EMC

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ISBN 978-9941-0-6976-5

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1.1 .............................................................. 6
1.2 .............................................................. 8
1.3 ....................................................................... 8
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1.4 ......................................................................... 11
1.5 ...................................................................................................................................... 12
2. .................................................................................... 13
2.1 ................................................................................................... 13
2.2 ............................................................................................. 15
3. ............................................................................................................. 16
3.1 ................................................................ 17
3.2 .................................................................... 18
3.3 ..................................................................................... 19
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1 Public Defender of Georgia, Statement on the Political Participation of Women, 23/07/2014. Accessed 15/08/2014 at http://
ombudsman.ge/en/page/gancxadeba-qalta-politikuri-monawileobis-shesaxeb.
2 Public Defender of Georgia, Statement on the Political Participation of Women, 23/07/2014. Accessed 15/08/2014 at http://
ombudsman.ge/en/page/gancxadeba-qalta-politikuri-monawileobis-shesaxeb.

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un.org/unsd/demographic/products/Worldswomen/WW_full%20report_color.pdf
4 Bonvillain, N. (1995). Women and Men: Cultural Constructs of Gender (4th ed). Pearson Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, N.J.
5 Mason, K. and Jenson, A.M. (1995). Gender and Family Change in Industrialized Countries. Oxford: Clarendon Press

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7 Dahlerup, D. (1978). Womens Entry into Politics. The Experience of the Danish Local and General Elections 190820.
Scandinavian Political Studies. Vol. 1, new series, nos.23, pp. 139162.
8
Bari, F. (2005). Womens Political Participation: Issues and Challenges. Accessed 15/08/2014 at: http://www.un.org/
womenwatch/daw/egm/enabling-environment2005/docs/EGM-WPD-EE-2005-EP.12%20%20draft%20F.pdf
9 Shvedova, N. (1998). Obstacles to Womens Participation in Parliament in Women in Parliament: beyond numbers, Ed.
Karam, Azza Et Al. Handbook Series, International Idea Publication.


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10 Rule, W. (1987). Electoral systems, contextual factors and womens opportunities for parliament in 23 democracies. Western
Political Quarterly 40, pp. 47798.
11 Ibid. 9
12 Karam, A. (2000). Beijing + 5: Womens Political Participation: Review of Strategies and Trends in United Nations Development
Program, Womens Political Participation and Good Governance: 21st Century Challenges. pp. 15-26
13 Norris, P. (2000). Womens representation and electoral systems. In The International Encyclopedia of Elections, ed. Richard
Rose. Washington, DC: CQ Press, pp. 348351.


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14 Rule, W. (1987). Electoral systems, contextual factors and womens opportunities for parliament in 23 democracies. Western
Political Quarterly 40, pp. 477498.
15 SHVEDOVA, N. 1998. Obstacles to Womens Participation in Karam, Azza Et Al (Eds) Parliament in Women in Parliament:
beyond numbers, Handbook Series, International Idea Publication; Bari, F. (2005). Womens Political Participation: Issues
and Challenges Accessed 15/08/2014 at: http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/egm/enabling-environment2005/docs/
EGM-WPD-EE-2005-EP.12%20%20draft%20F.pdf

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17 Ibid. 9
18 UNDP (2013). Public Perceptions on Gender Equality in Politics and Businesses. Tbilisi. Accessed 15/08/2014 at http://
www.ge.undp.org/content/dam/georgia/docs/publications/GE_UNDP_Gender_%20Research_ENG.pdf
19 Ibid.9
20 Childs, S. and Krook, M. L. (2008). Critical Mass Theory and Womens Political Representation. Political Studies, 56:725736.

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21 Cramer Walsh, K. (2002). Female Legislators and the Womens Rights Agenda, in C.S. Rosenthal (ed.) omen Transforming
Congress, Congressional Studies Series 4, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press: Norman, pp. 370-396.
22 Karam, A. and Lovendski, J. (1998). Women in Parliament: Making a Difference. Participation in Karam, A. Et Al (Eds) in
Women in Parliament: beyond numbers, Handbook Series, International Idea Publication
23 Williams, M. (1998). Voice, Trust, and Memory. The Failings of Liberal Representation, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton
University Press.
24 Ibid.10

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26 Art. 7 UN CEDAW

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28 United Nations, Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, General Recommendation No. 23, Political
and Public Life, HRI/GEN/1/Rev.6 at 260 (1997).
29 
United Nations, Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, General Recommendation no. 25,
Temporary Special Measures, UN Doc. CEDAW/C/2004/I/WP.1/Rev.1, 30 (2004).
30 United Nations,Beijing Declaration and Platform of Action, adopted at the Fourth World Conference on Women, 27 October
1995. Available at: http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/beijing/pdf/BDPfA%20E.pdf

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31 United Nations, Resolution A/RES/58/142, Women and Political Participation, 22 December 2003. Accessed 15/08/2014
at: http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/58/142&Lang=E
32 United Nations, Resolution A/RES/66/130, Women and Political Participation, 19 December 2011. Accessed 15/08/2014
at: http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/66/130
33 Council of Europe, Recommendation Rec (2003) 3 of the Committee of Ministers to member states on balanced partic
ipation of women and men in political and public decision making, 2003. Accessed 15/08/2014 at https://wcd.coe.int/
ViewDoc.jsp?Ref=Rec(2003)3&Language=lanEnglish&Ver=original&Site=CM&BackColorInternet=C3C3C3&BackColorIn
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35 
Council of Europe, Recommendation 148 of the Congress of Local and Regional Authorities on
gender mainstreaming at local and regional level a strategy to promote equality between women
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2004.
Accessed
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at:
https://wcd.coe.int/ViewDoc.
sp?id=815713&BackColorInternet=e0cee1&BackColorIntranet=e0cee1&BackColorLogged=FFC679
36 Council of Europe, Recommendation 288 of the Congress of Local and Regional Authorities on achieving sustainable
gender equality in local and regional political life, 2010. Accessed 15/08/2014 at: https://wcd.coe.int/com.instranet.
InstraServlet?command=com.instranet.CmdBlobGet&InstranetImage=1621123&SecMode=1&DocId=1556046&Usage=2

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37 IPU (2014). Women in Parliament in 2013. Geneva. Accessed 15/08/2014 at http://ipu.org/pdf/publications/WIP2013-e.pdf.

38 Bagratia, T. and Badashvili, M. (2012), Developing Intra-party democracy from a gender perspective, Intra-party Democracy
and Local Governance, Tbilisi: NIMD Georgia.

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39 Annual Report of the Public Defeder (2013). Accessed 15/08/2014 at http://ombudsman.ge/uploads/other/1/1506.pdf.

40 UN Habitat (2008) Gender in Local Government. A Sourcebook for Trainers. Accessed on 15/08/2014 at http://www.
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Oxford University Press (2007), pg. 538.

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org/systemParty.cfm?region=50
43 Commonwealth Parliamentary Association. Increasing Womens Roles in Political Parties. A Programmatic Perspective.
Accessed 115/08/2014 at http://www.cpahq.org/cpahq/Mem/About_Us/Programmes/Conferences/Commonwealth_
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44 Council of Europe Positive Action Survey 1998 (Women Liberal Democrats and Jackie Ballard, Liberal Democratic MP.
45 UNDP (2009). Enhancing Womens Political Participation: A Policy Note for Europe and CIS, Bratislava.

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47 South African Womens Budget Initiative and Gender Education and Training Network (2000) Money matters: Workshop
materials on gender and government budgets GETNET, Cape Town, South Africa

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48 Save the Children (2014). State of the Worlds Mothers. Accessed 15/08/2014 at http://www.savethechildren.org/site/apps/
nlnet/content2.aspx?c=8rKLIXMGIpI4E&b=8943305&ct=13930525
49 Cammisa, A. and Reingold B. (2004). Women in State Legislature and State Legislative Research: Beyond Sameness and
Difference. State Politics and Policy Quarterly 4, pp. 181-210.
50 Cammisa, A. and Reingold B (2004). Women in State Legislature and State Legislative Research: Beyond Sameness and
Difference. State Politics and Policy Quarterly 4, pp. 181-210.
51 Chinkin, C. (2003). Peace Agreements as a Means for Promoting Gender Equality and Ensuring the Participation of Women.
United Nations, Division for the Advancement of Women.
52 More info on http://www.apcwomen.org/gemkit/en/practitioners/reports_495d.htm

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