1

MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow

Section1, Lecture 2
Equation of State, Review of Thermodynamics,
Isentropic Processes
Anderson: Chapter 1 pp. 19-39
A
c
dx
A
c
p
v
p
v- dv
!q
work performed by piston on system
with heat addition
Ff
Ff
2
MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow
Review
Key Concepts:
i) High Speed ows often seem counter-intuitive when
Compared with low speed ows
ii) Flow regimes
Subsonic - All ow everywhere on the aircraft less than local speed of sound.
Transonic - Some ow is subsonic and some is supersonic.
Supersonic - All ow everywhere on the aircraft is supersonic.
Hypersonic - Fluid ows that are Much Higher than sonic velocity
iii) Mach number - ratio of true airspeed to local speed of sound
iv) Mach Angle angle of shock wave generated by point object
v) Sonic Velocity in a gas
c =
!p
!"
#
$
%
&
'
(
)s=0
sin ( ) =
1
M
3
MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow
Equation of State for a Perfect Gas
Relationship Between pressure, temperature, and density
derived empirically in Modern form by John Dalton
Theoretically derived by Ludwig Boltzmann using statistical Thermodynamics
In perfect gas intermolecular (van der Waals) forces are neglected
John Dalton
p V = n R
u
T
p - pressure acting on gas
V - volume of gas in system
n - Number of moles of gas in system
R
u
- Universal gas constant
T - Temperature of gas
1-mole --> 6.02 x 10
23
Avagadro's number
p
v
T
n
4
MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow
Equation of State for a Perfect Gas (contd)
Re organizing the equation of state
p - pressure acting on gas
V - volume of gas in system
n - Number of moles of gas in system
R
u
- Universal gas constant
T - Temperature of gas
M
w
- Molecular weight of gas
R
g
- Gas Specic Constant
M - Mass of gas contained in volume

p =
M
V
n
M
R
u
T = !
R
u
M / n
T = !
R
u
M
w
T = !R
g
T
Useful working form for Gas Dynamics
M
V
! v =
1
"
M
n
! M
w
" R
g
=
R
u
M
w
p = !R
g
T
5
MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow
Equation of State for a Perfect Gas (contd)
Numerical Values for Universal Gas Constant
R
u
= 1545.40 ft-lbf/R-(lbm-mole)
R
u
= 49722.01 ft-lbf/R-(slug-mole)
R
u
= 8314.4126 J/K-(kg-mole)
Molecular of various gases
Gas Specic constant is
Universal constant divided
by the average molecular
weight of the gas
(steam)
6
MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow
Equation of State for a Perfect Gas (concluded)
Numerical Values for Air Specic Gas Constant
R
g
= 53.355 ft-lbf/R-(lbm)
R
g
= 1716.658 ft-lbf/R-(slug)
R
g
= 287.056 J/K-(kg)
Molecular weight of Air
Average molecular weight of the gases in the atmosphere.
Air on earth at sea level is a mixture of approximately 78% nitrogen,
21%oxygen, with the remaining one percent a mix of argon,
carbon dioxide, neon, helium and other rare gases,
~ 28.96443 kg/kg-mole
7
MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow
Specic Heats, Internal Energy, and Enthalpy
(contd)
e is the internal energy per unit mass
The total kinetic and potential energy associated with the motions and relative
positions of the molecules a gas, solid, or liquid. An increase in internal
energy results in a rise in temperature or a change in phase
. h is the enthalpy per unit mass
The measure of the heat content of a chemical or physical system;
equivalent to the sum of the internal energy of the system plus the
product of its volume multiplied by the pressure exerted on it by its
Surroundings i.e.
h = e + p v
h is the specic enthalpy, (SI - joules/kg)
e is the specic internal energy, (SI - joules.kg)
P is the pressure of the system, (SI - pascals)
v is the specic volume, (SI cubic metres/kg) = 1/!
Symbols e --> u often
Used interchangeably
In scientic literature
8
MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow
Specic Heats, Internal Energy, and Enthalpy
(contd)
Specic heat denitions:
- Constant Volume:
- Constant Pressure:
c
p
=
dh
dT
!
"
#
$
%
&
p
c
v
=
de
dT
!
"
#
$
%
&
v
Universal relationship
applies to all perfect gases
c
p
=
dh
dt
!
"
#
$
%
&
p
=
d
dT
e + pv ( ) =
de
dT
+
d
dT
R
g
T
( )
= c
v
+ R
g
c
p
= c
v
+ R
g
9
MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow
First Law of Thermodynamics
Change in internal
Energy = heat added
+ work performed+
Energy dissipated
A
c
dx
A
c
p
v
p
v- dv
!q
work performed by piston on system
with heat addition
Ff
Ff
de = dq + dw
rev
! dw
irrev
dw
rev
=
1
m
F " dx = !
1
m
pA
c
" dx
= !p
A
c
" dx
m
#
$
%
&
'
(
= !pdv
!dw
irrev
= !
1
m
F
fric
" dx
10
MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow
First Law of Thermodynamics (continued)
Recall from earlier lecture
1) Adiabatic Process no heat loss or addition
2) Reversible Process no dissipative phenomena occur
3) Reversible adiabatic process is referred to as isentropic
A
c
dx
A
c
p
v
p
v- dv
!q
work performed by piston on system
with heat addition
Ff
Ff
dq =0 (adiabatic process)
F
fric
= 0 (isentropic process)
de = pdv !
1
m
F
fric
" dx
de = !pdv
11
MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow
First Law of Thermodynamics (concluded)
In terms of Enthalpy
- reversible process
- isentropic process (reversible, adiabatic)

de = dq ! pdv
h = e + pv! > dh = de + vdp + pdv
dh = dq ! pdv + vdp + pdv = dq + vdp
dh = vdp
dh = dq + vdp
v =
1
!
dq ! 0
12
MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow
Second Law of Thermodynamics (contd)
Thermodynamic entropy, s, is a measure of the amount of energy
in a physical system that cannot be used to do work.
It is a relative measure of the disorder present in a system.
(SI unit of entropy is J/K)
Calculate change in entropy:
First Law:
Second Law:
Reversible heat addition Effect of dissipative processes
ds =
dq
T
+ ds
irrev
de = dq ! pdv ! dw
irrev
Tds = dq + Tds
irrev
13
MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow
Second Law of Thermodynamics (contd)
For a reversible process
Writing e in terms of enthalpy (h = e + p v )
de = dq ! pdv
Tds = de + pdv
dh = de+ pdv + vdp
and
Tds = de + pdv
dh = de+ pdv + vdp
dh =Tds ! pdv + pdv + vdp =
dh =Tds + vdp
Tds = dq
Second Law:
First Law:
14
MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow
Second Law of Thermodynamics (contd)
Solving for ds and integrating between state 1 and state 2
But from earlier denition
From the equation of state
s
2
! s
1
=
dh
T
!
vdp
T
"
#
$
%
&
'
1
2
(
c
p
=
dh
dT
!
"
#
$
%
&
p
s
2
! s
1
=
c
p
dT
T
!
vdp
T
"
#
$
%
&
'
1
2
(
p = !R
g
T =
1
v
R
g
T
v =
R
g
T
p
ds =
dh
T
!
vdp
T
15
MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow
Second Law of Thermodynamics (concluded)
Substituting equation of state into entropy integral
s
2
! s
1
=
c
p
dT
T
!
vdp
T
"
#
$
%
&
'
1
2
(
=
c
p
dT
T
!
R
g
T
p
dp
T
"
#
$
$
$
$
%
&
'
'
'
'
1
2
(
=
c
p
dT
T
! R
g
dp
p
"
#
$
%
&
'
1
2
(
for thermally perfect gas
c
p
, R
g
~ constant
v =
R
g
T
p
s
2
- s
1
=
c
p
dT
T
1
2
!
= c
p
ln T
2
( )
" ln T
1
( )
#
$
%
&
= c
p
ln
T
2
T
1
'
(
)
*
+
,
R
g
dp
p
1
2
!
= R
g
ln p
2
( )
" ln p
1
( )
#
$
%
&
= R
g
ln
p
2
p
1
'
(
)
*
+
,
16
MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow
Second Law of Thermodynamics (concluded)
Substituting into entropy integral
s
2
! s
1
=
c
p
dT
T
!
vdp
T
"
#
$
%
&
'
1
2
(
=
c
p
dT
T
!
R
g
T
p
dp
T
"
#
$
$
$
$
%
&
'
'
'
'
1
2
(
=
c
p
dT
T
! R
g
dp
p
"
#
$
%
&
'
1
2
(
s
2
- s
1
=
c
p
dT
T
1
2
!
= c
p
ln T
2
( )
" ln T
1
( )
#
$
%
&
= c
p
ln
T
2
T
1
'
(
)
*
+
,
R
g
dp
p
1
2
!
= R
g
ln p
2
( )
" ln p
1
( )
#
$
%
&
= R
g
ln
p
2
p
1
'
(
)
*
+
,
Valid for adiabatic
Process ("q=0)
s
2
! s
1
= c
p
ln
T
2
T
1
"
#
$
%
&
'
! R
g
p
2
p
1
"
#
$
%
&
'
17
MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow
Isentropic Process Relationships
For an isentropic process, (adiabatic, reversible) dq , ds= 0
ds =
dq
T
+ ds
irrev
= 0 --->
c
p
ln
2
T
2
T
1
!
"
#
$
%
&
' R
g
ln
p
2
p
1
!
"
#
$
%
&
and
Solving for p
2
in terms of T
2
T
2
T
1
!
"
#
$
%
&
c
p
=
p
2
p
1
!
"
#
$
%
&
R
g
p
2
p
1
=
T
2
T
1
!
"
#
$
%
&
c
p
R
g
=
T
2
T
1
!
"
#
$
%
&
c
p
c
p
'c
v
s
2
! s
1
= 0 = c
p
ln
T
2
T
1
"
#
$
%
&
'
! R
g
p
2
p
1
"
#
$
%
&
'
c
p
ln
T
2
T
1
!
"
#
$
%
&
= R
g
p
2
p
1
!
"
#
$
%
&
c
p
= c
v
+ R
g
18
MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow
Isentropic Process Relationships (contd)
Dening a ratio of specic heats,
p
2
p
1
=
T
2
T
1
!
"
#
$
%
&
'
' (1
Applying the equation of state
T
2
T
1
=
p
2
p
1
!
1
!
2
and

p
2
p
1
!
"
#
$
%
&
1'
(
( '1
=
p
2
p
1
!
"
#
$
%
&
'1
( '1
=
)
2
)
1
!
"
#
$
%
&
'(
( '1
' >
p
2
p
1
!
"
#
$
%
&
=
)
2
)
1
!
"
#
$
%
&
(
! =
c
p
c
v
More later
!
p
2
p
1
=
!
2
R
g
T
2
!
2
R
g
T
2
"
!s=0
19
MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow
Isentropic Process Relationships (concluded)
Returning for the expression for sonic velocity
Then for a calorically perfect gas

p
2
p
1
!
"
#
$
%
&
=
'
2
'
1
!
"
#
$
%
&
(
) > p = k'
(
* p
*'
+
,
-
.
/
0
s
= ( k'
( )1
= ( k'
(
1
'
= ( p
1
'
= ( R
g
T ) > c = ( R
g
T
M =
V
! R
g
T
p
2
p
1
=
!
2
!
1
"
#
$
%
&
'
(
) p
2
=
p
1
!
1
(
* !
2
(
) p = k * !
(
!
!
Working expressions!
20
MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow
Thermodynamic properties of a mixed gas
Molecular weight:
M
w
=
n
j
j
!
M
w
( )
j
n
j
j
!
"
ideal gas law" pV = nR
u
T "n =
p
R
u
T
V
@constant temperature and pressure "n
j
# V
j
M
w
=
V
j
j
!
M
w
( )
j
V
j
j
!
=
V
j
V
k
k
!
M
w
( )
j
"
#
$
$
%
&
'
'
j
!
= V
frac
j
M
w
j
( )
j
!
j --- constituent gases
Daltons law
V
frac
j
=
V
j
V
k
k
!
21
MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow
Thermodynamic properties of a mixed gas
(condt)
Example: air
M
w
= V
frac
j
M
w
j
( )
j
!
Mw
air
=
2 14 0.78084 ! ! 2 16 0.209476 ! ! 40 0.00934 ! 12 2 16 ! + ( ) 0.000314 + + +
+ . = 28.96443 kg/kg-mole
--> R
g
=
8314.4126
28.9644
= 287.056 J/K-(kg)
22
MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow
Thermodynamic properties of a mixed gas
(condt)
Specic heat

c
p
'
_
=
n
j
j
!
c
p
'
( )
j
n
j
j
!
= V
frac
j
c
p
'
( )
j
( )
j
!
"c
p
' = Molar specific heat
(
J
kg-mol
o
K
)

c
p
_
=
c
p
'
_
M
w
=
1
M
w
V
frac
j
c
p
'
( )
j
( )
j
!
"mass specific heat
(
J
kg
o
K
)
c
p
j
=
c
p
'
j
M
w
c
p
_
=
1
M
w
V
frac
j
M
w
j
c
p
j
( )
j
!
Same holds for c
v
23
MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow
Thermodynamic properties of a mixed gas
(condt)
Specic heat example air
Gas Molar Property
..c
v
(J/kg-mol
0
K)
Ar 12500
He 12500
CO 20700
H2 20400
HCl 21400
N2 20610
NO 20900
O2 21700
Cl2 24800
CO2 28200
N2O 28500
cv
air
=
20610 0.78084 ! 21700 0.209476 ! 12500 0.00934 ! 28200 0.000314 ! + + +
28.9541
+ .
= 717.64 J/kg-K

c
p
air
= R
g
+ c
v
( )
air
=
287.056 + 717.64 ( )
J/kg-
o
K
= 1004.696
J/kg-
o
K
Data at 15C and 1 atmosphere.
= c
p
/c
v
= 1007.696/717.64 = 1.400
!
24
MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow
Ratio of Specic Heats
varies as a function of temperature and drops off signicantly
at higher temperatures (molecular spin mode)
effects become signicant for hypersonic ow
For Most
Of this
classwe
will use
Careful for
rockets (where
Combustion occurs)
Invariably
! =1.40
Properties
For air
! <1.40
!
!
25
MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow
Ratio of Specic Heats (concluded)


key parameter for compressible ow analysis
Approximate Specic Heat Ratio for Various
Gases, at moderate temperatures
Water (steam) 1.2855
! =
c
p
c
v
26
MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow
Thermodynamics Summary
Equation of State:
Relationship of R
g
to specic heats, = (c
p
/c
v
)
Internal Energy and Enthalpy

p = !R
g
T"> R
g
=
R
u
M
w
- R
u
= 8314.4126 J/K-(kg-mole)
- R
g (air)
= 287.056 J/K-(kg-mole)
c
p
= c
v
+ R
g
h = e + Pv
c
v
=
de
dT
!
"
#
$
%
&
v
c
p
=
dh
dT
!
"
#
$
%
&
p
!
27
MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow
Thermodynamics Summary (contd)
First Law of Thermodynamics, reversible process
First Law of Thermodynamics, isentropic process
(adiabatic, reversible)
de = ! pdv
de = dq ! pdv
dh = dq + vdp
dh = vdp
28
MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow
Thermodynamics Summary (contd)
Second Law of Thermodynamics, reversible process
Second Law of Thermodynamics, isentropic process
(adiabatic, reversible)
s
2
! s
1
= c
p
ln
2
T
2
T
1
"
#
$
%
&
'
! R
g
ln
p
2
p
1
"
#
$
%
&
'
p
2
p
1
=
T
2
T
1
!
"
#
$
%
&
'
' (1
p
2
p
1
!
"
#
$
%
&
=
'
2
'
1
!
"
#
$
%
&
(
------> s
2
- s
1
= 0
29
MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow
Thermodynamics Summary (contd)
C - dv
p + dp p
!
! + d!
A
c
control
volume
C
p
2
p
1
!
"
#
$
%
&
=
'
2
'
1
!
"
#
$
%
&
(
) p
2
= p
1
'
1
(
!
"
$
%
'
2
(
* p = k'
(
*
+p
+'
= ( k'
( ,1
+p
+'
= (
1
'
k'
(
!
"
$
%
= (
p
'
= ( R
g
T * c = ( R
g
T
But from conservation of mass and momentum ..
sonic velocity is
30
MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow
Thermodynamics Summary (contd)
Speed of Sound for calorically Perfect gas
Mathematic denition of Mach Number
c = ! R
g
T
M =
V
! R
g
T
31
MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow
Thermodynamics Summary (concluded)
For a mixed gas
M
w
=
V
j
j
!
M
w
( )
j
V
j
j
!
=
V
j
V
k
k
!
M
w
( )
j
"
#
$
$
%
&
'
'
j
!
= V
frac
j
M
w
( )
j
( )
j
!

c
p
'
_
=
n
j
j
!
c
p
'
( )
j
n
j
j
!
= V
frac
j
c
p
'
( )
j
( )
j
!
"c
p
' = Molar specific heat
(
J
kg-mol
o
K
)
c
p
_
=
c
p
'
_
M
w
=
1
M
w
V
frac
j
M
w
j
c
p
j
( )
j
!
"mass specific heat
(
J
kg
o
K
)
Same holds for c
v
32
MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow
Supersonic Flow Field Examples
Mach Angle
Which aircraft
Is moving faster?
sin ( ) =
1
M
33
MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow
SR-71 Near Field Shock Wave Patterns
Speed of sound across each successive shock wave is
Higher (temperature increases) wave catch up and
Reinforce each other
c = ! R
g
T
34
MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow
Effect of Local Speed of Sound on Shock
Wave Propagation
Speed of sound across each successive shock wave is
Higher (temperature increases) wave catch up and
Reinforce each other
35
MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow
Sonic Boom N-wave
By time boom reaches ground, shocks
Have coalesced into familiar sounding
N-waves boom-boom entirely a result
of local sonic velocity changing with temperature
Compression
(shock wave)
Expansion
( P/M fan )
36
MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow
Speed of Sound Can Tell You a Lot
What is the difference?
37
MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow
Homework, Section 1
A sample return Probe is being sent on a 1-year mission
from Earth to Mars Via Venus Using aero-gravity assist
( both both gravity And aerodynamics at Venus used to turn the
corner to Mars)
The aero-assist maneuver at Venus is performed at
An altitude of 110 km above the Surface at a peak
Atmospheric velocity of 13.09 km/sec
At 110 km altitude, the ambient temperature is 147.63k
Assume that the Venutian atmospheric
Composition by volume is {97% CO
2
, 3% N
2
}
Calculate the Probe Mach number at the
Venus aero-assist interface
c
p
At -100 C
CO
2
~ 0.845kJ/kg K
N
2
~ 0.995kJ/kg K
Note Units!
38
MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow
Homework, Section 1 (contd)
Show that for a reversible process
and that for a reversible, adiabatic process
T
2
T
1
!
"
#
$
%
&
=
'
2
'
1
!
"
#
$
%
&
( )1
s
2
! s
1
= c
v
ln
T
2
T
1
"
#
$
%
&
'
+ R
g
ln
(
1
(
2
"
#
$
%
&
'
39
MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow
Homework, Section 1 (contd)
Show that for an ideal gas the following
Useful relationships hold

c
p
=
!
! "1
R
g
c
v
=
1
! "1
R
g