Dierential Equations MATH 263

Solutions for Mid-term test - 22 October, 2009

1. Solve the initial value problem
dy
dx
=
3x
2
+ 2x + 3
2y + 3
, y(0) = 1.
Solution : The dierential equation can be written as
(2y + 3)dy = (3x
2
+ 2x + 3)dx.
Integrating the left side with respect to y and the right side with respect
to x gives
y
2
+ 3y = x
3
+ x
2
+ 3x + c,
where c is an arbitrary constant. To determine the solution satisfying the
prescribed initial condition, we substitute x = 0 and y = 1, obtaining
c = 4. Hence the solution of the initial value problem is given implicitly
by
y
2
+ 3y = x
3
+ x
2
+ 3x + 4
Hence
y =
3

4x
3
+ 4x
2
+ 12x + 25
2
Since x = 0, y = 1, we get
y =
3 +

4x
3
+ 4x
2
+ 12x + 25
2
2. Solve the dierential equation
(5xy + 2y
2
) + (x
2
+ xy)y

= 0
Solution. On computing the quantity (M
y
N
x
)/N, we nd that
M
y
N
x
N
=
5x + 4y (2x + y)
x
2
+ xy
=
3
x
Thus there is an integrating factor that is a function of x only, and it
satises the dierential equation
d
dx
=
3
x
Hence
(x) = x
3
Multiplying the equation by , we obtain
(5x
4
y + 2x
3
y
2
) + (x
5
+ x
4
y)y

= 0
It is a exact equation. Then there is a function F(x, y) such that
F
x
= 5x
4
y + 2x
3
y
2
,
F
y
= x
5
+ x
4
y
Integrating the rst equation respect to x, we get
F(x, y) = x
5
y +
1
2
x
4
y
2
+ c(y)
Plug it into the second equation, we derive
c

(y) = 0
Hence its solutions are
x
5
y +
1
2
x
4
y
2
= c
3. Solve the equation
x
2
y

3xy

+ 4y = x
2
lnx
with y(1) = 1 and y

(1) = 0.
solution: Solve the associated homogeneous EQ rst. Let y
H
= x
r
, we
derive the characteristic EQ:
(r) = r(r 1) 3r + 4 = r
2
4r + 4 = (r 2)
2
= 0,
which has a double roots are r
1,2
= 2. Therefore, we have a set of funda-
mental solutions

y
1
(x) = x
2
; x
2
lnx

.
Then we nd the particular solution with the method of variation param-
eters for the inhomogeneous EQ:
y

3
x
y

+
4
x
2
= lnx
Letting y
p
= y
1
u
1
(x) + y
2
u
2
(x), we we obtain:
x
2
u

1
+ (x
2
lnx)u

2
= 0
2xu

1
+ (2xlnx + x)u

2
= lnx.
and
W[y
1
, y
2
] = x
3
; W
1
= x
2
(lnx)
2
; W
2
= x
2
lnx.
It is derived that
u

1
=
W
1
W
=
1
x
(ln x)
2
, u

2
=
W
2
W
=
1
x
lnx.
It follows that
u
1
(x) =
1
3
(ln x)
3
, u
2
(x) =
1
2
(lnx)
2
;
and
y
p
(x) =
1
6
x
2
(lnx)
3
.
The general solution is then obtained as
y(x) =
1
6
x
2
(lnx)
3
+ c
1
x
2
+ c
2
x
2
lnx.
In terms ICs, we derive
y(1) = 1 = c
1
, y

(1) = 0 = 2c
1
+ c
2
, c
2
= 2.
We nally obtained the solution:
y(x) =
1
6
x
2
(ln x)
3
+ x
2
2x
2
lnx.
4. Find the general solution of
xy

2y

+ (2 x)y = 0, (x > 0),

given y
1
(x) = e
x
.
solution: Using reduction of order method, let y
2
(x) = y
1
(x)u(x). It is
derived that
y

2
= e
x
(u

+ u), y

2
= e
x
(u

+ 2u

+ u).
Hence, we may derive
xu

+ 2(x 1)u

= 0.
It follows that
u

= 2

1
x
1

, ln|u

| = 2(ln x x) + ln c,
So that, we obtain
u

= cx
2
e
2x
.
By integrating, one may derive
u =
c
4
e
2x
(1 + 2x + 2x
2
).
Finally, let c = 4, we obtain the second solution,
y
2
(x) = e
x
(1 + 2x + 2x
2
).
The general solution is:
y(x) = c
1
y
1
+ c
2
y
2
= c
1
e
x
+ c
2
e
x
(1 + 2x + 2x
2
).
5. Solve the following IVP with Laplace transform method:
y

y = f(t), y(0) = 0, y

(0) = 0.
where
f(t) =

1, 0 t < 1
2 t, 1 t < .
solution:
f(t) = 1 (t 1)u
1
(t); L[f(t)] = 1 (t 1)u
1
(t) =
1
s

e
s
s
2
.
we derive
Y (s)(s
2
1) =
1
s

e
s
s
2
,
and
Y (s) =
1
(s
2
1)

1
s

e
s
s
2

,
Note that
1
s(s
2
1)
=
1
s
+
1
2
1
s 1
+
1
2
1
s + 1
,
and
e
s
s
2
(s
2
1)
=
e
s
s
2

1
2
e
s
s 1
+
1
2
e
s
s + 1
.
Therefore, we obtain:
y(t) = 1 +
1
2
(e
t
+ e
t
)

(t 1)
1
2
e
t1
+
1
2
e
(t1)

u
1
(t).