Professional Documents
Culture Documents
in Developing Nations
ALI FARAZMAND
Editor
PRAEGER
Administrative Reform
in Developing Nations
Administrative Reform
in Developing Nations
EDITED BY
ALI FARAZMAND
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Administrative reform in developing nations / edited by Ali Farazmand.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0275972127 (alk. paper)
1. Administrative agenciesDeveloping countriesReorganization. 2. Civil service
reformDeveloping countries. I. Farazmand, Ali.
JF60.A38 2002
352.2'9'091724dc21 00069269
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data is available.
Copyright 2002 by Ali Farazmand
All rights reserved. No portion of this book may be
reproduced, by any process or technique, without
the express written consent of the publisher.
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 00069269
ISBN: 0275972127
First published in 2002
Praeger Publishers, 88 Post Road West, Westport, CT 06881
An imprint of Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc.
www.praeger.com
Printed in the United States of America
TM
The paper used in this book complies with the
Permanent Paper Standard issued by the National
Information Standards Organization (Z39.481984).
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
To my son, Cyrus
Contents
Preface ix
1. Administrative Reform and Development: An Introduction
Ali Farazmand
1
I. Administrative Reform in Asia 13
2. Innovations for Administrative Reforms in Korea: A Case of
the Local Autonomy System
Jong-Hae Yoo
15
3. Administrative Reforms in India
Krishna K. Tummala
29
4. Administrative Reform in Bangladesh: An Unnished Agenda
Habib Zafarullah
49
5. Resistance to Administrative Reforms in South Asian Civil
Bureaucracies
Mohammad Mohabbat Khan
73
6. Administrative Reform in Hong Kong: Rationale, Strategies,
and Results
Ahmed Shaqul Huque
89
7. Reformist Orientations among Middle Managers in China:
The Case of Shanghai
Peter Koehn
105
viii Contents
II. Administrative Reform, Reorganization, and Revolution in
the Near/Middle East 123
8. Reorganization, Reform, and Revolution in Contemporary Iran
Ali Farazmand
125
9. Political Dynamics and Administrative Reform in Turkey
A. U
s-
kender, 1961; Siagian, 1980; Burke and French, 1970; Hogue, 1970).
Such crisis situations lend impetus to administrative reform efforts. Yet ad-
ministrative reform is not a one-shot affair completed overnight. There is a need
for persistent efforts to see it through. Many reform projects come to the fore
following major crises; however, when the dust settles, the old ways return and
the reform efforts are frustrated.
NOTES
1. Some sections of four of these reports were published by the State Personnel De-
partment (Ankara) in 1965 under the title Foreign Experts Reports Submitted to the
Government between the Years 1949 and 1959 (in Turkish).
2. However, these O and M units turned out to be ineffective vis-a`-vis the tasks they
were saddled with since they were not t for the job.
REFERENCES
Ahmad, Feroz. (1977). The Turkish Experiment in Democracy, 19501975. London: C.
Hurst.
Atiyas, I
zak. (1996). Uneven Governance and Fiscal Failure: The Adjustment Experi-
ence in Turkey. In Leila Frischtak and I
lkin, Selim. 1994. The Privatization of the State Economic Enterprises. In Metin Heper
and Ahmet Evin, eds., Politics in the Third Turkish Republic. Boulder, CO: West-
view Press.
Karpat, Kemal H. (1959). Turkeys Politics: Transition to a Multi-Party System. Prince-
ton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Kozanoglu, Hayri. (1993). Yuppieler, Prensler ve Bizim Kusak (Yuppies, Princes, and
Our Generation). Istanbul: I
letisim.
Lewis, Bernard. (1961). The Emergence of Modern Turkey. London: Oxford University
Press.
O
mit, 9
Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), 38, 3940,
4445, 46
Bhutto, Zulqar Ali, 80
Birkhead, Guthrie S., 152
Botes, P., 192
Bowing Treaty of Commerce and Friend-
ship, 24647
Britain. See United Kingdom
British Overseas Development Adminis-
tration (ODA), 49, 56, 5859, 60, 64
Buddhism, 25051, 255. See also Thera-
vada Buddhism
Burma, 160
Bush, George H.W., 221
Buss, Terry F., 10
Caiden, G.E., 89, 163, 23738, 248
Calvinist religion, 222
Central Government Organization Re-
search Project (Turkey), 15557
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA, United
States), 131
Ceylon. See Sri Lanka
Ceylon Administrative Services (CAS),
84
Ceylon Civil Service (CSS), 8384, 86
Chae-jin, Lee, 243
Chakri, Chao Phya, 246
Chakri Reformation, 246
Chandarasorn, V., 248
Chandra, A.K., 31
Cheung, A., 96
China, 90, 94, 96, 112, 11819; and the
Cultural Revolution, 93; and economic
reform, 109; foreign investment in,
115. See also Shanghai, and reformist
orientations among middle managers
Chinese Communist Party (CCP), 105,
1089, 114
Chung-Hee, Park, 15, 18, 24344
Christianity, 250
Civil Service of Pakistan (CSP), 7881,
86; and District Management Group,
80; reports concerning, 79
Coca-Cola Corporation, 43, 44
Code of Hammurabi, 198
Commission of Inquiry (China), 93
Commissioner for Administrative Com-
plaints (COMAC, Hong King), 91
Committee for Administrative Reorgani-
zation Reform (CARR, Bangladesh),
8182, 83
Communism, 226, 227, 228, 229. See
also Hungary, and break with Commu-
nism
Confucianism, 238, 242, 24445, 249,
253, 255
Confucius (King Fu-tzu), 253
Constitution of the Islamic Republic
(Iran), 139
Cornelius, A.R., 80
Corruption, 2
Cyrus the Great, 136
Danopoulos, Constantine P., 10
Debrecen, 22223; future prospects, 234
35; new government structure, 22325;
old government structure, 223; positive
legacy of, 233; strategy for transition
to capitalism, 23334; strengths, 232
33. See also Debrecen, and issues fac-
ing local ofcials
Debrecen, and issues facing local of-
cials, 225; absence of democratic
traditions, 22627; image problems,
23031; infrastructure problems, 229
30; lack of knowledge, 225; lack of
legal framework, 22526; overly opti-
mistic expectations, 22829; political
Index 261
conict, 22728; public housing prob-
lems, 230; Soviet air base problem,
230; taxation, 229; threat of outside
inuences, 23132; volunteerism, 229
Deng Xiaoping, 109, 116
Desai, Morarji, 33, 78
Directive Principles of State Policy
(Part IV, Indian Constitution), 2930
Do-hwan, Jun, 245
Dong-suh, Bark, 243
East Germany, 222
Eastern Orthodoxy, 238, 249, 251, 252,
255
Egger, Rowland, 80
Egypt, 166, 167, 16869; and information
systems, 17172
Ershad, Mohammad Hossain, 75, 81, 82
European Economic Commission (ECC),
241
Fabian socialism, 30
Farazmand, Ali, 9
Fernandes, George, 44
Fifth Pay Commission (India), 45
First Cornelius Commission (Pakistan),
7980
Ford Foundation, 31
France, 231
Frederickson, D.G., 98
Galbraith, John Kenneth, 41
Gandhi, Indira, 30, 36, 78
Gandhi, Mahatma, 30
Gandhi, Rajiv, 36, 40, 45
Germany, 231
Ghana, 160
Gladieux, Bernard, 80
Globalization, 7
Gorbachev, Mikhail, 222
Gorwala, A.D., 31
Gowda, Deve, 43
Great Schism, the, 251
Greece, 238, 245, 248; entrepreneurial
class, 23940. See also Greece, and
administrative reform
Greece, and administrative reform, 239
45, 25455; religion and failure of ad-
ministrative reform, 24854
Greek Orthodoxy. See Eastern Orthodoxy
Green Paper on Transforming Public
Service Delivery (South Africa, 1996),
185
Gujral, Inder Kumar, 43
Hammergren, L.A., 214
Hanumanthaiya, K., 32, 7677
Heper, Metin, 9
Hilliard, Victor G., 9
Hong Kong, and administrative reform,
8990, 100102; basic administrative
practices, 9495; as British colony, 90;
and the Civil Service Bureau, 9799;
and the Efciency Unit (EU), 91, 92,
96, 97, 101; and the Executive Coun-
cil, 100, 101; and Legislative Council,
9091; policy branches, 9394;
rationales for, 99100; and transition
from colony to autonomous region, 90
92
Hong Kong Special Administration Re-
gion, 96
Hoover Commission, 33
Hourani, Albert, 165
Hungarian Socialist Workers Party, 222
Hungary: break with Communism, 231
32; and capitalism, 226; and entrepre-
neurs, 23132; and Goulash
capitalism, 227; and refugees, 231.
See also Debrecen; Debrecen, and is-
sues facing local ofcials
Huntington, Samuel, 13233
Huq, Mohammad Ziaul, 75, 80
Huque, Ahmed Shaqul, 9
IBM, 43, 44
Independent Commission Against Corrup-
tion (ICAC, Hong Kong), 91
India, 74, 75, 250; caste groupings, 36
37; and caste reservations, 3638;
Supreme Court of India, 38. See also
India, and administrative reform; India,
and economic reforms
India, and administrative reform, 29, 45
46, 7678; and Administrative Reforms
262 Index
Commission (ARC), 32, 33, 3435, 39;
and administrative service, 3435; and
Democratic Socialism, 2930; and
Panchayati Raj, 3536; and reserva-
tions, 3638; survey of the literature,
3133. See also Bharatiya Janata Party
India, and economic reforms, 39; and co-
alition governments, 4345; and New
Economic Policy (NEP), 4243, 45;
planning, 3940; and public enterprises
(PEs), 4041
Indian Administrative Service (IAS), 34
35, 41, 45, 7678, 86
Indian Civil Service (ICS), 31, 34
Indian Constitution, 2930, 38, 40. See
also Directive Principles of State Pol-
icy
Indian Police Service (IPS), 34
Indonesia, 160
International Cooperation Agency, 244
International donor community (IDC), 52,
54, 6566
International Monetary Fund (IMF), 8,
49, 50
Iran, 5; and bureaucratization, 134, 144
45; and capitalism, 135; and the Con-
stitutional Revolution (19061911),
126, 127, 137; and the Jangal (Forest)
Revolution, 128; and modernization,
132; and the Pahlavi regime, 12728,
132; and re-bureaucratization, 14243;
and the SAVAK secret police, 129,
131. See also Iran, and administrative
reform; Iran, and the revolution of
19781979
Iran, and administrative reform, 12527,
14647; achievements of, 13536; and
administrative elite, 12829; back-
ground, 12730; and cooperatives, 144;
failures of, 13536; post-revolutionary,
14346; under the Shah in the 1950s,
13031; under the Shah in the 1960s,
13134; and women, 145
Iran, and the revolution of 19781979,
137; and de-bureaucratization, 14042;
impact on the bureaucracy, 138; and re-
bureaucratization, 14243; and the re-
gime change, 13738
Iranian Oil Company, 129
Iraq, 166, 167
Islam, 250, 251
Israel, 136, 16667
Jangal (Forest) Revolution, 128
Jha Commission, 86
Jordan, 166, 167, 170
Jreisat, Jamil E., 9
Kadar, Janos, 222, 226
Kangwan Province, 17
Khan, Ayub, 7980, 160
Khan, Mohammad Mohabbat, 9
Khan, Reza, 127, 128
Khatami, Mohammad, 14344, 145
Khomeini, Hajjatulislam, 134
King Chulalongkorn (Rama V), 247
King Mahendra, 85
King Mongut (Rama IV), 246
King Rama Thibodi I, 246
Koehn, Peter, 9
Kong, Dongsung, 10
Korea, 160, 248; colonization by Japan,
24243; and Korea dynasty, 242; and
Yi dynasty, 24243. See also South
Korea, and administrative reform;
South Korea, and local autonomy
Korirala, B.P., 85
Krishnamachari, V.T., 31
Krislov, Samuel, 23839
Kuchek, Mirza, 128
Kuwait, 170
Kyonggi Province, 17, 20
Lagos Kossuth University, 223
Lebanon, 160
LeHerissier, R., 96
Lincoln, Bruce, 253
Local Autonomy Act (Korea, 1949), 16;
amendments, 1718, 19
Local Autonomy Act (Korea, 1988), 24
Machinery of Government, The (Mc-
Kinsey & Company), 93
Maclehose, Sir Murray, 99
Mahalanobis Committee, 41
Mandal Commission (India), 3738, 45
Index 263
Mandela, Nelson, 179
Marxism, 30
Mathai, John, 39
McDonalds Corporation, 233
McKinsey & Company, 93
Mehta, Balwantray, 35
Metcalfe, L., 191
Monopolies Inquiry Commission (India),
41
Morocco, 167
Morstein-Marx, Fritz, 239
Mosaddegh, Mohammad, 129, 131
Mosel, J.N., 251
Mossad, the, 131
Mostazan Foundation, 141, 143
Mugabe, Robert, 203
Munkman, C.A., 240
Mutahaba, G., 2056
Myon, Chang, 243
Myrdal, Gunnar, 30
Nakata, T., 251
Nanda, Gulzarilal, 33
Narayanan, K.R., 46
National League of Cities (United States),
228
National Pay Commission (NPC, Bangla-
desh), 81, 82
Nehru, Jawaharlal, 30, 39
Nepal, 7475, 76; and Rana administra-
tion, 85
Nepal, and administrative reform, 8586
Nepal Rastrya Bank, 85
New National Grades and Scales of Pay
(NNGSP, Bangladesh), 83
New social contract, 8
Nigeria, 160
Ofce of the Commissioner for Adminis-
trative Complaints (COMAC), 91
Ohio Municipal League, 228
Oman, 170
Ottoman Empire, 16465, 239, 251
O