed $oten-
tials 8Van der Ven et al., 200@91 # $revious study by the same grou$ has indicated that +66P# e;-
$osure5 es$ecially in females5 affects thyroid-de$endent neurobehavioral functions in offs$ring5
such as auditory res$onses e;amined with brainstem auditory evo'ed $otentials 86#-Ps9 8Lilien-
thal et al.5 200@91 +he 6&,L values for elevation of hearing thresholds in females were in the range
of -/0mg2'g body weight5 de$ending on fre=uency1

+he available in vitro data such as #mes test with bacteria5 chromosomal aberrations in human
$eri$heral lym$hocytes5 sister chromatid e;changes in "hinese hamster ovary 8"HO9 cells etc1
indicated that +66P# was not genoto;ic in vitroI in vivo data were lac'ing 8-(S#5 20c91

Carcino#enicity
+here are no long-term to;icity2carcinogenicity studies for +66P#1 However5 based on the weight
of evidence 8absence of genoto;icity in vitro5 no indications for $roliferative changes or cytoto;icity
in studies with u$ to .0 days re$eated administration5 no immunosu$$ression5 e;ce$t $ossibly at
high doses95 the -(S# "O)+#& Panel concluded that there were no indications that +66P# might
be carcinogenic 8-(S#5 20c91

+he main target for +66P# to;icity is thyroid hormone homeostasis5 and most of the studies indi-
cated a decrease in serum +/I in addition5 wea' estrogenic $otency has been found5 but +66P# did
not induce "YP5 "YP26 or "YP!# m7)#5 $rotein and res$ective monoo;ygenase activities1 +he
6&,L0 of A mg2'g b1 w1 for changes in circulating thyroid hormone levels could5 in $rinci$le5 be
used as the basis to derive a human health based guidance value 8-(S#5 20c91

+66P# also induces o;idative stress in cerebellar granule cells in vitro 87eistad et al.5 200>9

,.$./ DBDP0 and 0BT0BPI
# single administration of 000 mg ,6,P- 2'g b1 w1 was $oorly absorbed in rats by the oral route
8-(S#5 202a91

Only trace amounts of radiolabel were found in e;amined tissues of rat 8liver5 'idney5 brain5 s'eletal
muscle and body fat9 2 days after dosing of
/
"-Labelled -6+-6P41 +issue levels declined by an
order of magnitude over the subse=uent 2@ days 8no data $rovided on levels in fat9 8-(S#5 202a91

Acute to3icity
+he acute to;icity of 6+6P- is very low with an oral L,?0 of e0 g2'g b1 w1 for both rats and dogs
8-(S#5 202a91

+he acute to;icity of -6+-6P4 is very low with an oral L,?0 of e>1? g2'g b1 w1 for both rats and dogs
8-(S#5 202a91

)o information1

brominated flame retardants A!

Statistically significant differences in absolute and relative liver weights were found between control
and female rats dosed 000 mg ,6,P- 2'g b1 w1 $er day for .0 consecutive days5 but no clinical
signs5 changes in clinical chemistry or hematology were observed 8Hardy et al.5 200291

+his study was insufficient for the -(S# "O)+#& Panel to identify a no-observed adverse effect
level 8)O#-L9 8-(S#5 202a91

On the other hand5 in another study where male rats were orally e;$osed to 00 mg2'g b1 w1 $er day
of ,6,P- for .0 days5 no significant changes in body5 liver and 'idney weight were observed1 How-
ever5 ,6,P- induced changes in various clinical $arameters and a significant increase in the triio-
dothyronine 8+!9 level5 suggesting that ,6,P- did alter thyroid hormone homeostasis1 ,6,P- also
induced "YP!# biotransformation enBymes and constitutive androgen rece$tor 8"#79-de$endent
gene e;$ression and5 conse=uently5 may cause $ossible adverse effects 83ang et al.5 20091

Krou$s of ? male and ? female S$rague ,awley rats were administered -6+-6P4 in their diet at
concentrations of u$ to M 80 000 mg2'g feed9 for .0 days1 +he )O#-L was the highest dose
testedC M of the diet5 which is e=uivalent to about 000 mg2'g bw $er day1 8as cited by -(S#5
202a9

)o evidence of maternal to;icity5 develo$mental to;icity or teratogenicity was re$orted in rats and
rabbits treated with ,6,P- at dose levels u$ to 2?0 mg2'g b1 w1 $er day from gestation day 8K,9 -
A to K,? for rats and K,A to K,@ for rabbits 8Hardy et al.5 20091

4n a study of )ew Oealand 3hite rabbits administered -6+-6P4 orally5 the )O#-L for maternal
and develo$mental to;icity was 000 mg2'g bw $er day5 the only dose tested 8as cited by -(S#5
202a91

,6,P- was not genoto;ic in bacterial assays such as the #mes-test with %almonella t-phimurium
and in Escherichia coli 3P2 reverse mutation assays5 and no chromosomal aberrations were re-
$orted in "hinese hamster lung cells 8Hardy et al.5 20091

+he mutagenicity of -6+-6P4 has been investigated in a number of in vitro systems1 -P+-6P4 was
not mutagenic in %almonella t-phimurium strains +#?!?5 +#?!>5 +#?!@5 +#.@ and +#005 and
in Saccharom-ces cerevisiae 8,/95 with and without metabolic activation1 8as cited by -(S#5
202a91

Carcino#enicity
)o information1

)o information1

4uman health im%acts
)o information1

,.$., 6ther brominated flame retardants
-(S# 8202a9 evaluated a number of emerging and novel 6(7s1 Some available to;icological $ro$-
erties are shown in +able /2 which also indicates the self-classification from the "JL database1

A/ brominated flame retardants

,ue to the limited available information on occurrence5 e;$osure and to;icological haBards5 the
"O)+#& Panel concluded that it was not $ossible to $erform a ris' characteriBation for any of the
emerging or novel 6(7s considered 8-(S#5 202a91

However5 from the available to;icological information it is evident that tris825!-dibromo$ro$yl9
$hos$hate 8+,6PPI E+ris\9 is genoto;ic and carcinogenic5 and therefore is a health concern 86lum
and #mes5 .>>91 +his flame retardant has been a $riority chemical for a long $eriod of time and
was banned in te;tiles in the .@0s1

-(S# 8202a9 concludes that dibromoneo$entyl glycol 8,6)PK9 is genoto;ic in the #mes test with
+#00 strain and metabolic activation5 carcinogenic in mice5 and demonstrative of re$roductive
to;icity5 and therefore could be of $otential health concern1

+he to;icity of the highly $ersistent he;abromobenBene 8H669 was not es$ecially noted by -(S#
8202a9I however5 this chemical is closely related to he;achlorobenBene 8H"695 a highly to;ic and
banned POP chemical once used as fungicide on seed grains5 which gave rise to serious mass $oi-
soning5 e1g1 in +ur'ey in the .?0s1 #bout ?00 $eo$le were fatally $oisoned and more than /5000
$eo$le fell ill by eating bread made with H"6-treated seed that was intended for agriculture use1
&ost of the sic' were affected with a liver condition called porph-ria cutanea tarda5 which disturbs
the metabolism of hemoglobin and results in s'in lesions1 H66 has a long residence time in rats
with a half-life of /@ days1 -;$osed rats have increased e;cretion of $or$hyrins in the urine5 analo-
gous to e;$osure to H"61 +herefore5 this chemical should not be used as flame retardant1

+6-"H diastereomers activate the human androgen rece$tor 8#79 in in vitro assays5 indicating
$otential endocrine disru$tion 80halaf et al.5 200.91

TAB>0 )&
SU&&#7Y O( #V#4L#6L- ,#+# O) HU&#) H-#L+H -((-"+S

Abbre1iation

C$

Name CAS No 6ccur:
rence
;ood C&
4uman sam:
%les C&
'e%roducti1e and
de1elo%mental
to3icity C&
8enoto3icity
Dcarcino#enity
C&
Self classification
C*
)H:PeBP6:
BD0&.5
Pentabromo$heno;y-
nonabromodi$henyl ether
?@.A?-AA-? )o data )o data )o data )o data )o classification indicated
BDBP:
TART6
5!-6is825!-
dibromo$ro$yl9-?-82-
$ro$en--yl9-5!5?-triaBine-
>?>.?-A-! )o data )o data )o data )o data )ot in "JL
B04:T0BP 6is82-ethylhe;yl9 tetra-
bromo$hthalate
2A0/0-?-> )o data )o data )o data ,)# strand brea's
8(iremaster9
-ye 4rrit1 2
BTBP0 52-6is825/5A-
tribromo$heno;y9 ethane
!>@?!-?.- b/ ng2g
fat
Plasma 8S-9
b1! ng2g fat
)o hatching effects
8chic'en9
)ot mutagenic in #mes test and %.
cerevisiae
)o haBard class
ethane
@/@?2-?!-. U$ to >
ng2g fat
Plasma 8S-9
b ng2g fat
)o develo$mental or
teratogenic effects
8rats95 de$ressed
hatching 8fish9
)ot mutagenic in #mes test5 "HL
cells
)o haBard class
DB0:DBC4 /-852-,ibromoethyl9-52-
dibromo cyclohe;ane
!!22-.!-@ )o data )o data )o data &utagenic in mouse lym$homa cells -ye 4rrit1 2
DB4CTD ?5A-,ibromo-
505525!5!-
he;achloro--
tricyclo:@1211025.< tride-
cene
?.!A-??- )o data )o data )o hatching effects
8chic'en9
)o data )ot in "JL
DBNP8 ,ibromoneo$entylglycol !2.A-.0-0 )o data )o data 4m$aired re$roduction
8mice9
&utagenic in #mes test and in "HO
cells5 and in vivo1 4ncreased tumor
incidence in male and female rats
and mice
#cute +o;1 /
-ye 4rrit1 2
&uta1 6
"arc1 6
S+O+ 7- 2

AA brominated flame retardants

Abbre1iation

C$

Name CAS No 6ccur:
rence
;ood C&
4uman sam:
%les C&
'e%roducti1e and
de1elo%mental
to3icity C&
8enoto3icity
Dcarcino#enity
C&
Self classification
C*
DBP 25/-,ibromo$henol Z/ A?-?@-> U$ to A
ng2g fat Z/
Plasma 8"anada9
/@ 8b ?0-/ 009
ng2l
)o data )o data #cute +o;1 2
#cute +o;1 /
S'in 4rrit1 2
-ye 4rrit1 2
S+O+ S- !

DBP:TART6 -825!-,ibromo$ro$yl9-
?>@2.-@.-> )o data )o data )o data )o data )ot in "JL
DBS ,ibromostyrene !>@0-2A-/ )o data )o data )o data )o data )o haBard class
0BT0BPI -thylenebis 8tetrabro-
mo$hthalimide9
!2?@@->A-/ )o data )o data )o effects in rats
8highest dose9
)ot mutagenic in
#mes test1
)o haBard class
04:TBB 2--thylhe;yl 25!5/5?-
tetrabromobenBoate
@!A?@-2>-> )o data )o data )o data ,)# strand brea's
8(iremaster9
)ot in "JL
4BB He;abromobenBene @>-@2- U$ to ?
ng2g fat
Serum 8"H4)#9
010? ng2g fat &il'
8%P9 012>-01/A
ng2g fat
)ot teratogenic 8rats9 )ot mutagenic in #mes test #cute +o;1 /
#cute +o;1 /
S'in 4rrit1 2
-ye 4rrit1 2
#cute +o;1 /
S+O+ S- !
4BCYD He;abromocyclodecane 2?/.?-.@- )o data )o data )o data )o data )ot in "JL
4CTBP4 525!5/5>5>-He;achloro-?-
825!5/5?-
tetrabromo$henyl9-
bicyclo:2121<he$t-2-ene
!/?>-A-. )o data )o data )o data )o data )ot in "JL
4004P:
T0BP
2-82-Hydro;yetho;y9ethyl
2-hydro;y$ro$yl !5/5?5A-
tetrabromo$hthalate
20?AA-!?-2 )o data )o data )o data )ot mutagenic in #mes test and %.
Cerevisae.
)o haBard class
6BT+PI Octabromotrimethyl$henyl
indane
0@/@@.-?-.
02?.?A-A?-!
@.!@/!-0>->
??A!-.!->
)o data )o data )o data )o data )ot in "JL

brominated flame retardants A>

Abbre1iation

C$

Name CAS No 6ccur:
rence
;ood C&
4uman sam:
%les C&
'e%roducti1e and
de1elo%mental
to3icity C&
8enoto3icity
Dcarcino#enity
C&
Self classification
C*
PBB:Acr PentabromobenByl acrylate ?.//>-??- )o data )o data )o data )o data )ot in "JL
PB0B PentabromoethylbenBene @?-22-! b0 ng2g
fat
Serum 8"H4)#9
bLO, 010
ng2g fat
)o data )ot mutagenic in #mes test S'in 4rrit1 2
-ye 4rrit1 2
S+O+ S- !
PBP P entabromo$henol Z/ A0@->-. b010/
ng2g fat Z/
)o data )o data P6P was not mutagenic in %almonel-
la t-phimurium
)o data on carcinogenity
#cute +o;1 !
S'in 4rrit1 2
-ye 4rrit1 2
S+O+ S- !
PBT Pentabromotoluene @>-@!-2 )o data )o data )o foetoto;icity 8rats9 )ot mutagenic in #mes test S'in 4rrit1 2
-ye 4rrit1 2
S+O+ S- !

TBC6 525?5A-
+etrabromocyclooctane
!./-?>-@ )o data )o data )o data )o data )ot in "JL
TBNPA +ribromoneo$entyl alcohol ?22-.2-? )o data )o data )o data &utagenic in #mes test 8with meta-
bolic act19
-ye 4rrit1 2
TBP 25/5A-+ribromo$henol Z/ @->.-A U$ to !
ng2g fat Z/
Plasma 8"anada9
?@ 8b ?-2@09 ng2l
Umbilical cord
8%a$an9 !! $g2g
wet weight 8f@129

)O#-Ls for maternal
and develo$mental
to;icity 000 and !00
mg2'g bw $er day5
res$ectively
)ot mutagenic in #mes test
)o data on carcinogenity
S'in Sens1
-ye 4rrit1 2
TBP:A0 2-8#llylo;y9-5!5?-
tribromobenBene Z/
!2>@-@.-? b010/
ng2g fat Z/
)o data )o data )o data )ot classified 8no information
$rovided
TBM 25!5?5A-+etrabromo-$-
;ylene
2!/@@-!@-2 )o data b ng2g fat )o data )o data S'in 4rrit1 2
-ye 4rrit1 2
S+O+ S- !
TDBPP +ris825!-dibromo$ro$yl9
$hos$hate
2A->2-> )o data )o data )o data &utagenic in bacterial and mamma-
lian cells5 chromosomal aberrations
in vitro and in vivo1 0idney tumours
in male rats and mice
-ye 4rrit1 2

A@ brominated flame retardants

Abbre1iation

C$

Name CAS No 6ccur:
rence
;ood C&
4uman sam:
%les C&
'e%roducti1e and
de1elo%mental
to3icity C&
8enoto3icity
Dcarcino#enity
C&
Self classification
C*
TDBP:
TART6
5!5?-+ris825!-
triaBine-25/5A-trione
?2/!/-.0-. )o data )o data ,e$ressed hatching
8fish9
)o data S'in 4rrit1 2
-ye 4rrit1 2
S+O+ S- !
TTBNPP +ris8tribromoneo$entyl9
$hos$hate
.@A-.>- )o data )o data )o data )o data )ot in "JL
tribromo$heno;y9-5!5?-
triaBine
2?>!-A0-/ )o data )o data )o data )o data )ot in "JL
Z #bbreviations changed to be in consistence with 6ergman et al.5 202a1
Z2 SourceC -(S#5 202a
Z! "JL database1 Self-classification regarding human health R indicated by more than 2?M of notifiers1 ,ata from #$$endi; A1 F)o haBard classF indicates the the substance in the "JL database is regis-
tered as Fno t classifiedF1
Z/ ,ata e;tracted from -(S#5 202b1 ,ata on occurence in food include data from -uro$e only1

brominated flame retardants A.

,.$.7 Combination effects
Simultaneous occurrence of more brominated flame retardants with similar to;icological mecha-
nism will result in additive effects at a minimum1 +here may also be a $ossibility for synergistic
effects1 +hyroid hormones are critically involved in brain develo$ment and P6,- 8Q metabolites9
induced develo$mental neuroto;icity may be caused by disru$tion of thyroid hormone homeostasis
8,ingermans et al., 2091 Since most of the 6,-s5 other brominated flame retardants and other
environmental $ollutants can affect thyroid homeostasis5 combinational effects are li'ely to occur1

)euroto;icological effects have been seen in mice several months after administration of a single
dose of s$ecific P6,- congeners and +66P# on day 0 after birth 8results from -ri'sson et al.5
..@91

,.& 4uman e3%osure
Human e;$osure to 6(7s has recently been reviewed by the -(S# Panel on "ontaminants in the
(ood "hain 8"O)+#&9 and re$orted in five assessments on P6,- 8-(S#5 20b95 P66 8-(S#5
200a95 H6",, 8-(S#5 20a95 +66P# and its derivatives 8-(S#5 20c95 emerging and novel 6(7s
8-(S#5 20a9 and brominated $henols and their derivatives 8-(S#5 202b91 +he following section
is largely based on these assessments and many $aragra$hs are direct citations of the assessments
with a focus in the substances still in use in the -U1

+o the e;tent ,anish data have been identified5 they are included in the followingI i1e1 if nothing is
mentioned5 no ,anish data have been identified1

+he brominated flame retardants are solids with a low va$our $ressure 8volatility95 thus air e;$o-
sures will mainly be to $article-bound substances1 +he water solubility is also low but these chemi-
cals are $ersistent and li$o$hilic and can be accumulated and magnified through the a=uatic food
chains1

Humans may be directly e;$osed to brominated flame retardants in occu$ational settings that in-
volve handling these chemicals5 or materials containing these chemicals1 "onsumers may be directly
e;$osed to these chemicals through e;$osure to consumer $roducts1 7eleases from such $roducts
may also cause elevated levels in indoor air and dusts1 +he general $o$ulation may further be $o-
tentially e;$osed to 6(7s in $olluted ambient air5 in $olluted soil 8children mainly9 and in $olluted
drin'ing water1

,.&.$ Direct e3%osure
+he direct e;$osures are e;$osures from the direct handling of the 6(7s and mi;tures and articles
containing the 6(7s in occu$ational settings and by consumers1

Consumer e3%osure
PBD0s = )on-dietary human e;$osure to P6,-s and other 6(7s can occur via inhalation of gas-
$hase P6,-s and P6,-s on $articles5 as well as oral inta'e of house dust1 Such e;$osure can occur
in homes as well as in the wor'$lace1 )o re$orts could be identified which indicate that dermal
e;$osure should be of any im$ortance for the total human e;$osure 8-(S#5 20b91 +he main non-
dietary human e;$osure routes are described in section A1212 addressing indirect e;$osure1

4BCDD = #ccording to -(S# 820a95 no re$orts could be identified which indicate that dermal
e;$osure should be of any im$ortance for the total human e;$osure 8-(S#5 20a91 +he main non-
dietary human e;$osure route is described in section A1212 addressing indirect e;$osure1

TBBPA : #ccording to the -U 7is' #ssessment5 consumer e;$osure to +66P# is li'ely to be insig-
nificant 8-"65 200A91


6ther B;'s R )o data on direct e;$osure of consumers to other 6(7s have been identified1

6ccu%ational e3%osure
Occu$ational e;$osure to the main 6(7s is described in the -U 7is' #ssessments and summarised
from these5 although the occu$ational e;$osure has li'ely decreased as a conse=uence of the activi-
ties under V-"#P5 although the emission reduction $rogramme does not s$ecifically target occu$a-
tional e;$osure1

PBD0s = #ccording to the -U 7is' #ssessment5 the main occu$ational e;$osures to deca6,- are
by handling of the substance such as filling or em$tying bags5 adding the substance by formulation
$rocesses 8e1g1 hotmelt adhesives9 or sewing deca6,- treated te;tiles 8-"65 200291 +he occu$a-
tional e;$osure from the end-use of flame retardant $roducts is considered negligible 8-"65 200291

# number of studies from the last ten years demonstrate that wor'ers in --- recycling facilities
may be e;$osed to the 6(7s over and above the level of the general $o$ulation1 -levated e;$osure
to P6,- of wor'ers in --- recycling facilities has been demonstrated in "hina5 Sweden5 )orway
and the US# 8as reviewed by Schecter et al. 8200.991 # Swedish study showed the median total
P6,- blood level in --- recycling facility wor'ers was seven times higher than the reference grou$5
which consisted of hos$ital wor'ers and com$uter cler's 8S*odin et al., ... cited by Schecter et al.5
200.91 # later study showed that dust-reducing industrial hygiene im$rovements clearly reduced
the occu$ational e;$osure to higher brominated di$henyl ethers1 4n 20005 the 6,--20. concentra-
tions did not differ from levels observed in a reference $o$ulation whereas the levels of he;a- to
nona6,-s still were elevated 8+huresson et al.5 200Aa91

Schecter et al. 8200.9 showed an a$$ro;imate A-fold to !!-fold increase in electronic recycling
facility wor'ersS P6,- e;$osure as com$ared with the US general $o$ulation1

7osenberg et al. (209 measured P6,-s5 +66P#5 ,6,P-5 H6",, and 6+6P- and a chlorinated
(7 at four --- recycling facilities in (inland1 +he three most abundant (7s in $ersonal air sam$les
were P6,-s 8com$rised mostly of deca-6,-5 +66P#5 and ,6,P-95 with mean concentrations
ranging from 2 to 25!20 ng2m
!
5 from @1> to /!0 ng2m
!
5 and from !1? to !A0 ng2m
!
5 res$ectively1
+he authors conclude that the concentrations re$orted may $ose a health haBard to the wor'ers5
although evaluation of the association between 6(7 e;$osure and adverse health effects is ham-
$ered by lac' of occu$ational e;$osure limits1

4BCDD = +he main occu$ational e;$osures to H6",, is from handling of the substance such as
filling or em$tying bags5 adding the substance by formation $rocesses or sewing H6",, treated
te;tiles 8-"65 200@a91 Other occu$ational e;$osure scenarios may be at building sites handling
insulation boards or other materials containing H6",,1 +hese scenarios $robably result in much
lower e;$osure levels than the scenarios arising during direct handling of the $ure substance 8-"65
200@a91

TBBPA =+he -U 74S0 assessment for +66P# did not review occu$ational e;$osure to +66P#5 but
ma'es reference to a study of +homsen et al. 82005 as cited by -"65 200@9 determined the concen-
tration of +66P# in blood $lasma from humans in three occu$ational grou$s in )orwayC electronic
e=ui$ment dismantlers5 circuit board $roducers and laboratory $ersonnel1 +he levels found in the
various $o$ulations were from 01A/ to 1@ cg2'g li$id 8mean 1! cg2'g li$id9 in the electronic
e=ui$ment dismantlers5 from not detected to 01@0 cg2'g li$id 8mean 01?/ cg2'g li$id9 in the circuit
board $roducers and from not detected to 01?2 cg2'g li$id 8mean 01!/ cg2'g li$id9 in the laboratory
$ersonnel1


TBBPA - -levated indoor air concentrations5 u$ to several orders of magnitude above those found
in outdoor air5 have been re$orted for s$ecific occu$ational environments5 such as electronics dis-
mantling $lants 8-(S#5 20c91

6ther B;'s = )o data have been identified on occu$ational e;$osure to other 6(7s a$art from
the data from recycling facilities mentioned above1 +he main occu$ational e;$osures to other 6(7s
is li'ely from handling of the substance such as filling or em$tying bags or adding the substance
through formulation $rocesses5 and for handling some of the substances from --- recycling1

,.&.& Indirect e3%osure
+he indirect e;$osure routes include e;$osures to haBardous substances via the environment 8in
ambient air5 food5 drin'ing water5 etc195 the indoor climate 8indoor air and dust9 or other indirect
e;$osures 8e1g1 from $ac'aging or drin'ing water installation91

Ambient air
4n general5 e;$osure via ambient air does not a$$ear to be a significant source of 6(7sI measure-
ments in airs are used rather to indicate the $otential of long-range trans$ort of the substances1

PBD0s : +here are several factors indicating long-range transboundary trans$ort of P6,-s in the
environmentC they have a high $ersistency in air and monitoring has detected a wides$read occur-
rence in the -uro$ean atmos$here 8-(S#5 20b91 7ecorded levels of tri- to he;a6,-s in the U05
"anada and 0uwait ranged from 01/. to !2 $g2m
!
5 whereas 6,--20. 8deca6,-9 was recorded
from the limit of detection u$ to 0? $g2m
!
in Ontario5 "anada 8Harrad et al.5 2005 as cited by
-(S#5 20b91

# study of trends of P6,-s in -uro$ean bac'ground air sam$led at eleven sites 8southern -ngland
to northern )orway9 during 2000 to 200@ showed a general decline in P6,- levels over time1 #
consistent decline was only observed at four sites and declines could only be calculated for 6,--/>5
-/.5 -..5 -005 -?! and -?/5 for which half-lives ranged from 1/ to /10 years1 +he absolute decline
of the sum of P6,- levels between 2000-2002 and 200A-200@ ranged from !? to ?> M and the
concentration in air declined by ?0 M every 212 f 01/ years1 8Schuster et al.5 2005 as cited by -(S#5
20b9

4BCDD : H6",,s have been found in #rctic air 8Svalbard9 at mean concentrations of >1 $g2m
!

8200A9 and A1? $g2m
!
8200>91 _-H6",, was the $redominant stereoisomer followed by ]-H6",,
and a low contribution of ^-H6",,1 -arlier results from remote stations in Sweden and (inland
ranged from 2 to 2@0 $g2m
!
1 8-(S#5 20a9

TBBPA : "om$arable concentrations of +66P# were found at a rural site in northern Kermany
8ranging from b010/ to 01@? $g2m
!
9 and over the 3adden Sea 8ranging from 01! to 01A. $g2m
!
95
whereas the concentrations over the )ortheast #tlantic Ocean ranged from b010/ to 01> $g2m
!
5
with the highest concentration $resent in a sam$le collected at the 3est )orwegian coast5 indicat-
ing an in$ut source from land to ocean 8Nie et al.5 200> as cited by -(S#5 20c91 +he levels of
+66P# in ambient air are considerably lower than the levels of H6",, mentioned above1

6ther B;'s R Other 6(7s in air in the )ordic countries have been analysed by Schlabach et al.
8209 and are further described in section ?1!121

Soil
+he dominating source of 6(7s in arable soil is via a$$lication of sludge from sewage treatment
$lants 8-(S#5 20b91 +he releases to soil by a$$lication of sludge are discussed in section /11 +he
-(S# reviews $rovide limited data on 6(7s in soil and no estimates of the $ossible e;$osure to


6(7s from inta'e of soil1 (or infants and toddlers the inta'e by from house and car dust5 mentioned
later5 seems to be a more significant e;$osure source1

Drin"in# (ater
+he -(S# reviews generally do not $rovide any data on the 6(7s in drin'ing water and the $ossible
e;$osure to 6(7s via drin'ing water1

;ood
#ccording to the -(S# reviews5 for the general $o$ulation food is the ma*or source of e;$osure to
6(7s1

PBD0s : #nalyses of P6,- in food in ,enmar' have been underta'en by the ,anish Veterinary
and (ood #dministration in 200. and 2001 4n 2005 sam$les of beef 8?/ sam$les95 $or' 8/A sam-
$les95 mil' 80 sam$les95 egg 8> sam$les9 and lamb 8/ sam$les9 were e;amined for contents of P6,-
8,V(#5 20091 #ll sam$les had contents *ust below the tolerable level of 00 ng2g fat determined by
the ,anish Veterinary and (ood #dministration1 +he same was the case for all sam$les analysed in
200.1

# -uro$ean level monitoring $rogram has been carried out since 200A1 +he results obtained from
the analyses of . P6,- congeners on !5.> food sam$les were $rovided to -(S# by -uro$ean
countries5 covering the $eriod from 200 to 200. 8-(S#520b91 +he following focuses on the data
for deca6,- 86,--20.91

+he levels of 6,--20. were the highest in almost all of the food categories e;ce$t for E(ish and
other seafood 8including am$hibians5 re$tiles5 snails and insects9\ and E(ood for infants and small
children\5 where 6,--/> was the congener with the highest levels1 +he food categories that contrib-
ute most to the e;$osure to 6,--20. are animal and vegetable fats and oils5 and mil' and dairy
$roducts5 with relative contributions of /!1? M and /1> M res$ectively 8ma;imum u$$er bound
8U69
0
across -uro$ean countries and surveys91

+he highest dietary e;$osure is due to 6,--/> and 6,--20.1 +he estimated mean chronic dietary
e;$osure for average consumers across the dietary surveys in -uro$ean countries ranges from 01!?
8minimum lower bound 8L699 to 21@2 8ma;imum U69 ng2'g bw $er day for 6,--20.1 (or high
consumers5 the minimum L6 and ma;imum U6 dietary e;$osure estimates of 6,--/> are for 6,--
20. - 01> and /1?@ ng2'g bw $er day5 res$ectively1

(or children from to ! years old5 the dietary inta'e of 6,--/>5 -..5 -?! and -20.5 for average and
high consumers5 is about !-A times higher than for adults1 +he "O)+#& Panel noted that e;$osure
to 6,--.. for this age grou$ could be overestimated due to one high sam$le in the category E(ood
for infants and small childrenF1 8-(S#520b9

-(S# 820b9 concludes that the available data indicate a $otential health concern for dietary e;$o-
sure for young children 8-! years9 to 6,--..1 (or other congeners5 the estimated dietary inta'e for
the different $o$ulation grou$s indicates that current dietary e;$osure is unli'ely to raise a health
concern 8-(S#5 20b91

4BCDD
Denmar" : +he ,anish )ational (ood 4nstitute has evaluated the content of chemical contami-
nants in food in the $eriod 200/-20 at the re=uest of the ,anish Veterinary and (ood #dministra-
tion 8,+U (ood5 20!91 +he study $resents data on the occurrence of `H6",, and +66P# in fish

0
-(S# use an a$$roach for data re$orted to be below the limit of detection 8LO,9 or limit of =uantification 8LOl9 where
results below the LO, or LOl are either re$resented by a value e=ual to the LO,2LOl 8u$$er bound5 U69 or Bero 8lower
bound5 L69 8-(S#5 200b9

brominated flame retardants >!

from ,anish waters and the e;$osure of ,anish adults and children to `H6",, are estimated1 +he
results show that ]-H6",, was $resent in the highest amounts5 followed by _-H6",, and
^H6",,1 +he highest levels of the sum of the H6",, isomers 8}H6",,9 were found in cod liver
that is used e1g1 for the $roduction of vitamin su$$lies 8Vitamin ,91 +he cod liver contained !>-AAM
li$id and ng2g w1w1 }H6",,1 Salmon5 being a fatty fish with li$id levels from 0-2!M5 contained
the second largest contaminant levels5 21/? ng2g w1w11 +he mac'erel ta'en from the )orth Sea con-
tained 2!-2.M li$id and an average }H6",, level of 01.! ng2g w1w1 4n conclusion5 the results of A!
fish sam$les for food consum$tion showed }H6",, levels from b010-A1> ng2g w1w1 or b01-0
ng2g li$id1

+he distribution of }H6",, e;$osure from fish for the adult $o$ulation in ,enmar' showed that a
large $ro$ortion of the $o$ulation has a low e;$osure to H6",, from fish1 +he curve decreases
slowly5 as some individuals have a relatively high H6",, e;$osure from fish1 +he mean e;$osure
for adults is 01. ng2'g body weight $er day5 and the .?th $ercentile is 01>? ng2'g bw2day1 +he
}H6",, e;$osure for children aged /-/ is 012! ng2'g bw2day and the e;$osure for high consum-
ers5 estimated as the .? $ercentile5 is 12@ ng2'g bw2day1 +he }H6",, e;$osure is mainly derived
from eating salmon and herring1 +he &argin of -;$osure 8&O-9 was calculated relative to the ef-
fect of the most sensitive end-$oint5 and based on the mean and the .?
th
$ercentiles 8re$resenting
high consum$tion91 +he calculated inta'e and the &O-s are shown in +able /!1 +he authors con-
cluded that the &O-s are of no food safety concern1

TAB>0 )*
"#L"UL#+4O) O( &O- O( }H6",, (O7 ,#)4SH #,UL+S 8#K-, ?->?9 #), "H4L,7-) 8#K-, //9 8,+U (OO,5
20!9

0ffect
le1el
FS#D"#
b(DdayG
03%osure
#rou%
Danish
adults
Fn#D"#
b(DdayG
+60 Danish
children
Fn#D"#
b(DdayG
+60
B+D>$.
neurode1elo%mental
effects on beha1iour
>.0 &ean 01. /1 ; 0
A
012! !1/ ; 0
A

.?
th
$ercen-
tile
01>? ; 0
A
12@ A>5000

09 : +he mean dietary e;$osure to H6",,s across dietary surveys in -uro$ean countries was
estimated by -(S# 820a9 for children from three to ten years old 8FOther childrenF95 ranging from
01? - 1@? ng2'g body weight 8bw9 $er day for the minimum lower bound 8L69 and ma;imum u$-
$er bound 8U695 res$ectively1 +otal dietary e;$osure for adults is about half the e;$osure for FOther
childrenF5 with minimum L6 and ma;imum U65 res$ectively5 of 010. and 01.. ng2'g bw $er day1
,ietary e;$osure to H6",,s is decreasing with increasing age down to 010A - 01?/ ng2'g bw $er
day for the minimum L6 and ma;imum U65 res$ectively5 for pVery elderlyD 8from >? years of age and
older91 Similar e;$osure $atterns across age classes are found for the dietary inta'e of high consum-
ers 8.?th $ercentile91 (or a s$ecific $o$ulation grou$ consisting of high consumers of fish5 the total
mean dietary U6 inta'e of H6",, 8ma;imum U6 across -uro$ean surveys9 is 21>A ng2'g bw $er
day1 +he total dietary U6 inta'e of consumers of fish liver 8once a wee'9 is estimated to be 1./
ng2'g bw 8-(S#5 20a91

"onsidering the L6 estimates5 the contribution of p(ish meat and $roductsD to the median inta'e of
H6",,s across -uro$ean dietary surveys vary from @! to @@12 M for the different age classes1 +he
second highest dietary source of dietary e;$osure to H6",,s is the food grou$ p&eat and meat
$roductsD5 with median L6 contribution across -uro$ean dietary surveys5 ranging from A1 to @1. M5
and median U6 from .1@ to ?1! M5 for different age classes 8-(S#5 20a91

>/ brominated flame retardants

-(S# 820a9 concluded that the estimated dietary inta'e for the different $o$ulation grou$s indi-
cate that current dietary e;$osure to H6",,s in the -uro$ean Union does not raise a health con-
cern1

TBBPA = +he ,anish study of content of chemical contaminants in food in the $eriod 200/-20
included analyses of +66P# in sam$les of fish 8,+U (ood5 20!91 +66P# was almost undetectable
in the sam$les5 ty$ically at a level of less than M of the level of `H6",,1 +he highest value was
0102 ng2g w1w1 from 20 sam$les of herring1 )o assessment of the inta'e of +66P# was included in
the study1

-(S#Ss "O)+#& Panel concluded that the submitted occurrence data were not suitable to carry out
a reliable dietary e;$osure assessment for the general $o$ulation or s$ecific $o$ulation grou$s such
as infants5 children or vegetarians 8-(S#5 20c91 # hy$othetical worst case dietary e;$osure esti-
mate for +66P# was considered for the s$ecific grou$ of adult high fish consumers by 9 substitut-
ing the concentration levels of +66P# in fish5 all re$orted as not =uantified5 by the LOl of ng2g
wet weight and 29 assuming a daily high fish consum$tion of 21A g2'g body weight 8bw9 +he result-
ing Eu$$er bound\ e;$osure estimate was 21A ng2'g bw $er day1 #ccording to -(S# 820c95 the
available data indicates that current dietary e;$osure to +66P# in the -U does not raise a health
concern1

DBDP0 R # total of 00 com$osite sam$les of various food commodities were $re$ared after col-
lection of individual sub-sam$les at the $roduction or $rocessing stage in the U01 )o sam$le con-
tained ,6,P- levels above the limit of detection 8range as re$orted by the authors9 of 01.-! 8mil'95
12- 21> 8carcass fat95 1/2->1.> 8liver9 and ),-A10 8eggs9 ng2g fat 8+lustos et al.5 200 as cited by
-(S#5 2091 +he "O)+#& Panel noted5 however5 that observations in wildlife5 $articularly in fish5
indicate that ,6,P- might also be $resent in food1

6ther B;'s : #ccording to -(S# 820b95 limited information could be identified on other 6(7s
in food5 although the observations in wildlife5 $articularly in fish5 indicate that many of the 6(7s
might also be $resent in food1

Indoor climate
+he indoor climate may be a significant source of e;$osure to some of the 6(7s5 es$ecially for chil-
dren1

PBD0s : # ,anish e;$osure study from 200. of $regnant women and their unborn children
demonstrated $ositive correlations for 6,--2@5 -/>5 -005 -20. and `P6,- in maternal $lasma and
house dust5 as well as for `P6,- in umbilical cord $lasma and house dust1 8(rederi'sen et al.5
2009 +he $ositive correlations between the levels of P6,-s in house dust and the various biologi-
cal matrices indicated that house dust was a significant source of P6,- e;$osure in ,enmar'1

-(S# 8202b9 reviews a number of studies on P6,-s in dust and the relation between e;$osures
and the levels in humans1 -(S#Ss "O)+#& $anel summarises that the available e;$osure estimates
indicate that house and car dust can be im$ortant routes of e;$osure es$ecially for children to 6,--
20.1 "oncentrations in dust a$$ear to influence blood2human mil'2$lacenta concentrations signifi-
cantly1 However5 the "O)+#& $anel also noted that e;$osure from dust is of no health concern
8-(S#5 20b91

+he highest concentrations of 6,--20. in dust worldwide were detected in the U05 which is the
only -U country with s$eciUc re=uirements for Vame retardancy in domestic u$holstery 8Vor'am$5
2029

4BCDD : ,ust in homes5 classrooms and cars can be a source of e;$osure to H6",,s for children1

brominated flame retardants >?

6ased on the level of total H6",, in dust5 #bdallah et al. 8200@b5 as cited by -(S#5 209 identi-
fied dust ingestion as an im$ortant $athway of e;$osure to H6",, for the U0 $o$ulation1 #verage
dust ingestion was estimated to constitute 2!1. M of total e;$osure to H6",,s for adults and A21A
M for toddlers1 High dust inta'e scenarios 8.?
th
$ercentile9 resulted in values of ?>1. M and .1? M5
res$ectively1 4nhalation was found to be a minor e;$osure $athway to H6",,s contributing 12 M
or less in all scenarios1

#ssuming a body weight of 20 'g the e;$osure through dust in homes5 classrooms and cars was
estimated to be 01??5 ?1. and !!0 ng2'g bw for three scenarios5 res$ectively 8-(S#5 20a91 +he
three scenarios were a plow-endD scenario where the child ingests ?0 mg dust $er day contaminated
at the ?
th
$ercentile concentration5 one pty$icalD scenario where ?0 mg dust $er day contaminated at
the median concentration is ingested5 and one phigh-endD scenario where the child ingests 200 mg
dust $er day contaminated at the .?
th
$ercentile concentration1 +he "O)+#& Panel concluded that
the pty$icalD e;$osure scenario $rovided the most realistic estimate of e;$osure to H6",,s from
dust1

+he available studies indicate according to -(S# 820a9 that the daily non-dietary e;$osure5 main-
ly through dust in homes5 offices5 schools5 cars and the $ublic environment can substantially con-
tribute5 and in some cases even dominate the total human e;$osure to H6",,s5 es$ecially for tod-
dlers and children1 +a'ing into account the uncertainties in the dust e;$osure estimates and con-
sidering the use of U6 dietary inta'e estimates5 the "O)+#& Panel5 however5 concluded that the
available information indicates that it is unli'ely that additional e;$osure to H6",,s from dust
raises a health concern1

TBBPA : ,ust in homes5 classrooms and cars can be an additional source of e;$osure to +66P#5
$articularly for children1 &ean concentrations of +66P# in indoor dust from homes5 offices5 cars
and $ublic microenvironments were re$orted to be in the range of A-220 ng2g dust 8-(S#5 20c91
"onsidering the .?
th
$ercentile +66P# concentration in dust of /A0 ng2g5 the e;$osure based on a
ty$ical or high end e;$osure scenario would be 12 or /1A ng2'g bw $er day5 res$ectively 8-(S#5
20c91 +he "O)+#& Panel concluded that the available data indicate that e;$osure of children to
+66P# from dust does not raise a health concern 8-(S#5 20c91

DBDP0 R # number of studies of ,6,P- in indoor air and dust have been $erformed1 0arlsson et
al. 8200>9 studied ,6,P- in house dust sam$led in five homes from three Swedish cities and found
,6,P- in all but one sam$le in concentrations ranging from 201@ to 2 ng2g dust1 +he authors
also analysed the va$our $hase and found ,6,P- in only one sam$le5 01022. ng2m
!
1 Harrad et al.
8200@9 re$orted the levels of ,6,P- in dust t sam$les from U0 homes5 offices and cars1 #verage
8and ma;imum9 concentrations were found to be 2>0 8!5/0095 >0 8@A09 and .00 825.009 ng2g
dust5 res$ectively1 Similar levels was found by #li et al. 8209 in dust sam$les collected in 6elgian
homes and offices5 and in U0 child-care centre and $rimary school classrooms 8n P !A9 in 200> and
200@1 +he median 8min-ma;9 concentrations were ?! 8??-252A9 ng2g dust5 >2 8>0 R @/A9 ng2g
dust and .@ 8b 20 - 2 /A>9 ng2g dust5 res$ectively1 +he ty$ical 8median9 e;$osure via high dust
ingestion was calculated to be 1@. and 01@ ng2'g bw $er day for toddlers and adults5 res$ectively1
+hese concentrations were high com$ared to the concentrations found for other 6(7s as discussed
below1

6ther B;'s R 4n a study from the )ordic "ountries the levels of brominated ethers and esters
were higher in the indoor air sam$les com$ared to outdoor air 8Schlabach et al.5 2091 4n indoor
air5 6+6P- was found in the highest concentrations5 ranging from .-. $g2m
!
while 6-H+6H was
found in concentrations around > $g2m
!
5 and ,P+- in concentrations around $g2m
!
1 #+-5 6#+-
and -H+e66 could not be detected1

>A brominated flame retardants

#li et al. 8209 studied brominated flame retardants in dust sam$led in schools and offices in 6el-
gium and the U01 +he following 6(7s were =uantiUedC ,6,P- 8b20R2/>0 ng2g95 6+6P- 8 b01?R
5>/0 ng2g95 +66P#-,6P- 8b20R.5.A0 ng2g95 +66 8b2R/!A ng2g9 and +6PH9 8range b2RA5>?
ng2g91 ,6H"+, was below the detection limit in all sam$les1 +y$ical e;$osure with high dust inges-
tion estimates for adults and toddlers were estimates atC 6+6P- 8010 2 010?95 ,6,P- 8012 21. 95
+66 8010 2 010@95 +6PH 80102 2 01/9 and +66P#-,6P- 8010@ 2 129 ng2'g bw2d1 "om$ared to the
other analysed 6(7s5 the e;$osure to ,6,P- in the dusts was significantly higher1

Sta$leton et al. 8200@ as cited by -(S# 202a9 found 6-H-+-6P and -H-+66 in dust sam$les5
collected in homes in 6oston in concentrations of !1?- 05A!0 ng2g dust 8mean /2 ng2g dust9 for
6-H-+-6P and A1A-?50!0 ng2g dust 8mean !! ng2g dust9 for -H-+661 Sta$leton et al. 8200.9
studied ?0further dust sam$les5 and found 6-H-+-6P in !0 of these sam$les in concentrations
ranging from b !00 to />50 ng2g dust 8meanP A?0 ng2g dust9 and -H-+66 in concentrations
b/?0->?5000 ng2g 8mean P @/0 ng2g dust91

0arlsson et al. 8200> as cited by -(S#5 202a9 studied 6+6P- in house dust sam$led in five homes
from three Swedish cities and found 6+6P- in all sam$les in concentrations ranging from 21?2 to
@1? ng2g dust5 with a mean of /1@ ng2g dust1 +he authors also analysed the va$our $hase but they
did not detect 6+6P- above LO, 8010@ ng2m
!
91

Harrad et al. 8200@ as cited by -(S#5 202a9 re$orted the levels of 6+6P- in dust sam$les from U0
homes5 offices and cars1 #verage 8and ma;imum9 concentrations were found to be 20 85.0095 >12
8/09 and >1> 82.9 ng2g dust5 res$ectively1

Ohu et al. 8200@ cited by -(S#5 202a9 identified ,6H"+, in residential indoor dust in Ottawa5
"anada at a mean concentration of 5A00 ng2g dust and a ma;imum concentration of .!5000 ng2g
dust1 4n residential indoor air the mean concentration was 2/0 $g2m
!
and the ma;imum concentra-
tion !5000 $g2m
!
1

Shoeib et al. 8202 as cited by -(S#5 202a9 analysed O6+&P4 in dust in vacuum cleaner bags
collected in Vancouver during 200>-200@1 O6+&P4 was detected in @ M of the sam$les with a mean
concentration of ! ng2g 8in detectable sam$les only9 and a ma;imum concentration of /A ng2g1

Perinatal e3%osure F%lacental transfer and breast mil"G
3ith regard to the to;icity end$oints5 e;$osure to 6(7 is $articularly critical during the human
brain growth s$urt5 covering the third trimester of $regnancy and e;tending to the Urst 2 years of
the childDs life1 8Vor'am$5 20291 4n utero e;$osure to 6(7s can ta'e $lace if the com$ounds cross
the $lacental barrier1 )eonatal e;$osure occurs $rimarily through breast mil'5 while direct inges-
tion of and contact with 6(7s becomes increasingly im$ortant with increasing mobility1 Little is
'nown about transfer mechanisms in utero1 Several studies have shown the $resence of 6(7s in
umbilical cord bloodI these have documented that $lacental transfer does ta'e $lace and that the
foetus is e;$osed to 6(7s 8Vor'am$5 20291

DecaBD0 = +he P6,- concentrations in umbilical cord blood reVect that $enta6,- was used
more e;tensively in the US1 +he US studies have re$orted median levels of 20R/0 ng2g lw5 whereas
-uro$ean levels are one order of magnitude below these concentrations5 as shown in studies from
many -uro$ean countries 8Vor'am$5 20291 &aternal and umbilical cord levels of P6,-s are gen-
erally highly correlated1 Several studies have found decreased $lacental transfer with increasing
degree of brominationI however5 inde$endence of the level of bromination has also been $ostulated1
(indings for 6,--20. are inconsistent and dicult to inter$ret5 $artly because no clear trends have
been established for adult blood either5 and $artly because of analytical challenges 8Vor'am$5
20291 Higher brominated 6,-s 8octa- to deca6,-s9 were found to account for a$$ro;imately .0M
of the total P6,- burden in umbilical cord blood in some studies1 Other studies5 however5 found

brominated flame retardants >>

6,--20.at concentrations close to or below detection limits 8as reviewed by Vor'am$5 20291 4n a
,anish study the `P6,- concentration in the umbilical cord sam$les varied between 2! and
?/5!/A $g2g lw5 with a median of .?@ $g2g lw 8(rederi'sen et a15 200.91 4n the maternal sam$les
where the 6,--20. analysis was successful5 the concentrations of 6,--20. contributed on average
?0M to the total P6,- burden 8rangeC .R@AM91 4n the umbilical cord $lasma sam$les5 6,--20.
was detected in all sam$les5 but the concentrations were below or close to those found in the blan's1
#ccording to the authors5 other studies have detected 6,--20. in cord blood with LOls similar to
those of this study5 indicating that5 to some e;tent5 trans$ort of 6,--20. does ta'e $lace 8(reder-
i'sen et al.5 200.91

+he average concentrations of the $redominant P6,- congeners in human mil' show a com$arable
mean contamination across various -uro$ean countries 8-(S#5 20b91 6,--/> was generally the
$redominant congener with mean concentrations across countries of 01/-!10 ng2g fat1 +he average
concentrations across -uro$ean countries for 6,--.. and 6,--?! were found to be b010!-1
ng2g fat and 010-21/ ng2g fat5 res$ectively1 However5 the individual contamination may differ con-
siderably as indicated by the wide concentration ranges for several P6,-s from various countries1
(or 6,--20.5 mean concentrations between 012 and 21. ng2g fat were re$orted for seven -uro$e-
an countries1

(or breast-fed infants with average human mil' consum$tion5 the mean daily e;$osure of 6,--/>5 -
.. and -?! across countries ranges from 01A/-!1@5 b01/-?10? and 01/A-10 ng2'g bw (or 6,--
20.5 the e;$osure scenario based on average human mil' consum$tion results in a range of 01.A-
!1! ng2'g bw $er day1 (or infants with a high human mil' consum$tion the res$ective mean daily
e;$osure across -uro$ean countries for 6,--/>5 -.. and -?! ranges from 01.A-201A5 b01/->1?>
and 01A.-A1? ng2'g bw (or 6,--20. the e;$osure scenario based on high human mil' consum$-
tion amounts to 1//-2010 ng2'g bw $er day1

-vidence e;ists regarding elimination of 6,--20. in human mil' as shown by #ntignac et al.
8200@9 who found that this com$ound was one of the ma*or P6,- congeners found in human mil'
collected between the !
rd
and A
th
day after delivery in .! volunteer women1

4BCDD : (or breast-fed infants with average human mil' consum$tion 8@00 mL $er day9 the
re$orted range for total H6",, in human mil' 801!-! ng2g fat9 results in daily e;$osures of 01A0-
/2 ng2'g bw (or infants with high human mil' consum$tion 85200 mL $er day9 this is 01.0-2!
ng2'g bw 8-(S#5 20a91 +he concentration of H6",, in human mil' in Sweden increased during
the $eriod .@0-200 as shown in section A1/121 -(S# 820a9 concludes that it is unli'ely that
e;$osure of breast-fed infants via human mil' raises a health concern1

TBBPA = +he detection of +66P# in cord serum collected from (rench women during caesarean
deliveries 8"ariou et al.5 200@ as cited by -(S#5 202c9 confirms that trans-$lacental transfer of
+66P# occurs in humans1

,ata on levels of +66P# in human mil' are scarce 8-(S#5 20c9. (or ! month old breast-fed in-
fants in (rance with average human mil' consum$tion 8@00 mL $er day95 concentrations of +66P#
in human mil' 8ranging from 010A to !>1! ng2g fat9 result in daily e;$osures of 012@ to > ng2'g
b1w 8"ariou et al.5200@ as cited by -(S#5 20c91 (or infants with high human mil' consum$tion
85200 mL2day9 the res$ective daily e;$osures range from 01/ to 2?> ng2'g bw 8-(S#5 20c91 +he
data from the (rench study showed the widest range and the highest median and average concen-
trations1 +he "O)+#& Panel noted that5 in contrast to the other studies5 the analytical method
a$$lied in the (rench investigation included a hydrolysis ste$ in the sam$le $re$aration in order to
cleave $otential glucuronide or sul$hate con*ugates1 +his may e;$lain the higher values re$orted1

>@ brominated flame retardants

-(S# 820c9 concludes that e;$osure of breast-fed infants to +66P# via human mil' does not raise
a health concern1

6ther B;'s : (or all other 6(7s there is a lac' of basic information on their occurrence in human
sam$les5 including human mil'1 (u*ii et al. 8202 as cited by -(S#5 202a9 analysed H66 in human
mil' sam$les 8n P /09 from mothers living in %a$an1 H66 was detected in all sam$les but one5 with
a median and mean concentration of 01!2 and 01?! ng2g fat5 res$ectively 8middle bound a$$roach5
LOl 010? ng2g fat91

,.* Bio:monitorin# data
6iomonitoring data for 6(7s have recently been reviewed by -(S#Ss "O)+#& $anel and Vor'am$
82029 and the following is5 to a large e;tent5 e;tracted from these reviews1

Since 6(7s are $ersistent organic $ollutants and li$o$hilic5 they are associated with fat5 and the
highest levels are measured in the li$id-rich tissues1 4n monitoring e;ercises all results are therefore
calculated on a fat basis in order to get more relevant com$arisons and trends1

&ost human bio-monitoring investigations of 6(7s have studied human mil' sam$les5 many have
studied human blood serum2$lasma and only a few have studied adi$ose tissue or hair sam$les1

,.*.$ Blood serum and adi%ose tissue
PBD0 : 4n human adi$ose tissue and liver sam$les re$orted in the literature from different -uro-
$ean countries5 6,--?! was the most $redominant congener 810-21? ng2g fat9 followed by 6,--
/>1 4n $lacental tissue5 serum or blood 6,--/> was the $redominant congener 801A->10 ng2g fat9
followed by 6,--?! and 6,--..1 8-(S#5 20b91

3hen analysed5 6,--20. was re$orted to be the most $redominant congener in serum or blood
sam$les 801>>-!> ng2g fat9 8-(S#5 20b91

4BCDD : #ccording to -(S# 820a95 the median concentration of total H6",, in serum and
adi$ose tissue sam$les was in general not higher than ! ng2g fat5 e;ce$t when considering occu$a-
tional e;$osure where the levels were re$orted to be u$ to 0 ng2g fat1 ]-H6",, was found to be
the dominating isomer in serum and adi$ose tissue sam$les5 while ^- and _-H6",, were not de-
tected or contributed only -! M to the total1 4n contrast5 in serum sam$les from wor'ers e;$osed to
H6",,s5 the contribution of _-H6",, was re$orted to be much higher 8!. M9 $ointing to direct
e;$osure to the technical H6",, where _-H6",, is $redominant 8about >@ M91 +herefore5 higher
levels of _-H6",, than ]-H6",, might indicate recent e;$osure to technical H6",,1

Lignell et al. 8209 studied the tem$oral trends of H6",, in blood serum from mothers $regnant
for the first time from U$$sala 8Sweden9 between ..A and 2001 +he concentrations of H6",,
were below the LOl in more than >0 M of the sam$les1 +he mean concentration in the $eriod ..A-
200 was 012@ ng2g fat1 #fter linear regression analysis5 the authors re$orted that the H6",, level
in serum decreased significantly during the study $eriod1 +his decrease re$orted by the authors is in
contrast to a steady increase observed in $ooled human mil' sam$les from Stoc'holm1

TBBPA R -(S# 820c9 concludes that the studies in the literature re$orting levels of +66P# in
human sam$les other than human mil' are limited and no studies have been found re$orting levels
of +66P# derivatives1 +he levels found varies among the studies which may be attributed to differ-
ent analytical methods1 4n )orway5 +homsen et al. 8200> as cited by -(S#5 20c9 analysed +66P#
in archived $ooled serum sam$les from )orway sam$led from different county hos$itals yearly
since .>?1 +66P# was found in all serum $ools from .@2 to 200!5 as well as methylated +66P#1
+he concentration for the sum of both +66P# and methylated +66P# ranged from bLOl 801 ng2g
fat9 to 210 ng2g fat1 4n (rance5 "ariou et al. 8200@ as cited by -(S#5 20c9 analysed the concentra-

brominated flame retardants >.

tion of +66P# in maternal and cord serum5 and adi$ose tissue sam$led from volunteers during
caesarean deliveries5 and human mil'1 +66P# was not detected in any of the adi$ose tissue sam$les
analysed 8nP//91 4n maternal serum5 +66P# was =uantified in 2. out of the . sam$les analysed
with a median 8min-ma;9 concentration of A1/ 8012!-.!1229 ng2g fat5 while in cord serum it was
=uantified in 2> out of the .0 sam$les analysed with a median concentration of ?/1>A 8210.-A/.1/?9
ng2g fat1 )o significant correlation could be established by the authors between the concentrations
of +66P# in maternal and cord serum1 )o relation was found between the age of the volunteer
women and the concentration in maternal serum1

DBDP0 = ,6,P- could not be identified above the LO, 810! ng2g fat9 in ? human $lasma sam-
$les from Sweden 80arlsson et al.5 200> as cited by -(S#5 202a91

6ther B;'s : 6+6P- was analysed in human $lasma sam$les 8n P ?9 from Sweden5 but was not
identified in any of these sam$les above the LO, of 1! ng2g fat 80arlsson et al.5 200> as cited by
-(S#5 202a91

,.*.& 4uman mil"
PBD0s = +he average concentrations of the $redominant P6,- congeners in human mil' are
rather com$arable across various -uro$ean countries 8-(S#5 20b91 6,--/> was the most $re-
dominant congener with mean concentrations across countries of 01/-!10 ng2g fat1 +he mean con-
centration of 6,--.. across -uro$ean countries was b010!-1 ng2g fat5 and of 6,--?! it was
010-21/ ng2g fat1 However5 the individual contamination may differ considerably as indicated by
the wide concentration ranges for several P6,-s from various countries1 6,--20. was analysed in
seven studies with mean concentrations between 012 and 21@ ng2g fat 8-(S#5 20b91 4n a ,anish-
(innish study on breast mil'5 the sum of P6,-s in breast mil' did not differ between ,enmar' and
(inland 8median5 !1?2 vs1 !1// ng2g fat95 but significant differences in some individual congeners
were found 8&ain1 et al.5 200>91

+he P6,- level in Swedish human mil' almost doubled every four years for the $eriod .>2 to ..>
and $ea'ed around at the end of ..0s1 +his trend ma'es it clear that the $ea' of contamination
occurred at the end of the ..0s 8-(S#5 20b91 #ccording to data from the Swedish monitoring
$rogram5 the sum of the eight P6,- congeners showed mean levels of 21>5 210 and 21? ng2g fat from
the years 200!5 200/ and 200>5 res$ectively1 # com$arable trend was found by (ngstrvm et al.
8200@ as cited by -(S#5 20b9 who analysed $ooled human mil' sam$les from Sweden between
.@0 and 200/1 +he levels for 6,--/> as the $redominant congener continuously increased from
01/ to 212/ ng2g fat between .@0 and ..? and then decreased to 01.2 ng2g fat in 200/1 (or 6,--
?! the concentrations increased between .@0 and 200 from 010? ng2g fat to 1!? ng2g fat and
then decreased to 01.0 ng2g fat in 200/ 8(ngstrvm et al.5 200@91 3hile the median concentration
of 6,--20. was found to be 1 ng2g fat in 200>5 this congener was only detected in A out of the 2.
individual human mil' sam$les collected in 200@-200.20 and then in the range of 012-A1/@ ng2g
fat 86ergman et al.5 200 as cited by -(S#5 20b91

4BCDD : &ore and more studies of H6",, in human mil' are $ublished1 &ost of the data is not
stereos$ecific but re$orts only total H6",,1 -(S# 820a9 re$orts that for the total H6",, con-
centration the concentration in -uro$e ranged from 01! to ! ng2g fat1 3here re$orted5 the mean
and median levels were below 2 ng2g fat1 -;tremely high levels 8meanC /> ng2g fat9 were measured
in S$ain1 +he data from S$ain were not included in -(S#Ss assessment as the data indicated a s$e-
cific contamination source1

+he best trend study is from Sweden5 addressing $ooled sam$les from Stoc'holm showing annual
fluctuations but with a clear u$ward trend for the $eriod .@0-200 as shown in the figure below1 #
similar increasing trend of H6",, in human mil' has been demonstrated in %a$an 8as discussed in
Vor'am$ et al.5 20291


;I89'0 )
+4&- +7-), O( H6",, 4) HU&#) &4L0 (7O& S+O"0HOL&5 S3-,-)5 .@0-200 8-(S#5 20# 6#S-, O) ,#+#
(7O& ()KS+7z& -+ #L15 200@ #), 6-7K&#) -+ #L15 2009

+he levels of H6",, in human mil' from Sweden are rather low com$ared with average levels
more ten times higher in single sam$les analysed5 for instance5 in "anada5 #ustralia and "hina1

4n sam$les from 2 $rovinces of "hina in 200>5 the average concentration of H6",, 8mainly ]-
H6",,9 was about ng2g fat with a ma;imum of 21> ng2g fat 8Shi et al.5 200.91

TBBPA : ,ata on +66P# in human mil' are scarce and limited to three studies from -uro$e and
one study from "hina 8-(S#5 20c91 +he +66P# concentrations range from b010/ to !>1!/ ng2g fat
with average levels between 010A and /1 ng2g fat 8-(S#1 20c91 4n a )orwegian study5 +66P#
was detected for the Urst time in sam$les from .@A and increased slightly u$ to 01A? ng2g lw in
... 8+homsen et al.5 2002 as cited by Vor'am$5 20291

6ther B;'s : (or all other 6(7s there is a lac' of basic information on their occurrence in human
sam$les5 including human mil'1 (u*i et al. 82025 as cited by -(S#5 202a9 analysed H66 in human
mil' sam$les 8n P /09 from mothers living in %a$an1 H66 was detected in all sam$les but one5 with
a median and mean concentration of 01!2 and 01?! ng2g fat5 res$ectively 8middle bound a$$roach5
LOl 010? ng2g fat91

,.*.* 4air
+he identified reviews do not summarise studies in 6(7s in hair and no -uro$ean studies of 6(7s
in hair has been identified1
Several studies of 6(7s in hair have been underta'en in "hina and other #sian countries1
Oheng et al1 8209 analysed 6(7 levels and sources of brominated flame retardants in human hair
from urban5 e-waste5 and rural areas in South "hina1 6(7 concentrations in hair from occu$ational
e-waste recycling wor'ers were higher than those from non-occu$ationally e;$osed residents in
other sam$ling areas1 P6,-s and ,6,P- were the two ma*or 6(7s in hair sam$les1 +he P6,-
congener $rofiles in hair from the e-waste area were different from those from urban and rural
areas5 with relatively higher contributions of lower brominated congeners1 ,6,P-5 instead of 6,--
20.5 was the ma*or 6(7 in non-e-waste recycling areas1 Significant correlations were found be-
tween hair level and dust level for ,6,P- and 6+6P- but not for P6,-s1 +he different P6,- con-
gener $rofiles between dust and hair may suggest that e;ogenous e;$osure to the P6,- adsorbed
on dust is not a ma*or source of hair P6,-s1
,etection of $olybrominated bi$henyl ethers 8P6,-s9 in newborn and childrenDs hair have been
evaluated as a tool for determining in utero e;$osure1 P6,-s were detected in all of the newborn
and child hair in a study from "anada 8#la'sa et al.5 2091 +he }P6,- ranged from 010!@ to 10
$g2mg in newborn hair and from 0120@ to 21A.? ng2mg in child hair1 +he most abundant P6,- in
0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
H
B
C
D
D

n
g
/
g

f
a
t
Year

brominated flame retardants @

newborn hair was 6,--?!5 while in child hair the variable P6,-s were 6,--/> and 6,--..1 +he
highest molecular weight congener 6,--20. was detected in 022/ $aediatric hair sam$les1
,.) 4uman health im%act
PBD0s R &ain et al. 8200>9 re$orted significantly higher levels of P6,-s 8measured as a sum of
6,--/>5 -?!5 -..5 -005 -2@5 -AA5 and -?/9 in breast mil' of mothers to newborn boys with cry$-
torchidism 8undescended testicles9 than in breast mil' of the mothers of boys without cry$torchid-
ism 8&ain et al.5 200>95 in a $ros$ective ,anish-(innish study1

# large number of e$idemiological studies on the effects of P6,-s on thyroid and endocrine disru$-
tion5 cancer5 diabetes and metabolic syndrome5 effects on fertility and offs$ring and neurodevelo$-
ment effects have been reviewed by -(S# 820b91 +he data were summariBed as follows by the
"O)+#& $anel 8-(S#5 20b9C &ost e$idemiological studies suggested an association between
P6,-s and 8sub9clinical hy$erthyroidism 8overactive thyroid95 and with neuro$sychological func-
tioning 8motor5 cognitive and behavioural $erformance5 and mental and $hysical develo$ment in
children91 +he "O)+#& Panel noted5 however5 that the observed effects on thyroid hormone levels
were not always consistent5 and that e;$osure to other halogenated contaminants could have con-
founded the outcome of these studies1

4n three human studies5 effects on neuro$sychological functioning were associated with e;$osure to
P6,-s5 but these results were heterogeneous1 #lthough one study controlled for P"6s5 ,,+5 ,,-
and H"65 in general5 e;$osure to other halogenated contaminants could have interfered with the
outcome of these studies1 8-(S#5 20b9

+here was no association between high fish consum$tion and breast cancer and levels of P6,-s in
breast cancer tissues1 )o associations were found in case-control studies of testicular and $ancreat-
ic cancer1 However5 the small sam$le siBe and confounding by other contaminants and2or lifestyle
factors limit the inter$retation of these studies1 8-(S#5 20b9

Some studies lin' diabetes and metabolic syndrome $revalence to serum concentrations of POPs1
One cross-sectional study suggests associations of 6,--?! e;$osure with diabetes and metabolic
syndrome1 #nother study found a non-signiUcant association of P6,-s with diabetes only in sub-
*ects with hy$othyroid disease1 +he "O)+#& Panel noted that cross-sectional studies may not be
the most a$$ro$riate study design to investigate the relationshi$ between diabetes and e;$osure to
P6,-s5 as they cannot rule out reverse causation in which diabetes may enhance POPs accumula-
tion or inhibit their clearance1 8-(S#5 20b9

7ecent studies have re$orted associations of single P6,- congeners and2or the sum of P6,-s in
serum and2or mil' with longer time to $regnancy5 longer length of average menstrual cycle5 shorter
$re-$regnancy menstrual cycle length5 and delay of age when menstruation $eriods begin regularly1
4m$aired birth outcome5 $articularly for decreased birth weight and height5 chest circumference5
and 6&4 of infants were re$orted in offs$ring1 4nverse correlations were observed between the
serum 6,--?! concentration and s$erm concentration and testis siBe1 4n one study5 semen mobili-
ty was negatively related to 6,--/> and 6,--00 and to the sum of 6,--/>5 -..5 -00 and -?!1
P6,- levels in human mil'5 but not in $lacenta5 showed an association with congenital cry$torchid-
ism1 8-(S#5 20b9

+he observed effects on thyroid hormone levels were not always consistent5 and e;$osure to other
halogenated contaminants could have confounded the outcome of these studies1 8-(S#5 20b9

-(S# summarises the conclusions reached by the "O)+#& PanelDs scientific o$inions as follows
8-(S#5 202c9C


"Eight /B#Es 9ere considered of primar- interest and relevant toxicit- data 9ere available for
four of them (B#E-10, -**, -'+) and -!*". The ris< assessment 9as limited to these four, for
9hich the margin of exposure (>;E" approach 9as used. Aor B#E-**, the >;E indicates a po-
tential health concern 9ith respect to the current dietar- exposure. This 9as notable for -oung
children (aged '-) -ears old", although the presence of one food sample in the categor- JAood for
infants and small childrenK 9ith a high concentration of B#E-** could have led to overestimation
of the exposure for this specific age group. Aor B#E-10, -'+) and -!* the current dietar- expo-
sure is unli<el- to raise a health concern. $s numerous products containing /B#Es are still in use,
the surveillance of /B#Es should continue."

6eing endocrine disru$ters5 some 6(7s can affect neurodevelo$ment and have been associated with
re$roductive im$airment5 but according to Vor'am$ 820295 e$idemiological evidence and to;ico-
'inetic information are still s$arse1

# new re$ort F%tate of the %cience of endocrine disrupting chemicalsF from U)-P and 3HO
86ergman et al.5 202b9 discusses the evidence of lin's between e;$osure to P6,-s and endocrine
disru$tion1 #ccording to the assessment5 it has become a$$arent that non-descended testes in
young boys are lin'ed with e;$osure to P6,-s and that P66s are lin'ed to an early age at menarche
and $ubic hair develo$ment1

4BCDD : +here are a few available e$idemiological studies of H6",, e;$osure1 )o associations
were found between bone mineral density or biochemical mar'ers of bone metabolism and
H6",,s in blood serum from an elderly $o$ulation of Swedish fishermen and their wives 83eiss et
al.5 200A91 4n a )orwegian study5 no association between H6",,s in human mil' and neonatal
thyroid-stimulating hormone 8+SH9 was observed 8-ggesbG et al., 2091

-;$osure of males to H6",, in house dust was associated with decreased se; hormone binding
globulin 8SH6K9 and increased free androgen inde; 8(#49 8%ohnson et al.5 20!91 +he latter associa-
tion is illustrated in (igure ?5 ada$ted from %ohnson et al. 820!91

HBCDD (ng/g dust)

;I89'0 /
S"#++-7PLO+ O( H6",, 4) HOUS- ,US+ #), L)-+7#)S(O7&-, (7-- #),7OK-) 4),-N 8(#49 8%OH)SO) ET
$6.5 20!91

8-(S#5 202c9C

"Current dietar- exposure to ,BC##s in the E8 does not raise a health concern. Aurthermore,
additional exposure, particularl- of -oung children, to ,BC##s from house dust is unli<el- to
raise a health concern."

TBBPA : )o human health im$acts of concern have been identified for +66P# 8-"65 200A91

brominated flame retardants @!

8-(S#5 202c9C "Current dietar- exposure to TBB/$ in the E8 does not raise a health concern. &o
occurrence data for TBB/$ derivatives 9ere submitted to EA%$ and no information on their tox-
icit- 9as identified. Therefore a ris< assessment on TBB/$ derivatives 9as not possible.

DBDP0 and 0BT0BPI - -(S# summarises the conclusions reached by the "O)+#& PanelDs
scientific o$inions as follows 8-(S#5 202c9C FBased on the limited experimental data on environ-
mental behaviour, ',-bis(,1,(-tribromophenox-"ethane (BTB/E" and hexabromoben7ene (,BB"
9ere identified as compounds that could raise a concern as reports indicate that the- can accumu-
late in the bod- over time.\

)o data on health im$acts of -6+-6P4 have been identified1

6ther B;'s - -(S# summarises the conclusions reached by the "O)+#& PanelDs scientific o$in-
ions as follows 8-(S#5 202c9C

"Brominated phenols and their derivatives (other than TBB/$ or its derivatives" L due to the lac<
of occurrence data and toxicit- studies, the ris< assessment focused on ,1,(-tribromophenol
(,1,(-TB/" onl-. 5t is unli<el- that current dietar- exposure to ,1,(-TB/ in the E8 9ould raise a
health concern. $lso exposure of infants to ,1,(-TB/ via breast feeding is unli<el- to raise a
health concern. #ue to lac< of data a ris< assessment of the other brominated phenols or their
derivatives 9as not possible."

"Emerging and &ovel BA?s L this opinion loo<s at lesser-<no9n BA?s not covered in the five other
scientific opinions. @hereas JemergingK BA?s have been identified in materials and/or goods and
in 9ildlife, food or humans, JnovelK BA?s have been identified onl- in materials and/or goods but
not in 9ildlife, food or humans. 6imited and 9idel- var-ing data on '0 emerging and '! novel
BA?s 9ere collected. #ue to the lac< of data and limited information on occurrence, exposure and
toxicit- for all these BA?s, a ris< characterisation 9as not possible. 8sing available information
and a modeling exercise, the C;&T$> /anel identified some emerging and novel BA?s that could
be a potential health concern and should be considered first for future investigations. There is
convincing evidence (including more extensive toxicit- data" that the emerging BA? tris(,)-
dibromoprop-l" phosphate (T#B//" and the novel BA? ,-Bis(bromometh-l"-',)-propanediol
(#B&/C" are genotoxic and carcinogenic, 9arranting further surveillance of their occurrence in
the environment and in food. Based on the limited experimental data on environmental behav-
iour, ',-bis(,1,(-tribromophenox-"ethane (BTB/E" and hexabromoben7ene (,BB" 9ere identi-
fied as compounds that could raise a concern as reports indicate that the- can accumulate in the
bod- over time.M

Assessment of the ris" of flame retardants to consumers
4n a study for the -uro$ean "ommission5 Health and "onsumers ,K5 #rcadis 8209 have $er-
formed an assessment of the ris' to consumers from flame retardants in consumer $roducts1 #
consumer ris' assessment using a 7-#"H first tier a$$roach was underta'en for 2/ flame retard-
ants5 including ? 6(7s1 (urthermore5 20 of the flame retardants were selected for an assessment of
the ris' to the environmentI however5 due to the lac' of data about the use volume5 even a first tier
ris' assessment could not be carried out1

+he consumer ris' assessment was based on an assessment of human health effects and an assess-
ment of the e;$osure of consumers1 +he e;$osure to consumers was estimated as direct dermal and
inhalation e;$osure to the substances during the consumer use of the articles5 and the oral e;$osure
which mainly consisted of e;$osure to the substances in food and dust1 +he flame retardants5 based
on the ris' assessment5 were grou$ed into the following classes 8only grou$ing of the 6(7s is shown
here9C

@/ brominated flame retardants

Krou$C Fno need for immediate ris' management5 based on the a$$roach of this studyF
,P,P-
+66P#
Krou$C Fno need for immediate ris' management5 based on the a$$roach of this study5 but
with concerns\
,eca6,-
H6",,
Krou$C FinconclusiveF
+66P#-6,6P-
Krou$C Eris'\
)one of the 6(7s 8only (7 in this grou$s was isodecyl di$henyl $hos$hate91

,./ Summary and conclusions
4uman ha2ards
+he discussed brominated flame retardants cover a broad s$ectrum of chemicals with both related
and dissimilar $ro$erties1 4t is therefore difficult to generaliBe1

6rominated flame retardants 86(7s9 such as P6,-s5 P66P#5 H6",, and others do have bromine
content in common5 and the carbon-bromine bond is stronger than the carbon-hydrogen bond5
which ma'es these substances more thermodynamically stable and more resistant to biodegrada-
tion1 Kenerally5 the $ersistence increases with increasing numbers of bromine atoms in a molecule1

+hese molecules are insoluble in water and hydro$hobic5 but are rather li$o$hilic5 accumulating in
fats1 Since the degradation of these chemicals is slower than the fats they are contained in5 levels in
body fats will increase over time5 age and siBe of the organism and will biomagnify in food chains1

Some 6(7s are POPs5 which accumulate mainly in adi$ose tissues in humansI at steady-state 8con-
stant in- and out$ut95 the measured concentrations of these chemicals in the various body com-
$artments de$ends on the fat content1 #n e;ce$tion is the brain and foetus5 for which there are
$artially effective barriers diminishing the transfer and the levels5 es$ecially for high molecular
congeners1 &easurements of concentrations of 6(7s in blood5 adi$ose tissue and breast mil' calcu-
lated on a fat basis are used in biological monitoring1 #mong the H6",, isomers5 the ]-isomer is
the most $ersistent and bioaccumulative in human adi$ose tissues5 and has highest transfer to the
foetus1

+he absor$tion of these 6(7s after oral inta'e of the main sources5 foods and indoor dust5 is e;ten-
sive and mostly e@0M1 #n e;ce$tion is deca6,-5 having many bromine atoms and a high molecular
weight and an absor$tion in rats of about 2?M1 #lthough 6(7s are highly stable chemicals5 in the
body some minor substance-s$ecific metabolic degradation $rocesses by debromination and hy-
dro;ylation occur1

+he body half-lives in humans are often several wee's or months1 Hydro;ylated metabolites are
con*ugated and e;creted as glucuronide in the bile2faeces1 -limination via the urine is insignificant1
+he ma*or e;cretion $athway in females is lactation because of the relatively high fat content of
breast mil'1

#ll 6(7s have low acute to;icity and no s$ecific irritation or s'in sensitiBation1 #fter long-term
e;$osure5 induction of liver enBymes is the most significant effect1 Some 6(7s have the $otential to
disru$t endocrine systems at multi$le target sites1 3hile the thyroid hormone system a$$ears to be
the main target5 e;$eriencing the most significant effects of these com$ounds5 recent studies
demonstrated in vivo effects on both the estrogen- and androgen-mediated $rocesses as well1

brominated flame retardants @?

,evelo$mental neuroto;ic effects of some 6(7s have also been re$orted1 +hese 6(7s may decrease
levels of total and free +/ following develo$mental e;$osure1 +hyroid hormones are 'nown to $lay
an im$ortant role in brain develo$ment and hy$othyroidism has been associated with a large num-
ber of neuroanatomical and behavioural effects1

# large study from 6elgium found neurobehavioral effects associated with P6,- congeners 6,--
/>5 6,--..5 6,--005 6,--?!5 and 6,--20. but not with H6",, and +66P# in humans1 "on-
sistent with e;$erimental animal data5 P6,- e;$osure was associated with changes in the motor
function and the serum levels of the thyroid hormones1

High P6,- levels in breast mil' have been associated with effects on newborns regarding lower
weight and smaller siBe5 cry$torchidism and delayed mental develo$ment1 H6",, in breast mil'
was associated with decreased se; hormone binding globulin 8SH6K9 and increased free androgen
inde; 8(#491

6(7s do not a$$ear to be genoto;ic or to $resent a carcinogenic ris' to humans1

Some emerging 6(7s have not been studied in much detail5 but a$$ear to have similar effects1 One
of these is H665 which may be more $ersistent and to;ic and therefore haBardous than the P6,-s
etc1 Since the to;icological mechanisms seem to be related5 mi;tures of 6(7s may have additive and
synergistic effects1

4uman e3%osure and health im%act
Human e;$osure to 6(7s and $otential health im$act has recently been reviewed by -(S# Panel on
"ontaminants in the (ood "hain 8"O)+#&9 in si; assessment re$orts1

#ccording to the -(S# reviews5 for the general $o$ulation5 food is the ma*or source of e;$osure to
6(7s1 +he food categories that contribute most to the e;$osure to deca6,- are animal and vegeta-
ble fats and oils5 and mil' and dairy $roducts5 with relative contributions of /!1? M and /1> M5
res$ectively1 +he contribution of F(ish meat and $roductsF to the median inta'e of H6",,s across
-uro$ean dietary surveys vary from @! to @@12 M for the different age classes1

+he "O)+#& $anel concludes that the current dietary e;$osure to 6,--/>5 -?! and -20. 8deca6-
,-95 H6",,5 +66P# and +6P is unli'ely to raise a health concern5 whereas the available data
indicate a $otential health concern for dietary e;$osure of young children 8-! years9 to 6,--..1

# $ositive correlation between the levels of P6,-s in house dust and various biological matrices
indicated that house dust was a significant source of P6,- e;$osure in ,enmar'1 -(S#Ss "O)+#&
$anel concluded that the available e;$osure estimates indicate that house and car dust can be im-
$ortant routes of e;$osure es$ecially for children to deca6,-5 but also noted that e;$osure from
dust is of no health concern1 #ccording to the "O&+#& $anel5 the available studies indicate that
the daily non-dietary e;$osure5 mainly through dust in homes5 offices5 schools5 cars and $ublic
environment can substantially contribute5 and in some cases even dominate the total human e;$o-
sure to H6",,s5 es$ecially for toddlers and children1 +a'ing into account the uncertainties in the
dust e;$osure estimates5 and considering the use of U6 dietary inta'e estimates5 the "O)+#&
Panel5 however5 concluded that the available information indicates that it is unli'ely that additional
e;$osure to H6",,s and +66P# from dust raises a health concern1

Several studies have shown the $resence of 6(7s in umbilical cord blood and have documented that
$lacental transfer does ta'e $lace and that the foetus is e;$osed to 6(7s1

@A brominated flame retardants

# large number of e$idemiological studies on the effects of P6,-s on thyroid and endocrine disru$-
tion5 cancer5 diabetes and metabolic syndrome5 effects on fertility and offs$ring and neurodevelo$-
ment effects have been reviewed by -(S# 820b91 #ccording to the "O)+#& $anel5 most e$idemi-
ological studies suggested an association between P6,-s and 8sub9clinical hy$erthyroidism 8over-
active thyroid95 and with neuro$sychological functioning 8motor5 cognitive and behavioural $erfor-
mance5 and mental and $hysical develo$ment in children91 +he "O)+#& Panel noted5 however5
that the observed effects on thyroid hormone levels were not always consistent5 and that e;$osure
to other halogenated contaminants could have confounded the outcome of these studies1 4n three
human studies5 effects on neuro$sychological functioning were associated with e;$osure to P6,-s5
but these results were heterogeneous1 7ecent studies have re$orted associations of single P6,-
congeners and2or the sum of P6,-s in serum and2or mil' with longer time to $regnancy5 longer
length of average menstrual cycle5 shorter $re-$regnancy menstrual cycle length and delay of age
when menstruation $eriods begin regularly1

+here are a few available e$idemiological studies of H6",, e;$osure1 -;$osure of males to
H6",, in house dust was associated with decreased se; hormone binding globulin 8SH6K9 and
increased free androgen inde; 8(#491

,ue to lac' of data5 a ris' assessment of the +66P# derivatives5 brominated $henols or their deriva-
tives 8e;ce$t for +6695 emerging and novel 6(7s was not $ossible1 Using available information and
a modelling e;ercise5 -(S#Ss "O)+#& Panel identified some emerging and novel 6(7s that could
be of $otential health concern and should be considered as $riorities for future investigations1 +here
is convincing evidence 8including more e;tensive to;icity data9 that +,6PP and ,6)PK are geno-
to;ic and carcinogenic5 warranting further surveillance of their occurrence in the environment and
in food1 6ased on the limited e;$erimental data on environmental behaviour5 6+6P- and H66 were
identified as com$ounds that could raise a concern5 as re$orts indicate that they can accumulate in
the body over time1

Biomonitorin# and trends
+he P6,- level in Swedish human mil' almost doubled every four years for the $eriod .>2-..>
and $ea'ed around at the end of the ..0s1 Pooled human mil' sam$les from Stoc'holm 8Sweden9
showed a clear u$ward trend for the $eriod .@0-2005 whereas the H6",, level in blood serum
from mothers $regnant for the first time from U$$sala 8Sweden9 decreased during the $eriod ..A-
2001 #n increasing trend of H6",, in human mil' has also been demonstrated in %a$an1 4n a
)orwegian study5 +66P# was detected for the Urst time in sam$les from .@A and increased slight-
ly u$ to ...1 (or all other 6(7s5 there is a lac' of basic information on their occurrence in human
sam$les5 including human mil'1

brominated flame retardants @>

@@ brominated flame retardants

7. Information on alternati1es
7.$ Identification of %ossible alternati1es
# large number of studies on alternatives to 6(7s have been underta'en5 from the early ..0s to
$resent1 +he first studies on alternatives to brominated and other halogenated flame retardants in
-- e=ui$ment was $ublished by the Kerman -lectrotechnical and -lectronic #ssociation 8OV-49 in
..2 and by the O-", in ../ 8as cited in Lassen et al.5 ...91 +he ,anish survey of 6(7s from
... included an evaluation of alternatives as well1 (or many of the studies it has been a ma*or
constraint that environmental and health data for alternatives are scarce1

+here are ways that ade=uate fire $erformance can be achieved which is relevant when considering
alternative solutions1 +hese include 8U05 2029C

Use of alternative chemical flame retardants
Use of intrinsically or inherently flame retardant materials
Product design R achieved by the selection and use of materials alongside other com$onents
such as $hysical and thermal barriers5 coatings and layer technologies5 heat sin's5 etc1 How
com$onents are $hysically $laced relative to one another can achieve enhanced fire $erfor-
mance in relation to the e;$ected ty$es of ignition source and flame and fire e;$osure1

#ll of these a$$roaches are $otential alternatives to the use of 6(7s1 +he solutions that are ado$ted
for individual articles are li'ely to be de$endent on what the article is5 how and where it is used5 and
the materials that have been used to manufacture the article1

3hen re$lacing a chemical flame retardant with another chemical flame retardant it may be neces-
sary to simultaneously re$lace the base $olymer8s9 in order to obtain the desired $ro$erties of the
final material1

+he re$lacement of a 6(72$olymer system by another chemical flame retardant system needs to
ta'e into account 8U05 2029C
+he cost of the substitute or alternative 8$er unit cost and re=uired loadings to achieve the
re=uired fire $erformance9I
+he com$atibility of the substitute or alternative with the material it is being used to treatI
+he com$le;ity of $rocesses 8for instance5 the introduction of an alternative may re=uire
changes in the $rocessing e=ui$ment used by a com$any9I
+he environmental and human health effects of the substitute or alternative 8including the
energy re=uirements for $roduction and $rocessing9I
+he ca$ability of the substitute or alternative to meet the re=uired safety standardsI
+he fire behaviour of the substitute or alternative5 including its mechanism of flame retardant
action and the com$osition and =uantity of smo'e and fumes generated during a fire5 and
+he availability of sufficient su$$lies of alternatives1

4n the following5 the most recent alternatives assessments for deca6,-5 H6",, and +66P# are
reviewed1 +he assessments ty$ically include information on both brominated and non-brominated
alternativesI the assessments thus also include information of $ossible non-brominated alternatives
to other 6(7s than the three substances to some e;tent5 i1e1 the assessment of alternatives to
deca6,- also includes a com$arison of non-halogenated alternatives and ,6,P- and -6+-6P-1

brominated flame retardants @.

#lternative assessments for P66s5 $enta6,- and octa6,- are not reviewed as these substances
have alreadybeen re$laced by other flame retardants1

(urthermore5 a short review of surveys of articles manufactured without 6(7s is $rovided1 +hese
surveys do often not $rovide information on the alternatives used5 but demonstrate that articles
made without 6(7s are available in the mar'et5 thus illustrating that cost-efficient solutions are
available1

(or the reviews5 data have been sought in the $ublic literature1 (urthermore5 a re=uest has been
addressed to the contact $oint of a recently finalised -uro$ean "ommission-funded $ro*ect5 -)(4-
7O5 which has underta'en case studies on substitution o$tions for s$ecific 6(7s1 +he $ro*ect5 with
!1 million of -U funding5 should deliver a com$rehensive dataset on viability of $roduction and
a$$lication5 environmental safety5 as well as a life cycle assessment of the alternative flame retard-
ants 8(7s91 +he $ro*ect outcome is briefly discussed by Leonards et al. 820!95 who re$ort that -)-
(47O showed that viable alternative flame retardants are available1 Very recently5 a review of $ersis-
tence5 bioaccumulation5 and to;icity of non-halogenated (7s5 one of the outcomes of the -)(47O
$ro*ect5 was $ublished 83aai*ers et al.5 20!91 Other results of the $ro*ect are5 however5 not yet
$ublicly available1

7.$.$ DecaBD0
Chemical alternati1es
# technical review of alternatives to deca6,- in electrical and electronic e=ui$ment 8---9 was
underta'en by the ,anish -P# in 200A 8Lassen et al.5 200>95 su$$lemented by a health and envi-
ronmental assessment for some of the alternatives 8Stuer-Lauridsen et al.5 200>91 +he studies
demonstrated that alternatives were available for all a$$lications of deca6,- in --- and none of
the si; substances selected for a health and environmental assessment a$$ear to have more nega-
tive im$acts on the environmental5 health and2or consumer safety than deca6,-1 (or the $ur$ose
of the studies5 it was sufficient to conclude that the alternatives did not have more negative im$act
than deca6,-1 ,ue to lac' of data5 it was difficult to evaluate to what e;tent the alternatives were
Ebetter\1

&ore recently5 com$rehensive assessments were underta'en by the US -P# 820295 ,efra 8Stevens
et al.5 2009 and the 4llinois -nvironmental Protection #gency 84-P#5 200>9I furthermore5 the
available assessments have been reviewed in the #nne; NV SVH" dossier for deca6,- 8U05 20291
+he ,efra study F(ire 7etardant +echnologiesC safe $roducts with o$timised environmental haBard
and ris' $erformanceF 8Stevens et al.5 2009 more broadly addresses alternatives to $roblematic
flame retardants and offers5 in $articular5 a com$rehensive assessment of fire retardants technolo-
gies for te;tiles and furniture5 which is described later in this section1

+he #nne; NV dossier for deca6,- states that sta'eholders e;$ect that substitution with other
brominated flame retardants will have the least im$act on the technical $ro$erties of $las-
tics2$olymers and re=uire the fewest modifications to formulations and ada$tations to $rocessing1
Kreater modifications and ada$tations will be re=uired to move to halogen free systems e1g1 alumin-
ium trihydrate and ammonium $oly$hos$hate based systems1 )on-halogenated systems have an
advantage over halogenated systems in that they have a lower $otential to generate to;ic combus-
tion $roducts during a fire1 However5 much higher loadings5 u$ to A0M5 may be re=uired to meet
fire $erformance standardsI this factor has a negative im$act on $rocessability5 reduces the strength
of the $lastic2$olymer and increases weight 8U05 20291

US -P#Ds ,esign for the -nvironment 8,f-9 Program has initiated a multi-sta'eholder $artnershi$
alternatives assessmentC E(lame 7etardant #lternatives for ,ecabromodi$henyl -ther 8deca6,-9\1
# draft assessment re$ort was $ublished in 202 8US -P#5 20291 ,eca6,- is a flame retardant


used in a variety of a$$lications5 including te;tiles5 $lastics5 wiring insulation 8restricted in the -U95
and building and construction materials1 +he re$ort is a draft for $ublic comment and the front
$age of the re$ort states ZZ,o not cite or =uoteZZ1 +he $resented data may be sub*ect to some mis-
ta'es and errors which will be corrected later in the $rocess5 and the US -P# does not ta'e any
res$onsibility for the correctness of the data1 +he data in the re$ort should therefore be inter$reted
with caution and evaluations are indicative only1 However5 the re$ort includes an environmental
and health screening of alternatives not found elsewhere1 :intern note til ud'astet R disse ra$$orter
ud'ommer ofte aldrig i endelige versioner<

+he summary of human health effects5 a=uatic to;icity and environmental fate of the evaluated
flame retardants is shown in +able //1 +he assessment did not include +66P# because it had been
evaluated in another ,f- $ro*ect 8US -P#5 200@91

(or most of substances5 em$irical data were only available for a limited number of end$oints and
for most end$oints5 values were assigned using $redictive models and2or $rofessional *udgment
8shown in blac' italics91

+he summary data does not include some of the $arameters which may be relevant when com$ar-
ing the environmental and health ris' related to the use of the different flame retardants5 namelyC

(ormation of haBardous degradation $roducts5 and
(ormation of haBardous substances 8mainly brominated dio;ins and furans9 by fire5 uncon-
trolled combustion or incineration91

+he formation of haBardous degradation $roducts of deca6,- by debromination is discussed in the
re$ort5 but in general5 limited information is available on haBardous degradation $roducts of other
of the evaluated flame retardants5 and the flame retardants are not com$ared using this $arameter1

+he re$ort lists 'nown uses of the different flame retardants by $olymer and end-use a$$lications5
but the study does not include a full assessment of the technical and economic feasibility of the
substitution1

#s concerns the brominated alternatives5 #$$endi; ? 8+able #?-29 $rovides some information of the
a$$lication s$ectra of the substances from one com$any5 which demonstrates that both non-
$olymeric and $olymeric 6(7s are available for all the same a$$lications as deca6,-1

#s mentioned before5 ,6,P- and -6+-6P4 have similar a$$lication s$ectra as deca6,- and5 in
addition5 a number of other non-$olymeric 6(7s can be used for s$ecific $olymersI for e;am$le5
++6P-+#O is suitable as an alternative to deca6,- in H4PS1 6oth ,6,P- and ++6P-+#O have been
registered for a total im$ort and manufacture in the -U in the 5000-05000 t2y range while the
consum$tion of -6+-6P4 a$$ears to be significantly lower1 ,6,P-5 ++6P-+#O and -6+-6P4 have
better scores on develo$mental and neurological effects5 eye irritation and dermal irritation and no
lesser scores on any of the evaluated $arameters5 as shown in +able //1 ++6P-+#O furthermore
scores better than deca6,- and the other two alternatives on carcinogenicity1

# number of $olymeric 6(7s can be used as alternatives to deca6,- for s$ecific a$$lications5 while
some are mar'eted as alternatives for the full range of deca6,- alternatives1 +he $olymeric 6(7
Kreen#rmor
+&
5 shown in +able // which is mar'eted as a general $ur$ose alternative to deca6,-5
was not included in the US -P# assessment because the substance had at the time of the assess-
ment not yet com$leted the Premanufacture )otice 8P&)9 $rocess at US -P#1 +he evaluated $oly-
meric 6(7s5 of which some are a$$lied for many of the same $olymer uses as deca6,-5 generally
score better than the non-$olymeric 6(7 substances5 and are assigned low effects1 #n e;ce$tion is
the $ersistence which is very high 8as most of the non-$olymeric 6(7s95 but the bioaccumulation


$otential of the $olymeric 6(7s is low1 (rom the screening data5 is a$$ears unli'ely that the $oly-
meric 6(7s themselves should be "&7 of P6+ substances1 +he $olymeric 6(7s also generally score
better than the non-brominated (7s1 6ased on the evaluated $arameters5 there is no basis for con-
sidering non-brominated alternatives as better alternatives from an environmental2health $ers$ec-
tive than the $olymeric 6(7s1

# number of organic $hos$horus or nitrogen (7s 8P(7s or )(7s95 as well as inorganic (7s5 are
mar'eted for a variety of a$$lications1 (or many of the a$$lications5 the non-halogenated (7s have
been the flame retardants of choice for many years as they $rovide the best $erformance for these
a$$lications1 #s such5 they are not manufactured and mar'eted as alternatives5 but may be used as
alternatives for s$ecific a$$lications1 # few of the substances5 e1g1 aluminium diethyl$hos$hinate5
have been develo$ed more s$ecifically for substitution of regulated 6(7s1

(or some of the non-brominated flame retardants with $romising scores5 data on their use s$ectra
are shown in +able /?1 (or the other flame retardants5 $lease see the details in the US -P# re$ort1
(rom the table it is evident that these flame retardants may be used for most of the traditional a$-
$lications of deca6,-5 but as summarised in the #nne; NV re$ort 8U05 20295 higher loadings of u$
to A0M may be re=uired to meet fire $erformance standards1 +his has a negative im$act on $ro-
cessability5 reduces the strength of the $lastic2$olymer and increases weight1 +he #nne; NV re$ort
$rovides more detailed information on the technical feasibility of these non-halogenated alterna-
tives1

#s mentioned5 the screening assessment does not indicate that the non-halogenated alternatives are
better from an environmental and health $ers$ective than the $olymeric 6(7s5 of which some by
the manufacturers are mar'eted as FgreenF alternatives1

#ccording to Leonards et al. 820!95 the L"# study of the -)(47O $ro*ect showed that the waste
$hase was the most im$ortant difference between the selected 6(7s and non-halogenated (7s1
-s$ecially the formation of brominated dio;ins during im$ro$er electronics waste treatment had a
strong negative im$act on the L"# scores1 Overall5 the life cycle environmental $erformance of the
non-halogenated (7 scenario was better than for the 6(7 scenario1 #s mentioned5 the detailed
results of the -)(47O $ro*ect are still not available1 +he formation of to;ic $roducts is not ad-
dressed in detail in any of the available assessments of alternatives1

+he #nne; NV re$ort states 8U05 20295 without reference5 that non-halogenated systems have an
advantage over halogenated systems in that they have a lower $otential to generate to;ic combus-
tion $roducts during a fire1 +he ESan #ntonio Statement on 6rominated and "hlorinated (lame
7etardants\ signed by nearly ?0 scientists from 22 countries 86irnbaum and 6ergman5 2009
states5 with a reference to 3eber and 0uch 8200!95 that uncontrolled burning and disman-
tling2recycling of electronic and electric waste in develo$ing countries results in contamination and
formation of brominated and chlorinated dio;ins and furans1

3eber and 0uch 8200!9 have studied the effect of 6(7s and thermal conditions on the formation
$athways of brominated and brominated-chlorinated dibenBodio;ins and dibenBofurans1 +he re-
sults are discussed in section /1 on waste dis$osal1 #ccording to the results5 under insufficient
combustion conditions5 as are $resent in e1g1 accidental fires and uncontrolled burning as well as
gasification2$yrolysis $rocesses5 considerable amounts of P6,,s2P6,(s 8brominated dio;ins and
furans9 can be formed from 6(7s5 $referentially via the $recursor $athway1 +he $recursor $athway
is relevant for 6(7s which may act as $recursors5 in $articular the P6,-s and P66s5 but $ossibly
also other 6(7s1 (or 6(7s5 which are not $recursors or may act as bromine donors for the Fde no-
voF synthesis of P6,,s2P6,(s5 the significance of the formation of the haBardous substances is less
clear1 4t is not clear to what e;tent it ma'es a difference whether or not the $olymeric 6(7s contain
brominated aromatic moieties1 Kouteu; et al. 820!9 has recently demonstrated that u$on a$$lica-


tion of thermal stress to sam$les of $olymeric 6(7s with brominated aromatic moieties5 a drastic
increase of the release of brominated com$ounds was observed1 # variety of substituted al'yl ben-
Benes or $henols with two to si; bromine atoms were formed1 +he $a$er deals with the $otential
environmental effects of the formed substances5 and does not discuss the significance of the releases
of the substances to the $otential formation of haBardous P6,,s2P6,(s by combustion of the
$roducts1

+he available assessments indicate that alternatives with better environmental and health $rofiles
than deca6,- e;ist5 but for many of the substances most end$oint values were assigned using $re-
dictive models and2or $rofessional *udgment1 +he screening underta'en by US -P# indicates that
for the evaluated environmental and health $arameters5 $olymeric 6(7s $erform as well as non-
halogenated (7s1 +he main outstanding =uestion in the com$arison of the environmental and
health $erformance of the halogenated vs1 non-halogenated (7s a$$ears to be the significance of
the formation of haBardous degradation $roducts and formation of haBardous substances during
fire and uncontrolled burning1

brominated flame retardants .!

TAB>0 ))
S"7--)4)K L-V-L H#O#7, SU&&#7Y (O7 deca6,- #), 67O&4)#+-, (L#&- 7-+#7,#)+ #L+-7)#+4V-S 8US -P#5 2029 Z
+H4S +#6L- O)LY "O)+#4)S 4)(O7&#+4O) 7-K#7,4)K +H- 4)H-7-)+ H#O#7,S O( (L#&- 7-+#7,#)+ "H-&4"#LS1 -V#LU#+4O) O( 74S0 "O)S4,-7S 6O+H +H- H#O#7, #), -NPOSU7- #SSO"4#+-, 34+H
SU6S+#)"-4)"LU,4)K "O&6US+4O) #), ,-K7#,#+4O) 6YP7O,U"+S1 +H- "#V-#+S L4S+-, 4) +H- L-K-), #), (OO+)O+- S-"+4O)S &US+ 6- +#0-) 4)+O #""OU)+ 3H-) 4)+-7P7-+4)K +H- H#O#7,
4)(O7&#+4O) 4) +H- +#6L-1

Chemical
CAS N.
4uman 4ealth 0ffects
AIuatic
To3icity
0n1iron:
mental ;ate
A
c
u
t
e

t
o
3
i
c
i
t
y

C
a
r
c
i
n
o
#
e
n
i
c
i
t
y

8
e
n
o
t
o
3
i
c
i
t
y

'
e
%
r
o
d
u
c
t
i
1
e

D
e
1
e
l
o
%
m
e
n
t
a
l

N
e
u
r
o
l
o
#
i
c
a
l

'
e
%
e
a
t
e
d

D
o
s
e

S
"
i
n

S
e
n
s
i
t
i
2
a
t
i
o
n

'
e
s
%
i
r
a
t
o
r
y

S
e
n
s
i
t
i
2
a
t
i
o
n

0
y
e

I
r
r
i
t
a
t
i
o
n

D
e
r
m
a
l

I
r
r
i
t
a
t
i
o
n

A
c
u
t
e

C
h
r
o
n
i
c

P
e
r
s
i
s
t
e
n
c
e

B
i
o
a
c
c
u
m
u
l
a
t
i
o
n

DecaBD0 and discrete B;' alternati1es
,ecabromodi$henyl ether5 deca6,- A!-.-? > + > > 4 4 + > > >
+ +
B4 ,
6is8he;achlorocyclo$entadieno9 cy-
clooctane5
!?A0-@.-. > -
.
-
.
B> B> > + > B>
> + +
B4 ,
,ecabromodi$henyl ethane5 ,6,P- @/@?2-?!-. > +
V
> > B> ,
.
> > B> B> >
+
B4 ,
-thylene 8bistetrabromo$hthalimide95
-6+-6P4
!2?@@->A-/ > +
V
> > > -
.
> + B> B>
+ +
B4 ,
+etrabromobis$henol # bis 825!-
dibromo$ro$yl9 ether5 +66P#-6,6P-
2@?0-//-2 > - + - - + - -
+ + + +
B4 ,
+ris8tribromoneo$entyl9 $hos$hate5
++6)PP
.@A-.>- + - - + , , - ,
+ + + +
4 -
+ris8tribromo$heno;y9 triaBine5 ++6P-
+#O
2?>!-A0-/ > + > + + + > > > B>
+ +
B4 ,
Polymeric B;'s
6rominated e$o;y resin end-ca$$ed
with tribromo$henol
!?22.-/@-0
, +

> + + + -
d
>
>
B> + +
/,
+
6rominated $olyacrylate ?.//>-?>-! + + + + + +
-
d

+

+ +
+
+
/,
+
6rominated $olystyrene @@/.>-?A->
>
+ + + + +
-
d

+
> +
+ +
/,
+
"onfidential brominated e$o;y $olymer

"onfidential + + + + + +
-
d

+

+ + + +
/,
+
2
"onfidential + +
+ -
d
+
+ + +

/,
+

./ brominated flame retardants

Chemical
CAS N.
AIuatic
To3icity
0n1iron:
mental ;ate
A
c
u
t
e

t
o
3
i
c
i
t
y

C
a
r
c
i
n
o
#
e
n
i
c
i
t
y

8
e
n
o
t
o
3
i
c
i
t
y

'
e
%
r
o
d
u
c
t
i
1
e

D
e
1
e
l
o
%
m
e
n
t
a
l

N
e
u
r
o
l
o
#
i
c
a
l

'
e
%
e
a
t
e
d

D
o
s
e

S
"
i
n

S
e
n
s
i
t
i
2
a
t
i
o
n

'
e
s
%
i
r
a
t
o
r
y

S
e
n
s
i
t
i
2
a
t
i
o
n

0
y
e

I
r
r
i
t
a
t
i
o
n

D
e
r
m
a
l

I
r
r
i
t
a
t
i
o
n

A
c
u
t
e

C
h
r
o
n
i
c

P
e
r
s
i
s
t
e
n
c
e

B
i
o
a
c
c
u
m
u
l
a
t
i
o
n

&i;ture
"onfidential + +
+ -
d
+
+ + +

/,
+

&i;ture
"onfidential + +
+ -
d
+
+ + +

/,
+

"onfidential brominated $olymer "onfidential + +0 > +0 +0 +0 +0 + + > B> > -
1
0 B4
T
-
1
0
+66P# glycidyl ether5 +66P# $olymer A@.2@->0- + +
+ -
d
+

+ + +
/, +

6r#anic %hos%horus or nitro#en flame retardants FP;'s or N;'sG alternati1es
Substituted amine $hos$hate mi;ture "onfidential
,
- - - -
+ -

-
-
.
-
.
/, - +
,
+
+ri$henyl $hos$hate ?-@A-A > - > > > >
+
>

> B>
B4
B4
>
+
6is$henol # bis-8di$henyl $hos$hate95
6#PP
@02@->.-?
>
+ > > >
V
>
>
>
> >
> >
4
,
!

&elamine cyanurate !>A/0-?>-A > - - -
.
-
.
+
4
+

+ + + +
B4
+
&elamine $oly$hos$hate ??/-A0-! > - - +
.
+ +
.

-
>

> B> > >
,
+
)-al'o;y hindered amine reaction
$roducts
.A@0-@-A > - + , , +
,
>

> B> , ,
4
,
N

Phos$honate oligomer A@AA/-0A-2 > - +
.
+
O
+
O
-
N
+2
.
+2
.

-
.
N
-
N
>
Y
,
N

/,
,
N

Poly$hos$honate A@AA/-0A-2 > 0 + + + + -
d
+ + + + + /,

+
Poly:$hos$honate-co-carbonate< >>22A-.0-? > + + + + + -
d
+ + + + + /, +
7esorcinol bis-di$henyl$hos$hate 2?..>-2-. > -
.
> > B> -
.

+
+

> B> B4 4

+
4

Inor#anic flame retardant alternati1es
#luminium diethyl$hos$hinate
22?>@.-!@-@ > > > + -
- >

>

>

B> + +
4
'
>
#luminium hydro;ide
2A/?-?-2 > > > > > +
>
>

B> B>
+
+
4
'

>

brominated flame retardants .?

Chemical
CAS N.
AIuatic
To3icity
0n1iron:
mental ;ate
A
c
u
t
e

t
o
3
i
c
i
t
y

C
a
r
c
i
n
o
#
e
n
i
c
i
t
y

8
e
n
o
t
o
3
i
c
i
t
y

'
e
%
r
o
d
u
c
t
i
1
e

D
e
1
e
l
o
%
m
e
n
t
a
l

N
e
u
r
o
l
o
#
i
c
a
l

'
e
%
e
a
t
e
d

D
o
s
e

S
"
i
n

S
e
n
s
i
t
i
2
a
t
i
o
n

'
e
s
%
i
r
a
t
o
r
y

S
e
n
s
i
t
i
2
a
t
i
o
n

0
y
e

I
r
r
i
t
a
t
i
o
n

D
e
r
m
a
l

I
r
r
i
t
a
t
i
o
n

A
c
u
t
e

C
h
r
o
n
i
c

P
e
r
s
i
s
t
e
n
c
e

B
i
o
a
c
c
u
m
u
l
a
t
i
o
n

#mmonium $oly$hos$hate
A@!!!->.-. > + + + + +
-
d
>
B> >
+ +
/,
+
#ntimony trio;ide
!0.-A/-/ > >C > +

+ +
+
>

> + + +
,
3

+
&agnesium hydro;ide
!0.-/2-@ > > > + + +
>
+

+ - + +
,
3

+
7ed $hos$horus
>>2!-/-0 B4 + - + + +
>
>

+ 4 > >
4
+
Oinc borate
!!2-0>-A > + ,

- - ,
>

>

> > , ,
4
'

+

Z +he cited re$ort is a draft for $ublic comment and the front $age says ZZ,o not cite or =uoteZZ1
Z2 "o$ied from US -P#5 200@
)otes from the cited re$ortC

B> P Very Low haBard > P Low haBard + P &oderate haBard 4 P High haBard B4 P Very High haBard R
-nd$oints in coloured te;t 8B>A >A +A 45 and B49 were assigned based on em$irical data1
-nd$oints in blac' italics 8=6, 6, >, ,, and =,9 were assigned using values from $redictive models and2or $rofessional *udgment1
k 6ased on analogy to e;$erimental data for a structurally similar com$ound1
d +his haBard designation is driven by $otential for lung overloading as a result of dust forming o$erations1

,ifferent formulations of the commercial $roduct are available1 One of these many formulations has an average &3 of n5A00 and contains significant amounts of lower &3 com$onents1 +hese lower
&3 com$onents are $rimarily unchanged starting materials that have haBard $otentials different than the $olymeric flame retardant5 as followsC V-7Y H4KH- -stimated $otential for bioaccumulationI
H4KH--;$erimental concern for acute a=uatic to;icityI H4KH--stimated $otential for chronic a=uatic to;icityI &O,-7#+- -;$erimental concern for develo$mentalI and &O,-7#+---stimated $oten-
tial for carcinogenicity5 genoto;icity5 re$eated dose5 re$roductive5 and s'in and res$iratory sensitiBation to;icity
+his alternative may contain im$urities1 +hese im$urities have haBard designations that differ from the flame retardant alternative5 "onfidential 6rominated Polymer5 as follows5 based on e;$erimental
dataC H4KH for human health5 H4KH for a=uatic to;icity5 V-7Y H4KH for bioaccumulation5 and V-7Y H4KH for $ersistence
+ +his chemical is sub*ect to testing in an -P# consent order1
+he highest haBard designation of any of the oligomers with &3 b50001 0 +he highest haBard designation of a re$resentative com$onent of the oligomeric mi;ture with &3s b50001
Y Phos$honate Oligomer5 with a &3 range of 5000 to ?50005 may contain significant amounts of an im$urity5 de$ending on the final $roduct $re$aration1 +his im$urity has haBard designations that differ
from the $olymeric flame retardant5 as followsC &O,-7#+---;$erimental concern for re$eated dose5 s'in sensitiBation and eye irritationI and H4KH--;$erimental concern for re$roductive5 develo$-
mental5 acute a=uatic to;icity1
7 7ecalcitrantC Substance is com$rised of metallic s$ecies that will not degrade5 but may change o;idation state or undergo com$le;ation $rocesses under environmental conditions1
Z Ongoing studies may result in a change in this end$oint

.A brominated flame retardants

TAB>0 )/
US- O( ,-"#6,- #), S-L-"+-, )O)-67O&4)#+-, (L#&- 7-+#7,#)+S 6Y POLY&-7 #), -),-US- #PPL4"#-
+4O) 86#S-, O) US -P#5 2029 Z

Polymer a%%lications
0
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s

-
i
r
e

a
n
d

c
a
b
l
e

P
u
b
l
i
c

b
u
i
l
d
:
i
n
#
s

C
o
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
i
o
n

m
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
s

A
u
t
o
m
o
t
i
1
e

A
1
i
a
t
i
o
n

S
t
o
r
a
#
e

a
n
d

d
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n

%
r
o
d
u
c
t
s

T
e
3
t
i
l
e
s

-
a
t
e
r
b
o
r
n
e

e
m
u
l
s
i
o
n
s

U

c
o
a
t
i
n
#
s

DecaBD0A CAS No $$,*:$:/
Chlorinated %olyethylene FCP0G W W
0lastomers W W W W W W W W
0mulsions W
0n#ineerin# thermo%lastic
FPBTAP0TX PAXPCG
W W
4i#h:im%act %olystyrene F4IPSG W
Polyethylene FP0G W W W W W W W
Poly%ro%ylene FPPG W W W W W
Thermosets W W
Ammonium %oly%hos%hateA
CAS No ,5***:7:X $)7&5:*:*

0lastomers W
0mulsions W W
Polyethylene FP0G W W W W W
Poly%ro%ylene FPPG W W W W W
Thermosets W W W W
Aluminium diethyl%hos%hinate
CAS No &&/75:*5:5

0lastomers W W W W
0%o3y resins W W W
Polyamide FPAG W W W W
Polybutylene tere%hthalate FPBTG W W W
Polyethylene tere%hthalate FP0TG W W W W
Thermo%lastic %olyurethane FTP9G W
Aluminium hydro3ideA CAS &$,)/:
/$:&

0lastomers W W W W W
0mulsions W
0thylene 1inyl acetate F0BAG W W W W W
Polyethylene FP0G W W W W W

brominated flame retardants .>

Polymer a%%lications
0
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s

-
i
r
e

a
n
d

c
a
b
l
e

P
u
b
l
i
c

b
u
i
l
d
:
i
n
#
s

C
o
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
i
o
n

m
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
s

A
u
t
o
m
o
t
i
1
e

A
1
i
a
t
i
o
n

S
t
o
r
a
#
e

a
n
d

d
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n

%
r
o
d
u
c
t
s

T
e
3
t
i
l
e
s

-
a
t
e
r
b
o
r
n
e

e
m
u
l
s
i
o
n
s

U

c
o
a
t
i
n
#
s

Thermosets W W W W W
+a#nesium hydro3ideA CAS $*.:
)&:5

0lastomers W W W W W
0thylene 1inyl acetate F0BAG W W W W W
Polyamide FPAG W
Polyethylene FP0G W W W W W W
Poly%ro%ylene FPPG W W W W W W
Poly%hos%honateA CAS ,5,,):.,:&
0lastomers W W W W W W
0n#ineerin# thermo%lastic W W W W W W
Z +he cited re$ort is a draft for $ublic comment and the front $age says ZZ,o not cite or =uoteZZ1

0N;I'6 %ro7ect assessment : Very recently a review of $ersistence5 bioaccumulation5 and to;-
icity of non-halogenated (7s was $ublished5 as one of the outcomes of the -)(47O $ro*ect 83aai-
*ers et al.5 20!91 +he review is based on an inventory of the available data that e;ists 8u$ to Se$-
tember 209 on the $hysicoRchemical $ro$erties5 $roduction volumes5 $ersistence5 bioaccumula-
tion5 and to;icity 8P6+9 of a selection of non-halogenated (7s that are $otential re$lacements for
6(7s in $olymers1

#n overview of the classiUcation of the selected com$ounds5 based on the 7-#"H criteria for P6+
and vPv6 chemicals5 is given in +able /A1 #ccording to the authors5 it is im$ortant to realiBe5 how-
ever5 that these assessments are truncated 8figuratively meant95 and data $resented in the relevant
sections should be consulted for the detailed data1 4n $articular5 bioaccumulation and to;icity are
s$ecies-de$endent5 and even variations among individuals within the same s$ecies are not uncom-
mon1 +herefore5 it is not sur$rising that high as well as low classiUcations sometimes were re$orted
for the same $arameter1 (urthermore5 bioaccumulation was a more challenging $arameter to as-
sess5 because many studies did not consider de$uration 8nloss9 times of the chemical1 83aai*ers et
al.5 20!9

+he authors conclude that large data ga$s were identiUed for the $hysicoRchemical and the P6+
$ro$erties of the reviewed non-halogenated (7s1 +PP has been studied e;tensively and it is clearly
$ersistent5 bioaccumulative5 and to;ic 8P6+91 So far5 7,P and 6,P have demonstrated low to high
ecoto;icity and $ersistence1 +he com$ounds #+H and O6 e;erted high to;icity on some s$ecies and
#LP4 a$$eared to be $ersistent5 with low to moderate re$orted ecoto;icity1 ,OPO and &PP may be
$ersistent5 but this view is based merely on one or two studies5 clearly indicating a lac' of infor-
mation1 &any degradation studies have been $erformed on P-7 and show low $ersistence5 with a
few e;ce$tions1 #dditionally5 there is too little information on the bioaccumulation $otential of
P-71 #PP has mostly low P6+ $ro$ertiesI however5 moderate ecoto;icity was re$orted in two stud-
ies1 &g8OH925 OHS5 and OS do not show such remar'ably high bioaccumulation or to;icity5 but large
data ga$s e;ist for these com$ounds also1 )evertheless5 the authors consider the latter com$ounds
to be the most $romising among alternative non-halogenated (7s1 +o assess whether the $resently

.@ brominated flame retardants

reviewed non-halogenated (7s are truly suitable alternatives5 each com$ound should be e;amined
individually by com$aring its P6+ values with those of the relevant halogenated Vame retardant1
Until more data are available5 it remains im$ossible to accurately evaluate the ris' of each of these
com$ounds5 including the ones that are already e;tensively mar'eted1

TAB>0 ),
OV-7V4-3 O( P6+ P7OP-7+4-S (O7 S-L-"+-, H#LOK-)-(7-- (L#&- 7-+#7,#)S+ 83##4%-7S ET $6.5 20!9Z

Com%ound Persistence
Bioaccumu:
lation
1P1BY
To3icity
0coto3icity
In Bi1o
to3icity
In 1itro
to3icity
+PP Low to high Low to high 8Yes9 Low to high Low Low to high
7,P Low to high Low to high )o Low to high Low 8to mode-
rate9
8Low9
6,P Low to high 8Low to high9 8)o9 Low to high 8Low9 8Low9
#+H R 8Low9 8no9 Low to high 8Low9 8Low9
O6 R n1d1 n1d1 High Low to high 8Low9
#LP4 &oderate to
high
8Low5 not
s$eci fi ed9
8)o9 Low to mode-
rate
Low Low
P-7 Low to high 8Low9 8)o9 Low Low Low
,OPO 8Low to high9 8Low9 8)o9 Low to mode-
rate
n1d1 8Low9
&PP 8High9 8Low9 8)o9 Low Low n1d1
#PP R 8Low5 not
s$eci fi ed9
8)o9 Low 8to mode-
rate9
8Low9 8Low9
OHS R 8Low5 not
s$eci fi ed9
8)o9 Low Low 8to mode-
rate9
8Low9
&g8OH9 2 R n1d1 n1d1 n1d1 8Low9 n1d1
OS R 8Low5 not
s$eci fi ed9
8low9 8low9 8Low9 n1d1
Z )ote by the authors of the $a$erC Please note that this table gives an overview of the data found in literature and it is not an as-
sessment1 86rac'eted9 P based on two or less studies5 n1d1 P no data

#vailability and costs of alternatives - +he assessments of alternatives $rovide some information on
availability and costs of alternatives5 but no com$rehensive summary1 +able /> $rovides a summary
of availability and cost difference between 6(7s and non-halogenated alternatives for a$$lications
in electrical and electronic e=ui$ment5 as $resented by P4)(# 82009 which re$resents the -uro$e-
an manufacturers of non-halogenated $hos$horous5 inorganic and nitrogen 8P4)9 flame retardants1
+he materials with non-halogenated (7s are generally 0-!0M more e;$ensive than materials with
brominated flame retardants1

brominated flame retardants ..

TAB>0 )7
#V#4L#64L4+Y5 7-L4#64L4+Y #), "OS+ O( P4) (L#&- 7-+#7,#)+S (O7 -L-"+74"#L 8P4)(#5 2009

Com%onent cate#o:
ries
A1ailability 4ealth
and en1i:
ronment
Cost differential Technolo#y
Do %rod:
ucts e3istY
+eet fire
safety
standardG
on mate:
rial le1el
in finished
%roduct
'emainin# issues to
be resol1ed for shift
Fe.#.G
3ire and cable o o )ordic and
Kerman gov-
ernment stud-
ies concluded
there are
sufficient P4)
(7s of a good
health J env1
$rofile to
$rovide re-
$lacementsI
7-#"H regis-
trations
n20M 7e$resents
-?M of the
retail $rice
of end $rod-
ucts 8fridge5
+V1119
Some cable standards
geared to certain materi-
als
-nclosures o o n20M )eed to shift from H4PS
and #6S to $olymer
blends 8e1g1 P"-#6S9
"om$onents o o 0-20M Some technical challeng-
es5 e1g1 very thin $arts5
glow wire test
3iring o o 0-!0M "a$acity build u$ for
alternativesI tests for
long-tern reliability

+aterial alternati1es
(or a$$lications in enclosures such as +V housings5 less flammable co$olymers li'e P"2#6S5
PS2PP- or PP-2H4PS either without (7s5 or with non-halogenated (7s5 have been mar'eted and
widely a$$lied as substitutes for brominated H4PS and #6S resins1 8Lassen et al15 200A9 +he flame
retardants used in these co-$olymers have ty$ically been organo$hos$horous flame retardants such
as resorcinol bis8di$henyl$hos$hate9 87,P95 bis$henol # bis8di$henyl$hos$hate9 86,P9 and tri-
$henyl $hos$hate 8+PP91 +hese substances are included in the assessment of chemical alternatives
above1 +he alternative materials are generally more e;$ensive than H4PS and #6S with 6(7s1 4n
200A5 the $rice of the H4PS2PP- with halogen-free (7s was a$$ro;imately ?@M that of deca-6,-
H4PS5 corres$onding to a cost increase of 01.? 2'g1 +he $rice P"2#6S with halogen-free (7s was
a$$ro;imately the same as the $rice of the H4PS2PP-1

&aterial alternatives for deca6,- use in te;tiles are addressed in section >11/1

)on-$lastic alternatives may in $rinci$le be used for some a$$lications5 but the available assess-
ments do not address non-$lastic alternatives and a$$arently only other $olymers are mar'eted as
material alternatives1

7.$.& 4BCDD
Several assessments of chemical alternatives to H6",, in different a$$lications5 as well as an as-
sessment of material alternatives to -PS flame retardant with H6",,5 are available1

Overview tables on chemical alternatives to H6",, in -PS2NPS as well as on alternatives to
H6",, in H4PS 8high im$act $olystyrene9 and te;tiles have been $re$ared by the POPs 7eview
"ommittee under the Stoc'holm "onvention 8POP7"5 20291 +he summary data are shown in +able
/@1


Several chemical alternatives to H6",, for e;$anded $olystyrene 8-PS95 e;truded $olystyrene
8NPS95 high im$act $olystyrene 8H4PS9 and te;tile a$$lications were identified in the res$onses
from Parties and Observers1 4nformation has been $resented a$$ro;imately as received and se$a-
rately chec'ed by the POPs 7eview "ommittee to the e;tent $ossible1 #ccording to the POPs 7eview
"ommittee5 the health and safety information available for some of the alternatives below is limited1

Some chemical alternatives to H6",, have recently been develo$ed5 including dro$-in alternatives
for one-ste$ -PS and NPS $roduction5 shown as the first two substances in +able /@1 +he $olymeric
6(7s are offered only for $roviding flame retardancy in PS foams 8.0M of total H6",, consum$-
tion95 not for other H6",, uses1

#ccording to newer information than $rovided in the table5 su$$ly of the first of the $olymeric
flame retardants has been realiBed1 Licensees have confirmed that commercial $roduction ca$acity
of 205000 metric tons will be available by the 2nd half of 20/5 ahead of the 7-#"H-sunset date of
H6",, 8#Bom5 20!91 +o date5 05000 tonnes is commercially available already1 #ll licensees made
recent announcements about the availability of their new flame retardants containing the Polymeric
(7 technology1

+he (7-22P is described as a bloc' co$olymer of $olystyrene and brominated $olybutadiene 84"L5
20!91 +he "#S )o is .?.>@-.!-@5 6enBene5 ethenyl-5 $olymer with 5!-butadiene5 brominated1
+he structural formula is shown in "ha$ter 1

#ccording to the POP7" 8202 9 some Parties indicated in their res$onses that higher costs were
associated with the $olymeric (7 as com$ared to H6",,1 However5 no financial values were in-
cluded to su$$ort this1 #ccording to one $roducer of the Polymeric (75 manufacturing flame re-
tardant $roducts with the alternative to H6",, is not antici$ated to have any significant im$act on
the cost com$etitiveness of -PS or NPS1 4t remains unclear whether the flame retardant re$resents
a significant factor in the $rice of the final $roduct 8-PS2NPS insulation board91 &ore $recise cost
estimates will not be available until the $olymeric (7 is fully commercialiBed1 8POP7"5 2029 #c-
cording to the &S,S information and the industry haBard assessment5 $olymeric (7 is $otentially
$ersistent5 but not bioaccumulative or to;ic1 However5 there are no inde$endent reviews about its
$ro$erties as yet 8POP7"5 20291

)on-brominated chemical alternatives to H6",, a$$ear to be missing for most a$$lications1
#ccording to 6abraus'as et al. 82029 the new $olymeric flame retardants rely on the same chemi-
cal mechanism as H6",, to achieve flame-retardant $ro$erties during combustion5 so they are
li'ely to increase fire to;icity in the same way as has been demonstrated by 6abraus'as 8..25 as
cited by 6abraus'as el al15 2029 by increasing the generation of smo'e5 carbon mono;ide and soot1
(urthermore5 according to the authors5 $olymers are by nature a heterogeneous mi;ture in which
different siBed $articles can e;hibit different $ro$erties1 3hen evaluating the $re-manufacture
notice for -merald !0005 the US -P# 8209 $redicted $otential to;icity from inhalation of some
$article siBes5 as well as the $otential for smaller $olymers to be $ersistent5 bioaccumulative and
to;ic5 if the P&) substance were manufactured where the average number molecular weight is less
than 5000 daltons 8see the notice for further details about $articles siBes91 )o data on the actual
siBe distribution of the $olymeric 6(7s have been identified1

4n any case5 the environmental and health $rofile of the $olymeric 6(7s seems to be better than the
$rofile of H6",,5 and in the absence of other viable alternatives5 they will li'ely be the first alter-
natives to be introduced for re$lacement of H6",, in -PS2NPS1


TAB>0 )5
"H-&4"#L #L+-7)#+4V-S +O H6",, 4) ,4((-7-)+ #PPL4"#+4O)S 8POP7"5 2029Z

Chemical

Ben2eneA ethenyl:A %olymer (ith $A*:butadieneA brominated Fbrominated co:%olymer of styrene
and butadieneG Synonym: Polymeric ;' CAS No: $$/75:*:5
Trade
names
-merald !0005 (722P
Claimed
suitability
-PS via one-ste$ $rocess5 li'ely also suitable in two-ste$ $rocess #nd NPS
A1ailability

"urrently $ilot scale =uantities are being submitted to downstream users for testing1 Plant scale $roduction trials
successfully run1 "ommercially available in 202 from Kreat La'es Solutions-"hemtura "or$oration1 4"L-
4ndustrial Products recently announced they are aiming for commercial $roduction by 20/ 80 000 tonne91 #lbe-
marle 8US9 will have the chemical commercially available in 20/1 #ntici$ated to be sufficient ca$acity to re$lace
H6",, within !-? years1 See also $ara A1
4S0 %ro%er:
ties
)o inde$endent evaluation of $ro$erties is available1 #ccording to industry informationC Potentially $ersistent 8not
biodegradable9 but low $otential for bioaccumulation and low $otential for to;icity1 )ot classified for carcinogenic-
ity due to lac' of data1 )o data available on to;icity to fish1 See also $ara >1
Costs ,iverging information received 8see $ara >91 7es$onses re$ortedC #ccording to a manufacturer5 cost of manufac-
turing -PS $roducts containing -merald !000 is not antici$ated to have significant im$act on cost com$etiveness
with other $roducts1 Some Parties e;$ect higher costs than H6",,1 One Party suggests the costs of using the
alternative are .0 M 8-PS9 to 20M 8NPS9 higher than when using H6",,1 Se$arately to any cost differences
between the (7s are the costs to re- certify flame retardant -PS resins2$roducts for all of the foam a$$lications1
"anada has estimated this at a few million dollars1
0fficacy Pilot tests conducted by customers of one of the manufacturers have re$ortedly confirmed that (722P delivers the
re=uired level of fire safety to their $roducts1 -merald !000 is re$orted to have essentially e=uivalent flame retard-
ant efficiency to H6",, when used at e=uivalent bromine content1 NPS $roducers re$ort efficacy is @!M of
H6",,1 Kood thermal stability and com$atibility with $olystyrene1 4n higher tem$erature $rocessing conditions
Polymeric (7 needs to be stabiliBed5 similar to H6",,1
:"o$ied from body te;t of the re$ort<C Polymeric (7 is re$orted to have essentially e=uivalent flame retardant
efficiency to H6",, when used at e=uivalent bromine content1 #ccording to Kreat La'es Solutions5 1>M of -mer-
ald !000 8trade name9 is re=uired to $ass the -) "lass - flammability test1 +he re=uired load is thus com$arable
to that of H6",, 801?-21?M H6",, w2w9 in PS foams1
Chemical

Ben2eneA ethenyl:A %olymer (ith $A*:butadieneA brominated Fbrominated co:%olymer of styrene
and butadieneG Synonym: Polymeric ;' CAS No: $$/75:*:5
Trade
names
Pyroguard S7-!0 S7-!0
Claimed
suitability
-PS NPS
A1ailability

)ot available in the US#
4S0 %ro%er:
ties
See $ara >1
Costs )o data
0fficacy )o data
Chemical

Tetrabromobis%henol A bis Fallyl etherG CAS No: &/*&7: 5:*


Trade
names
6- ?5
(K !2005 (ire Kuard !2005 (lame "ut 2205 Pyroguard S7 !.5 S7 !.
Claimed
suitability
+wo-ste$ -PS $rocess
A1ailability

Used in the two-ste$ -PS $rocess only
4S0 %ro%er:
ties
Substance is a derivative of +66P# 8-"6 200A91 Little information is available on HS- $ro$erties1 #ccording to the
information reviewed in 0L4( 8200.9 it can be characterised with low to;icity5 $otential immunoto;in5 not easily
hydrolysed5 may be resistant to environmental degradation 8see 0L4( 200. for details91
Costs )o data
0fficacy )o data
Chemical

$A&A/A,: tetrabromocy:clo: octane FTBC6G CAS No: *$): /7:5
Trade
names
Sayte; 6"- /@ 8#lbemarle "or$oration9
Claimed
suitability
+wo-ste$ -PS $rocess #dditive (7
A1ailability

Used in the two-ste$ $rocess only +his substance may no longer be commercially available1 )o information is
available on $roduction volumes in the US or in the -U1 +6"O is also on the "anadian )on-,omestic Substances
List with as much as 0 tons2year re$orted as being im$orted into "anada1
4S0 %ro%er:
ties
# re$ort by the U0 -nvironment #gency 8(is' et al. 200!9 indicates that +6"O is haBardous to the a=uatic envi-
ronment 8i1e1 chronic )O-" b 01 mg2l or acute L8-9"?0s b 0 mg2l95 and $otentially P6+2vPv61 ,ue to $oor
availability of HS- information further analysis could not be carried out1
Costs )o data
0fficacy )o data
Chemical

&A)A,: tribromo%henyl allyl ether CAS No: *&75:5:/
Trade
names
Pyroguard (7 005 Kreat La'es PH--A?5 6rom'al A/-!#-
Claimed
suitability
+wo-ste$ -PS $rocess
A1ailability

)o data
4S0 %ro%er:
ties
Pro$osed as one of the 20 HPV chemicals structurally similar to 'nown #rctic contaminants 86rown J 3ania
200@91 Li'ely bioaccumulative and sub*ect to long range trans$ort since the substance is found in #rctic seals in
both blubber and brain 8Von der 7ec'e J Vetter 200>9
Costs )o data
0fficacy )o data
Chemical

Tetrabromobis%henol A bisF&A*: di:bromo%ro%yl etherG FTBBPA: DBP0GA CAS No: &$5/.:)):& (ith
dicumene for MPS and dicumyl %ero3ide for 0PSA as usual syner#ists
Trade
names
S+#7(L# &- PS S#& ?/C masterbatch for NPS S+#7(L# &- PO S#& ??C masterbatch for NPS K" S#& ?? -C
$owder blend for -PS


Claimed
suitability
-PS NPS
A1ailability

(or -PS only laboratory scale e;$erience5 not yet in wide use1 #ll raw materials5 however5 are worldwide commodi-
ties and thus K" S#& ?? - is re$orted to be immediately available for u$-scaling on a commercial scale1 (or NPS
the alternative is already in use in commercial scale1
4S0 %ro%er:
ties
#ccording to the 0L4( 8200.9 review5 +66P#- ,6P- has low to;icity1 )o endocrine effects have been observed5
but it has a high $otential to inhibit estradiol sulfotransferase and have a moderate com$etition with the thyro;ine
for the binding to the $lasma $rotein transthyretrin1 +66P#-,6P- is $oorly absorbed through the gastrointestinal
tract in rats5 but the absorbed =uantities accumulate in liver and slowly metaboliBe1 +he available information does
not allow assessing the environmental $ersistence 83ashington State 200A91 #ccording to 0L4( 8200.9 and the
information from the manufacturer5 +66P#- ,6P- has low biodegradability but a$$ears to be susce$tible to hy-
drolysis1 "ontradicting conclusions on bioaccumulation are re$orted in 3ashington State 8200A9 and 0L4(
8200.91 #ccording to the manufacturer bioaccumulation is not e;$ected1 +he )ational +o;icology Program 8)+P9
believes that the substance might have a carcinogenic $otential1 Positive for mutagenic activity with and without
metabolic activation in Salmonella ty$himurium strains 8)4-HS 200291 +66P#-,6P- has also been found in
house dust in 6elgium and U0 8#li et al. 2091
Costs #ccording to the manufacturer5 com$arable to H6",, solution in -PS 8costs around A1? 2'g91 Slightly more
e;$ensive than H6",, in NPS1
0fficacy (lame retardant $ro$erties5 20- !0M less than H6",,1 7e$ortedly good thermal stability5 easily dis$ersible and
com$atible with $olystyrene5 insoluble in water and soluble in +oluene and Nylene1
Chemical

0thylenebis Ftetrabro:mo%hthalimideG F0BTPIG CAS No: *&/55:7,:)
Trade
names
6+.!5 6+.!35 6+.!3(K5 "ite; 6+ .!5 Sayte; 6+.!5 Sayte; 6+.!3
Claimed
suitability
H4PS #dditive (7
A1ailability

"ommercially available and used e;tensively 4t is mostly used in H4PS5 $olyethylene5 $oly$ro$ylene5 thermo$lastic
$olyesters5 $olyamide5 -P,&5 rubbers5 $olycarbonate5 ethylene co- $olymers5 ionomer resins5 and te;tiles1
4S0 %ro%er:
ties
+he available data is insufficient for a com$rehensive environmental assessment of -6+P41 +he few studies re$ort-
ed indicate that -6+P4 is not readily biodegradable5 does not bioaccumulate and has a low a=uatic to;icity 8,anish
-P# 200>91 4ndications are that -6+P4 is of low mammalian to;icity 80L4( 200.91 +he -U +echnical "ommittee
of )ew and -;isting "hemicals Substances 8+")-S9 considered -6+P4 very $ersistent1 However5 the bioaccumula-
tion criterion was not met based on molecular $ro$erties of the substance and -6+P4 was not listed as a vPv6
substance1 +he only available study of the a=uatic to;icity of -6+P4 indicates that acute to;ic effects occur at levels
much higher than the estimated water solubility1 Long-term )O-" values are not found in the literature1 &ore
ecoto;icology data are re=uired for assessment of the to;icity 8+9 criterion1 8Pa'alin et al. 200>91
Costs )o data
0fficacy +echnically feasible and used e;tensively
Chemical

Decabromodi%henyl ether FDecaBD0G CAS No: $$,*:$:/
Trade
names
S#Y+-N 02- (7-20 ,--@!7
Claimed
suitability
H4PS +e;tiles
A1ailability "ommercially available and used e;tensively1 &any manufacturers have $hased use out since the early 2000Ss


4S0 %ro%er:
ties
,ecabromodi$henyl ether was considered to;ic according to criteria A/ 8a9 under the Canadian Environmental
/rotection $ct, '***5 along with other P6,-s in this class 8tetra to deca6,-s91 # State of Science 7e$ort for this
substance found that this substance transforms to $ersistent and bioaccumulative substances 8-nvironment "ana-
da 20091 +he POP7" has concluded that there is an increasing number of studies related to the $otential of highly
brominated congeners5 including decabromodi$henyl ether5 to be reductively debrominated in the environment
and thus contribute to the formation of those brominated di$henyl ethers listed in #nne; # 8,ecision POP7"->291
4n the -U 7#7 8-uro$ean "ommission 20029 ,eca6,- was not e;$ected to degrade biologically5 but was not
considered bioaccumulative nor to;ic1 # later review 8Pa'alin et al. 200>9 concluded as well that ,eca6,- does
not meet the to;icity 8+9 criterion1 However5 there is some indication that ,eca6,- can cause behavioural dis-
turbances in mice when they are e;$osed at a sensitive stage of brain develo$ment 8$ossibly via a metabolite91 +his
a$$arent to;icity ma'es the $resence of ,eca6,- in the eggs of to$ $redators a serious finding that is relevant in
any assessment of long-term ris'1 Pa'alin et al 8200>9 also notes that the normal P-"2P)-" com$arison methods
described in the -U +echnical Kuidance ,ocument do not a$$ly to this situation1 See also $ara @1
Costs )o data

Chemical

Decabromodi%henyl ethane FDBDP0G CAS No: 5)5/&:/*:
Trade
names
S#Y+-N @00 (iremaster 200 Planelon 6,- S@00
Claimed
suitability
H4PS +e;tiles #dditive (7
A1ailability

"ommercially available and used e;tensively1 ,6,P- was introduced in the mid-.@0s and became commercially
im$ortant as an alternative to ,eca6,- formulations in the early ..0s1 -uro$e does not $roduce ,6,P-5 but
im$orts in 200 were estimated to be between 000 and ?000 tons5 $rimarily to Kermany1 ,6,P- is the second
highest current use additive 6(7 in "hina with $roduction increasing at @0M $er year 8htt$C22www1$olymer1cn291
4t is $roduced by at least two "hinese com$aniesC +he $roduction volume of ,6,P- in "hina in 200A was 25000
tons 8Niao5 200A91 4n %a$an5 there has been a clear shift in consum$tion away from ,eca6,- to ,6,P-1 #gency
200>5 Pa'alin et al. 200>91 ,6,P- has a relatively low haBard $otential to a=uatic organisms due to its low water
solubility1 4t is also of low to;icity to mammals 8-nvironment #gency 200>91 ,6,P- alters gene e;$ression in
chic'en embryos 8-gloff et al. 2095 is acutely to;ic to ,a$hnia magna5 reduces the hatching rates of Bebra-fish
eggs5 and significantly raises the mortality of hatched larvae 8)a'ari J Huhtala 20091 4n the ris' assessment
made by the U05 conclusions on bioaccumulation were not $ossible in the absence of reliable data 8-nvironment
#gency 200>91 7ecent information shows that in fish ,6,P- bioaccumulates one order of magnitude higher than
,eca6,- which indicates it can significantly accumulate in fish 8He et al. 20291 ,6,P- is found in $redator avian
s$ecies such as falcons and their eggs 8Kuerra et al. 2029 and in $iscivorous water birds 8Luo et al. 200.91 4n a
La'e 3inni$eg food web ,6,P- was found to biomagnify 8Law et al. 200.91 ,6,P- is widely detected in envi-
ronmental sam$lesI sewage sludge5 air5 sediments5 fish and birds5 as well as in house and office dust 8La Kuardia et
al. 20291 4n a recent )ordic screening study 8)"& 2095 ,6,P- was found in 00M of air5 ?0M of sediment5
00M of sludge and >0M of biota sam$les1 +he concentrations were often com$arable with 6,--/> and 6,--20.
levels found1 ,6,P- has also been found in house dust in the US 8Sta$leton et al. 200@95 6elgium5 U0 8#li et al.
209 and Sweden 80arlsson et al. 200>91 +he chemical is the main 6(7 in human hair in non-e-waste recycling
areas in "hina1 Significant correlations were found between hair levels and dust levels 8Oheng et al. 209 suggest-
ing endogenous $athways to hair1
4S0 %ro%er:
ties
#vailable evidence indicates ,ecabromodi$henyl ethane 8,6,P-9 is $otentially $ersistent1 4t is not susce$tible to
abiotic degradation 8e1g15 hydrolysis9 and is not readily biodegradable under aerobic conditions in the a=uatic
environment 8viBC 2M according to O-", !0"91 Persistence is lin'ed to low water solubility 801>2 tg2l91 8-nvi-
ronment #gency 200>5 Pa'alin et al. 200>91


,6,P- has a relatively low haBard $otential to a=uatic organisms due to its low water solubility1 4t is also of low
to;icity to mammals 8-nvironment #gency 200>91 ,6,P- alters gene e;$ression in chic'en embryos 8-gloff et al.
2095 is acutely to;ic to ,a$hnia magna5 reduces the hatching rates of Bebra-fish eggs5 and significantly raises the
mortality of hatched larvae 8)a'ari J Huhtala 20091
4n the ris' assessment made by the U05 conclusions on bioaccumulation were not $ossible in the absence of relia-
ble data 8-nvironment #gency 200>91 7ecent information shows that in fish ,6,P- bioaccumulates one order of
magnitude higher than ,eca6,- which indicates it can significantly accumulate in fish 8He et al1 20291 ,6,P-
is found in $redator avian s$ecies such as falcons and their eggs 8Kuerra et al. 2029 and in $iscivorous water
birds 8Luo et al. 200.91 4n a La'e 3inni$eg food web ,6,P- was found to biomagnify 8Law et al. 200.91 ,6,P-
is widely detected in environmental sam$lesI sewage sludge5 air5 sediments5 fish and birds5 as well as in house
and office dust 8La Kuardia et al. 20291 4n a recent )ordic screening study 8)"& 2095 ,6,P- was found in
00M of air5 ?0M of sediment5 00M of sludge and >0M of biota sam$les1 +he concentrations were often com$a-
rable with 6,--/> and 6,--20. levels found1
Costs #ccording to one Party5 ,6,P- is commonly used in H4PS and te;tiles5 with better effect than H6",, and a$-
$ro;imately e=ual $rice as H6",5 and basically re$laced H6",, in 20 in this a$$lication in "hina1
Chemical

Tri%henyl %hos%hate CAS No: $$/:5,:,
Trade
names
)o data
Claimed
suitability
H4PS
A1ailability

"ommercially available and used e;tensively
4S0 %ro%er:
ties
#ccording to a review $ublished by the ,anish -P# 8200>95 +PP is highly to;ic to algae5 invertebrates and fish with
ty$ical L8-9"?0 values b mg2l1 +wo studies of the chronic to;icity in fish re$ort )O-" values in the range 010/-
012! mg2l5 however5 the validity of the studies are =uestionable1 6"( values e00 have been re$orted in several
long-term studies with different s$ecies of fish5 and +PP is considered to be $otentially bioaccumulative1 +his is
su$$orted by the log 0ow value for +PP 8range /1?@-/1A>91 +PP is inherently biodegradable5 and is furthermore
found to biodegrade under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions in water2sediment and soil systems under vari-
ous conditions1 +he log 0ow and log 0oc values indicate that the availability and the mobility of +PP in the envi-
ronment is limited1 )o data was found with res$ect to acute or re$eated human e;$osure1 +he only $arameter
affected in the ,anish review in subacute and subchronic dietary studies in rats was retardation in weight gain
8,anish -P# 200>91 US -P# 8200?9 re$orts moderate systemic to;icity and high acute and chronic ecoto;icity of
+PP as two characteristics of concern1 +he US Occu$ational Safety and Health #dministration 8OSH#9 re$orts
inhibition of cholinesterase as a health effect of tri$henyl $hos$hate e;$osure 8US OSH# ...91 ,anish -P#
8200>9 concluded that tri$henyl $hos$hate 8+PP9 does not meet the $ersistency and bioaccumulation criteria in
the P6+ assessment1 +ri$henyl $hos$hate is considered environmentally haBardous in Kermany due to its to;icity
to a=uatic organisms 8LeisewitB et al. 200091 4n a recent study5 tri$henyl $hos$hate was associated with a substan-
tial .M decrease in s$erm concentration in men 8&ee'er J Sta$leton 20091
Costs )o data
Chemical

Bis%henol A bis Fbi%henyl %hos%hateG FBDPG CAS No: /)/:**:/
Trade
names
(yrolfle; 6,P
Claimed H4PS #dditive (7


suitability
A1ailability

4S0 %ro%er:
ties
6is$henol # bis 8bi$henyl $hos$hate9 86,P9 is a $hos$horic trichloride reaction $roduct with bis$henol # and
$henol1 4t may contain bis$henol # as an im$urity1 #ccording to 3ashington State 8200A9 the results of the indus-
try to;icity studies indicate low to;icity concern for humans5 and low to medium to;icity concern for a=uatic organ-
isms1 +here are no animal cancer studies available for this chemical and no information on $otential human e;$o-
sures1 +he chemical does show a tendency to $ersist in the environment1 6ioaccumulation could not be assessed1
One of the 6,P degradation $roducts is bis$henol # 83ashington State 200A95 a substance declared by "anada to
meet the criteria for $ersistence and to;icity concerns regarding $ermanent alterations in hormonal5 develo$men-
tal or re$roductive ca$acity 8-nvironment "anada 200@91 6ased on the $otential of its degradation $roduct bi-
s$henol # for endocrine disru$tion5 bis$henol # bis 8bi$henyl $hos$hate9 was scored as high for the endocrine
disru$ting attribute in an -U assessment draft 8%7" 2091 +he same assessment found that 6,P was highly $er-
sistent and moderately to highly bioaccumulative with 6"( values ranging from !00 to !000 and log 0ow of /1? R
A1
Costs )o data
Chemical

Di%henyl cresyl %hos%hate CAS No: &,))):):/
Trade
names
)o data
Claimed
suitability
H4PS
A1ailability

4S0 %ro%er:
ties
,i$henyl cresyl $hos$hate is $oorly characteriBed but a$$ears to be to;ic to a=uatic organisms and not readily
biodegradable 8O-", S4,S91 #ccording to 3ashington State 8200A9 half-life in water is /1@A years5 6"( .@0 and
it has moderate a=uatic to;icity5 has develo$mental and re$roductive to;icity but is not mutagenic and has low oral
to;icity1
Costs )o data
Chemical

Chlorinated %araffins FC$.:$*G =CAS No: 5//*/:5):5
Trade
names
)o data
Claimed
suitability
+e;tiles
A1ailability

#vailable and used e;tensively
4S0 %ro%er:
ties
Short-chain chlorinated $araffins 8#l'anes5 "0-!5 chloro9 with greater than /@M chlorination have been nomi-
nated for listing as a POP under the Stoc'holm "onvention and are currently under review of the POP7"1 "hlorin-
ated $araffins 8"0-!9 assessed as short chain chlorinated $araffins 8S""Ps9 met the definition of to;ic under
criteria A/ 8a9 under the "anadian -nvironmental Protection #ct5 ... and the Persistence and 6ioaccumulative
criteria and was sub*ect to Virtual -limination1 4n "anada5 these substances were included in the $ro$osed Prohibi-
tion of "ertain +o;ic Substance 7egulations in 202 8htt$C22www1ec1gc1ca2lc$e- ce-


$a2eng2regulations2detailreg1cfm[int7eg P@>91
Costs Used e;tensively
Chemical

Ammonium %oly%hos%hate = CAS 'N ,5***:7:
Trade
names
)o data
Claimed
suitability
+e;tiles
A1ailability

#vailable and used e;tensively
4S0 %ro%er:
ties
Little data is available on $ro$erties1 +here is no data on bioaccumulation1 4n "anada the chemical is categoriBed as
Persistent and inherently +o;ic1
Costs Used e;tensively
0fficacy )o data
Z +he table has here been trans$osed in order to im$rove the readabilityI $lease find references in original
document1

+aterial alternati1es to flame retarded 0PS
&aterial alternatives to -PS flame retarded with H6",, and used in the building sector have been
reviewed in 20 by the )orwegian "limate and Pollution #gency 8Lassen et al.5 2091
+he summary results of the com$arison of the -PS flame retardant with H6",, and other insula-
tion materials are shown in +able /.1 +he overall conclusion of the study was that alternatives are
available for all assessed a$$lications of flame retarded -PS1 +he flame retarded -PS would li'ely
be re$laced by different insulation materials de$ending on the a$$lication5 as no one alternative
assessed would substitute for all -PS a$$lications5 if the use of flame retarded -PS is restricted1
+he alternatives ty$ically have better fire $erformance and contain fewer $roblematic chemical
substances1 #$art from this5 the flame retarded -PS scores well in the com$arison with the other
materials 8$rovided that the fire $erformance is acce$table95 in $articular if the -PS ultimately is
dis$osed of by incinerated with energy recovery1
+he $rice of the chea$est alternatives ranges a$$ro;imately from the same $rice as for flame re-
tarded -PS to !0M more1 #lternatives of significantly higher $rices e;ist5 but these are ty$ically
used because they have some desired technical advantages and would5 because of the $rice5 $roba-
bly not be the first choice substitutes for general a$$lication1 (or some a$$lications5 where flame
resistance is not needed5 non-flame retarded -PS would $robably be used to the e;tent national
regulation allows1
&aterial alternatives to the use of H6",, in te;tiles are addressed in section >11/1
;ormation of fumes durin# fire - Stec and Hull 8209 have investigated the Ure to;icity of si;
insulation materials 8glass wool5 stone wool5 -PS5 $henolic foam5 $olyurethane foam and $olyisocy-
anurate foam9 under a range of Ure conditions1 4t is not indicated whether the -PS contain flame
retardants1

+wo of the materials5 stone wool and glass wool5 failed to ignite and gave consistently low yields of
all of the to;ic $roducts testet for1 +he to;icities of the efVuents5 showing the contribution of indi-
vidual to;ic com$onents5 were com$ared using the fractional effective dose 8(-,9 model and L"?0
8the mass re=uired $er unit volume to generate a lethal atmos$here under s$eciUed conditions91


+he (-, was e;$ressed as the sum of contributions to to;icity from individual s$eciesC "O5 hydro-
gen cyanide5 nitrogen dio;ide5 hydrogen chloride5 and hydrogen bromide1 (or $olyisocyanurate and
$olyurethane foam5 a signiUcant contribution from hydrogen cyanide was seen5 resulting in dou-
bling of the overall to;icity as the Ure condition changed from well-ventilated to under-ventilated1
+hese materials showed an order of increasing Ure to;icity5 from stone wool 8least to;ic95 glass wool5
$olystyrene5 $henolic5 $olyurethane to $olyisocyanurate foam 8most to;ic91 #mong the combustible
insulation materials5 the -PS was the material yielding less to;ic fumes1 However5 the authors con-
clude that -PS determination should be re$eated under non-Vaming conditions to conUrm the low
yields5 and identify the volatiles corres$onding to the mass loss1


TAB>0 )
"O&P#74SO) O( (L#&- 7-+#7,-, -PS #), S-L-"+-, #L+-7)#+4V- 4)SUL#+4O) &#+-74#LS

Technical solution Technical feasibility ;ire safety 4uman health and ecoto3icolo#:
ical im%acts
6ther en1ironmental im%acts and resource
consum%tion
'ecyclability Price of
material
Fnormalised
to functional
unit F;9G
(ith similar
insulation
ca%acityG

Ad1anta#es
Fas com%ared
to 0PSG
Disad1anta#es
Fas com%ared
to 0PSG
Chemicals ;ibres and
dust
Non:
rene(able
ener#y con:
sum%tion CCA
+LD;9
'ene(able
ener#y
consum%:
tionA
+LD;9
Selected im:
%acts Fcradle:
to:#ateG Fas
com%ared to
0PSG CCCC

;lame retarded 0PS
sheets
- - -uroclass -
,evelo$ment of
smo'e and
burning dro$lets
H6",, is a P6+
and POP sub-
stance - released
during the use
and dis$osal
$hase
)o ma*or issues 4)"C
,-PC @?
4)"C
,-PC
7ecyclable - recy-
cling increase the
releases of
H6",, to the
environment
20-@0 $er
m
!
8e;cl1 V#+9
Non: flame retard:
ed 0PS sheets
- - -uroclass (
,evelo$ment of
smo'e and
burning dro$lets
)o ma*or issues )o ma*or issues 4)"C
,-PC @?
4)"C
,-PC
7ecyclable R
slightly lower
value of recycled
materials
8y9
Stone (ool ,iffusion-o$en1
-asier to fasten
tight in some
cases due to
fle;ibility
Similar to or
slightly lower
insulation effi-
ciency1
Higher weight
Lover com$res-
sive strength
than some -PS
ty$es
-uroclass5 #5#2 Small releases of
formaldehyde
8"&79 from
some ty$es
4rritating fibres 4)"C !.
,-PC !.
4)"C
,-PC
Klobal warming
8Q9
#cidification 8Q9
Smog 89

7ecyclable with
low value of recy-
cled materials

8y2Q9


ical im%acts
consum%tion
material
Fnormalised
to functional
unit F;9G
(ith similar
insulation
ca%acityG

Ad1anta#es
Fas com%ared
to 0PSG
Disad1anta#es
Fas com%ared
to 0PSG
dust
Non:
rene(able
ener#y con:
sum%tion CCA
+LD;9
'ene(able
ener#y
consum%:
tionA
+LD;9
Selected im:
%acts Fcradle:
to:#ateG Fas
com%ared to
0PSG CCCC

Polyisocyanurate
FPI'G sheets Fflame
retardantG
Higher insula-
tion efficiency
Higher com$res-
sive strength for
some ty$es
-uroclass -
,evelo$ment of
smo'e 8less than
-PS9
Halogenated
$hos$horous
flame retardants
in some ty$es
8not P6+ or
"&79 &ay be
released during
use and dis$osal
)o ma*or issues

4)"C .
,-PC >/
4)"C /
,-PC /
Klobal warming
8Q9
#cidification 8Q9
Smog 89

7ecyclable with
low value of recy-
cled materials -
recycling may
increase releases
of halogenated
$hos$horus com-
$ounds
8y2QQ9
-ood fibre insula:
tion board
,iffusion-o$en

Slightly lower
insulation effi-
ciency1
Somewhat vul-
nerable to mois-
ture1
Some =ualities
relatively heavy
-uroclass -5 (
,evelo$ment of
smo'e
)o ma*or issues )o ma*or issues 4)"C -
,-PC 20
4)"C ?//
,-PC ?//
Klobal warming
89
#cidification 8Q9
Smog 89

7ecyclable with
low value of recy-
cled materials
8Q2QQ9


ical im%acts
consum%tion
material
Fnormalised
to functional
unit F;9G
(ith similar
insulation
ca%acityG

Ad1anta#es
Fas com%ared
to 0PSG
Disad1anta#es
Fas com%ared
to 0PSG
dust
Non:
rene(able
ener#y con:
sum%tion CCA
+LD;9
'ene(able
ener#y
consum%:
tionA
+LD;9
Selected im:
%acts Fcradle:
to:#ateG Fas
com%ared to
0PSG CCCC

Cellular #lass Very high re-
sistance to com-
$ression1
"an reduce
dimensions of a
load bearing
insulated wall in
some cases1
4nsensitive to
moisture and
other climate
and chemical
$ressures1
Slightly lower
insulation effi-
ciency
7elatively heavy
- if used for
dec's5 roofs etc1
4t may in some
cases warrant
stronger dimen-
sions of load
bearing struc-
tures
-uroclass # )o ma*or issues )o ma*or issues 4)"C AA
,-PC AA
4)"C 00
,-PC 00
Klobal warming
8Q9
#cidification 8Q9
Smog 89
7ecyclable with
low value of recy-
cled materials
8QQ9
Z )otationC 8y9 $rices ty$ically similar to -PSI 8Q9 0-!0M more than for -PSI 8QQ9 e!0M more than -PS1 Prices com$arison based on materials meeting the functional unit1
ZZ Primary energy consum$tion for the functional unit 8(U9 of m2 and a thermal resistance of 21@?> m2i0231 "overs manufacturing 8cradle-to-gate9 and dis$osal1 (or dis$osal two scenarios are assessedC 4)"5 com-
bustible materials are incinerated with energy recovery of @0M efficiency5 ,-P5 all materials are de$osited2landfilled1
ZZZ -uroclassesC 7ange from the best #C8 non-combustible9 to (C not tested 8combustible9
ZZZZZ )otationC 8Q9 higher $otential than -PS5 89 lower $otential than -PS


7.$.* TBBPA and deri1ati1es
#lternatives to +66P# have been assessed by the Swedish "hemicals #gency 8Posner5 200A95 Lowell
"enter for Sustainable Production 8&orose5 200A9 and the US -P#Ss (lame 7etardants in Printed
"ircuit 6oards Partnershi$ 8US -P#5 200@91

#lternatives to the additive use of +66P# is similar to alternatives to deca6,- and are covered by
section >111

+he main a$$lication of +66P# is in $rinted circuit boards 8P"6s9 for electronics1 "urrently5 the
ma*ority of P"6s $roduced worldwide meet the V0 re=uirements of the UL ./ fire safety standard1
+his standard is usually achieved through the use of brominated e$o;y resins in which the reactive
flame retardant tetrabromobis$henol # 8+66P#9 forms $art of the $olymeric bac'bone of the resin1
3hile alternative flame-retardant materials are used in only a small $ercentage of (7-/ boards5 the
use of alternatives has been increasing over the $ast few years5 and additional flame-retardant
chemicals and laminate materials are under develo$ment1

4n 200@ most laminate su$$liers included halogen-free materials in their $ortfolio1 Pricing for hal-
ogen-free laminates were still higher than conventional material by at least 0 M5 and often by much
more1 8US -P#5 200@91

+he total mar'et of halogen-free laminates in 200A totalled !0> million as com$ared to a total
global laminate mar'et of >1> billion 8US -P#5 200@91

# multi-sta'eholder $artnershi$ alternatives assessment under US -P#Ds ,esign for the -nviron-
ment 8,f-9 Program has evaluated flame retardants in $rinted circuit boards 8US -P#5 200@91 +he
$artnershi$ evaluated eight commercially available flame retardants for (7-/ laminate materials for
P"6sC +66P#5 ,OPO5 (yrol P&P5 aluminium hydro;ide5 -;olit OP .!05 &ela$ur 2005 silicon dio;-
ide5 and magnesium hydro;ide 8+able ?091 +he reaction $roducts of e$o;y resin with +66P#5
,OPO5 and (yrol P&P were also evaluated5 because both +66P# and ,OPO undergo chemical
reactions during manufacturing1 +he flame-retardant evaluations in the re$ort are haBard assess-
ments with considerations for e;$osure5 but not full ris' assessments1

TAB>0 /.
)O)-67O&4)#+-, (L#&- 7-+#7,#)+S -V#UL#+-, 6Y US -P# 8200@9

Substance Chemical formula Descri%tion
D6P6
,4:Diben2JcAeKJ$A&K
o3a%hos%horinA ,:
o3ide
CAS No */)5:&/:/

Pinfa5 200
,OPO is a hydrogen$hos$hinate made from o-$heny$henol and
$hos$horus trichloride1 Similar to +66P#5 it can be chemically
reacted to become $art of the e$o;y resin bac'bone1 8US -P#5
200@9
4n 2005 ,OPO was regarded as the ma*or building bloc' used to
ma'e $hos$horus containing e$o;y resins 8+g u$ to ?0 a"91 ,OPO
was commercially available from different su$$liers 8Pinfa5 2009
;yrol P+P
Poly:Fm:%henylene
methyl%hos%honateG
CAS No ,*7)7:/5:.

4"l industrial5 202
(yrol P&P is an aromatic $hos$honate oligomer with high $hos-
$horus content 8> to @ $ercent91 Similar to +66P# and ,OPO5
(yrol P&P can be chemically reacted to become $art of the e$o;y
resin bac'bone1 3hen reacted into a $henol-formaldehyde novola'
e$o;y5 (yrol P&P $rovides good flame retardancy at loadings as
low as 20 $ercent 8US -P#5 200@9


Substance Chemical formula Descri%tion
Aluminium 4ydro3:
ide
CAS No &$,)/:/$:&
#l8OH9! #+H is difficult to use alone to achieve the (7-/ rating of lami-
nates5 and as a result5 high loadings relative to the e$o;y resin5
ty$ically u$ to A0 to >0 M by weight5 are needed1 #+H is most
commonly used in (7-/ P"6s as a flame-retardant filler5 in combi-
nation with ,OPO or other $hos$horus-based com$ounds 8US
-P#5 200@9
+elamine Poly%hos:
%hate
CAS No &$57,5:5):)

Pinfa5 200
&elamine $oly$hos$hate5 an additive-ty$e flame retardant based
on a combination of $hos$horous and nitrogen chemistries5 is
ty$ically used as crystalline $owder and in combination with $hos-
$horus-based com$ounds1 &elamine $oly$hos$hate does not
negatively im$act the $erformance characteristics of standard
e$o;y laminates5 and functions best when blended with other non-
halogen flame retardants 8US -P#5 200@9

Phos%horic acidA
diethyl:A aluminium
salt
03olit 6P *.
CAS No &&/75:*5:5

Keneral formula for metal $hos-
$hinates
Pinfa5 200
(lame retardants based on $hos$hinate chemistry are a relatively
new class of non-halogenated (7s on the mar'et1 One such $hos-
$hinate-based flame retardant R -;olit OP.!05 R is a fine-grained
$owder with high $hos$horus content 82! to 2/ M9 used as a filler
in (7-/ laminates1 4t is designed $rimarily for use in (7-/ lami-
nate materials with +g greater than ?0a"1
Li'e most $hos$horus-based com$ounds5 metal $hos$hinates
achieve flame retardancy by forming a char barrier u$on heating5
thereby cutting off access to the o;ygen needed for the combustion
$rocess1
4t is ty$ically used as a synergist in combination with modified
resins and sometimes other filler-ty$e (7s1 8US -P#5 200@9
4n every case the dosage of the metal $hos$hinate de$ends on the
chemical nature of the varnish bac'bone1 (or e;am$le5 in a combi-
nation with a $hos$horus modified e$o;y resin ? to 20 $hr 8$arts
$er hundred resin9 of metal $hos$hinate are recommended1 8Pinfa5
2009
Silica
CAS No 7,*$:5,:A
$*$7:/:
SiO2 #lso 'nown as silicon dio;ide 8SiO295 silica is characteriBed by its
abrasion resistance5 electrical insulation5 and high thermal stabil-
ity1 Silica is not a flame retardant in the traditional sense1 4t dilutes
the mass of combustible com$onents5 thus reducing the amount of
(7 necessary to $ass the flammability test1 Silica is most common-
ly used in combination with novola'-ty$e e$o;y resins1 8US -P#5
200@9
+a#nesium 4ydro3:
ide
CAS No $*.:)&:5
&g8OH92 &agnesium hydro;ide is functionally similar to #+H5 in that it
endothermically decom$oses at high tem$eratures to $roduce an
o;ide 8&gO9 and water1 However5 whereas #+H undergoes ther-
mal decom$osition
at 200-220a"5 magnesium hydro;ide decom$oses at a$$ro;imate-
ly !!0a"1 +his allows manufacturers to use magnesium hydro;ide
when $rocessing tem$eratures are too high for #+H 8US -P#5
200@9


+he summary results of the assessment are shown in +able ?1+he level of available human health
and environmental information varies widely by flame retardant chemical1 Little information e;ists
concerning many of the alternative flame-retardant materials1 &ore established chemicals5 includ-
ing +66P# and silicon dio;ide5 are more fully characteriBed1 +o hel$ address this discre$ancy5 and
to increase the usefulness of this re$ort5 US -P# used the tools and e;$ertise of the )ew "hemicals
Program to estimate the $otential im$acts of flame retardants when no e;$erimental data were
available1

+he technical and economic feasibility of the alternatives was not a $art of the ,f- $ro*ect5 but the
$erformance testing of commercially available non-halogenated (7 materials to determine their 'ey
electrical and mechanical $ro$erties was the focus of a com$lementary $ro*ect being conducted by
the 4nternational -lectronics &anufacturing 4nitiative 8i)-&491 i)-&4 is consortium of a$$ro;i-
mately 00 leading electronics manufacturers5 su$$liers5 associations5 government agencies and
universities1 i)-&4 su$$orts the removal of halogenated flame retardants and PV" from electronic
e=ui$ment 8i)-&45 2091 4n the tested non-halogenated (7/ laminates5 the resin e$o;y bac'bone
was modified - organo-$hos$horous or nitrogen com$ounds substitute for +66P# and fillers were
added R SiO25 metal hydro;ides and2or other com$ounds 8i)-&45 2091 +he changes have some
im$act on the $ro$erties of the laminatesI the most critical being that the e$o;y bac'bone change
affects the resin electrical $ro$erties 8,' and ,f9 due to moisture absor$tion5 and the addition of
fillers increase the dielectric "onstant 8,'9 of the material5 affecting im$edance targets5 crosstal'
and other design considerations1 8i)-&45 209

One of the drivers in the shift to 6(7-free laminates is the concern about formation of by-$roducts
during $roduct use and thermal end-of-life $rocesses1

4n addition to the haBard assessment of the alternatives5 e;$erimental testing was conducted as $art
of this $ro*ect to learn more about the combustion by-$roducts released during end-of-life dis$osal
$rocesses of $rinted circuit boards 8US -P#5 20!91 O$en burning and incineration scenarios were
simulated for different combinations of circuit board laminates and com$onents1 +he laminates
tested contained either a brominated flame retardant5 a halogen-free flame retardant5 or no flame
retardant1 Halogenated dio;ins5 halogenated furans5 and $olyaromatic hydrocarbons emitted dur-
ing combustion were measured to better understand the ris's associated with the combustion of
this ty$e of electronic waste1 #ccording to US -P# 820!95 the $artnershi$ re$ort will be u$dated to
reflect findings1 +he re$ort is still not $ublished1


TAB>0 /$
+H4S +#6L- O)LY "O)+#4)S 4)(O7&#+4O) 7-K#7,4)K +H- 4)H-7-)+ H#O#7,S O( (L#&--7-+#7,#)+ 8(79 "H-&4"#LS1 -V#LU#+4O) O( 74S0 &US+ "O)S4,-7 6O+H +H- H#O#7, #),
-NPOSU7- #SSO"4#+-, 34+H (7 "H-&4"#LS5 #S 3-LL #S +H- H#O#7, #), -NPOSU7- #SSO"4#+-, 34+H "O&6US+4O) #), ,-K7#,#+4O) 6YP7O,U"+S1
+H- "#V-#+S L4S+-, 4) +H- L-K-), #), (OO+)O+- S-"+4O)S &US+ 6- +#0-) 4)+O #""OU)+ 3H-) 4)+-7P7-+4)K +H- H#O#7, 4)(O7&#+4O) 4) +H- +#6L- 6-LO31

Chemical CAS N.
AIuatic
To3icity
0n1iron:
mental
03%osure Considerations
A
c
u
t
e

t
o
3
i
c
i
t
y

S
"
i
n

S
e
n
s
i
t
i
2
e
r

C
a
n
c
e
r

4
a
2
a
r
d

I
m
m
u
n
o
t
o
3
i
c
i
t
y

'
e
%
r
o
d
u
c
t
i
1
e

D
e
1
e
l
o
%
m
e
n
t
a
l

N
e
u
r
o
l
o
#
i
c
a
l

S
y
s
t
e
m
i
c

8
e
n
o
t
o
3
i
c
i
t
y

A
c
u
t
e

C
h
r
o
n
i
c

P
e
r
s
i
s
t
e
n
c
e

B
i
o
a
c
c
u
m
u
l
a
t
i
o
n

A1ailability of ;'s
throu#hout the
lifecycle for reacti1e and
additi1e ;'
chemicals and resins&
'eacti1e ;lame:'etardant Chemicals
$
+etrabromobis$henol # 8+66P#9 8#lbemarle5 "hemtura5 and others92

+66P# >.-./-> L L

+ L L M L L L H , M L
,OPO 8AH-,ibenB:c5e<:52< o;a$hos$horin5 A-o;ide9 8San'o "o15 Ltd1 and others9
,OPO !?./@-2?-? + + + + + + + + L - - + +
(yrol P&P 8#ryl al'yl$hos$honate9 8Su$resta9
(yrol P&P Pro$rietary + L + + + + + + + + + , +
'eacti1e ;lame:'etardant 'esins
$
7eaction $roduct of +66P# - ,1-171 ?!@ 8Phenol5 /5/S-8-methylethylidene9bis:25A-dibromo-5 $olymer with 8chloromethyl9o;irane and
/5/S-8-methylethylidene9bis:$henol<9 8,ow "hemical9

,1-171 ?!@ 2A2A?-0@-> + M -
+ -
+ + M + + - +
7eaction Product of ,OPO R ,ow NO-.2?/> 8reaction $roduct of an e$o;y $henyl novola' with ,OPO9 8,ow "hemical9
,ow NO-.2?/> Pro$rietary + M -
+ -
+ + -
+ + , +
7eaction $roduct of (yrol P&P with bis$henol #5 $olymer with e$ichlorohydrin 87e$resentative 7esin9
7e$resentative (yrol P"6 7esin Un'nown + + -
+ -
+ + -
+ + , +
Additi1e ;lame 'etardants
*


Chemical CAS N.
AIuatic
To3icity
0n1iron:
mental
03%osure Considerations
A
c
u
t
e

t
o
3
i
c
i
t
y

S
"
i
n

S
e
n
s
i
t
i
2
e
r

C
a
n
c
e
r

4
a
2
a
r
d

I
m
m
u
n
o
t
o
3
i
c
i
t
y

'
e
%
r
o
d
u
c
t
i
1
e

D
e
1
e
l
o
%
m
e
n
t
a
l

N
e
u
r
o
l
o
#
i
c
a
l

S
y
s
t
e
m
i
c

8
e
n
o
t
o
3
i
c
i
t
y

A
c
u
t
e

C
h
r
o
n
i
c

P
e
r
s
i
s
t
e
n
c
e

B
i
o
a
c
c
u
m
u
l
a
t
i
o
n

A1ailability of ;'s
throu#hout the
lifecycle for reacti1e and
additi1e ;'
chemicals and resins&
#luminum hydro;ide
#luminum hydro;ide 2A/?-?-2 + + + - + L - L + H M ,
3
+
-;olit OP .!0 8$hos$horic acid5 diethyl-5 aluminum salt9 8"lariant9
-;olit OP .!0 22?>@.-!@-@ L L + -

+ - - L L M - ,
3
+
&ela$ur 200 8&elamine $oly$hos$hate9 8"iba9 /
&ela$ur 200 2@>A@-@/-/
L + + + + + + - - + + - +
Poly$hos$horic acid @0>-A-
L + + + + + + + + + + L +
&elamine 0@->@-
L L L + + L + M M L L M +
Silicon dio;ide amor$hous
?
Silicon dio;ide amor$hous >A!-@A-. L L L + L L +
H

L

+ + ,
3
+
Silicon dio;ide crystalline
?
Silicon dio;ide crystalline !>-.?-. L L H H

L L +
H

+ + ,
3
+
&agnesium hydro;ide
&agnesium hydro;ide !0.-/2-@ L + L + + + + L +

+ + ,
3
+
7eactive (7 chemicals and resins may not com$letely react5 and small amounts may be available during other $arts of the lifecycle1
2
+he -U has $ublished a com$rehensive ris' assessment for +66P# in reactive a$$lications1 +his ris' assessment is a valuable source of information when choosing flame
retardants for $rinted circuit board a$$lications1
!
#lthough additive flame retardants are $resent throughout the lifecycle of the P"65 they are loc'ed into the $olymer matri; of the e$o;y laminate material1
/
&ela$ur 200 dissociates in water to form $oly$hos$horic acid and melamine ions1 (or this reason5 +able /- includes both dissociation ions1
?
7e$resentative "#S numbers are included in this summary table1 Section /121. includes a full list of "#S numbers1

> Z Low haBard + Z &oderate haBard 4 Z High haBard -nd$oints in colored te;t F>A +A and 4G were assigned based on e;$erimental data1
-nd$oints in blac' italics F+! -! and ,G were assigned using estimated values and $rofessional *udgment 8Structure #ctivity 7elationshi$s9.


HaBard designations5 which are based on the $resence of e$o;y grou$s5 arise from the analysis of low molecular weight oligomers 8molecular weight b50009 that may be $resent
in varying amounts1 +he estimated human health haBards for higher molecular weight 8e50009 com$onents5 which contain e$o;y grou$s5 are low for these end$oints1
"oncern based on $otential inhalation of small $articles less than 0 microns in diameter that may be $resent in varying amounts1
k "oncern lin'ed to direct lung effects associated with the inhalation of $oorly soluble $articles less than 0 microns in diameter1
Persistent degradation $roducts e;$ected 8none found in this re$ort91
7 7ecalcitrantC substance is or contains inorganics5 such as metal ions or elemental o;ides5 that are e;$ected to be found in the environment eA0 days after release1

+aterial alternati1es
+he use of some of the chemical alternatives mentioned above also includes some modifications of
the base $olymer1 +his section concerns $ossible alternative non-combustible materials or non-
flammable resins without flame retardant1 +he US -P#Ds ,esign for the -nvironment 8,f-9 Pro-
gram did not include an assessment of such alternatives1

+he assessment of alternatives to +66P# by the Lowell "enter for Sustainable Production 8&orose5
200A9 mentions $olyimide resin as an alternative to e$o;y resin for ma'ing $rinted wiring board
laminates1 Polyimide $rinted wiring boards are usually inherently flame retardant1 +he assessment
indicates that there are limited data available to estimate the health and environmental effects for
these modified resins1 Other $otential alternatives for high tem$erature a$$lications are P+(-5
other fluoro$olymers5 cyanates and e$o;y-PP- blends5 and even ceramics1 "yanates5 P+(-5 and
inorganic substrates are usually inherently flame retardant1 +he re$ort indicates that the health and
environmental $erformance of the fluoro$olymers may be $roblematic5 but does not include a de-
tailed assessment of alternative materials1

7.$.) Alternati1es to B;'s in te3tiles
#lternatives to 6(7s in te;tiles and2or furniture have been assessed by the Swedish "hemicals
4ns$ectorate 8Posner5 200/I Posner5 200A95 the Lowell "enter for Sustainable Production 8Lowell5
200?9 and $artly included in the =uoted assessments by ,efra 8Stevens et al.5 2009 and US -P#
820291 )one of these studies include a full assessment of the technical and economic feasibility and
an environmental and health assessment1

3hen incor$orating flame retardants into te;tiles5 surface treatment is often used1 +here are two
ty$es of surface treatmentsC finishes and coatings 8Stevens et al.5 20091 (inishes are a$$lied by
im$regnating the fabrics in an a=ueous solution of the chemical1 "oatings are a$$lied by incor$orat-
ing a layer of flame retardant to the fabric5 generating a heterogeneous fabric2$olymer com$osite1

+y$ical chemical finishes involve the use of $hos$hates and $oly$hos$hates5 $hos$horus amides5
$hos$honium derivatives5 bora; and boric acid or halogenated (7s1 +y$ical coatings used are5 for
instance5 natural and synthetic rubbers5 $oly8vinyl chloride95 $oly8vinyl alcohols95 formaldehyde-
based resins5 acrylic co$olymers5 $olyurethanes5 silicones and fluorocarbons etc1 (ire retardants
used for coatings include $hos$hates and $hos$honates5 e1g1 triaryl $hos$hate5 cresyl di$henyl
$hos$hate or $hos$hinate1 6rominated derivatives such as decabromodi$henyl o;ide 8,6,PO9 and
he;abromocyclododecane 8H6",9 may be a$$lied as a bac'coating in the form of a $aste or foam1
8Stevens et al.5 20091 (lame retardants used for finishes include $hos$hates and $oly$hos$hates5
$hos$horous amides5 $hos$honium derivatives5 antimony trio;ide5 bora; and boric acid or halo-
genated flame retardants 8Stevens et al.5 20091 &odern alternatives to the traditional treatment
techni=ues are being develo$ed1 +hese include adding $lasma induced-graft-$olymeriBation and
$hos$hate and $hos$hinate (7s to the surface and embedding nano$articles on to te;tile substrates
by a $lasma $olymeriBation2co-s$uttering $rocess1 )either $rocess is yet commercially available1
8Stevens et al.5 20091

(or more details on the alternative flame retardants and alternative materials5 $lease consult the
mentioned assessments1

+he Lowell 8200?9 re$ort concludes that deca6,- is a low-cost method for treating te;tiles1 +here
is a multitude of non-halogen re$lacements on the mar'et5 including alternative flame retardants5
fibres5 fibre blends5 barrier layers5 nonwovens5 and other a$$roaches1 +hese substitutes have their
own individual cost5 $erformance5 and aesthetic trade-offs1 3hile there is no single re$lacement for
deca6,- for te;tiles5 the multitude of o$tions on the mar'et ma'e it clear that viable mar'et-ready
a$$roaches e;ist1


Posner 8200/9 concludes that the fact that organic bromine com$ounds were still used 8in 200/9
instead of their non-halogenated alternatives was due to a number of factors5 only a few of which
were technical in nature1 "ombined with low $rice5 one of the most common reasons why the alter-
natives do not always ma'e a brea'through is that the mar'et $refers to use tried-and-tested flame
retardants1 #ccording to the author5 the flame retardants that ultimately are li'ely to com$letely
re$lace deca6,-Cantimony dio;ide are the intumescent systems and those based on $hos$horus
chemistry1 (lame-resistant fibres combined with combustible fibres may also be used successfully
in certain a$$lications1

7.$./ Alternati1es to other B;'s
(or the 6(7s introduced as alternatives to regulated substances5 the evaluated alternatives would
ty$ically also be $otential alternatives for these substances1 +his survey has not included a review of
available alternatives assessments for other 6(7s5 such as reactive 6(7s used in PU foam and other
thermosets1

7.& 4istorical and future trends
#s indicated in the historical use of the 6(7s shown in section !1/5 the main trend has so far been
the re$lacement of the P6,-s with other 6(7s as a conse=uence of regulatory action1 +he 6(7sD
share of the total mar'et for flame retardants has not changed significantly over the years1

+he regulatory $ressure on the remaining deca6,- a$$lications and voluntary $hase out of the
manufacture in the US# by the ma*or manufacturers will li'ely lead to a continued re$lacement of
deca6,-5 mainly with other 6(7s5 both $olymeric and non-$olymeric1

4n recent years the ma*or manufacturers of 6(7s have mar'eted some $olymeric 6(7s as Feco-
friendlyF or FgreenF alternatives to the traditional non-$olymeric 6(7s1 )o data are available to
indicate to what e;tent they have actually re$laced the traditional flame retardants1

4t is e;$ected that $olymeric 6(7s will substitute for H6",, over the coming yearsI the ma*or
manufacturers of 6(7s re$ort on e;$anding the ca$acity for the s$ecific $olymeric 6(7s1

&any manufacturers of electronics have moved toward re$lacement of 6(7s R in $articular the
additive 6(7s during the last 0 years1 One of the main drivers is )on-Kovernmental OrganiBation
8)KO9 $ressure to address environmental issues 8i)-&45 20091 "om$anies who $hase out the
6(7s ty$ically also intend to $hase out chlorinated substances and chlorinated $olymers 8e1g1 PV"9I
the same is true for halogen-free articles1

#ccording to a "hemSec mar'et review from 2005 $articularly the electronics com$anies in the 4+
and communications sector are at the forefront when it comes to eliminating the use of brominated
flame retardants 8"hemSec5 20091 +he mar'et overview covers 2@ electronic com$anies1 +hree out
of four com$anies officially state that by 20/ they will have $roducts totally free from brominated
flame retardants and2or PV" on the mar'et 8"hemSec5 20091

+he 4nternational -lectronics &anufacturing 4nitiative com$rising 00 members 8among these
ma*or electronic com$anies such as ,ell5 46&5 HP5 4ntel5 Hitachi and Samsung9 su$$orts removal
of halogenated flame retardants and has conducted a number of $ro*ects under the i)-&4 H(7-
(ree Programs1


7.* Summary and conclusions
6oth brominated and non-halogenated alternatives are available for re$lacement of the main bro-
minated flame retardants1 +hough a large number of assessments of alternatives to 6(7s have been
underta'en during the last ? years5 com$rehensive assessments covering technical and economic
feasibility5 human health and environmental assessments and an assessment of $otential formation
of haBardous degradation $roducts are not available1

DecaBD0 : #lternatives to deca6,- are readily available5 and the substance has already been
$hased out in most electrical and electronic $roducts as a conse=uence of the 7oHS ,irective1 +he
main alternatives are 6(7s such as ,6,6-5 -6+-6P4 and ++6P-+#O1 +he substances have slightly
better scores than deca6,- on the evaluated human health and environmental $arameters1 6etter
scores on the evaluated $arameters have been found for some $olymeric 6(7s and some of the non-
halogenated (7s1 +he evaluated $olymeric 6(7s have scores similar to the less $roblematic of the
non-halogenated (7s1 +he available assessments do not include an assessment of degradation
$roducts and the $erformance of the flame retarded materials during fire or uncontrolled combus-
tion1 +he $resence of 6(7s has been demonstrated to negatively im$act e1g1 the formation of smo'e
and result in formation of haBardous substances by thermal stress1 &ost studies have5 however5
addressed the P6,-s and other 6(7s with high ris' of formation of haBardous substances and not
e1g1 the $olymeric 6(7s1 +he significance of formation of haBardous substances and fumes in a life
cycle $ers$ective seems to be the main issue when com$aring the im$act of the non-regulated 6(7s
and non-halogenated (7s1

4BCD, -Polymeric 6(7 alternatives to H6",, have recently been develo$ed and introduced in
the mar'et and the main manufacturers of 6(7s are currently increasing the $roduction ca$acity to
meet the demand1 )o inde$endent evaluation of health and environmental $ro$erties is available1
#ccording to industry information5 the $olymeric 6(7s are $otentially $ersistent 8not biodegrada-
ble9 but with low $otential for bioaccumulation and low $otential for to;icity1 One of the main is-
sues with the $olymeric 6(7s seems to be the length com$osition of the oligomers as this $arameter
highly influences the $ro$erties of the substances1 #s mentioned for deca6,- alternatives5 another
issue is the $ossible formation of to;ic degradation $roducts and fumes1 )o non-halogenated chem-
ical alternatives are available for the use in -PS2NPS1 (or the main a$$lication areas5 -PS2NPS
insulation foams5 a number of material alternatives are available1 +he alternatives have various
advantages and disadvantages1 +he alternative materials ty$ically have better fire $erformance and
contain fewer $roblematic chemical substances1 #mong the combustible insulation materials5 the
-PS was the material yielding fewer to;ic fumes1 +he $rice of the chea$est alternatives ranges a$-
$ro;imately from the same $rice as for flame retarded -PS to !0M more1

TBBPA - (or +66P# used additively5 both 6(7 and non-halogenated alternatives are available5
and they are similar to the evaluated alternatives to deca6,-1 (or the main a$$lication of +66P#5
reactive use in laminates for $rinted circuit boards5 a number of alternatives are mar'eted and
account today for about ?-0M of the mar'et of $rinted circuit boards1 +he alternatives score slight-
ly better than +66P# e;ce$t for $ersistence in the environment1 Several of the alternatives are more
$ersistent that +66P#5 but none of the alternatives are bioaccumulative1 +he available assessments
do not include the $otential for formation of haBardous degradation $roducts and fumes1 +he $hase
out of +66P# in $rinted circuit boards is often accom$anied by the substitution of other 6(7s and
chlorinated substances and $olymers in order to manufacture halogen-free electronic e=ui$ment1

Te3tiles and furniture : 6oth deca6,- and H6",, are used as flame retardants in te;tiles and
furniture1 +here is a multitude of non-halogenated alternatives on the mar'et5 including alternative
flame retardants5 inherently flame retardant fibres5 fibre blends5 barrier layers5 nonwovens5 and
other a$$roaches1 +hese substitutes have their own individual cost5 $erformance5 and aesthetic
trade-offs1 3hile there is no single re$lacement for deca6,- for te;tiles5 the multitude of o$tions


on the mar'et ma'es it clear that viable mar'et-ready a$$roaches e;ist1 +he same a$$ly to the use
of H6",, in te;tiles1

6ther B;'s : (or the 6(7s introduced as alternatives to regulated substances5 the evaluated al-
ternatives would ty$ically also be $otential alternatives1 +his survey has not included a review of
available alternatives assessments for other 6(7s such as reactive 6(7s used in PU foam and other
thermosets1

+ain data #a%s.
#s mentioned5 the available assessments do not include an assessment of degradation $roducts and
the $erformance of the flame retarded materials during fire or uncontrolled combustion1 +he $res-
ence of 6(7s has been demonstrated to negatively im$act e1g1 the formation of smo'e and for-
mation of haBardous substances through thermal stress1 &ost studies have5 however5 addressed the
P6,-s and other 6(7s with high ris' of formation of haBardous substances and not e1g1 the $oly-
meric 6(7s1 +he significance of formation of haBardous substances and fumes in a life-cycle $er-
s$ective seems to be the main issue when com$aring the im$act of the non-regulated 6(7s and
non-halogenated (7s1 ,ata on the effect of non-halogenated (7s on the formation of fumes and
haBardous substances are limited and com$arative assessments of different ty$es of 6(7s and non-
halogenated (7s on these $arameters are lac'ing1

+he authors of a recent review of $ersistence5 bioaccumulation5 and to;icity of non-halogenated
(7s5 as one of the outcomes of the -)(47O $ro*ect5 conclude that large data ga$s were identiUed
for the $hysicoRchemical $ro$erties and the P6+ $ro$erties of the reviewed non-halogenated (7s1
+o assess whether the $resently reviewed non-halogenated are truly suitable alternatives5 each
com$ound should be e;amined individually by com$aring its P6+ values with those of the e=uiva-
lent halogenated Vame retardant1 Until more data are available5 it remains im$ossible to accurately
evaluate the ris' of each of these com$ounds5 including the ones that are already e;tensively mar-
'eted1


5. 61erall findin#s and con:
clusions
+he results of the survey is summarised in the F"onclusion and summaryF cha$ter5 while this cha$-
ter summarises the main findings and issues identified and main data ga$s1

5.$ +ain findin#s

PBBs and PBD0s
(or the 6(7s currently addressed by the POPs 7egulation5 he;a665 c-$enta6,- and c-octa6,-5 the
uses are restricted in the -U e;ce$t for some e;em$tions to the 7oHS ,irective5 and the substances
are not $roduced any more according to the available reviews1 +he remaining issues have been
summarised as follows in the ,anish national im$lementation $lan for the Stoc'holm "onventionC
9 Validation of destruction of technical $enta6,- 8this issue seems to have been solved as men-
tioned in this re$ort95 29 Possible se$aration of household waste containing $enta6,-1 !9 Kuide-
lines concerning articles which must not be reused and recycled1 /9 -;amine the $ossibilities of
identifying $enta6,- in shredder waste1

,eca665 which was the only P66 used in ,enmar' in ...5 is restricted in ---5 but otherwise not
restricted in the -U and not covered by the Stoc'holm "onvention1 #ccording to the available in-
formation5 however5 none of the P66s are $roduced in any country today1

,eca6,- has been restricted for some years in ---5 but is otherwise not restricted in the -U and it
remains one of the main 6(7s1 ,eca6,- have been identified as substances of very high concern
8SVH"9 and an #nne; NV SVH" dossier has been submitted1 +he dossier suggests that deca6,-
meet the definition of a P6+2vPv6-forming substance due to a high $robability that deca6,- by
debromination is transformed in soil and sediments to form lower brominated substances which
either have P6+2vPv6 $ro$erties5 or act as $recursors to substances with P6+2vPv6 $ro$erties1
,eca6,- has recently been nominated for the Stoc'holm "onvention on the basis that the sub-
stance fulfils the criteria for $ersistence5 bioaccumulation and long-range trans$ort and that
deca6,- alone and2or in concert with its debromination $roducts have the $otential to damage
human health and2or the environment 8)orway5 20!91 +he dossier and the nomination re$ort are
currently under review1 +he $roduction of deca6,- has voluntarily been $hased out by the ma*or
manufacturers in the US#1 4n Kermany and ,enmar' the P6,-s were already $hased out in the
..0s1 +he successful re$lacement of deca6,- in --- and the voluntary $hase out in the US#
clearly demonstrate that alternatives are available and deca6,- today is mainly used as a low-cost
solution1 ,ro$-in alternatives as ,6,P- and -6+-6P4 seem to have a better environmental and
health $rofile than deca6,-5 but some concern has been raised about their overall environmental
$erformance1 Polymeric 6(7s and non-halogenated alternatives are mar'eted as well for the main
use areas5 but at higher costs 8further discussed under the #lternatives cha$ter91 # restriction of
deca6,- is not e;$ected to have any negative im$act on manufacturers of $lastic $arts in ,enmar'1


4BCDD
H6",, has recently been included in the list of substances sub*ect to authorisation 8#nne; N4V to
7-#"H9 with a sunset date 2 #ugust 20?1 4t has furthermore been included in the list of restricted
substances under the Stoc'holm "onvention with a time-limited e;em$tion for the main a$$lica-
tion area5 -PS2NPS insulation materials1 Polymeric 6(7s have recently been introduced as dro$-in
alternatives to H6",, and the ma*or manufacturers of 6(7s are currently increasing the $roduc-
tion ca$acity to meet the e;$ected demand1 )on-halogenated alternatives have not been available to
the $resent5 but the flame retarded -PS2NPS can be re$laced by other insulation materials1 "om-
$ared to other -U &ember States5 the use of flame retarded -PS2NPS is limited in ,enmar' be-
cause non-flammable insulation materials have been the $referred o$tion1 +he use of -PS for build-
ing insulation seems to be increasing e1g1 for FBero energyF houses1 H6",, is used in limited =uan-
tities for $roduction in ,enmar'1 # restriction of H6",, is not e;$ected to have a significant nega-
tive im$act on manufacturers of -PS2NPS or users of the materials in ,enmar'1

TBBPA
+66P# is mainly used as reactive (7 in $rinted circuit boards1 4n ...5 +66P# and its derivatives
were the main additive 6(7s used for manufacturing in ,enmar'5 but this does not a$$ear to be the
general situation at the -U level today5 where additive use of +66P# and derivatives account for a
small $ro$ortion of the use of additive 6(7s1 #dditive use of +66P# is mentioned as an e;am$le of
6(7s included in LOUS1 +he rationale is that in reactive use of +66P#5 the +66P# is not $resent
per se in the final $roducts5 but has rather been built into the $olymer structure1 +he -U 7is' #s-
sessment estimated that volatile loss during service life of articles from additive flame retardants
use was a$$ro;imately ?M of the total emissions to the air5 whereas other losses from the service-
life of articles was considered negligible1 However5 according to the -U 7is' #ssessment5 the direct
consumer e;$osure to +66P# is li'ely to be insignificant and -(S# concludes that current dietary
e;$osure to +66P# in the -U does not raise a health concern1 +he substance is classified as to;ic in
the a=uatic environment5 but does not meet the 7-#"H P6+ criteria based on the currently availa-
ble data and is furthermore not covered by any $i$eline activities under 7-#"H1 +66P# can under-
go debromination under anaerobic conditions to form bis$henol-# and is thus lin'ed to the discus-
sion about the $otential im$act of that substance1 +he main source of release to the environment
was identified to be manufacturing $rocesses in the -U ris' assessment1 # voluntary $rogram by
manufacturers and downstream users of the substance has in recent years significantly reduced
total releases1 #lternatives to the additive use are similar to alternatives to deca6,-1 #lternatives to
the reactive use are usually non-halogenated (7s1 7e$lacement of +66P# in $rinted circuit boards
a$$ears to be $art of a $rocess where all halogen containing com$ounds and $lastics are re$laced in
order to be able to mar'et the e=ui$ment as halogen-free1 One of the drivers is $ressure from inter-
national environmental )KOs1

DBDP0 and 0BT0BPI
+he two substances have a$$lication s$ectra =uite similar to deca6,- and can be used as dro$-in
alternatives to deca6,-1 4n the -U and a$$arently also in "hina5 ,6,P- is used in much larger
=uantities than -6+-6P41 ,-,P- is found in sewage sludge in the )ordic "ountries in concentra-
tions of the same magnitude as deca6,-1 +he available data indicate that contamination of the
Swedish environment with ,6,P- has already a$$roached that of deca6,-5 and that this contam-
ination is $rimarily occurring via the atmos$here1 ,6,P- is suggested for further monitoring in the
#rctic1 Very limited data on -6+-6P4 are available as the substance has not been included in
screenings of 6(7s in the )ordic and #rctic environments1 ,6,P- is included in the "ommunity
7olling #ction Plan under 7-#"H1 ,6,P- is $ersistent but does not meet the 7-#"H P6+ criteria
based on the currently available dataI however5 there are currently insufficient reliable data1 # U0
-nvironment 7is' #ssessment considered that there was a $otential for ,6,P- to undergo reduc-
tive debromination by analogy with deca6,- and it has recently been shown that ,6,P- may have
$otential to undergo $hotolytic debromination reactions1However5 the environmental significance
of such reactions is currently un'nown1 #ccording to a +" )-S sub-grou$ on identification of P6+


and vPv6 substances evaluation5 -6+-6P4 was not considered a P6+ substance1 #lternatives to
,6,P- and -6+-6P4 are either $olymeric 6(7s or non-halogenated (7s5 some of which have
better environmental and health $rofiles in screening assessments1

6ther B;'s
,ata on the consum$tion of other 6(7s are scarce1 +he $ublic $art of the 7-#"H registrations
$rovides some indication on the $roduction and im$ort in the -U in ranges of a factor of 0 of the
non-$olymeric 6(7s5 but the $olymeric 6(7s are not sub*ect to registration and no information on
the mar'et volumes of these substances are available1 4n general5 limited data on environmental
and human health haBards as well as e;$osure is available and the P6+ status of these substances is
currently un'nown1

# screening of A FnewF 6(7s in the )ordic environment indicated that the concentrations of the
FnewF 6(7s are5 with a few e;ce$tions5 on the same order of magnitude or lower com$ared to the
sum of 6,- congeners 6,--2@5 -/>5 -..5 -005 -?! and -?/ included as $riority substances under
the 3ater (ramewor' ,irective1

3ith the $ur$ose of identifying 6(7s for $riority for further studies5 the following table summarises
information on other 6(7s demonstrated in the environment5 and2or registered under 7-#"H or
with statistics on im$ort to the -U1

Of the additive 6(7s with registered im$ort or $roduction in the -U 8i1e1 $roduction and im$ort is
above 00 t2y9 the following have not been included in the recent screening of 6(7s in the )ordic
environment5 and no data on their occurrence in the )ordic or #rctic environments have been iden-
tifiedC -6+-6P45 ++6P-+#O5 /T-Pe6PO6,-20@ and ++6)PP1 +he screening of 6(7s in the )ordic
environment also identified some reactive 6(7s in significant concentrations 8,6P and +6P91 (our
of the registered reactive 6(7s have not been included in the screeningC ,6)PK5 H--HP-+-6P
and +-6P-#nh5 halogenated $olyether$olyol 6 and tetrabromo$hthalic anhydride based diol1

TAB>0 /&
O+H-7 6(7S ,-&O)S+7#+-, 4) +H- )O7,4" O7 #7"+4V -)V47O)&-)+5 7-K4S+-7-, U),-7 7-#"H O7 34+H
S+#+4S+4"S O) 4&PO7+ +O +H- -U

#bb1 Common nameDdescri%tion +an.
C&
'e#istered
im%ort
D%roduction
tDy
Detected in
Nordic or
Arctic en1i:
ronment C$
01aluated
by 0;SA
Additi1e B;'s
)Q:PeBP6BD0&.5 6is8$entabromo-$heno;y9 benBene im$ortC 2A 8205
together with
$enta6,-9
)ot incl1 in
)ordic scr1
;
B04:T0BP +etrabromo$hthalate ester ; 00-000 )ordic5 Arctic ;
BTBP0 6is 8tribromo$heno;y9 ethane

; im$ort @2
8average
200A2200>I conf1
for 209
)ordic5 Arctic ;
DBDP0 ,ecabromodi$henyl ethane ; 5000 Q )ordic5 Arctic ;
DB0:DBC4 52-,ibromo-/-852-
)ordic5 Arctic ;
DPT0 5!5?-+ribromo-2-825!-
Arctic
0BT0BPI -thylenebis8tetrabromo$hthalimide9 ;
00 - 5000
4m$C @ 8209
)ot incl1 in
)ordic scr1
;


#bb1 Common nameDdescri%tion +an.
C&
'e#istered
im%ort
D%roduction
tDy
Detected in
Nordic or
Arctic en1i:
ronment C$
01aluated
by 0;SA
04:TBB -thylhe;yl tetrabromobenBoate ; )ordic5 Arctic ;
4BB He;abromobenBene )ordic5 #rctic ;
PB0B PentabromoethylbenBene )ordic5 #rctic ;
PBT Pentabromotoluene )ordic5 #rctic ;
TBA +ribromoanisole )ordic
TTBNPP +ris8tribromo-neo$entyl9$hos$hate ; 00-000 )ot incl1 in
)ordic scr1
;
TTBP:TAR 25/5A-+ris825/5A-tribromo$heno;y9-5!5?
triaBine
; 5000 - 05000 )ot incl1 in
)ordic
;
'eacti1e B;'s
DBNP8
,ibromoneo$entyl glycol

00-5000 )ot incl1 in
)ordic scr1
;
DBP 25/-dibromo$henol

)ordic5 #rctic ;
4004P:T0BP &i;ture of the diester2ether diol of tetra-
bromo$hthalic anhydride and $hos$hate
ester1

; 00 - 5000 )ot incl1 in
)ordic scr1
;
TBP 25/5A-tribromo$henol

; 5000-05000 )ordic5 #rctic ;
T0BP:Anh +etrabromo$hthalic anhydride

; 00-5000 )ot incl1 in
)ordic scr1

: Halogenated $olyether$olyol 6 ; 5000 - 05000 )ot incl1 in
)ordic

: +etrabromo$hthalic anhydride based diol ; 5000 - 05000
Z )C among the 6(7s detected in highest concentration in the )ordic -nvironment1 #C detected in #rctic R
mar'ed in bold and underline P suggested as $articular relevant for monitoring in the #rctic1 F)ot incl in
)ordic scr1F indicates that the substance was not been included in the screening of 6(7s in the )ordic -nvi-
ronment1 4t has not been chec'ed if the substance has been included in any of the studies in the #rctic1
Z2 &anufactured by ma*or manufacturers of 6(7s

+he consum$tion of $olymeric 6(7s seems to be increasing and some of the $olymeric 6(7s are
mar'eted as FgreenF alternatives to some of the regulated 6(7s1 +he $olymeric 6(7s are $ersistent5
but in general the releases5 bioaccumulation and to;icity of the $olymeric are relatively low5 but
de$endent on chain length1 "oncern has been raised on $otential degradation $roducts1 +he $oly-
meric 6(7s are not sub*ect to registration under 7-#"H and limited information on consum$tion
volumes5 as well as environmental and human health data5 is available for the $olymeric1 +he flame
retardancy action of the $olymeric 6(7s is the same as for other 6(7s and it has been argued that
when under thermal stress5 haBardous brominated substances may be formed5 but limited data are
available as to this $rocess1

5.& Data #a%s
(or many of the 6(7s5 the data ga$s far e;ceed the available information1 +he following summaris-
es the main data ga$s identified in the survey considered to be of im$ortance for the ,anish -P#Ds
assessment of the need for further measures1


Consum%tion of B;'s - ,etailed data on the use of 6(7s other than the P6,-s5 H6",, and
+66P# globally and in the -U are not available in the $ublic literature1 +he $ublic $art of the
7-#"H registrations $rovide some indication of the $roduction and im$ort in the -U in ranges of a
factor of 05 but the $olymeric 6(7s are not sub*ect to registration and no information on the mar-
'et volumes of these substances are available1 &ore detailed information may5 however5 be available
for the authorities in the confidential $art of the registrations1 +he lac' of consum$tion data con-
strains an assessment of the $otential releases and e;$osure of humans and the environment and
thereby also constrains a com$rehensive ris' assessment of the different 6(7s and an assessment
of the need for further regulatory action1 (urthermore5 it constrains an assessment of the trends in
the use of the 6(7s and the monitoring of the effects of the regulatory actions1

9ncontrolled dis%osal of -000 : U$dated assessments of the illegal e;$ort of 3--- and the
legal e;$ort of second hand --- to develo$ing countries from ,enmar' and the -U and the actual
fate of the e=ui$ment in the countries are lac'ing1 4t constrains an assessment of the need for fur-
ther measures in order to $revent illegal e;$ort and uncontrolled waste dis$osal and an assessment
of the $otential efficacy of different measures1

0n1ironmental assessments : (ew data are currently available for a large number of other
6(7s than the main 6(7sI conse=uently5 the P6+ status of these substances is currently un'nown1

4uman health assessment : (ew data are currently available for a large number of other 6(7s
than the main 6(7sI conse=uently5 the P6+ status of these substances is currently un'nown1

0n1ironmental monitorin# and e3%osure - Some monitoring data are available based on a
review of the available data on 6(7s in #rctic biota and abiotic media combined with information
on the substancesS $otential for bioaccumulation1 +he ,anish "entre for -nvironment and "limate
include five FnewF brominated flame retardants in a list of candidates for inclusion in the #rctic
monitoring $rogrammeC ,P+-5 6-H-+-6P5 +665 6+6P-5 and ,6,P-1 Of these substances only
6-H-+-6P and ,6,P- are registered in =uantities of more than 00 t2y while the latest im$ort
data for 6+6P- indicate an average annual im$ort *ust below 00 t2y1

4uman monitorin# and e3%osure R # recent review of 6(7s in human biomonitoring 8Vor-
'am$5 2029 concludes that the ma*ority of studies concern the P6,-s while 66-?!5 H6",, and
+66P# have been included only in a few studies1 Virtually nothing is 'nown about other 6(7s1
(urthermore5 little information is available on metabolites5 although hydro;ylated P6,-s have
been associated with disru$tions of thyroid hormone trans$ort1 #nalytical eorts will be re=uired to
include additional 6(7s and $otentially to;ic metabolites in human biomonitoring1

Assessment of alternati1es = +he most com$rehensive assessment available indicates that
brominated alternatives with a better environmental and health $rofile than the P66s and the
P6,-s are available and have already substituted for nearly all a$$lication of P66s5 $enta6,-5
octa6,- and deca6,- in electrical and electronic e=ui$ment1 7ecently5 $olymeric 6(7 alternatives
to the main a$$lications of H6",, have been develo$ed and mar'eted1 )on-halogenated (7s are
the main alternatives to the reactive use of +66P#1 #t the moment5 there is a strong movement
toward non-halogenated (7s in electronic $roducts in $articular5 with the goal of manufacturing
halogen-free articles1 +he assessments do not clearly indicate ma*or differences between the 6(7s
with the best environmental and health $rofiles and the non-halogenated alternatives1 #s a result of
the lac' of data5 however5 the assessment is to a large e;tent based on model data and e;$ert esti-
mates1

+he authors of a recent review of $ersistence5 bioaccumulation5 and to;icity of non-halogenated (7s
conclude that large data ga$s were identiUed for the $hysicoRchemical and the P6+ $ro$erties of
the reviewed non-halogenated (7s1 +o assess whether the $resently reviewed non-halogenated (7s


are truly suitable alternatives5 each com$ound should be e;amined individually by com$aring its
P6+ values with those of the halogenated Vame retardants that they may substitute for1 Until more
data are available5 it remains im$ossible to accurately evaluate the ris' of each of these com$ounds5
including the ones that are already e;tensively mar'eted1

;ormation of %olybrominated dio3ins and furans FPBDDD;G = 0nowledge about the sig-
nificance of the different ty$es of 6(7s on the formation of brominated 8P6,,2(9 and mi;ed bro-
minated2chlorinated dio;ins and furans 8PN,,2(9 as well as other haBardous substances by differ-
ent ty$es of thermal $rocesses is limited for most 6(7s1 (urthermore5 =uantitative assessments of
the contribution of brominated and mi;ed brominated2chlorinated dio;ins and furans from the
burning of 6(7s to the total dio;ins2furan load to the environment are lac'ing1 # wealth of litera-
ture on P6,,2( and PN,,2( in articles5 food5 air5 different environmental sam$les5 etc1 has been
$ublished since the review of the 4nternational Program of "hemical Safety was $ublished in ..@1

;ormation of ha2ardous fumes - +he available assessments generally do not include an as-
sessment of degradation $roducts and the $erformance of the flame retardant materials during fire
or uncontrolled combustion1 +he $resence of 6(7s 8or at least some ty$es of 6(7s9 has been
demonstrated to negatively im$act e1g1 the formation of smo'e and result in formation of haBardous
fumes through thermal stress1 +hese effects a$$ear to be the main argument for the halogen-free
electronics movement1 &ost studies have addressed the P6,-s and other 6(7s with high ris' of
formation of haBardous substances and not e1g1 the $olymeric 6(7s1 +he significance of formation
of haBardous substances and fumes in a life cycle $ers$ective a$$ears to be the main issue when
com$aring the im$act of non-regulated 6(7s and non-halogenated flame retardants1 ,ata on the
effect of non-halogenated (7s on the formation of fumes and haBardous substances are limited and
com$arative assessments of the effects of different ty$es of 6(7s and non-halogenated (7s by fire
and uncontrolled combustion are lac'ing1


. Abbre1iations and acro:
nyms
#bbreviations for the individual brominated flame retardants are listed in #$$endi; 2

#,4 #cce$table daily inta'e
#&#P #rctic &onitoring and #ssessment Programme
6#PP 6is$henol # bis-8di$henyl $hos$hate9
6#+ 6est #vailable +echni=ues
6"( 6ioconcentration factor
6(7 6rominated flame retardants
6&, 6enchmar' dose
6S-( 6romine Science and -nvironment (orum
"#S "hemical #bstract Service
"-(4" -uro$ean "hemical 4ndustry "ouncil
"LP "lassification5 Labelling and Pac'aging
"&7 "arcinogenic5 mutagenic or re$roto;ic
"OH46# "ontrol of haBardous substances in the 6altic Sea region
"O)+#& -(S# Panel on "ontaminants in the (ood "hain 8under9
"O7#P "ommunity rolling action $lan
c-$enta6,- "ommercial $enta6,- 8mi;ture of different P6,-s9
c-octa6,- "ommercial octa6,- 8mi;ture of different P6,-s9
,f- ,esign for the -nvironment
,P# ,anish $roducer res$onsibilities system for 3---
-"6 -uro$ean "hemicals 6ureau
-6(74P -uro$ean 6rominated (lame 7etardant 4ndustry Panel 8-6(74P9 8dissolved in 209
-"H# -uro$ean "hemicals #gency
-(S# -uro$ean (ood Safety #uthority
-P# -nvironmental Protection #gency
--- -lectrical and electronic e=ui$ment
-)(47O -U-funded collaborative research $ro*ect
--P7+7 -uro$ean Pollutant 7elease and +ransfer 7egister
-l" -=uivalent level of concern
-S4S -uro$ean chemical Substances 4nformation System
-U -uro$ean Union
(#4 (ree androgen inde;
(7 (lame retardant
(SO (ugebranchen5 ,anish trade organisation of the sealant industry
H-L"O& +he 6altic &arine -nvironment Protection "ommission 8Helsin'i "ommission9
i)-&4 4nternational -lectronics &anufacturing 4nitiative
0ow Octanol2water $artitioning coefficient
L"# Life-cycle assessment
LO#-L Lowest observed adverse effect level
LO, Limit of detection
LOUS List of Undesirable Substances 8of the ,anish -P#9


LOl Limit of =uantification
&O- &argin of e;$osure
&S34 &unici$al solid waste incinerators
&33+P &unici$al waste water treatment $lant
)O-" )o observable effect concentration
)O#-L )o observable adverse effect level
)OV#)# ,anish national monitoring and assessment $rogramme
O-", Organisation for -conomic "o-o$eration and ,evelo$ment
OSP#7 "onvention for the Protection of the &arine -nvironment of the )orth--ast #tlantic
P-" Predicted environmental concentration
P66 Polybrominated bi$henyls
P6,- Polybrominated di$henyl ethers
P",,2( Polychlorinated dibenBo-$-dio;ins and dibenBofurans
P6,,2( Polybrominated dibenBo-$-dio;ins and dibenBofurans
PN,,2( &i;ed $olybrominated2chlorinated dibenBo-$-dio;ins and dibenBofurans
P6+ Persistent5 bioaccumulative and to;ic
P4) (7 Phos$horus5 4norganic and )itrogen (lame 7etardants
P4)(# Phos$horus5 4norganic and )itrogen (lame 7etardants #ssociation
P)-" Predicted no-effect concentration
POP7" POPs 7eview "ommittee 8under the Stoc'holm "onvention9
P7#6 Practical abbreviations
7,P 7esorcinol bis 8di$henyl $hos$hate9
7-#"H 7egistration5 -valuation5 #uthorisation and 7estriction of "hemicals
7#7 7is' #ssessment 7e$ort
7oHS 7estriction of the use of certain haBardous substances :in electrical and electronic
e=ui$ment< 8,irective 202A?2-U9
SH6K Se; hormone binding globulin
S+P Sewage treatment $lant
SVH" Substance of Very High "oncern
+,4 +olerable daily inta'e
+PP +ri$henyl $hos$hate
U6 U$$er bound1 ,ata re$orted to be below the limit of detection 8LO,9 or limit of
=uantification 8LOl9 is re$resented by the LO,2LOl
U0 United 0ingdom
US -P# United States -nvironmental Protection #gency
UL./ Underwriters Laboratories ./ classification
L6 Lower bound1 ,ata re$orted to be below the limit of detection 8LO,9 or limit of =uan-
tification 8LOl9 is re$resented by 01
v6vP Very bioaccumulative5 and very $ersistent
V-"#P Voluntary -missions "ontrol #ction Programme
V-oI V-2 UL./ classes
3--- 3aste electrical and electronic e=ui$ment

9NITS
bw 6ody weight
d1w1 ,ry weight
l1w1 Living weight
w1w1 3et weight
f1w1 (at weight

Plastics and rubbers
#6S acrylonitrile butadiene styrene
6&" 6ul' molding com$ound5 $olyester resin2glass fibre $remi;

2!0 brominated flame retardants

S67 Styrene-butadiene rubber
-P,& -thylene $ro$ylene diene monomer
-PS -;$anded $olystyrene
-P,& -thylene $ro$ylene diene monomer 8rubber9
-V# -thylene vinyl acetate
H4PS High-im$act $olystyrene
H4PS2PPO High-im$act $olystyrene2 $oly$henylene o;ide blend
P# Polyamide
P#-0 Polyarylether'etone
P6+ Polybutylene tere$hthalate
P" Polycarbonate
P" Polycarbonate
P"2#6S5 Polycarbonate2 acrylonitrile butadiene styrene blend
P- Polyethylene
P-2-V# Poly$henylene o;ide2ethyl vinyl acetate
P-S Polyethersulfone
P-+ Polyetylene tere$hthalate
P47 Polyisocyanurate
P0 Poly'etone
PP Poly$ro$ylene
PP- Poly$henylene ether
PPO Poly$henylene o;ide
PS Polystyrene
PSU Polysulfone
PU Polyurethane
PV" Polyvinylchloride
S&" Sheet moulding com$ound 8S&"9C a flat $re-$reg material5 com$rising thic'ened
resin5 glass fibre and fillers5 covered on both sides with $olyethylene or nylon film5
ready for $ress-moulding
+PU +hermo$lastic $olyurethane
UP#I UPS Unsaturated $olyesters
NL P-2-V# "ross-lin'ed $olyethylene2ethyl vinyl acetate
NPS -;truded $olystyrene

PBD0 con#eners
6,--/> 252D5/5/D-+etrabromodi$henyl ether
6,--.. 252D5/5/D5?-Pentabromodi$henyl ether
6,--00 252D5/5/D5A-Pentabromodi$henyl ether
6,--?! 252D5/5/D5?5?D-He;abromobi$henyl ether
6,--?/ 252D5/5/D5?5AD-He;abromodi$henyl ether
6,--20. 252D5!5!D5/5/D5?5?D5A5AD-,ecabromodi$henyl ether


2!2 brominated flame retardants

'eferences
#"HS 820091 #"HS o$inion on decabrominated di$henyl ether 8deca6,-91 #dvisory "ommittee
on HaBardous Substances5 ,e$artment for -nvironment5 (ood and 7ural #ffairs 8,-(7#91
htt$C22archive1defra1gov1u'2environment2=uality2chemicals2achs2documents2achs-deca6,--
o$inion-00.2!1$df
#laee &5 #rias P5 S*vdin #5 6ergman #1 8200!91 #n overview of commercially used brominated
flame retardants5 their a$$lications5 their use $atterns in different countries2regions and $ossible
modes of release1 Environ 5nt.2.8A9C A@!-A@.1
#le'sa 05 "arnevale #5 Koodyer "5 0oren K1 82091 ,etection of $olybrominated bi$henyl ethers
8P6,-s9 in $ediatric hair as a tool for determining in utero e;$osure1 Aorensic %ci 5nt1I 2@8-!9C!>-
/!1
#li )5 Harrad S5 Koosey -5 )eels H5 "ovaci #1 82091 F)ovelF brominated flame retardants in 6el-
gian and U0 indoor dustC im$lications for human e;$osure1 "hemos$hereI @!809C !A0-!A?1
#rcadis 82091 4dentification and evaluation of data on flame retardants in consumer $roducts1
#rcardis and -67" for the -uro$ean "ommission5 Health and "onsumers ,K1
#OO& 820!91 "onversion of new $olymeric flame retardant technology on schedule1 Published on
%une A5 20! at 2C// P&1 #Bom1com1 htt$C22www1aBom1com2news1as$;[news4,P!>0?2
6abraus'as V5 Lucas d5 -isenberg ,5 Singla V5 ,edeo &5 6lum #1 820291 (lame retardants in build-
ing insulationC a case for re-evaluating building codes1 Build. ?es. P 5nform.Q /08A9C >!@R>??1
6asel 8year not indicated91 +echnical guidelines for the environmentally sound management of
wastes consisting of5 containing or contaminated with $olychlorinated bi$henyls 8P"6s95 $olychlo-
rinated ter$henyls 8P"+s9 or $olybrominated bi$henyls 8P66s91 Secretariat of the 6asel "onvention1
6ergman {5 Heindel %%5 %obling S5 0idd 0#5 Ooeller 7+ 8eds19 820291 State of the science of endo-
crine disru$ting "hemicals1 #n assessment of the state of the science of endocrine disru$tors $re-
$ared by a grou$ of e;$erts for the United )ations -nvironment Programme and 3orld Health
OrganiBation1 U)-P and 3HO1
6ergman {5 Hovander L5 Sundstrvm &5 #thanassiadis 45 #thanasiadou &5 Sllsten K5 6ignert # and
)yberg -1 820091 "ollection and chemical analysis of environmental contaminants in Swedish
motherDs mil' R 7esults from 200@-2001 Swedish -P# 7e$ort 2? 0>0>22? 0>0.5 -221 8in
Swedish9
6ergman {5 7ydXn #5 Law 7%5 de 6oer %5 "ovaci #5 #laee &5 6irnbaum L5 Petreas &5 7ose &5 Sa'ai
S5 Van den -ede )5 van der Veen 41 8202a91 # novel abbreviation standard for organobromine5
organochlorine and organo$hos$horus flame retardants and some characteristics of the chemicals1
Environ 5nt. /.C ?>-@21
6irnbaum LS5 6ergmann {1 820091 6rominated and "hlorinated (lame 7etardantsC +he San #nto-
nio Statement1 -nviron Health Pers$ect1 200 ,ecemberI @829C #?/R#??1 :)early ?0 scien-
tists from 22 countries have signed the statement since it was $resented at the !0th 4nternational

brominated flame retardants 2!!

Sym$osium on Halogenated Persistent Organic Pollutants 8,io;in 20095 held 2R> Se$tember
200 in San #ntonio5 +e;as<
6*erring 75 %ohansson LS15 Lauridsen +L5 SGndergaard &5 Land'ildehus (5 Sort'*Wr L5 3iindolf %1
82009 SGer 200. :La'es 200.<1 )OV#)#1 (aglig ra$$ort fra ,&U nr1 @0!1 ,anmar's &il*Gunder-
sGgelser5 #arhus Universitet1
6lom=vist P5 &c)amee &S5 +hureson P1 820091 "om$ilation of international building regulations
8fire9 relevant for -PS2NPS1 SP +echnical )ote 200C01 SP +echnical 7eseach 4nstitute of Sweden1
6lum #5 #mes 6)1 8.>>91 (lame-retardant additives as $ossible cancer haBards1 %cience .?C >-2!1
6orgnes ,5 7i'heim 6 8200?91 -mission measurements during incineration of waste containing
bromine1 +ema)ord 200?C?2.1 )ordic "ouncil of &inisters5 "o$enhagen1
6oBel 820!91 6rand go information :(ire good information<1 6oBel1d'5 Bero energy living1 #ccessed
#ugust 20! atC htt$C22www1boBel1d'2brand-go-information2
6S-( 8200A91 ,eca6,- a$$lication factsheet1 6romine Science and -nvironement (orum1 #c-
cessed %une 20! atC htt$C22www1bsef1com2u$loads2library2,eca-
6,-M20#$$licationsM20210A1$df
"ariou 75 #ntignac %P5 Oal'o ,5 6errebi #5 "ravedi %P5 &aume ,5 &archand P5 &onteau (5 7iu #5
#ndre ( and Le 6iBec 61 8200@91 -;$osure assessment of (rench women and their newborns to
tetrabromobis$henol-#C occurrence measurements in maternal adi$ose tissue5 serum5 breast mil'
and cord serum1 "hemos$hereI >!C 0!A-0/1
"-"6P 8200@91 6rominated and chlorinated organic chemical com$ounds used as flame retardants1
&aterials for the ,ecember /-?5 200@ &eeting of the "alifornia -nvironmental "ontaminant 6io-
monitoring Program 8"-"6P9 Scientific Kuidance Panel 8SKP91
htt$C22oehha1ca1gov2multimedia2biomon2$df220/0@flamedoc1$df
"hemsec 820091 -lectronics 3ithout 6rominated (lame 7etardants and PV" R a &ar'et Over-
view1 "hemSec R the international chemical Secretariat5 Kvteborg1
"hristensen %H5 Kroth 6S5 Vi'elsGe %5 Vor'am$ 01 8200!91 Polybrominated di$henyl ethers
8P6,-s9 in sewage sludge and wastewater1 )-74 +echnical 7e$ort )o1 /@1 )ational -nvironmen-
tal 7esearch 4nstitute5 ,enmar'1
"hristensen %H5 PlatB %1 820091 Screening of $olybrominated di$henyl ethers in blue mussels5 ma-
rine and freshwater sediments in ,enmar'1 R Environ >onitQ !8?9C?/!-?/>1
"lariant 820!91 (lame-retardants online1 +he flame retardants mar'et1 "lariant Produ'te
8,eutschland9 KmbH1 #ccessed &arch 20! at htt$C22www1flameretardants-
online1com2web2en20A2>ae!d!22!/.?/e2@eAAe?0Ae2@/da>f1htm
"OH46# 820a91 "OH46# Kuidance ,ocument )o1! for $olybrominated di$henyl ethers 8P6,-s1
+he Kuidance ,ocument was com$iled *ointly by a list of authors under the leadershi$ of 6altic
-nvironmental (orum Latvia within 3or' $ac'age ? of "OH46# $ro*ect1
"OH46# 820b91 3or' Pac'age /C 4dentification of sources and estimation of in$uts2im$acts on
the 6altic Sea1 Summary re$ort Kermany1 Pre$ared within the $ro*ect "ontrol of HaBardous Sub-
stances in the 6altic Sea 7egion1

2!/ brominated flame retardants

"OH46# 820c91 "OH46# Kuidance ,ocument )o1! for he;abromocyclododecane 8H6",,91 +he
Kuidance ,ocument was com$iled *ointly by a list of authors under the leadershi$ of Swedish -nvi-
ronmental 7esearch 4nstitute Ltd1 84VL9 within 3or' $ac'age ? of "OH46# $ro*ect1
"OH46# 820291 &a*or Sources and (lows of the 6altic Sea #ction Plan HaBardous Substances1
Pre$ared within the $ro*ect "ontrol of HaBardous Substances in the 6altic Sea 7egion 8"OH46#9
by a list of authors coordinated by (innish -nvironment 4nstitute SY0-1
"osta LK5 Kiordano K1 82091 4s decabromodi$henyl ether 86,--20.9 a develo$mental neuroto;i-
cant[ &eurotoxicolog- !2C.R2/1
,ahllvf 45 #ndersen %H 8200.91 HaBardous and radioactive substances in ,anish marine waters1
)ational "entre for -nergy and -nvironment5 #arhus University1
,anish -P# 820091 Handlings$lan for bromerede flammehWmmere :#ction $lan for brominated
flame retardants<1 ,anish -nvironmental Protection #gency5 "o$enhagen1
,anish -P# 82091 List of undesirable substances1 200.1 -nvironmental 7eview !2201 ,anish
-nvironmental Protection #gency5 "o$enhagen1
,anish -P# 820291 U$dated )ational 4m$lementation Plan for the Stoc'holm "onvention on Per-
sistent Organic Pollutants1 ,anish -P#5 "o$enhagen1
,an3atch 82091 3hat a waste1 How your com$uter causes health $roblems in Khana1 ,an3atch5
4nvestigative %ournalism on "or$orate -thics1
,64 820!91 6randtest af materialer og 'onstru'tioner1 ,anish 4nstitute of (ire and Security +ech-
nology5 Hvidovre1 htt$C22www1dbi-net1d'2brandtest1as$
,e %ourdan 6P5 Hanson &L5 &uir ,"K1 and Solomon 07 820!91 -nvironmental fate of three novel
brominated flame retardants in a=uatic mesocosms1 -nviron1 +o;icol1 "hem1 !2I -.1
de 3it "#5 HerB'e ,5 Vor'am$ 01 820091 6rominated flame retardants in the #rctic environment--
trends and new candidates1 Sci +otal -nvironI /0@8?9C2@@?-2.@1
,esmet 05 Schelfaut &5 Sandra P1 8200?91 ,etermination of bromo$henols as dio;in $recursors in
combustion gases of fire retardant e;truded $olystyrene by sor$tive sam$ling ca$illary gas chroma-
togra$hy-mass s$ectrometry1F Rournal of Chromatograph- # 0>8-29C 2?-2.1
,ietB 75 7igXt ((5 Sonne "5 6orn -35 6echshGft +5 &c0inney &#5 Letcher 7%1 820291 +hree dec-
ades 8.@!-2009 of contaminant trends in -ast Kreenland $olar bears 8Ursus maritimus91 Part 2C
6rominated flame retardants1 Environ 5nt. Oct ?5 online1
,ingemans &&L5 van den 6erg &5 3esterin' 7HS1 82091 )euroto;icity of 6rominated (lame
7etardantsC 84n9direct -ffects of Parent and Hydro;ylated Polybrominated ,i$henyl -thers on the
8,evelo$ing9 )ervous System1 Environ ,ealth /erspectQ .C.00R.0>
,ingermans &&L5 Heusin'veld H%5 de Kroot #5 6ergman {5 van den 6erg &5 3esterin' 7HS5
8200.91 He;abromocyclododecaneinhibits de$olariBation-induced increase in intracellular calcium
levels and neurotransmitter release in P"2 cells1 Toxicol %ciQ 0>C /.0-/.>1
,P# 8209 3--- og 6#+ Statisti'1 ,ans' Producentansvars System1
,+U (ood 820!91 "hemical contaminants 200/-201 (ood monitoring 200/-201 )ational (ood
4nstitute5 +echnical University of ,enmar'

brominated flame retardants 2!?

,V(# 820o91 ,iocin5 P"6 OK P6,- i fGdevare$rGver - dire'tiv .A22! 'ontrolresultater 2001
:,io;in5 P"6 and P6,- in food sam$les1 820091 ,irective1 .A22!1 "ontrol results 200<1 Pro*ect
referenceC 200.-20-A?-002>1 +he ,anish Veterinary and (ood #dministration1
-6(74P 82091 Our Substances1 -uro$ean 6rominated (lame 7etardants 4ndustry Panel :noteC the
$anel has been dissolved<1 #ccessed &arch 20! atC htt$C22www1ebfri$1org2main-nav2our-
substances1
-" 8200@91 "ommunication from the "ommission on the results of the ris' evaluation and the ris'
reduction strategies for the substancesC sodium chromate5 sodium dichromate and 252S5A5AS-
tetrabromo-/5/S-iso$ro$ylidenedi$henol 8tetrabromobis$henol #9 8200@2" ?220291 Official %our-
nal of the -uro$ean Union5 "?25 @1A1200@5 $$ -201
-" 8200@b9 "ommission 7ecommendation of !0 &ay 200@ on ris' reduction measures for the
substances sodium chromate5 sodium dichromate and 252S5A5AS-tetrabromo-/5/S-
iso$ro$ylidenedi$henol 8tetrabromobis$henol #98notified under document number "8200@9
22?A918200@2/?/2-"9
-"6 820091 7is' #ssessment 7e$ort1 ,i$henyl ether5 $enta bromo deriv1 -uro$ean "hemicals
6ureau1
-"6 8200291 7is' #ssessment 7e$ort1 6is8$entabromo$henyl9 ether1 -uro$ean "hemicals 6ureau1
-"6 8200!91 7is' #ssessment 7e$ort1 ,i$henyl ether5 octabromo deriv1 -uro$ean "hemicals 6u-
reau1
-"6 8200/91 U$date of the 7is' #ssessment 7e$ort for 6is8$entabromo$henyl9 ether1 -uro$ean
"hemicals 6ureau1
-"6 8200A91 7is' #ssessment 7e$ort1 252D5A5AD-+etrabromo-/5/D-iso$ro$ylidenedi$henol 8tetra-
bromobis$henol-# or +66P-#91 Part 44 R human health1 (inal re$ort1 -uro$ean "hemicals 6ureau1
-"6 8200@a91 7is' #ssessment 7e$ort1 He;abromocyclododecane1 -uro$ean "hemicals 6ureau1
-"6 8200@b91 7is' #ssessment 7e$ort1 252D5A5AD-+etrabromo-/5/D-iso$ro$ylidenedi$henol 8tetra-
bromobis$henol-# or +66P-#91 ,raft re$ort1 -uro$ean "hemicals 6ureau1 8final 7#7 - -nviron-
ment is still not $ubliched at the -"6 website9
-"H# 8200@91 #greement of the &ember State "ommittee on identification of he;abromocyclodo-
decane 8H6",,9 and all ma*or diastereoisomers identified as a substance of very high concern1
#do$ted on @ October 200@1
-"H# 8202a91 "ommunity 7olling #ction Plan 8"o7#P95 2. (ebruary 2021
-"H# 8202b91 #greement of the &ember State "ommittee on identification of
bis8$entabromo$henyl9 ether :decabromodi$henyl ether< as a substance of very high concern1
#do$ted on 2. )ovember 2021
-"H# 820!a91 7egistered substances1 4nformation on -"H#Ds website atC #vailable atC
htt$C22echa1euro$a1eu2web2guest2information-on-chemicals2registered-substances1
-"H# 820!b91 "andidate List of Substances of Very High "oncern for #uthorisation1 #ccessed
&arch 20! atCC htt$C22echa1euro$a1eu2da2candidate-list-table
-"H# 820!c91 (ourth #nne; N4V recommendation - > %anuary 20!1 #ccessed &arch 20! atCC
htt$C22echa1euro$a1eu2documents20A22!A/02/tha;ivrecommendation>*an20!en1$df

2!A brominated flame retardants

-"H# 820!d91 "JL 4nventory database1 #ccessed &arch 20! atCC
htt$C22echa1euro$a1eu2web2guest2information-on-chemicals2cl-inventory-database
-"H# 820!e91 "ommunity rolling action $lan 8"o7#P9 u$date covering years 20!5 20/ and
20?1 -uro$ean "hemicals #gency1 20 &arch 20!1
-(7# 820!91 3eb site of -uro$ean (lame 7etardant #ssociation5 6russels1 #vailable at
htt$C22www1cefic-
efra1com2inde;1$h$[o$tionPcomcontentJviewParticleJidPAJ4temidP2>JlangPen
-(S# 8200a91 Scientific O$inion on Polybrominated 6i$henyls 8P66s9 in (ood1 -(S# Panel on
"ontaminants in the (ood "hain 8"O)+#&91 EA%$ Rournal 200I @809C>@.
-(S# 8200b91 &anagement of left-censored data in dietary e;$osure assessment of chemical sub-
stances1 -(S# %ournal 200I @8!9C??>1
-(S# 820a91 Scientific O$inion on He;abromocyclododecanes 8H6",,s9 in (ood1 -(S# Panel
on "ontaminants in the (ood "hain 8"O)+#&91 EA%$ Rournal 20I.8>9C22.A1
-(S# 820b91 Scientific O$inion on Polybrominated ,i$henyl -thers 8P6,-s9 in (ood1 -(S# Pan-
el on "ontaminants in the (ood "hain 8"O)+#&91 EA%$ Rournal 20I.8?9C2?A1
-(S# 820c91 Scientific O$inion on +etrabromobis$henol # 8+66P#9 and its derivatives in food1
-(S# Panel on "ontaminants in the (ood "hain 8"O)+#&91 EA%$ Rournal 20I.829C2/>>1
-(S# 8202a91 Scientific O$inion on -merging and )ovel 6rominated (lame 7etardants 86(7s9 in
(ood1 -uro$ean (ood Safety #uthority Panel on "ontaminants in the (ood "hain1 EA%$ Rournal
202I0809C2.0@1
-(S# 8202b91 Scientific O$inion on 6rominated (lame 7etardants 86(7s9 in (oodC 6rominated
Phenols and their ,erivatives1 -(S# Panel on "ontaminants in the (ood "hain 8"O)+#&91 EA%$
Rournal 202I08/9C2A!/1
-(S# 8202c91 6rominated (lame 7etardants1 -uro$ean (ood Safety #uthority5 ? )ovember 2021
#ccessed &ay 20! atC htt$C22www1efsa1euro$a1eu2en2to$ics2to$ic2bfr1htm
-gebc' #L5 Sellstrvm U5 &cLachlan &S1 820291 ,ecabromodi$henyl ethane and decabromodi-
$henyl ether in Swedish bac'ground air1 ChemosphereI @A8!9C2A/-2A.1
-ggesbG &5 +homsen "5 %Grgensen %V5 6echer K5 Odland % and Longnec'er &P 82091 #ssocia-
tion between brominated flame retardants in human mil' and thyroid-stimulating hormone 8+SH9
in neonates1 Environmental ?esearchQ C >!>->/!1
-gloff "5 "rum$ ,5 "hiu S5 &anning K5 &cLaren 005 "assone "K5 Letcher 7%5 Kauthier L+ and
0ennedy S3 82091 4n vitro and in ovo effects of four brominated flame retardants on to;icity and
he$atic m7)# e;$ression in chic'en embryos1 Toxicolog- 6ettersI 20>C 2?-!!1
-ma &5 (u*ii S5 Hirata-0oiBumi and &atsumoto & 8200@91 +wo-generation re$roductive to;icity
study of the flame retardant he;abromocyclododecane in rats1 ?eproductive Toxicolog-I 2?C !!?-
!?1
-nvironment #gency 8200>91 -nvironmental ris' evaluation re$ortC 5S-8-thane-52-diyl9bis:$enta-
bromobenBene<1 -nvironment #gency Science 7e$ort S"HO0?0>6&O7---P5 &ay 200>5 -nviron-
ment #gency of -ngland and 3ales1

brominated flame retardants 2!>

-nvironment #gency 8200.91 -nvironmental ris' evaluation re$ortC ,ecabromodi$henyl ether1
-nvironment #gency Science 7e$ort S"HO0.0.6lYO---P5 Se$tember 200.5 -nvironment #gency
of -ngland and 3ales1
-nvironment "anada2Health "anada 820291 ,raft Screening #ssessment 7e$ortC Phenol5 /5/S-8-
methylethylidene9 bis:25A-dibromo- - "hemical #bstracts Service 7egistry )umber >.-./->5 -tha-
nol5 252S-:8-methylethylidene9bis:825A-dibromo-/5-$henylene9o;y<<bis - "hemical #bstracts Ser-
vice 7egistry )umber /A2-/?-25 6enBene5 5S-8-methylethylidene9bis:!5?-dibromo-/-82-
$ro$enylo;y9- - "hemical #bstracts Service 7egistry )umber 2?!2>-@.-!1 -nvironment "ana-
da2Health "anada5 )ovember 2021
-ri'sson P5 (ischer "5 3allin &5 %a'obsson -5 (redri'sson #1 8200A91 4m$aired behaviour5 learning
and memory5 in adult mice neonatally e;$osed to he;abromocyclododecane 8H6",,91 Environ-
mental Toxicolog- and /harmacolog-Q 2C !>-!221
-ri'sson P5 %a'obsson -5 (redri'sson #1 8..@91 ,evelo$mental neuroto;icity of brominated flame-
retardants5 $olybrominated di$henyl ethers and tetrabromobis$henol #1 ;rganohalogen Com-
pounds5 !?C !>?-!>>1
-S34 82091 Study on waste related issues of newly listed POPs and candidate POPs1 -S34 consor-
tiumC 6i$ro5 Umweltbundesamt and -nviro$lan for the -uro$ean "ommission1
-urostat 820!91 -urostat 2021 -;ternal trade by ")@ database1
(ngstrvm 65 #thanassiadis 45 Ods*v +5 )orXn 05 6ergman {1 8200@91 +em$oral trends of $olybro-
minated di$henyl ethers and he;abromocyclododecane in mil' from Stoc'holm mothers5 .@0R
200/1 >olecular &utrition and Aood ?esearchI ?2C @>-.!1
(rederi'sen &5 +homsen &5 Vor'am$ 0 and 0nudsen L-1 8200.91 Patterns and concentration
levels of $olybrominated di$henyl ethers 8P6,-s9 in $lacental tissue of women in ,enmar'1 Chem-
osphereI >AC /A/-/A.1
(rederi'sen &5 Vor'am$ 05 +homsen &5 0nudsen L1 820091 # study of the e;$osure of $regnant
women and their unborn children to flame retardants1 >ilEF og sundhed, volume A5 no1 5 &ay
2001 endnu i''e udgivet91 ,anish -nvironmental Protection #gency5 "o$enhagen1
Kascon &5 (ort &5 &artneB ,5 "arsin #--5 (orns %5 Krimalt %O5 &arina LS5 Lert;undi )5 Sunyer %5
Vri*heid &1 820291 Polybrominated ,i$henyl -thers 8P6,-s9 in 6reast &il' and )euro$sychologi-
cal ,evelo$ment in 4nfants1 Environ ,ealth /erspectI 20C >A0R>A?1
Korga &5 &artneB -5 Kinebreda #5 -l*arrat -5 6arcel ,1 820!91 ,etermination of P6,-s5 H665
P6-65 ,6,P-5 H6",5 +66P# and related com$ounds in sewage sludge from "atalonia 8S$ain91 %ci
Total EnvironQ ///C?-?.1
Kouteu; 65 #laee &5 Pace$avicius K and &uir ,1 8200>9 Polymeric flame retardantsC $otential
sources for low molecuar weight organobromine contaminants1 Proceedings of 6(7 200> 3or'-
sho$5 2/-2> #$ril 200>5 #msterdam1
Kulvbranchen 820!91 +e;tile gulvbelWgninger1 Kulvbrancen5 "o$enhagen1
htt$C22www1gulvfa'ta1d'2gulvbelaegninger2te'stile-gulvbelaegninger1as$;
Hagmar L5 S*vdin #5 Hvglund P5 +huresson 05 7ylander L and 6ergman {5 20001 6iological
halflives of $olybrominated di$henyl ethers and tetrabromobis$henol # in e;$osed wor'ers1 ;rga-
nohalogen CompoundsI />C .@-201

2!@ brominated flame retardants

Hansen #65 Lassen P1 8200@91 Screening of $henolic substances in the )ordic environments1 +e-
ma)ord 200@C?!01 )ordic "ouncil of &inisters5 "o$enhagen1
Hardy &L5 6anasi' &5 Stedeford +1 8200.91 +o;icology and human health assessment of decabro-
modi$henyl ether1 Crit ?ev ToxicolQ !. 8su$$l !9C -//1
Hardy &L5 &argitich ,5 #c'erman L and Smith 7L5 20021 +he subchronic oral to;icity of ethane5
52-bis8$entabromo$henyl9 8Sayte; @009 in rats1 5ntern R Toxicolog-5 25 A?1
Hardy &L5 &ercieca &,5 7odwell ,- and Stedeford + 820091 Prenatal ,evelo$mental +o;icity of
,ecabromodi$henyl -thane in the 7at and 7abbit1 Birth #efects ?esearchQ @.C !.-/A1
Har*u &5 Heimstad -S5 HerB'e ,5 Sandanger +5 Posner S5 3ania (1 8200.91 -merging FnewF bro-
minated Vame retardants in Vame retardant $roducts and the environment1 7e$ort 2/A21 )orwe-
gian Pollution "ontrol #uthority5 Oslo1
Harrad S5 4barra "5 #bdallah &#5 6oon 75 )eels H5 "ovaci #1 8200@9 "oncentrations of brominated
flame retardants in dust from United 0ingdom cars5 homes5 and officesC causes of variability and
im$lications for human e;$osure1 Environ 5nt. &ovI !/8@9C>0->?1
H-L"O& 8200.91 HaBardous substances of s$ecific concern to the 6altic Sea1 (inal re$ort of the
H#O#7,OUS $ro*ect1 6altic Sea -nvironment Proceedings )o1 .1 Helsin'i "ommission5 Helsin-
'i1
H-L"O& 820091 HaBardous substances in the 6altic Sea1 #n integrated thematic assessment of
haBardous substances in the 6altic Sea1 6altic Sea -nvironment Proceedings )o1 2061 Helsin'i
"ommission5 Helsin'i1
Huisman %5 &agalini (5 0uehr 75 &aurer "5 ,elgado "5 Ogilvie S5 Poll %5 Stevels #1 8200>9 200@
7eview of ,irective 20022.A on 3aste -lectrical and -lectronic -=ui$ment 83---91 United )a-
tions University 8U)U9 for the -uro$ean "ommission1
Huisman %5 van der &aesen &5 -i*sbouts 7%%5 3ang (5 6aldX "P5 3ielenga "#1 820295 +he ,utch
3--- (lows1 United )ations University5 4SP R S"Y"L-5 6onn5 Kermany1
Hung H5 0allenborn 75 6reivi' 05 Su Y5 6rorstrvm-LundXn -5 Olafsdottir 05 +horlacius %&5
Le$$nen S5 6ossi 75 S'ov H5 &anG S5 Patton K35 Stern K5 Sver'o -5 (ellin P1 82009 #tmos$heric
monitoring of organic $ollutants in the #rctic under the #rctic &onitoring and #ssessment Pro-
gramme 8#&#P9C ..!-200A1 %ci Total EnvironQ /0@8?9C2@?/-2@>!1
4#P# 8200>91 7e$ort on alternatives to the flame retardant ,eca6,-C -valuation of to;icity5 avail-
ability5 affordability5 and fire safety issues1 4llinois -nvironmental Protection #gency1
4"L 820291 (lame retardants1 4"L 4ndustrial Products1 htt$C22icl-i$1com2w$-
content2u$loads2202202(7-6rochure-202-web1$df
4"L 820!91 (7-22$1 4"L 4ndustrial Products1 htt$C22icl-i$1com2[$roductsPfr-22$-2
i)-&4 82091 i)-&4 H(7-(ree Programs1 -)(47O "onference1 &arch ?5 201 Presentation by
Ste$hen +isdale R 4ntel1
4O& 8200.91 ,ata on manufacture5 im$ort5 e;$ort5 uses and releases of H6",, as well as infor-
mation on $otential alternatives to its use1 4O& in coo$eration with 67-5 P(# and -ntec for -uro-
$ean "hemicals #gency 8-"H#95 Helsin'i1

brominated flame retardants 2!.

4P"S1 8../91 6rominated di$henyl ethers1 -nvironmental Health "riteria A21 4nternational Pro-
gram of "hemical Safety1 3orld Health OrganiBation5 3HO5 Keneva1
4P"S23HO 8..?91 +etrabromobis$henol # and ,erivatives1 3orld Health OrganiBation5 Keneva1
4P"S1 8..@91 Polybrominated dibenBo-$-dio;ins and dibenBofurans1 -nvironmental Health "riteria
20?1 4nternational Program of "hemical Safety1 3orld Health OrganiBation5 3HO5 Keneva1
4P"S23HO 8..?91 +etrabromobis$henol # and ,erivatives1 3orld Health OrganiBation5 Keneva1
%ensen ##5 0nudsen H) 8200A91 +otal health assessment of chemicals in indoor climate from vari-
ous consumer $roducts1 Survey of "hemical Substances in "onsumer Products5 )o1 >?1 ,anish -P#1
%ensen %5 4ngvertsen S+5 &agid % 820291 7is' evaluation of five grou$s of $ersistent organic con-
taminants in sewage sludge1 -nvironmental Pro*ect )o1 /0A1 ,anish -P#5 "o$enhagen
%ensen P)5 6outru$ S5 (redshavn %75 Svendsen L&5 6licher-&athiesen K5 3iberg-Larsen P5
6*erring 75 Hansen %35 )ielsen 0-5 -llermann +5 +horling L5 Holm #K 8 20291 Vandmil*G og )a-
tur 20 :#=uatic -nvironment and )ature 20<1 )OV#)#1 +ilstand og udvi'ling R faglig sam-
menfatning1 #arhus Universitet5 ,"- R )ationalt "enter for &il*G og -nergi5 02 s1 - Videns'abelig
ra$$ort fra ,"- - )ationalt "enter for &il*G og -nergi nr1 !A htt$C22www1dmu1d'2Pub2S7!A1$df
%ohnson P45 Sta$leton H&5 &u'her*ee 65 Hauser 75 &ee'er %1 820!91 #ssociations between bro-
minated flame retardants in house dust and hormone levels in men1 %cience of the Total Environ-
mentQ //?R//AC >>R@/1
0em4 8200Ab91 Survey and technical assessment of alternatives to +66P# and H6",,1 P& 20A5
Swedish "hemicals 4ns$ectorate1
0halaf H5 Larsson #5 6erg H5 &c"rindle 75 #rsenault K5 Olsson P--1 8200.91 ,iastereomers of the
brominated flame retardant 52-dibromo-/-852 dibromoethyl9cyclohe;ane induce androgen rece$-
tor activation in the He$K2 he$atocellular carcinoma cell line and the L)"aP $rostate cancer cell
line1 Environ ,ealth /erspectQ >C @?!-@?.1
0ier'egaard #5 #s$lund L5 de 3it "#5 &cLachlan &S5 +homas KO5 Sweetman #% and %ones 0"5
8200>91 (ate of higher brominated P6,-s in lactating cows1 Environ %ci TechnolQ /C />-/2!1
0*Glholt %5 #rnb*erg-)ielsen 05 Olsen ,5 %Grgensen 0-7 82091 )Ggletal for mil*Gfarlige stoffer i
s$ildevand fra renseanlWg R $L baggrund af data fra det nationale overvLgnings$rogram for $un't-
'ilder ..@-200.1 :0ey numbers of environmentally dangerous com$ounds in waste water from
waste water treatment $lants - on the basis of data from the national monitoring $rogram of $oint
sources ..@-200.<1 #gency for S$atial and -nvironmental Planning1
0nudsen K#5 Sanders %&51 Sadi' #&5 6irnbaum LS1 820!91 ,is$osition and 'inetics of +etrabro-
mobis$henol # 8+66P#9 in female 3istar-Han rats1 Pa$er at 6(7-20!5 San (rancisco5 #$ril 20!1
0u$$er +5 de #lencastro L(5 KatsigaBi 75 (urrer 75 Krand*ean ,5 +arradellas %1 8200@9 "oncentra-
tions and s$ecific loads of brominated flame retardants in sewage sludge1 Chemosphere1 200@
#$rI>8A9C>!-@01
Lai Y"5 Lee 3%5 Li H35 3ang L"5 "hang-"hien KP1 8200>91 4nhibition of $olybrominated dibenBo-
$-dio;in and dibenBofuran formation from the $yrolysis of $rinted circuit boards1 Environ %ci
Technol1I /8!9C.?>-.A21

2/0 brominated flame retardants

Lassen "5 &aag %5 HGibye L5Vesterly''e &5 Lundegaard +1 82091 #lternatives to the use of flame
retarded -PS in buildings1 +#-2@2>2201 )orwegian "limate and Pollution #gency5 Oslo1
Lassen "5 Havelund S5 LeisewitB #5 &a;son P 8200A91 ,eca-6,- and alternatives in electrical and
electronic e=ui$ment1 -nvironmental Pro*ect )o1 /1 ,anish -nvironmental Protection #gency5
"o$enhagen1
Lassen "5 LG''e S5 #ndersen L41 8...91 6rominated flame retardants - Substance flow analysis and
assessment of alternatives1 -nvironmental Pro*ect )01 /./1 ,anish -P#5 "o$enhagen1
LeisewitB #5 0ruse H5 Schramm - 820091 Substituting environmentally relevant flame retardantsC
#ssessment (undamentals1 7esults and summary overview1 +e;te /0201 Umweltbundesamt5 6er-
lin1
Leonards P-K5 6randsma S5 Hendri's HS5 %on'ers )5 Parsons %75 3aai*ers5 S5 3esterin' 7&S5 de
3it "5 de 6oeusanne %1 820!91 -nvironmentally com$atible flame retardantsC the main outcomes of
-)(47O1 Si;th 4nternational Sym$osium On (lame 7etardants5 #$ril >-05 20!5 San (rancisco1
Letcher 7%5 6ustnes %O5 ,ietB 75 %enssen 6&5 %Grgensen -H5 Sonne "5 Verreault %5 Vi*ayan &&5
Kabrielsen K31 820091 -;$osure and effects assessment of $ersistent organohalogen contaminants
in #rctic wildlife and fish1 Sci +otal -nviron1I/0@8?9C2..?-!0/!1
Letcher 7%5 "hen ,1 820!91 "om$arative $hotolytic debromination of decabromodi$henyl ether5
decabromodi$henyl ethane and tetradecabromodi$heno;ybenBene flame retardants and environ-
mental considerations1 Si;th 4nternational Sym$osium On (lame 7etardants5 #$ril >-05 20!5 San
(rancisco1
Lignell S5 #une &5 4sa'sson &5 7edeby %5 ,arnerud PO and Klynn #1 82091 6,--20. in blood
serum from first-time mothers in U$$sala R tem$oral trend ..A-2001 7e$ort to the Swedish -n-
vironmental Protection #gency5 20-0!-!1
Lilienthal H5 Verwer "&5 van der Ven L+5 Piersma #H5 Vos %K1 8200@91 -;$osure to tetrabromo-
bis$henol # 8+66P#9 in 3istar ratsC neurobehavioral effects in offs$ring from a one-generation
re$roduction study1 Toxicolog-I 2/AC/?-?/1
Liu N5 Ohan H5 Oeng N5 Ohang "5 "hen , 820291 +he P6,--20. e;$osure during $regnancy and
lactation im$airs immune function in rats1 &ediators 4nflamm 4,A.2/A>8091 ?1
Lowell 8200?91 #n 4nvestigation of )on-Halogen Substitutes in -lectronic -nclosureand +e;tile
#$$lications1 Pure Strategies5 4nc1 for +he Lowell "enter for Sustainable Production5 University of
&assachusetts Lowell1
&aag L5 6randt U05 &i''elsen SH5 Lassen "1 820091 4nclusion of H6",,5 ,-HP5 66P5 ,6P and
additive use of +66P# in anne; 4V of the "ommissionSs recast $ro$osal of the 7oHS ,irective -
Socioeconomic im$acts1 -nvironmental Pro*ect )o1 !>1 ,anish -nvironmental Protection #gency5
"o$enhagen1
&ain 0&5 0iviranta H5 Virtanen H-5 Sund=vist -5 +uomisto %+5 +uomisto %5 Vartiainen +5
S'a''ebae' )-5 +o$$ari %1 8200>91 (lame retardants in $lacenta and breast mil' and cry$torchid-
ism in newborn boys1 -nviron Health Pers$ectI ?C ?.-?2A1
&c0inney &#5 Letcher 7%5 #ars %5 6orn -35 6ranigan &5 ,ietB 75 -vans +%5 Kabrielsen K35 Pea-
coc' -5 Sonne "1 82091 (lame retardants and legacy contaminants in $olar bears from #las'a5
"anada5 -ast Kreenland and Svalbard5 200?-200@1 -nviron 4ntI !>829C!A?-A>/

brominated flame retardants 2/

&il*Gstyrelsen &arts 2001 -nvironmental 7eview !2201 ,anish -nvironmental Protection #gen-
cy5 "o$enhagen
&olt %5 (ont 75 KlveB #5 "onesa %#1 8200.91 Pyrolysis and combustion of electronic wastes1 R
ournal of $nal-tical and $pplied /-rol-sisI @/C A@R>@1
&orose K1 8200A91 #n overview of alternatives to tetrabromobis$henol # 8+66P#9 and he;abromo-
cyclododecane 8H6",91 Lowell "enter (or Sustainable Production5 University of &assachusetts
Lowell1
&ortensen P5 Pors %5 6rGdsgaard S1 8200>91 0ortlWgning af decabromodi$henylether 8deca6,-9 i
andre $rodu'ter end ele'tris'e og ele'tronis'e $rodu'ter :Survey of decabromodi$henylether in
other $roducts than electrical and electronic $roducts<1 0ortlWgning af 'emis'e stoffer i forbruger-
$rodu'ter5 )o1 @01 ,anish -P#1 84n ,anish9
&uir ,"5 de 3it "#1 820019 +rends of legacy and new $ersistent organic $ollutants in the circum-
$olar arcticC overview5 conclusions5 and recommendations1 %ci Total EnvironI /0@8?9C!0//-!0?1
)a'ari +5 Huhtal S1 8200.91 5n vivo and in vitro to;icity of decabromodi$henyl ethane5 a flame
retardant1 Environ. Toxicol1 2?C !!!-!!@1
)aturstyrelsen 820091 Pun't'ilder 200. :Point sources 200.<5 #gency for S$atial and -nviron-
mental Planning5 &inistry of -nvironment5 2001
)aturstyrelsen 820291 Pun't'ilder 20 :Point sources 20<5 #gency for S$atial and -nvironmen-
tal Planning5 &inistry of -nvironment5 2021
)4LU 820291 )ordic screening data relevant for P6+ evaluation1 )orwegian 4nstitute for #ir 7e-
search 8)4LU91 +# @@!1 )orwegian "limate and Pollution #gency 80lif95 Oslo1
)ordemann %ensen P5 6outru$ S5 6i*l L van der5 Svendsen L&5 Krant 75 3iberg-Larsen P5 6*erring
75 -llermann +5 Petersen ,L%15 H*orth &5 SGgaard 65 +horling L5 ,ahlgren 01 820091 Vandmil*G og
)atur 200@1 )OV#)#1 +ilstand og udvi'ling R faglig sammenfatning1 )ational "entre for -nergy
and -nvironment5 #arhus University1
)orway 820!91 )orwegian $ro$osal for listing decabromodi$henyl ether 8commercial mi;ture5 c-
deca6,-9 in the Stoc'holm "onvention on Persistent Organic Pollutants1 Persistent Organic Pollu-
tants 7eview "ommittee5 )inth meeting5 7ome5 /R@ October 20!5 4tem > 8a9 of the $rovisional
agenda1 #ccessed #ugust 20! at
)OV#)# 82091 ,et )ationale OvervLgnings$rogram for Vand og )atur1 20-20?1 Pro-
grambes'rivelse :+he national monitoring $rogram for water and nature1 20-20?<1 )ature #gen-
cy5 )ational -nvironmental 7esearch 4nstitute 8)-749 and Keological Survey of ,enmar' and
Kreenland 8K-US95 ,enmar'1
O-", 8../91 7is' 7eduction monogra$h no1 !C Selected brominated flame retardants1 O-",
-nvironment &onogra$h Series no1 025 Paris1
Olausson H5 Herlin &5 van der Ven L+5 van de 0uil #5 Verhoef #5 Leonards P-K5 Piersma #H5 Vos
%K5 HL'ansson H1 8200A91+he effects of 2@-day oral dose of he;abromocyclodiodecane on bone and
liver retinoids in 3istra rats1 ;rganohalogen CompoundsI A@C >0@->1
OSP#7 8200.91 OSP#7 6ac'ground ,ocument on certain brominated flame retardants R Polybro-
minated ,i$henylethers5 Polybrominated 6i$henyls5 He;abromo "yclododecane5 U$date 200.1
OSP#7 "ommission5 London1

2/2 brominated flame retardants

OSP#7 820091 6rominated flame retardants1 luality status re$ort 2001 Status and trend in ma-
rine chemical $ollution1 OSP#7 "ommission5 London1
OSP#7 82091 OSP#7 6ac'ground ,ocument on +etrabromobis$henol-#1 OSP#7 "ommission5
London1
Petersen ,L%5 H*orth & 8red19 820091 &arine omrLder 200. :&arine areas 200.<1 )OV#)#1 ,
,anish )#tional -nvironmental 7esearch 4nstitute5 #arhus University1
P4)(# 8200a91 )on-halogenated $hos$horus5 inorganic and nitrogen flame retardants1 4nnovative
(lame 7etardants in -J- #$$lications P4)(#I Phos$horous5 4norganic J )itrogen (lame 7etard-
ants #ssociation1 #ccesssed #ugust 20! at
htt$C22www1$infa1org2u$loads2,ocuments2P4)(#--brochure!rd-dition200-1$df
P4)(# 8200a91 7oHS directive recastC #lternatives to brominated flame retardants1 &eetings in
the -uro$ean Parliament5 2! &arch 2001 P4)(#I Phos$horous5 4norganic J )itrogen (lame 7e-
tardants #ssociation1 #ccessed &arch 20! atC htt$C22www1endseuro$e1com2docs200/2b1$df1
Planmil*G 8200A91 -'s$ort af brugte el-$rodu'ter som affald eller som second-hand $rodu'ter :
-;$ort of used elctrical e=iu$ment as waste or as secons hand $roducts<1 &PU alm1 del - 6ilag AA1
Planmil*G for the ,anish -nvironmental Protection #gency1
POP7" 8200A91 7is' $rofile on commercial $entabromodi$henyl ether1 7e$ort of the Persistent
Organic Pollutants 7eview "ommittee on the wor' of its second meeting1 Keneva5 AR0 )ovember
200A1
POP7" 8200>a91 7is' management evaluation on commercial $entabromodi$henyl ether1 7e$ort of
the Persistent Organic Pollutants 7eview "ommittee on the wor' of its third meeting5 )ovember
200>1
POP7" 8200>b91 "ommercial octabromodi$henyl ether1 7is' Profile1 #do$ted by the Persistent
Organic Pollutants 7eview "ommittee at its third meeting5 )ovember 200>1
POP7" 82091 7is' management evaluation on he;abromocyclododecane1 Pre$ared for the Persis-
tent Organic Pollutants 7eview "ommittee5 Seventh meeting5 Keneva5 0R/ October 201
POP7" 820291 #ddendum to the ris' management evaluation on he;abromocyclododecane1 7e$ort
of the Persistent Organic Pollutants 7eview "ommittee on the wor' of its eighth meeting5 Keneva5
?R. October 2021
Posner S1 8200/91 Survey and technical assessment of alternatives to decabromodi$henyl ether
8deca6,-9 in te;tile a$$lications1 P& ?20/1 Swedish "hemicals #gency 80em495 Sundbyberg1
Posner S1 8200A91 Survey and technical assessment of alternatives to +66P# and H6",,1 P& 20A1
Swedish "hemicals #gency 80em495 Sundbyberg1
7eistad +5 (onnum (5 &ariussen -1 8200A91 )euroto;icity of the $entabrominated di$henyl ether
mi;ture5 ,-->5 and he;abromocyclododecane 8H6",9 in rat cerebellar granule cells in vitro1 $rch
ToxicolI @0C >@?->.A1
7eistad +5 &ariussen -5 7ing #5 (onnum (1 200>1 4n vitro to;icity of tetrabromobis$henol # on
cerebellar granule cellsC cell death5 free radical formation5 calcium influ; and e;tracellular gluta-
mate1 Toxicol %ciQ .AC 2A@-2>@1

brominated flame retardants 2/!

7ic'lund )5 0ier'egaard #5 &cLachlan & 8200@91 Screening of decabromodi$henyl ethane
8,6,P-9 in la'e sediment5 marine sediment and $eregrine falcon 8Aalco peregrinus9 eggs1 )a-
tionell screening5 200@1 ,e$artment of #$$lied -nvironmental Science5 Stoc'holm University1
7ic'lund )5 0ier'egaard #5 &cLachlan &S1 820091 Levels and $otential sources of decabromodi-
$henyl ethane 8,6,P-9 and decabromodi$henyl ether 8,eca6,-9 in la'e and marine sediments in
Sweden1 Environ %ci TechnolI //8A9C.@>-..1
7iu #5 "ravedi %P5 ,ebrauwer L5 Karcia #5 "anlet "5 %ouanin 4 and Oal'o ,1 8200@91 ,is$osition and
metabolic $rofiling of :"-/<-decabromodi$henyl ether in $regnant 3istar rats1 Environment 5n-
ternationalQ !/C !@-!2.1
7o$er "S5 &adden S5 6iesemeier %#5 Hollnagel H5 7othenbac'er 01 8200>91 +he in vitro $ercutane-
ous absor$tion of radiolabelled he;abromocyclododecane 8H6",9 through human s'in1 ;rgano-
halogen CompoundsQ A.C 20./-20.?1
7osenberg "5 Hmeil &5 +ornaeus %5 S''inen 05 Puttonen 05 0or$i #5 0iilunen &5 Linnainmaa
&5 Hesso #1 82091 -;$osure to flame retardants in electronics recycling sites1 $nn ;ccup ,-gI
??8A9CA?@-AA?1
Sageru$5 015 ,orte HerB'e5 &i'ael Har*u5 #nita -venset5 Kuttorm )1 "hristensen5 Heli 7outti5 -va
(uglei5 %on #ars5 Hallvard StrGm and Keir 3ing Kabrielsen1 820091 )ew brominated flame retard-
ants in #rctic biota1 +# 2A!022001 "limate and Pollution #gency 80lif95 Oslo1
Schauer U&,5 Vvl'el 3 and ,e'ant 31 8200A91 +o;ico'inetics of tetrabromobis$henol # in hu-
mans and rats after oral administration1 Toxicological %ciencesQ .C /.-?@1
Schecter #5 "olacino %#5 Harris +75 Shah )5 6rummitt S41 8200.91 # newly recogniBed occu$ational
haBard for US electronic recycling facility wor'ersC $olybrominated di$henyl ethers1 R ;ccup Envi-
ron >edI ?8/9C /!?-//01
Schlabach &5 7emberger &5 6rorstrvm-LundXn -5 )orstrvm 05 0a* L5 #ndersson H5 HerB'e ,5
6orgen #5 Har*u &1 82091 6rominated flame retardants 86(79 in the )ordic environment1 +e-
ma)ord 20C?2@1 )ordic "ouncil of &inisters5 "o$enhagen1
Schlabach5 & 820291 )ordic screening data relevant for P6+ evaluation1 +# 2@@!22021 "limate
and Pollution #gency 80lif95 Oslo1
Shaw S,5 6lum #5 3eber 75 0annan 05 7ich ,5 Lucas ,5 0oshland "P5 ,obraca ,5 Hanson S5 6irn-
baum LS1 820091 Halogenated flame retardantsC do the fire safety benefits *ustify the ris's[ ?ev
Environ ,ealthI 2?8/9C2A-!0?1
Shi +5 "hen S%5 Luo N%5 Ohang NL5 +ang "&5 Luo Y5 &a Y%5 3u %P5 Peng NO5 &ai 6N18200@91 Oc-
currence of brominated flame retardants other than $olybrominated di$henyl ethers in environ-
mental and biota sam$les from southern "hina1 "hemos$hereI>/8>9C.0-.0A1
Shi ON5 3u Y)5 Li %K5 Ohao Y( and (eng %(1 8200.91 ,ietary e;$osure assessment of "hinese
adults and nursing infants to tetrabromobis$henol-# and he;abromocyclododecanesC occurrence
measurements in foods and human mil'1 Environmental %cience and Technolog-I /!C /!/-/!.1
Soco$se 8200.91 #n inventory and assessment of o$tions for reducing emissionsC Polybrominated
di$henyl ethers 8P6,-s91 Source "ontrol of Priority Substances in -uro$e 8Soco$se9

2// brominated flame retardants

Statistics ,enmar' 820!91 Udenrigshandel5 $rodu'tion og forsyning :(oreign trade5 $roduction
and su$$ly<1 #ccessed &arch 20! atCC
htt$C22www1dst1d'2da2informationsservice2oss2UH$rod1as$;
Stec ##5 Hull +71 (2011). #ssessment of the Ure to;icity of building insulation materials1 Energ-
and BuildingsQ /!C /.@R?0A1
Stevens K"5 -msley #-5 Lim L5 0andola5 65 Horroc's #75 &orley )%5 6artlet "5 &cKill 4 820091
(ire 7etardant +echnologiesC safe $roducts with o$timised environmental haBard and ris' $erfor-
mance SP&+0.-01 KnoSys U0 Ltd for ,e$artment for -nvironment5 (ood and 7ural #ffairs
8,-(7#91
Strid #5 6ruhn "5 Sver'o -5 Svavarsson %5 +omy K5 6ergman {1 820!91 6rominated and chlorinated
flame retardants in liver of Kreenland shar' 8%omniosus microcephalus91 ChemosphereI .829C222-
22@1
Stuer-Lauridsen (5 "ohr 0-H5 +rine +horu$ #ndersen ++1 8200>19 Health and environmental as-
sessment of alternatives to deca-6,- in electrical and electronic e=ui$ment1 -nvironmental Pro*ect
)o1 /2 200>1 ,anish -nvironmental Protection #gency5 "o$enhagen1
Sweden 8200@91 #nne; NV dossier1 Pro$osal for identification of he;abromocyclododecane as a
SVH"1
SBabo ,+5 ,iliberto %%5 Ha'' H5 Huwe %0 and 6irnbaum LS1 820a91 +o;ico'inetics of the (lame
7etardant He;abromocyclododecane #l$haC -ffect of ,ose5 +iming5 7oute5 7e$eated -;$osure5 and
&etabolism1 Toxicological %ciencesI 2C 2!/-2//1
SBabo ,+5 ,iliberto %%5 Huwe %0 and 6irnbaum LS1 820b91 ,ifferences in tissue distribution of
H6",, al$ha and gamma between adult and develo$ing mice1 Toxicological %ciencesQ 2!C 2?A-
2A!1
+" )-S 8200@91 7esults of the P6+2vPv6 $ro$erties of )5)S-ethylenebis8!5/5?5A-
tetrabromo$thalamide91 -"6 Summary Sheet1 P6+ 3or'ing Krou$ R P6+ list )01 01
+huresson 05 6ergman 05 7othenbacher 05 Herrmann +5 S*vlin S5 Hagmar L5 P$'e O5 %a'obsson
01 8200Aa91 Polybrominated di$henyl ether e;$osure to electronics recycling wor'ers--a follow u$
study1 ChemosphereIA/89C@??-@A1
+huresson 05 Hoglund P5 Hagmar L5 S*odin #5 6ergman # and %a'obsson 01 8200Ab91 #$$arent
halflives of he$ta- to decabrominated di$henyl ethers in human serum as determined in occu$a-
tionally e;$osed wor'ers1 Environmental ,ealth /erspectivesI /C >A-@1
+roitBsch % 8ed19 8200/91 Plastics flammability handboo'1 Princi$les5 regulations5 testing5 and a$-
$roval1 !
rd
edition1 Hanser Publishers5 &unich1
U0 820091 #nalysis of the most a$$ro$riate ris' management o$tions for deca6,-1 Submitted byC
United 0ingdom5 )ovember 201 #ccessed #ugust 20! atC
htt$C22www1fira1co1u'2document2deca-bde-rmo-november-201$df
U0 820291 #nne; NV dossier1 6is8$entabromo$henyl9ether 8decabromodi$henyl etherI deca6,-91
Health J Safety -;ecutive5 U1015 #ugust 2021
UL 820!91 UL ./5 the Standard for Safety of (lammability of Plastic &aterials for Parts in ,evices
and #$$liances testing1 Underwriters Laboratories1 #ccessed %uly 20! atC
htt$C22www1ul1com2global2eng2$ages2offerings2industries2chemicals2$lastics2testing2flame2

brominated flame retardants 2/?

U)-P 820091 +echnical review of the im$lications of recycling commercial $entabromodi$henyl
ether and commercial octabromodi$henyl ether1 U)-P2POPS2POP7"1A221
U)-P 8202a91 Kuidance for the inventory of $olybrominated di$henyl ethers 8P6,-s9 listed under
the Stoc'holm "onvention on Persistent Organic Pollutants1 ,raft5 %uly 2021
U)-P 8202b91 Kuidance on best available techni=ues and best environmental $ractices for the
recycling and dis$osal of articles containing $olybrominated di$henyl ethers 8P6,-s9 listed under
the Stoc'holm "onvention on Persistent Organic Pollutants1 ,raft1 U)-P5 Secretariat of the Stoc'-
holm "onvention5 U)4,O and U)4+#71
US -P# 8200@91 (lame retardants in $rinted circuit boards1 7eview draft 8final re$ort has not been
$ublished yet91 Partnershi$ to -valuate (lame 7etardants in Printed "ircuit 6oards1 U1S1 -nviron-
mental Protection #gency1
US -P# 820a91 Partnershi$ on (lame 7etardant #lternatives to He;abromocyclododecane
8H6",,1 H6",, ## Sco$e v1! (4)#L5 #$ril 2@5 201 US -nvironmental Protection #gency1
htt$C22www1e$a1gov2dfe2$ubs2$ro*ects2hbcd2hbcd-$ro*ect-sco$e-v!-final-?21$df
htt$C22www1e$a1gov2dfe2$ubs2$ro*ects2hbcd2hbcd-and-alternatives-for-dfe1$df
US -P# 820b91 (ederal 7egister Volume >A5 )umber 2/. 83ednesday5 ,ecember 2@5 2091 Sec1
>2102@0 6enBene5 ethenyl-5 $olymer with 5!-butadiene1 #ccessed #ugust 202 atC
htt$C22www1g$o1gov2fdsys2$'g2(7-20-2-2@2html220-!!2A1htm
US -P# 8202a91 #n alternatives assessment for the flame retardant decabromodi$henyl ether
8deca6,-91 US -nvironmental Protection #gency1
US -P# 8202b91 ,eca6,- Phase-out 4nitiative1 #ccessed %une 20! atC
htt$C22www1e$a1gov2o$$t2e;istingchemicals2$ubs2action$lans2deccadbe1html
US -P# 820!95 (lame 7etardants in Printed "ircuit 6oards Partnershi$ - #bout this Pro*ect1 #c-
cessed #ugust 20! at htt$C22www1e$a1gov2dfe2$ubs2$ro*ects2$cb2
USKS 820291 &ineral Yearboo'1 6romine1 6y %1#1 Ober1 U1S1 ,e$artment of the 4nterior and U1S1
Keological Survey1
van der Ven L5 van de 0uil +5 Leonards P-K5 Slob 35 Lilienthal H5 Litens H5 Herlin &5 HL'ansson
H5 "antn 7(5 van den 6erg &5 Visser +%5 van Loveren H5 Vos %K5 Piersma #H 8200.91 -ndocrine
effects of he;abromocyclododecane 8H6",9 in a one-generation re$roduction study in 3istar rats1
Toxicolog- 6ettersI @?C ?-A21
van der Ven L5 Verhoef #5 van de 0uil +5 Slob 35 Leonards P-K5 Visser +%5 Hamers +5 Herlin &5
HL'ansson H5 Olausson H5 Piersma #H and Vos %K1 8200A91 # 2@-day oral dose to;icity study en-
hanced to detect endocrine effects of he;abromocyclododecane in 3istar rats1 Toxicological %cienc-
esI ./C 2@-2.21
Van der Ven L+5 Van de 0uil +5 Verhoef #5 Verwer "&5 Lilienthal H5 Leonards P-5 Schauer U&5
"antn 7(5 Litens S5 ,e %ong (H5 Visser +%5 ,e'ant 35 Stern )5 HL'ansson H5 Slob 35 Van den
6erg &5 Vos %K5 Piersma #H1 8200@91 -ndocrine effects of tetrabromobis$henol-# 8+66P#9 in
3istar rats as tested in a one-generation re$roduction study and a subacute to;icity study1 Toxicol-
og-I 2/?8-29C>A-@.1
van der Ven L+&5 van de 0uil +5 Leonards P-K5 Slob 35 "anton 7(5 Kermer S5 Visser +%5 Litens S5
Ha'ansson H5 Schren' ,5 van den 6erg &5 Piersma #H5 Vos %K and O$$erhuiBen #1 8200@91 # 2@-

2/A brominated flame retardants

day oral dose to;icity study in 3istar rats enhanced to detect endocrine effects of decabromodi$he-
nyl ether 8deca6,-91 Toxicolog- 6ettersI >.C A-/1
V-"#P 8200.91 V#"#P annual $rogress re$ort 200.1 -uro$ean (lame 7etardants #ssociation and
6romine Science and -nvironment (orum
V-"#P 820291 V#"#P $rogress re$ort 2021 -uro$ean (lame 7etardants #ssociation and 6romine
Science and -nvironment (orum1 htt$C22www1veca$1info2$ublications-22
V-"#P 8year not indicated91 &anaging emissions of $olymer additives through the $roactive im-
$lementation of Kood Practice1 uro$ean (lame 7etardants #ssociation and 6romine Science and
-nvironment (orum1
htt$C22www1veca$1info2u$loads2&anagingM20-missionslightU08newM20$icture91$df
Viberg H5 (redri'sson # and -ri'sson P1 8200>91 "hanges in s$ontaneous behaviour and altered
res$onse to nicotine in the adult rat5 after neonatal e;$osure to the brominated flame retardant5
decabrominated di$henyl ether 8P6,- 20.91 &eurotoxicolog-I 2@C !A-/21
Videncenter for %ordforurening 82091 6ranchebes'rivelse for slambede :4ndustry overview for
drying beds<1+e'ni' og #dministration )r1 201 Videncenter for %ordforurening1
Vi'elsGe 8200!91 ,io;inemissionerC &ere viden om 'ilder og emissioner :,io;in emissionC more
'nowledge on sources and emissions<1 ,io;in mLle$rogram5 Statusra$$ort a$ril 200/1 ,&U5 7os-
'ilde1
Vi'elsGe 8200/91 ,io;inemissionerC &ere viden om 'ilder og emissioner :,io;in emissionC more
'nowledge on sources and emissions<1 ,io;in mLle$rogram5 Statusra$$ort a$ril 200!1 ,&U5 7os-
'ilde1
Vi'elsGe %5 +homsen &5 "arlsen L5 %ohansen -1 820029 Persistent organic $ollutants in soil5 sludge
and sediment1 # multianalytical field study of selected organic chlorinated and brominated com-
$ounds1)ational -nvironmental 7esearch 4nstitute5 ,enmar'1 )-74 +echnical 7e$ort )o1 /02
htt$C22www21dmu1d'2viden22$ubli'ationer2!fagra$$orter2ra$$orter2fr/021$df
Vor'am$ 05 7igXt ((5 6ossi 75 ,ietB 7 82091 +em$oral trends of he;abromocyclododecane5
$olybrominated di$henyl ethers and $olychlorinated bi$henyls inringed seals from -ast Kreenland1
Environ. %ci. Technol.I /? 8/9C 2/!R2/.1
Vor'am$ 01 820291 6rominated flame retardantsC 6iomar'ers and Human 6iomonitoring1 4nC
0nudsen L5 &erlo ,( 8-ds191 6iomar'ers and Human 6iomonitoringC Volume 5 2025 5 2@@-!21
+he 7oyal Society of "hemistry
Vor'am$ 05 7igXt (( 820!91 )ye 'ontaminanter med relevans for det grGnlands'e mil*G :)ew
contaminants with relevance for the Kreenlandic -nvironment<1 #arhus Universitet5 ,"- R )atio-
nalt "enter for &il*G og -nergi1 +e'nis' ra$$ort fra ,"- - )ationalt "enter for &il*G og -nergi nr1
.1 84n ,anish9
3aai*ers SL5 0ong ,5 Hendri's HS5 de 3it "#5 "ousins 4+5 3esterin' 7H5 Leonards P-5 0raa' &H5
#dmiraal 35 de Voogt P5 Parsons %71 820!91 Persistence5 bioaccumulation5 and to;icity of halogen-
free flame retardants1 ?ev Environ Contam Toxicol1C222C->1
3ang (5 3ang %5 ,ai %5 Hu K5 3ang %5 Luo N and &ai 61 820091 "om$arative tissue distribution5
biotransformation and associated biological effects by decabromodi$henyl ethane and decabromin-
ated di$henyl ether in male rats after a .0-day oral e;$osure study1 Environ %ci TechnolI //C ?A??-
?AA01

brominated flame retardants 2/>

3ang %5 "hen S5 )ie N5 +4an &5 Luo N5 #n +5 &ai 61 820291 Photolytic degradation of decabromo-
di$henyl ethane 8,6,P-91 Chemosphere @.C @//-@/.1
3eber 75 0uch 61 8200!91 7elevance of 6(7s and thermal conditions on the formation $athways of
brominated and brominated-chlorinated dibenBodio;ins and dibenBofurans1 Environ 5nt1 200!
Se$I2.8A9CA..->01
3---L#6-N 82091 3---L#6-N normative document on +reatment V.105 2 &ay 201
3eiss %5 3allin -5 #;mon #5 %vnsson 6#K5 {'esson H5 #thanassiadis 45 %ana' 05 Hagmar L5 6erg-
man {1 8200A91 #nalysis of P"6 and its metabolites5 P6,- and H6",, in serum from an elderly
$o$ulation of Swedish fishermen and fishermenDs wives and association to bone fragility1 Environ
%ci TechnolQ /0C A2@2-A2@.1
3u %-P5 Kuan Y-+5 Ohang Y5 Luo N-%5 Ohi H5 "hen S-%5 &ai 6-N1 82091 Several current-use5 non-
P6,- brominated flame retardants are highly accumulativeC -vidence from field determined bioac-
cumulation factors1 Environ. 5nternational !>C 20-2?1
Yu N5 &ar'us O5 &agnus -5 #nna 75 &aria L5 3ong &H5 7olands 31 8200@91 --waste recycling
heavily contaminates a "hinese city with chlorinated5 brominated and mi;ed halogenated dio;ins1
;rganohalogen Compounds5 >0C @!-@A1
Yu N5 &ar'us O5 &agnus -5 #nna 75 &aria L5 3ong &H5 7olands 31 8200@91 --waste recycling
heavily contaminates a "hinese city with chlorinated5 brominated and mi;ed halogenated dio;ins1
;rganohalogen Compounds5 >0C @!-@A1
Ohang "5 Liu N5 "hen , 820091 7ole of brominated di$henyl ether-20. in the differentiation of
neural stem cells in vitro1 5nternational Rournal of #evelopmental &euroscienceI 2@I /.>R?021
Oheng %5 Luo N%5 Yuan %K5 3ang %5 3ang Y+5 "hen S%5 &ai 6N5 Yang OY1 82091 Levels and
sources of brominated flame retardants in human hair from urban5 e-waste5 and rural areas in
South "hina1 Environ /ollut.Q,ecI?.829C!>0A-!>!1

2/@ brominated flame retardants

A%%endi3 $: Bac"#round information to cha%ter & on le#al frame(or"
+he following anne; $rovides some bac'ground information on sub*ects addressed in "ha$ter 21
+he intention is that the reader less familiar with the legal conte;t may read this concurrently with
cha$ter 21

09 and Danish le#islation
"hemicals are regulated via -U and national legislations5 the latter often being a national trans$osi-
tion of -U directives1

There are four main 09 le#al instruments:
7egulations 8,0C (orordninger9 are binding in their entirety and directly a$$licable in all -U
&ember States1
,irectives 8,0C ,ire'tiver9 are binding for the -U &ember States as to the results to be
achieved1 ,irectives have to be trans$osed 8,0C gennemfGrt9 into the national legal framewor'
within a given timeframe1 ,irectives leave a margin for manoeuvring as to the form and means
of im$lementation1 However5 there are great differences in the s$ace for manoeuvring between
directives1 (or e;am$le5 several directives regulating chemicals $reviously were rather s$ecific
and often trans$osed more or less word-by-word into national legislation1 "onse=uently5 and
to further strengthen a level $laying field within the internal mar'et5 the new chemicals $olicy
87-#"H9 and the new legislation for classification and labelling 8"LP9 were im$lemented as
7egulations1 4n ,enmar'5 ,irectives are most fre=uently trans$osed as laws 8,0C love9 and
statutory orders 8,0C be'endtgGrelser91

+he -uro$ean "ommission has the right and the duty to suggest new legislation in the form of regu-
lations and directives1 )ew or recast directives and regulations often have transitional $eriods for
the various $rovisions set out in the legal te;t1 4n the following5 we will generally list the latest $iece
of -U legal te;t5 even if the $rovisions identified are not yet fully im$lemented1 On the other hand5
we will include currently valid ,anish legislation5 e1g1 the im$lementation of the cosmetics di-
rective9 even if this will be re$laced with the new "osmetic 7egulation1

,ecisions are fully binding on those to whom they are addressed1 ,ecisions are -U laws relat-
ing to s$ecific cases1 +hey can come from the -U "ouncil 8sometimes *ointly with the -uro$ean
Parliament9 or the -uro$ean "ommission1 4n relation to -U chemicals $olicy5 decisions are
e1g1 used in relation to inclusion of substances in 7-#"H #nne; NV44 8restrictions91 +his ta'es
$lace via a Ecomitology $rocedure\ involving &ember State re$resentatives1 ,ecisions are also
used under the -U ecolabelling 7egulation in relation to establishing ecolabelling criteria for
s$ecific $roduct grou$s1
7ecommendations and o$inions are non-binding5 declaratory instruments1

4n conformity with the trans$osed -U directives5 to some e;tent ,anish legislation regulate chemi-
cals via various general or sector s$ecific legislation5 most fre=uently via statutory orders 8,0C
be'endtgGrelser91

Chemicals le#islation
'0AC4 and C>P
+he 7-#"H 7egulation
and the "LP 7egulation

2
are the overarching $ieces of -U chemicals
legislation regulating industrial chemicals1 +he below will briefly summarise the 7-#"H and "LP

11
7egulation 8-"9 )o .0>2200A concerning the 7egistration5 -valuation5 #uthorisation and 7estriction of "hemicals
87-#"H9
12
7egulation 8-"9 )o 2>22200@ on classification5 labelling and $ac'aging of substances and mi;tures

brominated flame retardants 2/.

$rovisions and give an overview of S$i$elineS $rocedures5 i1e1 $rocedures which may 8or may not9
result in an eventual inclusion under one of the 7-#"H $rocedures1

FPre:G'e#istration
#ll manufacturers and im$orters of chemical substances e tonne2year have to register their chem-
icals with the -uro$ean "hemicals #gency 8-"H#91 Pre-registered chemicals benefit from tonnage
and $ro$erty de$endent staggered deadlinesC

!0 )ovember 200C 7egistration of substances manufactured or im$orted at 000 tonnes or
more $er year5 carcinogenic5 mutagenic or to;ic to re$roduction substances above tonne $er
year5 and substances dangerous to a=uatic organisms or the environment above 00 tonnes $er
year1
! &ay 20!C 7egistration of substances manufactured or im$orted at 00-000 tonnes $er
year1
! &ay 20@C 7egistration of substances manufactured or im$orted at -00 tonnes $er year1

01aluation
# selected number of registrations will be evaluated by -"H# and the -U &ember States1 -valua-
tion covers assessment of the com$liance of individual dossiers 8dossier evaluation9 and substance
evaluations involving information from all registrations of a given substance to see if further -U
action is needed on that substance5 for e;am$le as a restriction 8substance evaluation91

Authorisation
#uthorisation aims at substituting or limiting the manufacturing5 im$ort and use of substances of
very high concern 8SVH"91 (or substances included in 7-#"H anne; N4V5 industry has to cease use
of those substance within a given deadline 8sunset date9 or a$$ly for authorisation for certain s$eci-
fied uses within an a$$lication date1

'estriction
4f the authorities assess that that there is a ris' to be addressed at the -U level5 limitations of the
manufacturing and use of a chemical substance 8or substance grou$9 may be im$lemented1 7e-
strictions are listed in 7-#"H anne; NV445 which has also ta'en over the restrictions from the $re-
vious legislation 8,irective >A2>A.2--"91

Classification and >abellin#
+he "LP 7egulation im$lements the United )ations Klobal Harmonised System 8KHS9 for classifi-
cation and labelling of substances and mi;tures of substances into -U legislation1 4t further s$eci-
fies rules for $ac'aging of chemicals1

+wo classification and labelling $rovisions areC

1 4armonised classification and labellin# for a number of chemical substances1 +hese classi-
fications are agreed at the -U level and can be found in "LP #nne; V41 4n addition to newly agreed
harmonised classifications5 the anne; has ta'en over the harmonised classifications in #nne; 4 of
the $revious ,angerous Substances ,irective 8A>2?/@2--"9I classifications which have been Strans-
latedS according to the new classification rules1

21 Classification and labellin# in1entory1 #ll manufacturers and im$orters of chemicals sub-
stances are obliged to classify and label their substances1 4f no harmonised classification is availa-
ble5 a self-classification shall be done based on available information according to the classification
criteria in the "LP regulation1 #s a new re=uirement5 these self-classifications should be notified to
-"H#5 which in turn $ublishes the classification and labelling inventory based on all notifications

2?0 brominated flame retardants

received1 +here is no tonnage trigger for this obligation1 (or the $ur$ose of this re$ort5 self-
classifications are summarised in #$$endi; A to the main re$ort1

6n#oin# acti1ities : %i%eline
4n addition to listing substances already addressed by the $rovisions of 7-#"H 8$re-registrations5
registrations5 substances included in various anne;es of 7-#"H and "LP5 etc195 the -"H# website
also $rovides the o$$ortunity for searching for substances in the $i$eline in relation to certain
7-#"H and "LP $rovisions1 +hese will be briefly summarised belowC

Community 'ollin# Action Plan FCo'APG
+he -U &ember States have the right and duty to conduct 7-#"H substance evaluations1 4n order
to coordinate this wor' among &ember States and inform the relevant sta'eholders of u$coming
substance evaluations5 a "ommunity 7olling #ction Plan 8"o7#P9 is develo$ed and $ublished5
indicating when and by whom a given substance is e;$ected to be evaluated1

Authorisation %rocessX candidate listA Authorisation listA Anne3 MIB
6efore a substance is included in 7-#"H #nne; N4V and therefore sub*ect to #uthorisation5 it has
to go through the following ste$sC

1 4t has to be identified as a SVH" leading to inclusion in the candidate list!
21 4t has to be $rioritised and recommended for inclusion in #))-N N4V 8+hese can be found as
#nne; N4V recommendation lists on the -"H# web-site9
!1 4t has to be included in 7-#"H #nne; N4V following a comitology $rocedure decision 8sub-
stances on #nne; N4V a$$ear on the #uthorisation list on the -"H# web-site91

+he candidate list 8substances agreed to $ossess SVH" $ro$erties9 and the #uthorisation list are
$ublished on the -"H# web-site1

'e#istry of intentions
3hen -U &ember States and -"H# 8when re=uired by the -uro$ean "ommission9 $re$are a $ro-
$osal forC

a harmonised classification and labelling5
an identification of a substance as SVH"5 or
a restriction1

+his is done as a 7-#"H #nne; NV $ro$osal1

+he Sregistry of intentionsS gives an overview of intentions in relation to #nne; NV dossiers divided
intoC
current intentions for submitting an #nne; NV dossier5
dossiers submitted5 and
withdrawn intentions and withdrawn submissions

for the three ty$es of #nne; NV dossiers1

International a#reements
6SPA' Con1ention
OSP#7 is the mechanism by which fifteen Kovernments of the western coasts and catchments of
-uro$e5 together with the -uro$ean "ommunity5 coo$erate to $rotect the marine environment of
the )orth--ast #tlantic1

!
4t should be noted that the candidate list is also used in relation to articles im$orted to5 $roduced in or distributed in the -U1
"ertain su$$ly chain information is triggered if the articles contain more than 01M 8w2w9 87-#"H #rticle >12 ff91


3or' to im$lement the OSP#7 "onvention and its strategies is ta'en forward through the ado$tion
of decisions5 which are legally binding on the "ontracting Parties5 recommendations and other
agreements1 ,ecisions and recommendations set out actions to be ta'en by the "ontracting Parties1
+hese measures are com$lemented by other agreements setting outC

issues of im$ortanceI
agreed $rogrammes of monitoring5 information collection or other wor' which the "ontracting
Parties commit to carry outI
guidelines or guidance setting out the way that any $rogramme or measure should be im$le-
mented5 and
actions to be ta'en by the OSP#7 "ommission on behalf of the "ontracting Parties1

40>C6+ : 4elsin"i Con1ention
+he Helsin'i "ommission5 or H-L"O&5 wor's to $rotect the marine environment of the 6altic Sea
from all sources of $ollution through intergovernmental co-o$eration between ,enmar'5 -stonia5
the -uro$ean "ommunity5 (inland5 Kermany5 Latvia5 Lithuania5 Poland5 7ussia and Sweden1 H-L-
"O& is the governing body of the F"onvention on the Protection of the &arine -nvironment of the
6altic Sea #reaF - more usually 'nown as the Helsin'i "onvention1

4n $ursuing this ob*ective and vision the countries have *ointly $ooled their efforts in H-L-
"O&5 which is wor's asC

an environmental $olicy ma'er for the 6altic Sea area by develo$ing common environmental
ob*ectives and actionsI
an environmental focal $oint $roviding information about 8i9 the state of2trends in the marine
environmentI 8ii9 the efficiency of measures to $rotect it and 8iii9 common initiatives and $osi-
tions which can form the basis for decision-ma'ing in other international foraI
a body for develo$ing5 according to the s$ecific needs of the 6altic Sea5 7ecommendations of
its own and 7ecommendations su$$lementary to measures im$osed by other international or-
ganisationsI
a su$ervisory body dedicated to ensuring that H-L"O& environmental standards are fully
im$lemented by all $arties throughout the 6altic Sea and its catchment areaI and
a co-ordinating body5 ascertaining multilateral res$onse in case of ma*or maritime incidents1

C>'TAP : Con1ention on >on#:ran#e Transboundary Air Pollution
Since .>. the "onvention on Long-range +ransboundary #ir Pollution 8"L7+#P9 has addressed
some of the ma*or environmental $roblems of the U)-"- 8United )ations -conomic "ommission
for -uro$e9 region through scientific collaboration and $olicy negotiation1

+he aim of the "onvention is that Parties shall endeavour to limit and5 as far as $ossible5 gradually
reduce and $revent air $ollution including long-range transboundary air $ollution1 Parties develo$
$olicies and strategies to combat the discharge of air $ollutants through e;changes of information5
consultation5 research and monitoring1

+he "onvention has been e;tended by eight $rotocols that identify s$ecific measures to be ta'en by
Parties to cut their emissions of air $ollutants1 +hree of the $rotocols s$ecifically address the emis-
sion of haBardous substances of which some are included in LOUSC

+he ..@ Protocol on Persistent Organic Pollutants 8POPs9I !! Parties1 -ntered into force on
2! October 200!1
+he ..@ Protocol on Heavy &etalsI !! Parties1 -ntered into force on 2. ,ecember 200!1

2?2 brominated flame retardants

+he .. Protocol concerning the "ontrol of -missions of Volatile Organic "om$ounds or their
+ransboundary (lu;esI 2/ Parties1 -ntered into force 2. Se$tember ..>1

Stoc"holm Con1ention on Persistent 6r#anic Pollutants FP6PsG
+he Stoc'holm "onvention on Persistent Organic Pollutants is a global treaty to $rotect human
health and the environment from chemicals that remain intact in the environment for long $eriods5
become widely distributed geogra$hically5 accumulate in the fatty tissue of humans and wildlife5
and have adverse effects to human health or to the environment1 +he "onvention is administered by
the United )ations -nvironment Programme and is based in Keneva5 SwitBerland1

'otterdam Con1ention = PIC Con1ention
+he ob*ectives of the 7otterdam "onvention areC
to $romote shared res$onsibility and coo$erative efforts among Parties in the international
trade of certain haBardous chemicals in order to $rotect human health and the environment
from $otential harmI
to contribute to the environmentally sound use of those haBardous chemicals5 by facilitating
information e;change about their characteristics5 by $roviding for a national decision-ma'ing
$rocess on their im$ort and e;$ort and by disseminating these decisions to Parties1
+he "onvention creates legally binding obligations for the im$lementation of the Prior 4n-
formed "onsent 8P4"9 $rocedure1 4t built on the voluntary P4" $rocedure5 initiated by U)-P
and (#O in .@. and ceased on 2/ (ebruary 200A1

+he "onvention covers $esticides and industrial chemicals that have been banned or severely re-
stricted for health or environmental reasons by Parties and which have been notified by Parties for
inclusion in the P4" $rocedure1 One notification from each of two s$ecified regions triggers consid-
eration of addition of a chemical to #nne; 444 of the "onvention1 Severely haBardous $esticide for-
mulations that $resent a ris' under conditions of use in develo$ing countries or countries with
economies in transition may also be $ro$osed for inclusion in #nne; 4441

Basel Con1ention
+he 6asel "onvention on the "ontrol of +ransboundary &ovements of HaBardous 3astes and their
,is$osal was ado$ted on 22 &arch .@. by the "onference of Pleni$otentiaries in 6asel5 SwitBer-
land5 in res$onse to a $ublic outcry following the discovery5 in the .@0s5 in #frica and other $arts
of the develo$ing world of de$osits of to;ic wastes im$orted from abroad1

+he overarching ob*ective of the 6asel "onvention is to $rotect human health and the environment
against the adverse effects of haBardous wastes1 4ts sco$e of a$$lication covers a wide range of
wastes defined as EhaBardous wastes\ based on their origin and2or com$osition and their character-
istics5 as well as two ty$es of wastes defined as Eother wastes\ - household waste and incinerator
ash1

+he $rovisions of the "onvention center around the following $rinci$al aimsC

the reduction of haBardous waste generation and the $romotion of environmentally sound
management of haBardous wastes5 wherever the $lace of dis$osalI
the restriction of transboundary movements of haBardous wastes e;ce$t where it is $erceived
to be in accordance with the $rinci$les of environmentally sound management5 and
a regulatory system a$$lying to cases where transboundary movements are $ermissible1

0co:labels
-co-label schemes are voluntary schemes where industry can a$$ly for the right to use the eco-label
on their $roducts if these fulfil the ecolabelling criteria for that ty$e of $roduct1 #n -U scheme 8the

brominated flame retardants 2?!

flower9 and various national2regional schemes e;ist1 4n this $ro*ect we have focused on the three
most common schemes encountered on ,anish $roducts1

09 flo(er
+he -U ecolabelling 7egulation lays out the general rules and conditions for the -U ecolabelI the
flower1 "riteria for new $roduct grou$s are gradually added to the scheme via SdecisionsSI e1g1 the
"ommission ,ecision of 2 %une 200> establishing the ecological criteria for the award of the
"ommunity eco-label to soa$s5 sham$oos and hair conditioners1

Nordic S(an
+he )ordic Swan is a coo$eration between ,enmar'5 4celand5 )orway5 Sweden and (inland1 +he
)ordic -colabelling 6oard consists of members from each national -colabelling 6oard and decides
on )ordic criteria re=uirements for $roducts and services1 4n ,enmar'5 the $ractical im$lementa-
tion of the rules5 a$$lications and a$$roval $rocess related to the -U flower and )ordic Swan is
hosted by -colabelling ,enmar' F&il*GmWr'ning ,anmar'F 8htt$C22www1ecolabel1d'291 )ew crite-
ria are a$$licable in ,enmar' when they are $ublished on the -colabelling ,enmar'Ds website 8ac-
cording to Statutory Order no1 //> of 2!20/220091

A%%endi3 &: Physical and chemical %ro%erties
"ommon names are indicated if a common easily readable name is used e1g1 in the descri$tion of mar'eted flame retardants1 6ergman et al. 82029 lists for each of the substances a
number of synonyms a number of common names and trade names1 Va$our $ressure 8Pa95 Log0O3 and molecular weight is mainly derived from 6ergman et al. 820291

"hemical structures are co$ied from -(S# re$orts and -S4S 8-uro$ean chemical Substances 4nformation System91 "hemical structures for other substances are shown in 6ergman et
al. 820291

Abbre1ia:
tion
CAS No Chemical name Common name AD' +olecular for:
mula
Chemical structure Ba%our %ressure
FPaG
>o#!6- +olecu:
lar
(ei#ht
)Q:PeBP6B:
D0&.5
FDPeTeBrB2
G
?@.A?-AA-? 525/5?-tetrabromo-!5A-
6is8$entabromo$heno;y
9 benBene
6is8$entabromo-
$heno;y9 benBene
# "@6r/O2

-(S#5 202a
.1>--> 21A> !AA1@?
BDBP:
TART6
>?>.?-A-! 5!-6is825!-
dibromo$ro$yl9-?-allyl-
5!5?-triaBine-
#27 "2H?6r/)!O!

-(S#5 202a

@1.0--2 !1?? ?A@1@@

B04:T0BP
FB04TBPG
2A0/0-?-> 6is82-ethylhe;yl9 tetra-
bromo$hthalate
+etrabromo-
$hthalate ester
# "2/H!/6r/O/

-(S#5 202a
1??-- .1!/ >0A1/

brominated flame retardants 2??

Abbre1ia:
tion
mula
FPaG
>o#!6- +olecu:
lar
(ei#ht
BTBP0 !>@?!-?.- 52-6is825/5A-
tribromo$heno;y9 ethan
# "/H@6rAO2

-(S#5 202a
21.--2 @1! A@>1A/
DBDB0 /.>0>-!-@ 6enBene5 5T-
:o;ybis8methylene9<bis
:25!5/5?5A-
$entabromo8."49
,ecabromodibenByl
ether
# "/H/6r0O

21!--A 01!/ .@>122
DBDP0 @/@?2-?!-. 5S-8-thane-52-
diyl9bis:$entabromoben
Bene<
,ecabromodi$henyl
ethane
# "/H/6r0

-(S#5 202a
A10--? 1 .>122
DB0:DBC4
FTB0C4G
!!22-.!-@ 52-,ibromo-/-852-
dibromoeth-
yl9cyclohe;ane
# "@H26r/

-(S#5 202a
21.>--0! /1@2 /2>1@
DB4CTD
?.!A-??- >5@-,ibromo-
525!5/55-he;achloro-
5/5/a5?5A5>5@5.5050a-
decahydro-5/-
methanobenBocy-
clooctene
# "!H26r2"lA

-(S#5 202a
@12>--0> >1A2 ?/01>A
DBNP8
!2.A-.0-0 252-
bis8bromomethyl9$ro$a
ne-5!-diol
,ibromoneo$entyl
glycol
7 "?H06r2O2

-(S#5 202a
A1@@--0? 01/ 2A1./

2?A brominated flame retardants

Abbre1ia:
tion
mula
FPaG
>o#!6- +olecu:
lar
(ei#ht
DBP
F&)DBPX &A):
DBPG
A?-?@-> 25/-dibromo$henol 25/-dibromo$henol #27 "AH/6r2O
-S4S
!1A?-Q00 !1/> 2?1.
DBP:TART6 ?>@2.-@.-> -825!-,ibromo$ro$yl9-
#27 "2H?6r2)!O!

-(S#5 202a
21A--0A 21AA /0.10>
DBS
!>@0-2A-/ ,ibromostyrene ,ibromostyrene #27 "@HA6r2

-(S#5 202a
na na 2A1./
DecaBB !A?/-0.-A ,ecabromo-5S-
bi$henyl
,ecabromobi$henyl # "26r0 b A-0-A

.1/ ./!122
decaBD0 A!-.-? 6is8$entabromo$henyl9
ether
,ecabromodi$henyl
ether
# "26r0O

-S4S
1A/--2 na .?.1>
DPT0
!?0.-A0-? 5!5?-tribromo-2-825!-
dibromo$ro-
$o;y9benBene
# ".H>6r?O
-S4S
A122 ; 0->
US -P#5 200.
A1!
US -P#5
200.
?!01A>

brominated flame retardants 2?>

Abbre1ia:
tion
mula
FPaG
>o#!6- +olecu:
lar
(ei#ht
0BT0BPI
!2?@@->A-/ )5)S-
ethylenebis8!5/5?5A-
tetrabromo$hthalimide9
-thylene bis8tetra-
bromo$hthalimide9
# "@H/6r@)2O/

-(S#5 202a
1.>--2? A1A! .?1/>
04:TBB
F04TeBBG
@!A?@-2>-> 2-ethylhe;yl-25!5/5?-
tetrabromobenBoate
# "?H@6r/O2

-(S#5 202a
!1>--0> >1>! ?/.1.2
4BB
F43BB2G
@>-@2- He;abromobenBene # "A6rA

-(S#5 202a
1/--0/ A1 ??1/.
4BCDD
F4BCDG
2?A!>-..-/
!./-??-A
525?5A5.50-
He;abromocyclododec-
ane
He;abromocyclodo-
decane
# "2H@6rA
-S4S
10/--0> >1.2 A/1>
4BCYD 2?/.?-.@- He;abromocyclodecane He;abromocy-
clodecane
# "0H/6rA

-(S#5 202a
na na A!1A/
4CTBP4 !/?>-A-. 525!5/5>5>-He;achloro-
?-8tetrabromo$he-
nyl9bicyclo:2121<he$t-2-
ene
# "!H/6r/"lA
-S4S
1A--0@ 012/ A.21?

2?@ brominated flame retardants

Abbre1ia:
tion
mula
FPaG
>o#!6- +olecu:
lar
(ei#ht
4004P:
T0BP
20?AA-!?-2 2-82-
Hydro;yetho;y9ethyl 2-
tetrabromo$hthalate
&i;ture of the
diester2ether diol of
tetrabromo$hthalic
anhydride and
$hos$hate ester1
# "?HA6r/O>

-(S#5 202a
/1>.--! 10/ A2>1.
4e3aBB
!A!??-0-@ He;abromo-5S-
bi$henyl
He;abromobi$henyl # "2H/6rA

-S4S
A1. --A A1!. A2>1A2
6BT+PI 0@/@@.-?-.
02?.?A-A?-!
@.!@/!-0>->
??A!-.!->

Octabromotrimethyl-
$henyl indane
Octabromotrime-
thyl-$henyl indane
# "@H26r@
8"#Sno??A!-.!-
>9

-fsa5 202a
1>?--2 ?1 @A>1?2
octaBD0
!2?!A-?2-0 ,i$henyl ether5 oc-
tabromo derivative
Octabromodi$henyl
ether
# "2H26r@O
-"65 200!
A1?.10-A
-"65 200!
A12.
-"65 200!
@01/2
PBB:Acr ?.//>-??- 8Pentabromo-
$henyl9methyl acrylate
Poly $entabromo-
benByl acrylate
7 "0H?6r?O2

-(S#5 202a
!1A/--0> ?1A ??A1A>

brominated flame retardants 2?.

Abbre1ia:
tion
mula
FPaG
>o#!6- +olecu:
lar
(ei#ht
PBBB !@?2-?-A 6enBene5 525!5/5?-
$entabromo A-
8bromomethyl9
PentabromobenByl
bromide
7 ">H26rA /12?--0A A122 ?A?1?
PBBC ?@/.?-0.-! 6enBene5 525!5/5?-
$entabromoA-
8chloromethyl9
PentabromobenByl
chloride
7 ">H26r?"l @1A/--0A ?1.? ?210A
PB0B
@?-22-! 25!5/5?5A-
Pentabromoethylben-
Bene
Pentabromoeth-
ylbenBene
# "@H?6r?

-(S#5 202a
1?A--0/ A1>A ?001A?
PBP A0@->-. Pentabromo$henol Pentabromo$henol #27 "AH6r?O
-S4S
21??--0! ?122 /@@1?.
PBP:A0 !???-- #llyl $entabromo$henyl
ether
Pentabromo$henol
allyl ether
#27 ".H?6r?O
-S4S
.12--0? A122 ?2@1AA
PBT
@>-@!-2 25!5/5?5A-
Pentabromotoluene
Pentabromotoluene #27 ">H!6r?

-(S#5 202a
A100--0/ A12? /@A1A2

2A0 brominated flame retardants

Abbre1ia:
tion
mula
FPaG
>o#!6- +olecu:
lar
(ei#ht
%entaBD0
!2?!/-@-. ,i$henyl ether5 $en-
tabromo derivative
Pentabromodi$he-
nyl ether
# "2H?6r?O

-"65 200
/1A0 --?
-"65 200
A1?>
-"65 200
?A/1>2
'DT:7 >!/2->>-! "arbonic dichloride5
$olymer with /5/S-8-
methylethyli-
dene9bis:25A-
dibromo$henol<5
bis825/5A-
tribromo$henyl9 ester
Pheno;y-terminated
carbonate oligomer
of +66P#
7 8">H26r!O2918"
AH06r/O!9n18"A
H26r!O9
na na .>!1?.
TBA A0>-..-@ 25/5A5-tribromoanisol ">H?6r!O na na !//1@!
TBBPA
FTBBP:AG
>.-./-> 252S5A5AS-+etrabromo-
/5/S-
8tetrabromobis$henol #9
+etrabromo-
bis$henol #
#27 "?H26r/O2

-fsa5 20c
1@@--0? .1A. ?/!1@>
TBBPA:BA ??20?-!@-/ 2-Pro$enoic acid5 5T-
:8-methylethylidene9
bis825A-dibromo-/5-
$henylene9< ester
7 "2HA6r/O/

-(S#5 20c
!1@/-- .1!> A?1.>
TBBPA:BA0
FTBBPA:
bAcrG
2?!2>-@.-! 5S-4so$ro$ylidenebis:/-
8allylo;y9-!5?-
dibromobenBene<
+etrabromo-
bis$henol # bis 8allyl
ether9
#27 "2H206r/O2

-(S#5 20c
1@!--0@ 1/2 A/2

brominated flame retardants 2A

Abbre1ia:
tion
mula
FPaG
>o#!6- +olecu:
lar
(ei#ht
TBBPA:
BDBP0
FTBBPA:
bDiBPr0G
2@?0-//-2 5S-84so$ro$ylidene9
bis:!5?-dibromo-/-825!-
dibromo$ro-
$o;y9benBene<
+etrabromo-
bis$henol-#5 bis
825!-dibromo$ro$yl
ether9
# "2H206r@O2

-(S#5 20c
21@?--? 21.. ./!1A
TBBPA:B80
!0>2-@/-2 252S-:8-&ethylethylide-
ne9bis:825A-dibromo-
/5-$henyle-
ne9o;ymethylene<<biso;i
rane
6rominated e$o;y 7 "2H206r/O/

-(S#5 20c
1A/--0 @1@> A?A
TBBPA:
B400
FTBBPA:
b6400G
/A2-/?-2 /5/S-
iso$ro$ylidenebis82-
825A-
dibromo$he-
no;y9ethanol9
+etrabromo-
bis$henol # bis82-
hydro;yethyl9 ether
#27 ".H206r/O/
-(S#5 20c
21@.--2 @1? A!1.@
TBBPA:
B400BA
F,,7$.:7:&G
AA>0-.>-2 2-Pro$enoic acid5 5T:8-
methylethyli-
dene9bis:825A-dibromo-
/5$henylene9o;y-25-
ethanediyl<< ester
+etrabromo-
bis$henol # bis82-
hydro;yethyl9ether
7 "2?H2/6r/OA

-(S#5 20c
1.A--/ 01>A >/010>
TBBPA:B+0 !>@?!-A-? 6enBene5 5T-8-
methylethylidene9
bis:!5?-dibromo-/-
metho;y
+etrabromo-
bis$henol # bisme-
thyl ether
7 ">HA6r/O2

-(S#5 20c
212?--0A 01!? ?>1.2

2A2 brominated flame retardants

Abbre1ia:
tion
mula
FPaG
>o#!6- +olecu:
lar
(ei#ht
TBBPA:
b6Ac
!>@?!-?.- /5/S-
iso$ro$ylidenebis:25A-
dibromo$henyl< diace-
tate
+etrabromo-
bis$henol # bisac-
etate
# "/H@6rAO2 !12@--0. .1/? A2>1./
TBBPA:BP !>/.-/2-/ Phenol5 /5/T-8-
methylethyli-
dene9bis:25Adibromo-5
di$ro$anoate 8."49
+ebrabromo-
bis$henol # bis$ro-
$anoate
# "2H206r/O/ /1>--0 01/> A?A
TBBPS
!.A!?->.-? /5/S-sul$honylbis:25A-
dibromo$henol<
+etrabromo-
bis$henol S
#27 "2HA6r/O/S /10!--0 ?1@ ?A?1@?
TBBPS:
BDBP0
/2>?>-??- bis:!5?-dibromo-/-825!-
dibromo$ro-
$o;y9$henyl< sul$hone
+etrabromo-
bis$henol S bis825!-
dibromo$ro$yl
ether9
# "@H/6r@O/S

-S4S
1A?--2 @1A@ .A?1A
TBC6 !./-?>-@ "yclooctane5 525?5A-
tetrabromo
+etrabromocyclooc-
tane -
# "@H26r/

-(S#5 202a
/1>.--0! ?12@ /2>1@
TBCT !.?A.-2-A 6enBene5 525!5/-
tetrabromo?-chloro-A-
methyl
# ">H!6r/"l 1>2--0! A12. //21>
TBNPA ?22-.2-? +ribromoneo$entyl
alcohol :same substance
as "#S )o !A/@!-?>-?<
7 "?H.6r!O

-(S#5 202a
1A0--0! 210A !2/1@/

brominated flame retardants 2A!

Abbre1ia:
tion
mula
FPaG
>o#!6- +olecu:
lar
(ei#ht
TBP
F&A)A,:TBPG

@->.-A 25/5A-+ribromo$henol 25/5A-
+ribromo$henol
#27 "AH!6r!O
-S4S
2100--0 /1/ !!01@
TBP:A0
FAT0G
!2>@-@.-? 2-8allylo;y9-5!5?-
tribromobenBene
25/5A-
+ribromo$henyl
allyl ether
#27 ".H>6r!O
-S4S
21/0--02 ?10/ !>01@
TBP:DBP0
FDPT0G
!?0.-A0-? 5!5?-tribromo-2-825!-
dibromo$ro-
$o;y9benBene
# ".H>6r?O
-S4S
12A--0? ?1@2 ?!01A>
TBPD:TBP A@/!/-/?-? Phenol5 25/5A-
tribromo!-
8tetrabromo$entadecyl9
#27 - na na @?A1>@
TBBPS:B+0 >0?A->.-? 6enBene5 5T-
sulfonylbis:!5
?-dibromo-/-metho;y
+etrabromo-
bis$henol S bisme-
thyl ether
# "/H06r/O/S !1/!-- A10? ?.!1.
TBM
2!/@@-!@-2 25!5?5A-+etrabromo-$-
;ylene
# "@HA6r/

-(S#5 202a
?1@0--0! A12 /21>?

2A/ brominated flame retardants

Abbre1ia:
tion
mula
FPaG
>o#!6- +olecu:
lar
(ei#ht
TDBPP
2A->2-> tris825!-dibromo$ro$yl9
$hos$hate
# ".H?6rAO/P

-(S#5 202a
!1>--0. !1> A.>1A
TDBP:
TART6
?2/!/-.0-. 5!5?-+ris825!-
triaBine-
# "2H?6rA)!O!

-(S#5 202a
/10.--! /1/? >2@1A>
T0BP:Anh A!2->.- +etrabromo$hthalic
anhydride
+etrabromo$hthalic
anhydride
7 "@6r/O! 12>--0. !1> /A!1>
TTBNPP .@A-.>- +ri:!-bromo-252-
bis8bromomethyl9$ro$yl
<$hos$hate1
+ris8tribromo-
neo$en-
tyl9$hos$hate
# "?6r.H2/PO/

-(S#5 202a
1/--> >1?? 0@1/A
TTBP:TAR
2?>!-A0-/ 5!5?-+riaBine5 25/5A-
tris825/5A-
tribromo$heno;y9-
# "2HA6r.)!O!

-(S#5 202a
21A.--2! 21.> 0A>1/!

A%%endi3 *: B;'s mar"eted by ma7or manufacturers
+he following list of brominated flame retardants mar'eted by the ma*or manufacturers for flame
retardants is based on information from the com$anyDs websites &arch 2o!1 3ebsites of the fol-
lowing manufacturers have been consultedC #lbemarle "or$oration5 "hemtura5 4"L 4ndustrial
Products5 +osoh "or$oration and Solvay1 (or each of the substances5 e;am$les of $roduct names
are $rovided5 but the list of $roducts may not be com$rehensive1

CAS No
Substance name
Fas indicated by
manufacturerG
Abb. A%%lications
Fas indicated by manufacturersG
Product
name Fe3.G
+anufac:
turer
$$,*:$:/ ,ecabromodi$henyl
o;ide
deca6,- High bromine content cou$led with its
e;ce$tional thermal stability ma'es it the
material of choice for a large variety of
a$$lications1

(7-20 4"L
4n elastomers5 wire J cable5 te;tile coat-
ings5 business machines and television
cabinets formulations1 S#Y+-N 02-
flame retardant is $articularly effective in
$olyolefins5 styrenic5 $olyamide and $oly-
ester resins1
S#Y+-N
02-
#lbemarle
- (lamecut
07
+osoh "or-
$oration
#dditive flame retardant for thermo$lastic5
elastomeric and thermoset $olymer sys-
tems5 such as H4PS5 P6+5 nylon5 $oly$ro-
$ylene5 L,P-5 -P,&5 unsaturated $olyes-
ter5 and e$o;y1 ,--@!7 is an e;cellent
flame retardant for coatings and adhesive
systems5 including bac'coatings for fab-
rics1
,--@!7 "hemtura
$$5:7:, 25/5A-tribromo$henol +6P 7eactive flame retardant with a high con-
tent of aromatic bromine5 used mainly as
an intermediate for high molecular weight
flame retardants5 low &3 $ro$rietary
flame retardant5 including end-ca$$ing of
brominated e$o;ies1 4t is also an effective
fungicide and wood $reservative
(7-A! 4"L
(lame retardant5 antifungal agent 8with
(4(7# a$$roval9 or chemical intermediate
in a convenient non-ca'ing bri=uette form
PH->!((

"hemtura
$&$&):7: #mmonium 6romide - (lame retardant used mainly for chi$-
board1 4t can be easily introduced in the
early stage of the $rocess to $re$are the
wet mat which will feed the $ress
(7- 4"L

2AA brominated flame retardants

CAS No
Substance name
Fas indicated by
manufacturerG
Abb. A%%lications
Product
name Fe3.G
+anufac:
turer
$*/&&:)5:. -nd ca$$ed brominat-
ed e$o;y

- H4PS5 #6SI styrenic co$olymers (-!020

4"L
$)5*::$ Polydibromo-styrene
co$olymer
- ,esigned for $olyamides and thermo-
$lastic $olyesters 8P6+ and P-+914 has low
molecular weight and $referred for a$$li-
cations where im$roved flow is a re=uire-
ment1
(iremaster
"P-//H(
"hemtura
$/57&/:)):$ -nd ca$$ed brominat-
ed e$o;y

- Suitable for use in H4PS and #6S includ-
ing electronics a$$lications1 -;hibits high
thermal and UV stability5 good low metal
adhesion5 and e;cellent flow $ro$erties1
4s non-blooming1
(-!?A 4"L
$$5,:7:$ +ris8tribromo-
neo$entyl9$hos$hate
++6)PP #dditive flame retardant develo$ed for
a$$lications such as PP and H4PS to reach
class V-2 according to the UL ./ standard5
with outstanding UV and light stability1
(7-!>0 4"L
&./,,:*/:& &i;ture of the
diester2ether diol of
tetrabromo$hthalic
anhydride and $hos-
$hate ester1

H--HP-
+-6P
7eactive diol for rigid $olyurethane and
$olyisocyanurate foams5 urethane elasto-
mers and coatings
S#Y+-N
76->.?0
#lbemarle
&$5/.:)):& +etrabromobis$henol-
#5 bis 825!-
dibromo$ro$yl ether9
+66P#-
6,6P-
Suitable for $olyolefin and styrenic resins
and it is es$ecially recommended for UL-
./ class V-21 4t is also a$$licable in class
V-0 $oly$ro$ylene
(7->20 4"L
P--A@ has e;cellent thermal stability and
melts during $rocessing for uniform dis-
$ersion
P--A@ "hemtura
&/*&7:5:* +etrabromobis$henol
# bis 8allyl ether9
+66P#-b#- #dditive flame retardant for -PS and in
foam $olystyrene1 +he unsaturated end
grou$s $rovide the uni=ue function of
initiating (7 $erformance1
6--? "hemtura
&/7$*:,.:) 25/5A-+ris825/5A-
tribromo$heno;y9-
5!5? triaBine
++6P-+#O &a*or use of (7-2/? is in #6S and H4PS (7-2/? 4"L
&,.).:/$:7 +etrabromo$hthalate
ester
6-H-+-6P (lame retardant $lasticiBer for PV" a$$li-
cations such as wire and cable insulation5
coated fabrics5 film and sheeting1 4t is
$roven to be e;tremely effective in PV"
*ac'eting for wire and cable meeting the
$lenum 8UL.09 standards1
,P-/? "hemtura

brominated flame retardants 2A>

CAS No
Substance name
Fas indicated by
manufacturerG
Abb. A%%lications
Product
name Fe3.G
+anufac:
turer
(lame retardant for fle;ible $olyurethane
foam and can be used in a wide variety of
a$$lications5 in $articular where low fog-
ging is critical1

(iremas-
ter 6O-?/
"hemtura
*.7&:5):& 6rominated e$o;y +66P#-6K- Used to stabiliBe $lastic com$ositions
containing active halogen atoms such as
flame retardant Poly styrene foam 8NPS91
4t can also be used as a (7 in e$o;y formu-
lation
(-2200 H& 4"L
*$)://:, 525?5A5.50-
He;abromocyclodo-
decane
H6",, 7ecommended for styrene based systems
such as e;$anded and e;truded $olysty-
rene foams
(7-20A 4"L
7ecommended as an additive flame re-
tardant for thermo$lastic and thermoset-
ting $olymers1
",->?P "hemtura
Used in $olystyrene and $oly$ro$ylene
resins1 4t can also be used in te;tile treat-
ments5 adhesives and coating a$$lications1
S#Y+-N
HP-.00
#lbemarle
StabiliBed he;abromo-
cyclododecane
H6",, #dditive flame retardant for critical ther-
mo$lastic and thermosetting $olymer
a$$lications and $roduct of choice for -PS
8e;$anded $olystyrene foam9 and other
styrene based resin systems where im-
$roved melt viscosity stability is needed in
$rocessing1
SP->? "hemtura
*&/55:7,:) -thylenebistetra-
bromo$hthalimide
-6+-6P4 Used in $olyolefins5 high-im$act $olysty-
rene 8H4PS95 thermo$lastic $olyesters
8P6+5 P-+5etc195 $olycarbonate and elas-
tomers1
S#Y+-N 6+-
.!
#lbemarle
*&75:5:/ +ribromo$henyl allyl
ether
+6P-#- #dditive flame retardant for -PS and
foamed $olystyrene1 PH--A? may also be
used as a synergist for aromatic bromine
containing flame retardants in a$$lications
where ma;imum $rocess tem$eratures do
not e;ceed ?0a"1

PH--A?

"hemtura
*&,:.:. ,ibromoneo$entyl
glycol
,6)PK Used in "("-free foam systems designed
to meet more stringent standards of flame
retardancy1

(7-?22 4"L
*,)5*:/7:/ +ribromoneo$entyl
alcohol
+6)P# Used as a reactive intermediate for high
molecular weight flame retardants5 $artic-
ularly in the $roduction of $hos$horus and
bromine containing (7s
(7-?! 4"L

2A@ brominated flame retardants

CAS No
Substance name
Fas indicated by
manufacturerG
Abb. A%%lications
Product
name Fe3.G
+anufac:
turer
*75/*:/:$ 6is 8tribromo$heno;y9
ethane
6+6P- (lame retardant for H4PS5 #6S5 $olycar-
bonate5 thermo$lastic5 elastomers5 unsatu-
rated $olyesters5 adhesives5 coatings5 and
te;tiles
((-A@0 "hemtura
/))7://:$ 6rominated acrylate
monomer
P66-#cr Late;5 rubbers1 7eactive monomer5
thermal stability5 im$roves
com$atibility in $olymer matri;
(7-02?& 4"L
/))7:/7:* Poly $entabromoben-
Byl acrylate
- -s$ecially suitable for engineering ther-
mo$lastics5 P-+5 P6+5 nylon and styrenic
co$olymers
(7-02? 4"L
,*&:7:$ +etrabromo$hthalic
anhydride
+-6P-#nh S#Y+-N 76-/. flame retardant is de-
signed as a reactive intermediate for use in
unsaturated or saturated $olyesters5 $oly-
ols5 esters and imides
S#Y+-N
76-/.
#lbemarle
Primarily been used as a flame retardant in
the $roduction if unsaturated $olyester
resins1 4ts derivatives have been used as
flame retardants in a$$lications as diverse
as rigid $olyurethane $olyols5 wire coat-
ings and wool
PH+-/ "hemtura
,5))$:,&:* Halogenated $olyeth-
er$olyol 6
- Particularly well suited for the $roduction
of rigid $olyurethane foams1
4NOL 6
2?

Solvay
,5&5:7.:$ 6rominated -$o;y
$olymer

- (or P"2#6S and P6+ (-200L 4"L
Used in unsaturated $olyester and vinyl
ester resins1
(-200 4"L
#6S (-20A 4"L
7$*)&:77:* Pheno;y-terminated
+etrabromobis$henol
#
7,+-> (lame retardant for thermo$lastic resin
systems
6"-?@ "hemtura
7:):7 +etrabromobis$henol
#
+66P# Used as a reactive flame retardant in the
manufacture of e$o;y5 $henolic and $oly-
carbonate resins
(7-?2/ 4"L
(lamecut
20K
+osoh "or-
$oration

brominated flame retardants 2A.

CAS No
Substance name
Fas indicated by
manufacturerG
Abb. A%%lications
Product
name Fe3.G
+anufac:
turer
#s a reactive flame retardant5 S#Y+-N "P-
2000 flame retardant finds $articular
a$$lication in e$o;y5 vinyl esters and
$olycarbonate systems1 #s an additive
flame retardant5 S#Y+-N "P-2000 flame
retardant is widely used in #6S
S#Y+-N "P-
2000
#lbemarle
Used as a reactive flame retardant for
$olycarbonates and as an additive for
styrenic thermo$lastics such as #6S and
high im$act $olystyrene1

6#-?.P "hemtura
5)5/&:/*: -thane-52-
bis8$entabromo$henyl
9
,ecabromodi$henyl
ethane
,6,P- &a*or a$$lication areas include H4PS5
Low-,ensity Polyethylene5 Poly$ro$ylene
8Homo$olymers and "o$olymers95 -las-
tomers5 P6+5 Polyamides5 UP- and -$o;y1

(7-/0 4"L
Used in styrenic $olymers5 engineering
resins5 wire J cable and elastomers1
Sayte; @00 #lbemarle
#dditive flame retardant for thermo$lastic5
elastomeric and thermoset $olymer sys-
tems5 such as H4PS5 P6+5 $oly$ro$ylene5
L,P-5 -P,&5 unsaturated $olyester5 and
e$o;y1
(iremaster
2007
"hemtura
55)7:/,:7 6rominated Polysty-
rene
- -s$ecially suitable for engineering ther-
mo$lastics such asC )ylon5 P-+ and P6+
(7-@0!P 4"L
4t is $articularly suitable for engineering
$lastic a$$lications such as $olyesters
8P-+5 P6+5 P"+9 and $olyamides 8nylons91
S#Y+-N
HP->00
#lbemarle
)**):,):& Pheno;y-terminated
+66P#
- (or thermo$lastic resin systems 6"-?2 "hemtura
$$/75:*:5 6enBene5 ethenyl-5
$olymer with
5!-butadiene5 bro-
minated
:6rominated 6utadi-
ene2Styrene 6loc'
"o$olymer<
- (or e;$anded $olystyrene 8-PS2NPS9 for
thermal insulation a$$lications1 7-22P is
an alternative $roduct to (7-20A
8H6",91
(7-22P 4"L
# stable5 high molecular weight $olymeric
flame retardant designed to gradually
re$lace He;abromocyclododecane 8H6",9
for use in e;truded 8NPS9 and e;$anded
8-PS9 $olystyrene a$$lications1
Kreen-
"rest
#lbemarle
Sustainable5 4nnovative5 High-
Performance5 6rominated Polymeric
(lame 7etardant for Polystyrene (oams
-merald
4nnova-
tion !000
"hemtura

2>0 brominated flame retardants

CAS No
Substance name
Fas indicated by
manufacturerG
Abb. A%%lications
Product
name Fe3.G
+anufac:
turer
Pro%rietary Physical blend of
brominated $olysty-
rene and a $olyester
resin
- ,esigned s$ecifically for in*ection-molding
grades of $olybutylene tere$hthalate
8P6+91 #dditive that wor's well in unfilled5
fiberglass and fiberglass2mineral-
reinforced P6+ com$osites
S#Y+-N A2 #lbemarle
Pro%rietary 7eactive diol blend - (or rigid $olyurethane and $olyisocyanu-
rate foams5 urethane elastomers and coat-
ings
S#Y+-N
76->00
#lbemarle
Pro%rietary #romatic reactive diol - (or rigid $olyurethane and $olyisocyanu-
rate foams5 urethane elastomers and coat-
ings
S#Y+-N
76-.>0
#lbemarle
Pro%rietary 6rominated $olymer - (or styrenic $olymers es$ecially for H4PS
and #6S5 engineering resins and $olyole-
fins for wire and cable and elastomers1
Kreen-
#rmor
#lbemarle
Pro%rietary +etrabromo$hthalic
anhydride based diol
- Uses include rigid foam5 $olyurethane
74&5 elastomers5 coatings5 adhesives5 and
unsaturated $olyesters1
(iremaster
?20
"hemtura
Pro%rietary
CAS No
$5*,/5:&7:7
and
&,.).:/$:7
FC0CBPA
&..5G
"hemtura - (or PU foams and other a$$lications
which re=uire a li=uid $roduct
(iremaster
??0
"hemtura
Pro%rietary Phos$horus-bromine
flame retardant
- (or $olyurethane foams which is recom-
mended for mechanically cooled foams
(iremas-
ter??2

"hemtura
flame retardant
- (or $olyurethane foams and other a$$lica-
tions
(iremaster
A00
"hemtura
flame retardant
- (or fle;ible $olyurethane foams and is
recommended for mechanically cooled
foams1
(iremaster
A02
"hemtura
Z "hemical name according to -S4S 8H++PC22esis1*rc1ec1euro$a1eu9


A%%endi3 ): Substance flo( dia#ram for decaBD0 and 4BCDD
Substance flow diagrams for deca6,- and H6",, for the 6altic Sea region from the "OH46#
82029 $ro*ect are found below 8see te;t in "ha$ter / in main re$ort91

2>2 brominated flame retardants

brominated flame retardants 2>!

A%%endi3 /: Su%%lemental data on the a%%lications of the B;'s
+he following a$$endi; includes information su$$lemental to the descri$tion in "ha$ter ! R $lease
see cha$ter four for further descri$tion1

TAB>0 A/:&
#PPL4"#+4O)S O( ,-"#6,- 86S-(5 200A9

0lectrical and electronic F0U0G eIui%ment
housings and internal com$onents of +Vs
mobile $hones and fa; machines
audio and video e=ui$ment
remote controls
communications cables
ca$acitor films
building cables
wire and cables5 e1g15 heat shrin'able tubes
connectors in -J- e=ui$ment
circuit brea'ers
coils of bobbins
$rinting and $hotoco$y machine com$onents - toner
cartridges and connectors
scanner com$onents

Shi%sA boatsA air%lanes
electrical wiring and cables
electric J -lectronic e=ui$ment
navigation and telecommunications e=ui$ment
com$uters and com$uter devices
audio and video e=ui$ment
electrical connectors
a$$liances
housings and internal com$onents of +Vs
fa; machines
remote controls
communications cables
ca$acitor films
cables
circuit brea'ers
$rinting and $hotoco$y machine com$onents - toner
cartridges and connectors
scanner com$onents
air ducts for ventilation systems
electrical ducts and fittings
switches and connectors
com$onents in fans5 heating fans and hair dryers

Te3tiles and furniture
households2furniture a$$liances
u$holstery te;tiles e1g1 sofas5 offices chairs
PU fle;ible foam
army tents

2>/ brominated flame retardants

AutomobilesDmass trans%ortation
fabric 8where ,eca-6,- is enca$sulated in bac'coating of article9
rear dec'
u$holstery
headliner
sun visor
head rest
trim $anel
reinforced $lastics
instrument $anel
interior trim
under the hood or dash
terminal 2fuse bloc'
higher am$erage wire J cable *ac'eting 8s$ar'$lug wire9
-lectric J -lectronic e=ui$ment
battery case and battery tray
engine control
electrical connectors
com$onents of radio dis'5 KPS and com$uter systems

4ousehold
lam$ soc'ets
'itchen hoods
electrical 'itchen a$$liances
curtains and hanging dra$es
com$onents of water heating device
com$onents of electrical a$$liances such as
transformers and switches
com$onents in fans5 heating fans and hair dryers

PublicA %ri1ate and industrial buildin#sDconstruction a%%lications
$i$es
lam$ holders
stadium seats
reinforced $lastics
switches and connectors
facing laminates for insulation $anel
film for use under the roof and to $rotect building areas
electrical ducts and fittings
com$onents in analytical e=ui$ment in industrial and
medical laboratories
air ducts for ventilation systems
$illars for tele$hone and communication cables

TAB>0 A/:&
#PPL4"#+4O) SP-"+7# O( 6(7S (7O& #L6-&#7L- 8#L6-&#7L-5 20!9

A%%lication DecaBD0 DBDP0 0BT0BPI 4BCDD TBBPA T0BP:Anh Tetrabromo%h:
thalic
anhydride
diesterDetheriol
Pro%rietary
%olymeric
B;'
8reenAr:
mor
Pro%rietary
%olymeric
B;'
8reenCrest
Brominated
%olystyrene
C$
Solid thermo%lastics
ABS o o o o o
4IPS o o o o o
Polyamide o o o o
4i#h tem%erature
%olyamide
o
Polyester o o o o o
Polycarbonate o o o o o
Poly%ro%ylene o o o o
Polyeth:
yleneDco%olymers
o o o o
SAN o o o o
Alloys FPCDABSA
4IPSDPP6G
o o o o o
0lastomers o o o o
PBC o o o o
;oams
03truded Polystyrene o o
03%anded Polysty: o o

2>A brominated flame retardants

thalic
anhydride
diesterDetheriol
Pro%rietary
%olymeric
B;'
8reenAr:
mor
Pro%rietary
%olymeric
B;'
8reenCrest
Brominated
%olystyrene
C$
rene
'i#id %olyurethane
;le3ible %olyure:
thane

Polyolefins o o o o
PBCDnitrile o o o o
0lastomers o o o o
-ire and cable
Silicone o o o
0PD+ o o o
Poly%ro%ylene o o o
P0D0BA o o o
PBC o o o
M> P0D0BA o o o
TP9 o o
PBC o o o
Thermosets
0%o3y o o o
Phenolic o o o o
9nsaturated %olyes:
ter
o o o

brominated flame retardants 2>>

thalic
anhydride
diesterDetheriol
Pro%rietary
%olymeric
B;'
8reenAr:
mor
Pro%rietary
%olymeric
B;'
8reenCrest
Brominated
%olystyrene
C$
Binyl esters o o o
Acrylic resins o
S+CDB+C o o
P9DCAS0 o o o
Polyurea o o
>ate3 o o o o
Te3tiles and coatin#s
Bac"coatin# o o o
Paints o o o o
4ot +elts o o
;ibres o o o
oC additive5 C reactive
ZC (our $roducts with brominated $olystyrene are merged here1

Concentrations of B;'s in materials
+he concentration of 6(7s added to the different $olymers de$ends onC

+he efficacy of the 6(7 8e1g1 determined by the bromine content of the 6(79 and synergistsI
+he desired level of flame retardancy 8tested by different flammability tests95 and
+he flammability of the base resin 8e;$ressed by the Flimiting o;ygen inde;F of base resin91

3ith a bromine content of @/M deca6,- has the highest s$ecific bromine content among the com-
mercial 6(7s1 6y the substitution of regulated 6(7s by other 6(7s5 the efficacy of the 6(7s will
influence the loading necessary to obtain a similar level of flame retardancy5 as further discussed in
cha$ter >1

+he limiting o;ygen inde; indicates the minimum $ercentage of o;ygen re=uired in the combustion
atmos$here to sustain ignition and combustion1 4f the limiting o;ygen inde; is 20M 8atmos$heric
concentration9 or lower5 the resin will continue burning when ignited in the normal atmos$here1
+he o;ygen inde; gives a broad indication of the flammability $erformance of the material1

O;ygen indices of a number of resins are shown in +able ?#-!1 +he o;ygen inde; of the resins may
vary somewhat5 and slightly different values may be found in different information sources1 +he
o;ygen inde; is also de$endent on the addition of reinforcement materials1 +he addition of glass
fibres5 for instance5 lowers the o;ygen inde; of the $lastic material5 and re=uires a higher flame
retardant loading to obtain a desired (7 classification1

7esins with a limiting o;ygen inde; of more than about !0M are self-e;tinguishing5 i1e1 they can
achieve a flame retardant grade without addition of flame retardant substances1 +hree of the resins
included in the table - $olysulfone5 $olyarylether'etone and $olyethersulfone - have such high o;y-
gen indices that relevant flame retardant grades are achieved without addition of flame retardants1

6y mi;ing a resin with a low limiting o;ygen inde;5 e1g1 $olystyrene5 with a resin with a higher in-
de;5 e1g1 $oly$henylene5 a co$olymer with a higher limiting o;ygen inde; than the $ure $olystyrene
can be obtained1 3ith a higher limiting o;ygen inde;5 the co$olymer can meet a desired (7 classifi-
cation at lower (7 loading5 or with the use of less efficient flame retardants1 +he use of co-$olymers
with a higher LO4 has been used as an a$$roach in the substitution of regulated 6(7s as further
discussed in "ha$ter >1

brominated flame retardants 2>.

TAB>0 /A:*
L4&4+4)K ONYK-) 4),-N 8LO49 O( 6#S- 7-S4)S 8L#SS-) ET $6.5 200A9

Base %olymer Abbre1iation >imitin# o3y#en
inde3
of base %olymer C

FEG
Polystyrene PS @
Poly'etone P0 20
Polybutylene tere$hthalate P6+ 22
Polyamide P# 2/1?
Poly$henylene ether PP- 2@
Polycarbonate P" 2.
Polysulfone PSU 2.1?
Polyarylether'etone P#-0 !>
Polyethersulfone P-S !@
Z See Lassen et al.5 200A for original references

+he desired level of flame retardancy is generally determined by the standards the articles5 com$o-
nents or materials have to meet1

4n the descri$tion of the efficacy of 6(7s and the necessary loadings in order to obtain a certain
level of flame retardancy5 it is common to refer to the material classification of the UL./ classifica-
tion of the #merican Underwriters Laboratories 8UL5 20!91 +here are 2 flame classifications s$eci-
fied in UL ./ that are assigned to materials based on the results of small-scale flame tests1 +hese
classifications listed in descending order for each of the following three grou$ings are used to dis-
tinguish a materialSs burning characteristics after test s$ecimens have been e;$osed to a s$ecified
test flame under controlled laboratory conditions1

Si; of the classifications relate to materials commonly used in manufacturing enclosures5
structural $arts and insulators found in consumer electronic $roducts 8?V#5 ?V65 V-05 V-5 V-
25 H691
+hree of the classifications relate to low-density foam materials commonly used in fabricating
s$ea'er grills and sound-deadening material 8H(-5 H(-25 H6(91
+he last three classifications are assigned to very thin films5 generally not ca$able of su$$ort-
ing themselves in a horiBontal $osition 8V+&-05 V+&-5 V+&-291 +hese are usually assigned to
substrates on fle;ible $rinted circuit boards1

(or electronic $roducts the UL ./ material flammability classifications range from H6 8the lowest
standard9 to successively more stringent vertical burning tests 8"lass UL ./ V-25 V-5 V-0 and ?V9
and higher loadings or higher LO4 of base resin are needed to meet the classification1 Plastic $arts
in contact with electrical bearing $arts should ty$ically meet the V-0 classification5 whereas casing
and other structural $arts would ty$ically only need to meet a V-2 classification1

-;am$les of loadings of 6(7s needed for V-0 grade H4PS5 P6+ and P# are shown in +able ?#-/1 #s
indicated in the table5 higher LO4 of the base resin does not necessarily result in lower loading5 as
the highest loadings are recommended for P# with the highest LO41

2@0 brominated flame retardants

TAB>0 /A:)
-N#&PL-S O( "O&&-7"4#LLY #V#4L#6L- 6(7S (O7 V-0 K7#,- H4PS5 P6+ #), P# 86#S-, O) L#SS-) ET $6.5
200A9

4IPS F>6IZ$5G PBT F>6IZ&&G PA F>6I &)./G
Substance >oadin# for
B:. #rade
Syner#ist
AT6
>oadin# for
B:. #rade
Syner#ist
AT6
>oadin# for
B:. #rade
Syner#ist
AT6
DecaBD0 2-!M /-?M 01/M /M A-@ M A-> M
DBDP0 2-!M /-?M 01/ M /M A-@ M A-> M
0BT0BPI 2-!M /-?M 2-/ M ?M n1a1 n1a1
Brominated e%o3y %olymer
CC
n1a n1a ?1@ M /M n1a1 n1a1
TBBPA /-20M /M n1a1 n1a1 n1a1 n1a1
Pheno3y:terminated car:
bonate oli#omer of TBBPA
n1a1 n1a1 /1? M /M n1a1 n1a1
TBBPA:BDBP0 ?M 8in
Fstyrenic
based res-
insF9 Z
?M n1a1 n1a1 n1a1 n1a1
Brominated %olystyrene
n1a1 n1a1 21 M /M .-2 M A->M
PolyFdibromostyrene
n1a1 n1a1 /1? M /1/M
)Q:PeBP6BD0&.5
2M /M 2-/ M ?M A-@ M A-> M
TTBP:TAR /1!M AM n1a1 n1a1 n1a1 n1a1
Z +he low loadings indicate that the Fstyrenic based resinsF may be styrenic based co$olymers1
n1a1 )ot available1
Z2 See Lassen et al. 8200A9 for original references1

brominated flame retardants 2@

A%%endi3 ,: Self classification of selected brominated flame retardants
+he "lassification J Labelling 8"JL9 4nventory database at the website of the -uro$ean "hemicals
#gency 8-"H#9 contains classification and labelling information on notified and registered sub-
stances received from manufacturers and im$orters1 +he database includes the harmonised classifi-
cation as well1 "om$anies have $rovided this information in their "JL notifications or registration
dossiers 8-"H#5 20!d91 -"H# maintains the 4nventory5 but does not verify the accuracy of the
information1

+he "JL database has been searched for all 6(7s listed in +able and 2 of the main re$ort1 "lassifi-
cation of the 6(7s listed in the "JL database is shown in the table below1

Please note that in many instances5 the substances are not classified because data are lac'ing1 +he
absence of a classification e1g1 for environmental haBards5 does not necessarily mean that the sub-
stances are not haBardous1 7eference is made to the "JL inventory for more information on the
self-classification of each of the substances1

TAB>0 A*
"L#SS4(4"#+4O) 4)(O7&#+4O) O) )O+4(4-, #), 7-K4S+-7-, SU6S+#)"-S 7-"-4V-, (7O& &#)U(#"+U7-7S
#), 4&PO7+-7S 8"JL L4S+9

CAS No
Substance name
Fas indicated in
%re:re#istrationG
Abbre1.
4a2ard Class and
Cate#ory CodeFsG
4a2ard
Statement
Codes
Number of
notifiers
$$,*:$:/ 6is8$entabromo$heny
l9 ether
,eca6,- Total
#cute +o;1 /
#cute +o;1 /
-ye 4rrit1 2
#cute +o;1 /
&uta1 2
S+O+ 7- 2
#=uatic "hronic /

H!02
H!2
H!.
H!!2
H!/
H!>!
H/!
&//
/.
/@
2>
2!
?
/
22
$$5:7:, 25/5A-+ribromo$henol +6P Total
#cute +o;1 !
#cute +o;1 /

S'in Sens1
-ye 4rrit1 2
S+O+ S- !
7e$r1 2
S+O+ S- 2
S+O+ 7- 2
#=uatic #cute
#=uatic "hronic

H!0
H!02
H!?
H!>
H!.
H!!?
H!A
H!>
H!>!
H/00
H/0
$$$
2
2/
2!
@2
0?
2!

@2
2
$&$&):7: #mmonium bromide Total
S'in 4rrit1 2
-ye 4rrit1 2
S+O+ S- !

H!?
H!.
H!!?
)/,
A0
/?2
A0

2@2 brominated flame retardants

CAS No
Substance name
Fas indicated in
%re:re#istrationG
Abbre1.
4a2ard Class and
Cate#ory CodeFsG
4a2ard
Statement
Codes
Number of
notifiers
$&,:7&:7 +ris825!-
dibromo$ro$yl9 $hos-
$hate
+,6PP Total
#cute +o;1 /
S'in 4rrit1 2
"arc1 6
#=uatic #cute
#=uatic "hronic

H!02
H!?
H!?0
H/00
H/0
&,
2A
2!
2!
2!
2!
$/&&:&:/ !-6romo-252-
bis8bromomethyl9--
$ro$anol
Pentaerythritol +ri-
bromide
+6)P# Total
-ye 4rrit1 2
#cute +o;1 /
#cute +o;1 /
S'in 4rrit1 2
-ye 4rrit1 2
#cute +o;1 /

H!.
H!02
H!2
H!?
H!.
H!!2
&/
2/

$/57&/:)):$ 252S5A5AS-+etrabromo-
/5/S-
iso$ro$ylidenedi$he-
nol5 oligomeric reac-
tion $roducts with -
chloro-25!-
e$o;y$ro$ane and
25/5A-tribromo$henol
O6+&P4 Total
)ot classified 8no infor-
mation $rovided9
)
/
&./,,:*/:& 2-82-
Hydro;yetho;y9ethyl
2-hydro;y$ro$yl
!5/5?5A-
tetrabromo$hthalate
H--HP-+-6P Total
#=uatic "hronic !

H/2
)
>
&$5/.:)):& 5S-84so$ro$ylidene9
bis:!5?-dibromo-/-
825!-
dibromo$ro-
$o;y9benBene<
+66P#-
6,6P-
Total
)ot classified 8no in-
formation $rovided9
))
/!
&*)55:*5:& 25!5?5A-+etrabromo-$-
;ylene
+6N Total
S'in 4rrit1 2
-ye 4rrit1 2
S+O+ S- !

H!?
H!.
H!!?
&*
2!
2!
2!
&/*&7:5:* 5S-
4so$ro$ylidenebis:/-
8allylo;y9-!5?-
dibromobenBene<
+66P#-b#- Total
-ye 4rrit1 2
#=uatic "hronic /

H!.
H/!
**
!
20
&/,*7::) He;abromocyclodo-
decane
H6",, Total
7e$r1 2
Lact1
#=uatic #cute
#=uatic "hronic

H!A
H!A2
H/00
H/0
$*
.
.
0
.0

brominated flame retardants 2@!

CAS No
Substance name
Fas indicated in
%re:re#istrationG
Abbre1.
4a2ard Class and
Cate#ory CodeFsG
4a2ard
Statement
Codes
Number of
notifiers
&,.).:/$:7 6is82-ethylhe;yl9
tetrabromo$hthalate
6-H-+-6P Total
-ye 4rrit1 2

H!.
&*
22
*.7&:5):& 252S-:8-
&ethylethylide-
ne9bis:825A-dibromo-
/5-
$henyle-
le-
ne9o;ymethylene<<bis
o;irane
+66P#-6K- Total
S'in sens1

H!>
*,
2
*$75.:&,:) ,ibromostyrene ,6S Total
mation $rovided
$

*&/*):5$:C ,i$henyl ether5 $en-
tabromo derivative
$enta6,- S+O+ 7- 2
Lact1
#=uatic #cute
#=uatic "hronic
H!>!
H!A2
H/00
H/0

*&/*,:/&:.C ,i$henyl ether5 oc-
tabromo derivative
octa6,- 7e$r1 6 H!A0,f
*&/55:7,:) )5)S-
ethylenebis8!5/5?5A-
tetrabromo$h-
thalimide9
-6+-6P4 Total
)ot classified 8data
lac'ing9
$$,
?!
*&75:5:/ 2-8allylo;y9-5!5?-
tribromobenBene
+6P-#- Total
mation $rovided
&.
20
*&,:.:. 252-
bis8bromomethyl9$ro$
ane-5!-diol
,6)PK Total
#cute +o;1 /
S'in 4rrit1 2
-ye 4rrit1 2
S+O+ S- !
&uta1 6
"arc1 6
"arc1 2
S+O+ 7- 2
#=uatic "hronic /

H!02
H!?
H!.
H!!?
H!/0
H!?0
H!?
H!>!
H/!
$$,
2A
2A

2?
@?
@?
!0
@
@
**&&:*:5 52-,ibromo-/-852-
dibromoeth-
yl9cyclohe;ane
,6--,6"H Total
-ye 4rrit1 2

H!.
&*
2!
*///:$$:$ #llyl $entabromo-
$henyl ether9
P6P#- Total
#=uatic "hronic /

H/!
&*
2!
*,*//:.$:5 He;abromo-5S-
bi$henyl
He;a66 Total
)o indication
$

2@/ brominated flame retardants

CAS No
Substance name
Fas indicated in
%re:re#istrationG
Abbre1.
4a2ard Class and
Cate#ory CodeFsG
4a2ard
Statement
Codes
Number of
notifiers
*,)5*:/7:/ 252-dimethyl$ro$an--
ol5 tribromo derivative
+6)P# Total
#cute +o;1 /
-ye 4rrit1 2
&uta1 2
#=uatic "hronic !

H!02
H!.
H!/
H/2
$&$
20
/
20
.!
*75/*:/:$ 5S-:ethane-52-
diylbiso;y<bis:25/5A-
tribromobenBene<
6+6P- Total
)ot classified 8no ifor-
mation $rovided9
&
2.
)$,&:)/:& /5/S-
iso$ro$ylidenebis82-
825A-
dibromo$he-
no;y9ethanol9
+66P#-6H-- Total
S'in 4rrit1 2
-ye 4rrit1 2
S+O+ S- !

H!?
H!.
H!!?
&7
2/
2/
2!
/&)*):.: 5!5?-+ris825!-
triaBine-
25/5A8H5!H5?H9-
trione
+,6P-+#O+O Total
S'in 4rrit1 2
-ye 4rrit1 2
S+O+ S- !
#=uatic "hronic /

H!?
H!.
H!!?
H/!
/
?>
?>
?!
2
/5,/:,,:/ 525/5?-tetrabromo-
!5A-
6is8$entabromo$heno
;y9 benBene
/T-
Pe6PO6-
,-20@
Total
)o classification indi-
cated
*)
/))7://:$ 8Pentabromo-
$henyl9methyl acry-
late
P66-#cr Total
S'in Sens1
-ye 4rrit1 2
#=uatic "hronic /

H!>
H!.
H/!
&/
2
2?
2!
,.5:7$: Pentabromo$henol P6P Total
#cute +o;1 !
#cute +o;1 !
S'in 4rrit1 2
-ye 4rrit1 2
#cute +o;1 !
S+O+ S- !
#=uatic #cute

H!0
H!
H!?
H!.
H!!
H!!?
H/00
&/
2!
2!
2!
2!
2!
2!
2!
,$/:/5:7 25/-dibromo$henol ,6P Total
#cute +o;1 2
#cute +o;1 /
#cute +o;1 /
S'in 4rrit1 2
-ye 4rrit1 2
#cute +o;1 /
S+O+ S- !
#=uatic "hronic !

H!00
H!02
H!2
H!?
H!.
H!!2
H!!?
H/2
*.
2?
!
!
2?
2?
!
2!
2

brominated flame retardants 2@?

CAS No
Substance name
Fas indicated in
%re:re#istrationG
Abbre1.
4a2ard Class and
Cate#ory CodeFsG
4a2ard
Statement
Codes
Number of
notifiers
,*&:7:$ +etrabromo$hthalic
anhydride
+-6P-#nh Total
S'in 4rrit1 2
S'in Sens1
-ye 4rrit1 2
S+O+ S- !

H!?
H!>
H!.
H!!?
7)
2/
/@
2/
2!
,5))$:,&:* 2-butyne-5/-diol5
$olymer with 2-
8chlorome-
thyl9o;irane5 bromin-
ated5 dehydrochlorin-
ated5 metho;ylated
Total
#cute +o;1 /
-ye 4rrit1 2

H!02
H!.
$,/
A?
A?
,5&5:7.:$ Phenol5 /5/S-8-
methylethyli-
dene9bis:25A-dibromo-
5 $olymer with 252S-:8-
methylethyli-
dene9bis:825A-
dibromo-/5-
$he-
nylene9o;ymethylene<
<bis:o;irane<
Total
S'in 4rrit1 2
-ye 4rrit1 2
)ot classified

H!?
H!.
7*
2!
2!
2
7:):7C 252S5A5AS-+etrabromo-
/5/S-
iso$ro$ylidenedi$he-
nol
+66P# #=uatic #cute
#=uatic "hronic
H/00
H/0

5)5/&:/*: 5S-8-thane-52-
diyl9bis:$entabromobe
nBene<
,6,P- Total
#=uatic "hronic /

H/!
)*
!02
5/:&&:* 25!5/5?5A-
Pentabromoethylben-
Bene
P6-6 Total
S'in 4rrit1 2
-ye 4rrit1 2
S+O+ S- !

H!?
H!.
H!!?
&,
2A
2A
2!
57:5&:$ He;abromobenBene H66 Total
#cute +o;1 /
#cute +o;1 /
S'in 4rrit1 2
-ye 4rrit1 2
#cute +o;1 /
S+O+ S- !

H!02
H!2
H!?
H!.
H!!2
H!!?
&,
2!
2!
2/
2/
2!
2!
57:5*:& 25!5/5?5A-
Pentabromotoluene
P6+ Total
S'in 4rrit1 2
-ye 4rrit1 2
S+O+ S- !
#=uatic #cute
#=uatic "hronic

H!?
H!.
H!!?
H/00
H/0
&)
2/
2/
2!

2@A brominated flame retardants

CAS No
Substance name
Fas indicated in
%re:re#istrationG
Abbre1.
4a2ard Class and
Cate#ory CodeFsG
4a2ard
Statement
Codes
Number of
notifiers
55)7:/,:7 6enBene5 ethenyl-5
homo$olymer5 bro-
minated
:6rominated Polysty-
rene<
Total
)o haBard statement
-ye 4rrit1 2
)ot classified

H!.
*/
2@

A
Z Harmonised classification

Strandgade 2.
/0 "o$enhagen 05 ,enmar'
+el1C 8Q/?9 >2 ?/ /0 00
(((.mst.d"
Sur1ey of brominated flame retardants
+his survey is $art of the ,anish -P#Ds review of the substances on the List of Undesirable Substances
8LOUS91 +he re$ort $resents information on the use and occurrence of the brominated flame retardants5
internationally and in ,enmar'5 information on environmental and health effects5 releases and fate5
e;$osure and $resence in humans and the environment5 on alternatives to the substances5 on e;isting
regulation5 waste management and information regarding ongoing activities under 7-#"H5 among oth-
ers1 +he survey in $articular focuses on the three main brominated flame retardantsC deca6,-5 +66P#
og H6",, and alternatives to these flame retardants1

!ortl<#nin# af bromerede flammeh<mmere
,enne 'ortlWgning er et led i &il*Gstyrelsens 'ortlWgninger af stofferne $L Listen Over UGns'ede Stoffer
8LOUS91 7a$$orten indeholder blandt andet en bes'rivelse af brugen og fore'omsten af bromerede
flammehWmmere5 internationalt og i ,anmar'5 en bes'rivelse af mil*G- og sundhedseffe'ter af stofferne5
udsli$ o s'Wbne5 e's$onering og fore'omst i mennes'er og mil*G5 viden om alternativer5 e'sisterende
regulering5 affaldsbehandling og igangvWrende a'tiviteter under 7-#"H1 0ortlWgningen fo'userer i
sWrlig grad $L de tre vigtigste bromerede flammehWmmereC deca6,-5 +66P# og H6",, og alternativer
til disse flammehWmmere1

LOUS 2013 Hoering Brominated Flame Retardants

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

LOUS 2013 Hoering Brominated Flame Retardants

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Survey of

and the "LP 7egulation

You might also like