INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Volume 2, No 4, 2012

Copyright 2010 All rights reserved I ntegrated Publishing Association

Research article ISSN 0976 4402

Received on March 2012 Published on May 2012 2040
Physicochemical and Bacteriological Study of Kaveri River at Kudige,
Kodagu District, Karnataka
Krishna, Jayashankar.M
DoS in Microbiology, Mangalore University PG Centre, Cauvery Campus,
Madikeri-571201, Kodagu dist., Karnataka, India
arkbnmicrob11@hotmail.com
doi:10.6088/ijes.00202030088

ABSTRACT
The Kaveri River quality at Kudige, Kushalnagar was studied by using physico-chemical and
bacteriological parameters. Twenty physico-chemical and five bacteriological parameters
were performed for water samples at three different seasons namely summer (Feb. May),
monsoon (June Sept.) and winter (Oct. Jan.) from Feb., 2009 to Jan., 2011. From the
present research work, it was found that the statistical analysis of seasonal physico-chemical
and bacteriological parameters are maximum and minimum during monsoon season of both
the years. From Feb., 2009 to Jan., 2011, the COD ranges from 71.00 1124.00 mg/l were
recorded above excessive limit prescribed by standard WHO. The magnesium of 33.66 mg/l
was recorded in winter season (Sept., 2009 Jan., 2010), 34.36 mg/l was recorded in summer
season (Feb., 2009 May, 2009) and 35.13 mg/l was recorded during summer season (Feb.,
2010 May, 2010) respectively. The statistical analysis of seasonal bacteriological
parameters recorded high density of bacterial counts of 296.00 CFU/ml during summer
season from Feb., 2010 to May, 2010. The MPN count of Kudige water samples found to
1600 MPN/100ml, in all the seasons from Feb., 2009 to Jan., 2011. Salmonella sp and
Shigella spwere isolated on SS- Agar media and colony counts ranged between 1.0 6.0
colonies/100ml respectively. Maximum count of Shigella sp (6.0 colonies/100ml) were
recorded compared to Salmonella sp. Correlation study for both seasonal physico-chemical
and bacteriological parameters are carried out using standard statistical method, results were
recorded and tabulated.
Keywords: Physicochemical and Bacteriological parameters, Statistical methods.
1. Introduction
Pollution of water is one of the serious problems in all over the world. It is mainly because of
increasing and rapid growth of population and industrialization (Ho and Hui, 2001). The
wastes discharge from sewage, industry, agriculture and anthropogenic activities are seriously
polluting the water which promotes the growth of pathogenic microorganisms. Pollution is as
old as man himself. Water the most vital source for all kinds of life on this planet, is also the
resource adversely affected both qualitatively and quantitatively by all kinds of human
activities on land, in air or in water.
Pollution of river in India has now reached to a point of crisis due to unplanned urbanization
and rapid growth of industrialization (Saksena et al., 2008). Many researchers have carried
out research on water quality of river in different places and in each places it has received
greater attention. For good and long life the good quality of water is very important.
According to WHO, 1998, report there were estimated 4billion cases of diarrhea and 2.2
Physicochemical and bacteriological study of Kaveri river

Krishna, M. J ayashankar
International Journal of Environmental Sciences Volume 2 No.4, 2012
2041
million deaths annually (Chan et al., 2007). The quality of water must be checked before use
because consumption of unsafe water leads to the major causes of diseases. The various
studies on river were carried out based on physico-chemical and bacteriological parameters
such as work on Chambal River at Madhya Pradesh by Saksena et al., 2008, Kor River at
Fars, Iran by Shayestehfar et al., 2008, Atharabanki River at Paradip by Barik and patel, 2004,
Ganaga River from Narora to Kannauj by Gaur et al., 1997 and underground water along
river Vaigai in Madurai city by Rajasekaran et al., 2004. With the supports of these literature
surveys the present work was carried out on Kaveri River at Kudige.
Kaveri River is considered as sacred, originates at Talakaveri and flows up to Kudige in
Kodagu district. Then it flows up to Mettur dam, Tamilnadu and joins the Bay of Bengal with
many tributaries. Kudige is famously known for small industries and high population in
Kodagu district. The industrial region is mainly for coffee processing and automobiles. These
are the main source for pollution along with town sewages. The anthropogenic activities were
found to be high, which ultimately leads to pollution of water sources. So in this respect the
present study was under taken to check the level of pollution at Kudige.
2. Materials and method
2.1 Sampling Sites
Kodagu district located in the southwestern of Karnataka state falls in the high precipitation
zone with picturesque topography occupying the eastern and western slopes of the Western
Ghats. The river Kaveri takes its birth at Talakaveri in the Brahmagiri hills in Madikeri taluk
of Kodagu. The district is in humid tropical belt of Western Ghats and situated to the South
West in Karnataka state between 11
0
56

and 12
0
15

N latitude and 75
0
22

and 76
0
11

E
longitude. The district has a total land area of 4102 sq. km. The Kudige is situated about 10
km away from Kushalnagar and about 40 km away from Madikeri, the head quarters of
Kodagu district (Keshavamurthy and Yoganarasimha, 1990).
2.2 Physicochemical analysis
20 physico-chemical parameters such as atmospheric temperature and water temperature
(mercury thermometer), pH, conductivity, salinity and total dissolved solids (standard
Systronic Water Analyzer Kit Model No: 371), total suspended solids (filtration and
weighing), total solids and magnesium (calculation method), hardness and calcium (EDTA
titrimetric method), chloride (argentometric method), carbon dioxide and total organic matter
(titrimetric method), nitrate (spectrophotometeric method), sulfate (turbidometric method),
phosphorous (stannous chloride method), dissolved oxygen (azide modification method),
biochemical oxygen demand (3-5 day BOD test) and chemical oxygen demand (open reflux
method) were analyzed by using Standard methods for the examination of water and
wastewater by APHA, 1998. Physicochemical parameters such as pH, Temperature,
Dissolved oxygen and Carbon dioxide was analyzed on the spot using analysis kit such as pH
strips, mercuric thermometer, conical flask, pipettes, reagents, indicators, amber bottles and
BOD bottle to avoid bias and remaining parameters were performed at lab within 6.00 hours
upon storage at -4
0
C (APHA, 1998).
2.3 Bacteriological analysis
Bacteriological studies were conducted to know the microbial quality of Kaveri river water
using laboratory manual Aneja, 2003.
Physicochemical and bacteriological study of Kaveri river

Krishna, M. J ayashankar
International Journal of Environmental Sciences Volume 2 No.4, 2012
2042
Total plate count method was used for isolation of bacteria. The bacteria were isolated
according to laboratory manual Aneja, 2003. The water sample of 0.1 ml and 1.0 ml were
inoculated by pour plate method by using standard Nutrient Agar Media. Then plates were
incubated in ACCULAB bacteriological incubator for 24 to 48 hours. After incubation, the
total number of colonies were counted and recorded.
Most probable number tests were performed by using multiple tube fermentation technique.
Which includes Presumptive coliforms test, performed for water samples, which was
collected and then double strength (2) and single strength lactose broth was prepared. Broth
was sterilized along with glass wares. 5 test tubes were labeled as 10, other 5 as 1 and another
5 as 0.1 to10 (2X) 10ml of sample was added, to 1(1X) test tubes 1ml of sample and to
0.1(1X) tubes 0.1 ml sample was added. Then the tubes were incubated at 37C for 48hrs.
Color change and gas formation was observed.
Confirmed test: The positive results of presumptive coliform test were taken and then sterile
brilliant green lactose broth was inoculated with all positive presumptive tubes. Then
Incubated at 37C for 48hrs and observed for gas production.
Completed coliform test: The positive results of confirmed test were taken for completed test
and EMB agar media was prepared and sterilized along with glass wares at 121
0
C for 20mins.
Media was poured to Petri plates and allowed to solidify. Plates were inoculated with positive
tubes of confirmed test by streak plate method. Then Incubated at 37C for 24hrs in inverted
position and observed for coliform colonies. Brilliant green lactose broth and nutrient agar
slants were inoculated with colonies on EMB agar plate and incubated at 37C for 24hrs.
Brilliant green lactose broth tube was observed for gas production. Colonies on nutrient agar
slant was gram stained and observed for its gram reaction and cell morphology
Salmonella sp and Shigella sp colonies were isolated on Salmonella Shigella (SS) Agar
media and it was prepared, sterilized along with glass wares at 121C for 20mins using
autoclave and water sample was mixed thoroughly by shaking and then 1ml of sample was
transferred to each Petri plates. Cooled media was poured to different Petri plates and sample
was mixed by gentle swirling. Then plates were allowed to solidify and incubated at 37C for
24-48hr and observed for growth of colonies (Aneja, 2003).
3. Results and discussion
3.1 Physicochemical properties
The physico-chemical and bacteriological parameters are analyzed statistically using standard
SPSS version 16.0 statistical software. The seasonal statistical physicochemical analysis of
Kaveri River at Kudige during February, 2009 to January, 2010 was tabulated in table -1.
During summer season (Feb, 2009 May, 2009) parameters like atmospheric temperature
(29.25
0
C), conductivity (83.16 s), salinity (0.16 ppt), TDS (129.10 mg/l), TSS (1.55 mg/l),
TS (130.65 mg/l), hardness (190. 92 mg/l), calcium (53.05 mg/l), magnesium (34.36 mg/l),
chloride (42.60 mg/l), carbon dioxide (28.56 mg/l), sulfate (64.27 mg/l), BOD (1.20 mg/l),
COD (1108.00 mg/l), and TOM (1.02 mg/l) were recorded maximum. Whereas pH (6.60),
Nitrate (7.04 mg/l), phosphorous (0.2 mg/l) and DO (6.23 mg/l) were recorded minimum.
During monsoon season (June, 2009 Sept, 2009) the parameters such as pH (7.70) and
Nitrate (10.51 mg/l) were recorded maximum and water temperature (20.00
0
C), conductivity
(120.30 s), salinity (0.07 ppt), TDS (70.06 mg/l), TSS (1.04 mg/l), TS (71.10 mg/l),
hardness (72.33 mg/l), calcium (12.13 mg/l), magnesium (14.69 mg/l), chloride (27.22 mg/l),
Physicochemical and bacteriological study of Kaveri river

Krishna, M. J ayashankar
International Journal of Environmental Sciences Volume 2 No.4, 2012
2043
sulfate (38.13 mg/l), BOD (1.00 mg/l), COD (79.00 mg/l) and TOM (0.72 mg/l) were
recorded minimum. In winter season (Oct., 2009 Jan., 2010) water temperature (23.45
0
C),
phosphorous (0.23 mg/l) and DO (7.59 mg/l) were recorded maximum respectively and
minimum was atmospheric temperature (21.50
0
C) and carbon dioxide (25.03 mg/l).
The seasonal statistical physicochemical analysis of Kudige water sample from February,
2010 to January, 2011 was tabulated in table 1. In summer season (Feb, 2010 May, 2010),
atmospheric temperature (31.50
0
C), water temperature (27.60
0
C), conductivity (184.26 s),
salinity (0.21 ppt), TDS (130.62 mg/l), TSS (1.67 mg/l), TS (132.62 mg/l), hardness (198.73
mg/l), calcium (54.73 mg/l), magnesium (35.13 mg/l), chloride (48.61 mg/l), carbon dioxide
(30.63 mg/l), sulfate (68.65 mg/l), phosphorous (0.23 mg/l), BOD (1.23 mg/l) and COD
(1124.00 mg/l) respectively were found maximum and minimum were pH (6.53), nitrate
(8.33 mg/l) and DO (6.14 mg/l). During monsoon (June, 2010 Sept., 2010) and winter
seasons (Oct., 2010 Jan., 2011) almost all the parameters were recorded minimum. In
monsoon season (June, 2010 Sept, 2010), hardness (80.43 mg/l), magnesium (11.28 mg/l),
chloride (29.16 mg/l), carbon dioxide (28.37 mg/l), phosphorous (0.18 mg/l), BOD (0.93
mg/l), COD (71.00 mg/l) and TOM (0.73 mg/l) were recorded minimum and pH (7.68),
nitrate (10.88 mg/l) and DO (8.43 mg/l) were maximum. In winter season (Oct, 2010 Jan,
2011) parameters such as atmospheric temperature (20.52
0
C), water temperature (17.32
0
C) ,
conductivity (150.18 s), salinity (0.06 ppt), TDS (78.73 mg/l), TSS (1.03 mg/l), TS (79.76
mg/l), calcium (16.12 mg/l), sulfate (38.16 mg/l) and DO (0.18 mg/l) were recorded
minimum and only TOM (1.08 mg/l) recorded maximum.
All the parameters in table 1 are compared with standard of ISI, WHO and ICMR (Zune,
1998). Almost all the parameters are under permissible limit, but in all the seasons parameters
such as BOD (1.0 1.23 mg/l) were recorded low when compared to standard of ISI,
BIS:10500 (1991) and COD (71.00 -1124.00 mg/l) were recorded above excessive limit of
standard given by WHO. The magnesium in winter (Oct., 2009 Jan., 2010) 33.66 mg/l, in
summer season (Feb., 2009 May, 2009) 34.36 mg/l and 35.13 mg/l in summer season (Feb.,
2010 May, 2010) were recorded above permissible limit of standard ISI. The same trends of
seasonal physico-chemical results were also observed in work of Barik and Patel, 2004 and
Saksena et al., 2008.
Pearsons correlation matrix for seasonal physico-chemical parameter of Kudige water
samples from Feb, 2009 Jan, 2011 were illustrated in figure 1. The pH, nitrate and DO
were negatively correlated to almost all the parameters. Nitrate and phosphorous were
positively correlated to both pH and DO respectively. Carbon dioxide was positively
correlated to nitrate. All other parameters are positively correlated to each other. The same
trends of correlation of physicochemical were observed in Rajasekaran et al., 2004 and
Dwivedi et al., 2005 respectively. All the parameters are analyzed statistically with
significance of 0.05 and 0.01 levels.
The atmospheric temperature, water temperature, conductive, TDS, salinity, hardness,
calcium, magnesium, chloride, and carbon dioxide recorded high level of positive correlation
with each other. It indicates any changes in water these physic-chemical parameters are
essential. The TDS, conductivity and TS are with very high positive correlation of 1.00 to
0.875 respectively.

Physicochemical and bacteriological study of Kaveri river

Krishna, M. J ayashankar
International Journal of Environmental Sciences Volume 2 No.4, 2012
2044
Table 1: Seasonal Statistical Physicochemical Parameters of Kaveri River at Kudige
Sampling Site during Feb, 2009 to Jan, 2010
Seasonal Statistical
Analysis A B C D E F G H
Summer
Feb, 2009
May,
2009
Mean 28.14 21.61 6.89 181.0 .13 126.0 1.45 127.0
Std.
Dev
.95 .68 .32 2.81 .03 3.98 .13 4.11
Range 2.20 1.50 .63 6.16 .08 8.94 .28 9.22
Min 27.05 20.65 6.60 177.00 .08 120.16 1.27 121.43
Max 29.25 22.15 7.23 183.16 .16 129.10 1.55 130.65
Monsoon
June, 2009
Sep,
2009
Mean 22.93 20.73 7.65 132.0 .08 80.59 1.10 81.69
Std.
Dev
1.12 .76 .08 9.16 .01 1.37 .06 1.38
Range 2.40 1.50 .17 22.38 .03 30.01 .14 30.15
Min 22.10 20.00 7.53 120.30 .07 70.06 1.04 71.10
Max 24.50 21.50 7.70 142.68 .10 100.07 1.18 101.25
Winter
Oct, 2009
Jan, 2010
Mean 23.69 22.29 7.04 151.0 .09 96.88 1.23 98.11
Std.
Dev
1.56 1.05 .26 3.37 .03 .57 .04 .61
Range 3.45 2.50 .56 8.15 .05 1.34 .09 1.43
Min 21.50 20.95 6.82 146.98 .07 96.13 1.18 97.31
Max 24.95 23.45 7.38 155.13 .12 97.47 1.27 98.74
Summer
Feb, 2010
May,
2010
Mean 29.59 25.10 6.79 184.0 .15 1.28 1.46 129.0
Std.
Dev
2.52 2.44 .29 .56 .05 4.05 .22 4.21
Range 5.38 5.19 .60 1.18 .12 8.44 .44 8.88
Min 26.12 22.41 6.53 183.08 .09 122.18 1.23 123.41
Max 31.50 27.60 7.13 184.26 .21 130.62 1.67 132.29
Monsoon
June, 2010
Sep,
2010
Mean 24.95 20.94 7.49 142.0 .10 1.00 1.18 102.0
Std.
Dev
3.52 2.89 .19 1.37 .02 1.93 .07 1.94
Range 7.92 6.52 .42 29.90 .05 46.67 .18 46.85
Min 22.16 18.65 7.26 132.38 .08 80.06 1.08 81.14
Max 30.08 25.17 7.68 162.28 .13 126.73 1.26 127.99
Winter
Oct, 2010
Jan, 2011
Mean 22.69 18.99 7.01 162.0 .08 94.99 1.19 96.17
Std.
Dev
1.69 1.38 .14 1.11 .02 1.09 .11 1.09
Range 4.08 2.87 .30 23.00 .04 23.00 .23 23.21
Min 20.52 17.32 6.86 150.18 .06 78.73 1.03 79.76
Max 24.60 20.19 7.16 173.18 .10 101.73 1.26 102.97
A=Atmospheric temperature,
0
C, B=Water temperature
0
C, C=pH, D=Conductivity (s),
E=Salinity (ppt), F=Total Dissolved Solids [TDS] (mg/l), G=Total Suspended Solids [TSS]
(mg/l), H=Total Solids [TS] (mg/l), Std. Dev=Standard Deviation, Min=Minimum,
Max=Maximum
Seasonal Statistical
Analysis I J K L M N O P
Summer
Feb, 2009
May,
2009
Mean 158.0 48.85 32.24 40.73 28.07 7.20 62.51 .17
Std.
Dev
4.06 6.41 2.23 3.10 .59 .22 2.03 .09
Range 90.82 13.61 4.77 6.49 1.34 .48 3.82 .20
Min 100.10 39.44 29.59 36.11 27.22 7.04 60.45 .02
Max 190.92 53.05 34.36 42.60 28.56 7.52 64.27 .22
Physicochemical and bacteriological study of Kaveri river

Krishna, M. J ayashankar
International Journal of Environmental Sciences Volume 2 No.4, 2012
2045
Table 1 continued
Monsoon
June, 2009
Sep,
2009
Mean 87.33 18.13 15.77 30.16 26.40 9.42 40.64 .20
Std.
Dev
2.10 8.41 1.24 4.69 .48 .88 3.76 .01
Range 46.10 17.93 2.40 9.93 1.05 2.15 8.00 .03
Min 72.33 12.13 14.69 27.22 26.07 8.36 38.13 .19
Max 118.43 30.06 17.09 37.15 27.12 10.51 46.13 .22
Winter
Oct, 2009
Jan,
2010
Mean 165.0 29.18 30.25 31.73 25.23 8.06 53.17 .21
Std.
Dev
3.49 5.02 4.64 2.34 .22 .16 3.62 .02
Range 7.06 11.02 10.16 5.26 .51 .39 8.41 .05
Min 160.07 22.14 23.50 28.31 25.03 7.88 47.96 .18
Max 167.13 33.16 33.66 33.57 25.54 8.27 56.37 .23
Summer
Feb, 2010
May,
2010
Mean 189.0 49.03 34.31 43.91 30.05 8.51 68.34 .23
Std.
Dev
1.14 7.58 .98 5.22 .89 .17 .24
.02
6
Range 25.30 16.12 2.24 10.35 1.91 .35 .57 .06
Min 173.43 38.61 32.89 38.26 28.72 8.33 68.08 .20
Max 198.73 54.73 35.13 48.61 30.63 8.68 68.65 .26
Monsoon
June, 2010
Sep,
2010
Mean 108.0 36.79 17.36 31.88 29.01 9.75 50.27 .21
Std.
Dev
3.81 1.27 6.79 4.60 .71 .82 8.09 .03
Range 80.98 29.91 15.75 9.59 1.31 1.88 19.60 .06
Min 80.43 20.71 11.28 29.16 28.37 9.00 40.76 .18
Max 161.41 50.62 27.03 38.75 29.68 10.88 60.36 .24
Winter
Oct, 2010
Jan,
2011
Mean 104.0 19.34 20.62 32.79 28.96 8.79 43.07 .21
Std.
Dev
1.61 4.70 3.08 1.21 .37 .55 5.49 .02
Range 38.25 10.07 7.53 2.94 .79 1.18 12.47 .05
Min 88.16 16.12 16.92 31.43 28.62 8.43 38.16 .18
Max 126.41 26.19 24.45 34.37 29.41 9.61 50.63 .23
I=Hardness (mg/l), J=Calcium (mg/l), K=Magnesium(mg/l), L=Chloride (mg/l), M=Carbon
Dioxide (mg/l), N=Nitrate (mg/l), O=Sulfate (mg/l), P=Phosphorous (mg/l),
Seasonal Statistical Analysis
Q R S T
Summer
Feb, 2009 May, 2009
Mean 6.31 1.12 362.0 .98
Std. Dev .08 .07 4.97 .04
Range .19 .16 1005.00 .09
Min 6.23 1.04 103.00 .93
Max 6.42 1.20 1108.00 1.02
Monsoon
June, 2009 Sep, 2009
Mean 7.70 1.02 89.00 .81
Std. Dev .23 .016 1.29 .09
Range .56 .04 29.00 .22
Min 7.45 1.00 79.00 .72
Max 8.01 1.04 108.00 .94
Winter
Oct, 2009 Jan, 2010
Mean 7.50 1.11 95.75 .98
Std. Dev .10 .05 2.63 .11
Range .23 .11 6.00 .24
Min 7.36 1.07 92.00 .85
Max 7.59 1.18 98.00 1.09



Physicochemical and bacteriological study of Kaveri river

Krishna, M. J ayashankar
International Journal of Environmental Sciences Volume 2 No.4, 2012
2046
Table 1 continued
Summer
Feb, 2010 May, 2010
Mean 6.68 1.16 622.0 .97
Std. Dev .37 .072 5.69 .06
Range .82 .16 1003.00 .13
Min 6.14 1.07 121.00 .90
Max 6.96 1.23 1124.00 1.03
Monsoon
June, 2010 Sep, 2010
Mean 7.56 1.04 86.75 .87
Std. Dev .75 .08 1.09 .12
Range 1.52 .18 24.00 .25
Min 6.91 .93 71.00 .73
Max 8.43 1.11 95.00 .98
Winter
Oct, 2010 Jan, 2011
Mean 7.45 1.02 101.0 .92
Std. Dev .66 .08 1.75 .13
Range 1.33 .18 39.00 .29
Min 6.76 .95 78.00 .79
Max 8.09 1.13 117.00 1.08
Q=Dissolved Oxygen [DO] (mg/l), R=Biochemical Oxygen Demand [BOD] (mg/l), S=Chemical
Oxygen Demand [COD] (mg/l), T=Total Organic Mater [TOM] (mg/l)


Figure 1: Pearsons Correlation matrix for Physicochemical Properties of Kaveri River at
Kudige sampling sites from Feb, 2009 to Jan, 2011
3.2 Bacteriological properties
The seasonal statistical bacteriological analysis of Kaveri River at Kudige was carried out
from Feb, 2009 Jan, 2011 and it was tabulated in table 2 and 3 respectively. The
maximum bacterial counts were recorded during summer season and minimum was in
monsoon season from Feb, 2009 Jan, 2011 respectively. The high total plate count of
Physicochemical and bacteriological study of Kaveri river

Krishna, M. J ayashankar
International Journal of Environmental Sciences Volume 2 No.4, 2012
2047
296.00 CFU/ml was recorded during summer season (Feb, 2010 May, 2010). The most
probable number of 1600 MPN/100ml were recorded in almost all the seasons from Feb,
2009 Jan, 2011. For any potable water the microbial load should be nil (FAO, 1997). The
low density of Salmonella sp and Shigella sp count were recorded with average of 1.0 6.0
colonies/100ml from Feb, 2009 Jan, 2011 respectively. The high density of counts of
bacteria in total plate count and MPN were also observed in Ganaga River from Narora to
Kannauj. The discharge of sewage, anthropogenic activities and industrial waste are main
response for the high growth of bacteria (Gaur et al., 1997).
Table 2: Seasonal Statistical Bacteriological Analysis of Kaveri River Belt at Kudige from
Feb, 2009 Jan, 2010
Seasonal Statistical
Analysis
Bacteriological Analysis From Feb, 2009 Jan, 2010
TPC1 TPC2 MPN SA SHIG
Summer
Feb
May
Mean 61.50 2.32 1.60 1.25 3.25
Std. Deviation 1.28 1.78 .00 1.26 2.50
Range 28.00 40.00 .00 3.00 6.00
Minimum 43.00 206.00 1600.00 .00 .00
Maximum 71.00 246.00 1600.00 3.00 6.00
Monsoon
June
Sep
Mean 34.75 1.76 2.80 1.25 2.25
Std. Deviation 1.58 2.50 7.70 1.26 1.50
Range 34.00 57.00 180.00 3.00 3.00
Minimum 24.00 154.00 170.00 .00 1.00
Maximum 58.00 211.00 350.00 3.00 4.00
Winter
Oct
Jan
Mean
39.25 2.10 1.43 3.00 1.00
Std. Deviation 7.76 1.97 3.50 1.63 .00
Range 18.00 44.00 700.00 4.00 .00
Minimum 29.00 186.00 900.00 1.00 1.00
Maximum 47.00 230.00 1600.00 5.00 1.00
TPC1=Total Plate Count (0.1ml of water sample) CFU/ml, TPC2 =Total Plate Count (1.0 ml
of water sample) CFU/ml, MPN =Most Probable Number (MPN/100ml), SA =Salmonella sp
(Colonies/100ml), SHIG =Shigella sp (Colonies/100ml)

Table 3: Seasonal Statistical Bacteriological Analysis of Kaveri River Belt at Kudige fron
Feb, 2010 Jan, 2011
Seasonal Statistical
Analysis
Bacteriological Analysis From Feb, 2010 Jan, 2011
TPC1 TPC2 MPN SA SHIG
Summer
Feb
May
Mean 65.00 2.76 1.60 2.00 3.25
Std. Deviation 1.47 1.96 .00 1.83 1.50
Range 32.00 43.00 .00 4.00 3.00
Minimum 52.00 253.00 1600.00 .00 2.00
Maximum 84.00 296.00 1600.00 4.00 5.00
Monsoon
June
Sep
Mean 57.50 1.82 5.73 1.75 2.00
Std. Deviation 1.19 4.17 7.11 .96 .82
Range 28.00 90.00 1520.00 2.00 2.00
Minimum 46.00 126.00 80.00 1.00 1.00
Maximum 74.00 216.00 1600.00 3.00 3.00
Winter
Oct Jan
Mean
64.50 1.52 1.15 3.00 4.25
Std. Deviation 6.56 4.36 5.45 .82 2.36
Range 15.00 102.00 1100.00 2.00 5.00
Minimum 58.00 107.00 500.00 2.00 1.00
Maximum 73.00 209.00 1600.00 4.00 6.00
Physicochemical and bacteriological study of Kaveri river

Krishna, M. J ayashankar
International Journal of Environmental Sciences Volume 2 No.4, 2012
2048
Table 4: Pearsons Correlation matrix for Seasonal Bacteriological Analysis of Kaveri River
Belt at Kudige from Feb, 2009 Jan, 2011

TPC1 TPC2 MPN SAL SHIG
TPC1 1
TPC2 .350 1
MPN .494
*
.658
**
1
SAL .308 -.060 .239 1
SHIG .156 -.207 .023 -.079 1
*. Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
TPC1=Total Plate Count (0.1ml of water sample) CFU/ml, TPC2 =Total Plate Count (1.0 ml of
water sample) CFU/ml, MPN =Most Probable Number (MPN/100ml), SA =Salmonella sp
(Colonies/100ml), SHIG =Shigella sp (Colonies/100ml)
The Pearsons correlation matrix for seasonal bacteriological analysis was tabulated in table
4 with significance of 0.05 and 0.01 level. MPN recorded with positive correlation with
TPC1, TPC2, SA and SHIG respectively. It showed high level of correlation with TPC2 of
0.658. TPC2 negatively correlated with SA and SHIG of 0.060 and 0.207 respectively. SA
and SHIG are negatively correlated with each other.
4. Conclusion
The statistical analysis of both physico-chemical and bacteriological parameters of the
Kudige water samples indicate the need of control measures, sanitation and pollution control
managements. Therefore every individual must maintain protective measures before
consuming water from Kudige water source.
Acknowledgement
The author thanks the Mangalore University and UGC Rajiv Gandhi National Fellowship
for financial support and encouragement.
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