Antenna And Equipment q p

Related
Module
1
Outline
Base station antenna
specification and specification and
meanings
Antenna types and
trends
Antenna Type And
D l t Developments
Antenna And Feeder
Installation Installation
Other Elements
2
BTS Logic Structure
Baseband
subsystem
RF
Abis
interface
Um
interface
BSC
subsystem
RF
subsystem
MS
Antenna & feeder
subsystem
BSC
Power supply
subsystem
-48V/+24V
3
Antennas
Categories
Omnidirectional antennas
radiation patterns is constant in the radiation patterns is constant in the
horizontal plain
useful in flat rural areas useful in flat rural areas
Directional antennas
concentrate main energy into certain concentrate main energy into certain
direction
larger communication range g g
useful in cities, urban areas, sectorised
sites
4
RF Antenna and Feeder
S
e
c
t
o
r

A
r

A
S
e
c
t
o
r
Antenna
Jumper
Inner cable
RXD
Feeder
Jumper
TX/RXM
ANT
Jumper
BTS cabinet
5
Antennas
Antenna Gain
Measures the antennas capability to transmit/extract energy to/from
the propagation medium (air)
dB over isotropic antenna (dBi)
dB over dipole (dBd)
Antenna gain depends on
mechanical size: A
effective antenna aperture area: w
frequency band
Antenna Gain:
G A w =
4
Isotropic radiated Power
Equivalent isotropic
radiated power:
EIRP = Pt+Gain(Dbi)
G A w =
2

Gain
(Dbi)
6
Pt
radiated
power
Technical Data
Blah bl ah
blah bl ah blah bl ah
7
Antenna Properties
Electrical properties
Operation Frequency Band
Input impedance
Mechanical properties
Size
Weight
Input impedance
VSWR
Polarization
Weight
Radome material
Appearance and color
Gain
Radiation Pattern
Horizontal/Vertical beamwidth
Working temperature
Storage termperature
Windload
Downtilt
Front/back ratio
Sidelobe suppression and null
Connector types
Package Size
Lightening
Sidelobe suppression and null
filling
Power capability
3 d d I t d l ti
Lightening
8
3rd order Intermodulation
Insulation
Antenna Electrical
properties properties
9
Dipoles
Wavelength
1/4 Wavelength
1/2 Wavelength
1/2 Wavelength
1/4 Wavelength
Dipole
1800MHz 166mm
900MHz 333mm
10
1 dipole (received power) 1mW
Multiple dipole matrix
Received power 4 mW
GAIN = 10log(4mW/1mW) = 6dBd
11
(Overlook
Antenna
(Overlook
Sector antenna
Received power 8mW
Omnidirectional array
Received power 1mW
Gain = 10log(8mW/1mW) = 9dBi
12
Frequency Range
GSM 900 : 890-960MHz
GSM 1800 : 1710-1880MHz
GSM dual band : 890-960MHz & 1710-
1880MHz
eg.824-960MHz 1710-1900MHz
CDMA2000 1x
13
Optimum 1/2 wavelength
for dipole at 925MHz
at
960
at
890
for dipole at 925MHz
MHz
Antenna
Dipole
MHz
BANDWIDTH = 960 890 = 70MHz BANDWIDTH = 960 - 890 = 70MHz
14
Impedance
50
A t
Cable
50 ohms
Antenna
50 ohms
15
VSWR
Forward: 10W
9.5 W
80
ohms
50 ohms
Backward: 0.5W
Return Loss 10log(10/0.5) = 13dB
VSWR (Voltage Standing Wave Ratio)
16
<1.5
=(VSWR-1)/(VSWR+1)
RL=-20lg g
17
Polarization
Vertical Horizontal
+ 45degree slant
- 45degree slant
18
45degree slant
V/H (Vertical/Horizontal) Slant (+/- 45)
19
Li ti l Linear,vertical
45 dual linear 45 slant
20
dBd and dBi
Ideal radiating dot source
(lossless radiator)
2.15dB
eg: 0dBd = 2.15dBi
21
Dipole
Pattern
22
Beamwidth
10dB Beamwidth
3dB Beamwidth
120 (eg) Peak
Peak - 10dB
60 (eg)
Peak
Peak - 3dB
120 (eg) Peak
Peak - 10dB
( g)
Peak - 3dB
23
3dB Beamwidth Horizontal
Directional Antenna 65/90/105/120 Omni 360
24
3dB Beamwidth Vertical
Directional Omni-directional
25
Downtilt
Mechanical down tilt
Fixed electronic down tilt Fixed electronic down tilt
Adjustable electronic down tilt
26
Demonstration of Electronic Downtilt
27
Non down tilt Electronic downtilt
Mechanical
downtilt
28
Electronic and mechanical downtilt
29
Antenna Downtilit Whats goal ?
30
Antenna Downtilt Consideration
31
Front to back ratio
Ratio of maximum mainlobe
to maximum sidelobe
Back power Front power
F/B = 10 log(FP/BP) typically 25dB
Back power Front power
32
Upper Side lobes Suppression & Null Fill
33
Sidelobes Sidelobes
(dB)
(dB)
34
35
Permitted Power
Continuous :25-1500 watts
peak :n
2
p
36
Third Order Intermodulation
IMD@243dBm
f f 2f f 2f f f
1
, f
2
, 2f
1
-f
2
, 2f
2
-f
1
913MHz,936MHz,959MHz,982MHz
37
Intermodulation
Intermodulasi
Terjadi akibat penguatan
sistem yang non linier sistem yang non linier
Hanya orde ke-3 dan
kadang-kadang orde ke-5
yang signifikan
Si l d lit d Sinyal dengan amplituda
yang sama menghasilkan
level IM yang sama pada
frek tinggi dan rendah
Sinyal dengan amplituda
berbeda memberikan level
IM yang berbeda pula
Untuk mencegah Untuk mencegah
intermodulasi,penguat
dioperasikan pada
penguatan bukan-
maksimum
38
maksimum
Intermodulation
Intermodulasi
Penguat
Non-linier
( )
( ) t B
t A v
B
A i

cos
cos
+
=
K + +
+ =
3
2

i
i i o
cv
bv av v
Komp Orde 1 :
Non linier
( )
B i
Yang bermasalah : Komp. Orde 1 :
diharapkan linier
Komp. Orde 2 : frek 2
Yang bermasalah :
( ) ( )
A B B A
2 , 2
p
diredam oleh filter
Komp. Orde 3 : frek 3
di d d filt
Komponen yang lain
amplituda kecil
39
diredam dengan filter
Isolation
10log(1000mW/1mW) = 30dB
1000mW ( 1W)
1mW
40
10 Simple Guidelines for RF Safety
All personnel should have EME awareness training
All personnel entering the site must be authorized
Obey all posted signs
Assume all antennas are active
Before working on antennas, notify owners and disable appropriate g y
transmitters
Maintain minimum 3 feet clearance from all antennas
Do not step in front of antennas p
Use personal RF monitors while working near antennas
Never operate transmitters without shields during normal operation
Do not operate base station antennas inside equipment rooms Do not operate base station antennas inside equipment rooms
41
Antenna Mechanical Properties And Antenna Mechanical Properties And
Tower
42
Dimensions
LWH
L th t d ith ti l b d idth d Length connected with vertical bandwidth and
gain
Width t d ith h i t l b d idth Width connected with horizontal bandwidth
Height connected with techniques adopted
43
Weight
Affecting transmission and deploy
44
Radome Material
PVC, Fiberglass
Anti-temperature, water-proof, anti- e pe a u e, a e p oo , a
aging, weather resistant
45
Colour
Good-looking,
environment-
protecting
46
47
Operating Temperature Range
Typical range (-40C +70C) Typical range ( 40 C +70 C)
48
Storage Temperature Range
Typically (-40C +70C)
49
Wind Load
Eg: 83N at 160 km/h
50
Connector Type
7/16DIN 7/16 DIN
female
51
Mast
Mast diameter 45-90mm Mast diameter 45 90mm
52
Lightening Protection
Direct Ground
53
Tower
Self supported
Tower
Guy Wire
Monopole
54
Perbandingan Tipe Tower
55
Antenna Types and Development
56
Antenna Types
By frequency band: GSM900, GSM1800, GSM900/1800
By polarization: Vertical, Horizontal, 45 linear
polarization, circle polarization p , p
By pattern: Omni-directional, directional
d il h i l l i By down-tilt: Non, mechanical, electronic
adjustment, remote control
By function: Transmission, receiving, transceiving
57
Antenna Development Trend
Broad band
Multifunctional
High Integrity
58
59
ONE ANTENNA FOR MULTIPLE BANDS
870-960MHz and 1710-1880MHz
Extended band option with 806-
960MHz
Dual slant 45 polarisation
65 horizontal beamwidth
B d i d d t T l tilt t l Band independent Teletilt control
17dBi gain in both bands
Di l d N Di l d i Diplexed or Non-Diplexed versions
Mechanical downtilt mounting option
60
Feeder (Transmissioin Lines)
Physical Characteristics
Type of line
Coaxial, stripline, openwire
Balanced, unbalanced
Physical configuration
Dielectric:
air
foam
Outside surface
unjacketed
jacketed
Size (nominal outer diameter)
1/4,1/2, 7/8, 1-1/4,
7/8, 2-1/4, 3
61
Characteristic Of Transmission lines
62
Transmission Lines Special Electrical
Properties
63
Antennas
Cables
Cable types
coaxial cables: 1/2, 7/8, 1 5/8
losses approx. 10 4 dB/100m
jumper
(2 m)
losses approx. 10 4 dB/100m
power dissipation is exponential with cable length!
Connector losses approx. 1 dB per
connection (jumper cables etc )
(2 m)
connection (jumper cables, etc)
Thick antenna cables
lower losses per length
large bending radii
4
0

.
.

7
0
m
large bending radii
much more expensive
jumper j p
(2 m)
Keep antenna cables short
64
p
7/8 MAIN FEEDER
65
1/2
JUMP CABLE
66
67
Li h i A Lightening Arrestor
Rf port 2
Grounding
68
ACCESSORIES
T i i T l H d T l Kit Trimming Tool or Hand Tool Kit
Clamp
Earthing Kit
Wall Glands
Hoisting Stocking
(Universal Ground Bar) (Universal Ground Bar)
69
Antenna
7/16DinConnector
1/2Cl
7/16DinConnector
1/2Clamp
1/2 J umper
7/8 Cable
Grounding
Tower Top
Amplifier
7/8 Cable
Grounding
1/2 J umper Groundingclip
Machinehouse
1/2 J umper
EMP
Groundingclip
Groundingbar
70 Cabinet
Groundingbar
Basics Of Antenna and Feeder Installation
71
Antennas
Decoupling
def = Attenuation between
TX & RX antenna
connectors
main lobe
connectors
Horizontal separation
needs approx. 5 distance for pp
sufficient decoupling
antenna patterns
superimposed if distance too
5 .. 10
supe posed d sta ce too
close
Vertical separation
distance of 1 provides good
1
distance of 1 provides good
decoupling values
good for RX /TX decoupling
72
Minimum coupling loss
Installation Examples
Recommended decoupling
TX - TX: ~20dB
0,2m
TX - TX: 20dB
TX - RX: ~40dB
Horizontal decoupling distance depends on p g p
antenna gain
horizontal rad. pattern
Omnidirectional antennas
RX + TX with vertical separation (Bajonett)
RX RX di TX ith ti l ti (f k) RX, RX div. , TX with vertical separation (fork)
Vertical decoupling is much more effective
73
Installation Examples
Pole mounting for
roof top mounting
Tower mounting for
directional antennas
74
roof-top mounting directional antennas
Installation Examples
Main Lobe
Main Lobe
No shadow of radio signal
Shadow of radio signal
Both the area near and far away from The strongest signal is far away Both the area near and far away from
BTS receive a strong signal
The strongest signal is far away
from Base Station
75
Feeder Installation
Pulley block
Feeder head
bandage
Label
Tie the pull-up rope
0.4m and 3.4m away
f th f d from the feeder
Pull the feeder away from
the iron tower with this
rope to avoid damage to
the feeder or feeder head
Pull-up rope
76
Feeder Installation
77
Feeder Installation.
78
Main Antenna Installation
Installation tool
Measurement tools: Compass, multimeter, angle meter, tape
Communication tools: Two MSs Communication tools: Two MSs
Hoisting tools: Pulley, rope to pull the main feeder
Special tools: Main feeder cutter, special tools for preparing
main feeder connectors main feeder connectors
General-purpose tools: Adjustable wrench, sharp-nose
pliers, diagonal pliers, electrical knife, file, hacksaw
S f t t ti t l S f t b lt ( d b i i t ff Safety protection tools: Safety belt (used by engineering staff
who step out of the platform on the tower), safety helmet,
safety rope, thick uniform, RF-proof clothing, canvas tool
bag gloves multi-purpose power socket bag, gloves, multi-purpose power socket
Others: Trestle ladder, main feeder wooden wheel axle lifting
tool.
79
Main Antenna Installation
Structure of the Antenna Feeder System
80
Installation Main Antenna
Pulley block
Tie the pull-up rope at the upper
and lower ends of the antenna
Pull-up
rope
Pull the antenna away from the
iron tower with this rope to
avoid antenna damage
81
Main Antenna Installation
Installing the Outdoor
Grounding Copper Bar
The outdoor grounding copper
bar is used for lightning
protection grounding. It is usually
installed on the wall outside the
feeder window.
The best place for it is right under p g
the feeder window or on the
rainproof wall of the feeder well
on the roof top. In principle, it is on the roof top. In principle, it is
better to put it close to the feeder
window
82
Main Antenna Installation
Technical Parameters for Antenna Installation
Antenna height Antenna height
Azimuth of antenna
Pitch angle of antenna
0
o
10
o
Antenna direction
Distance between diversity antennas Distance between diversity antennas
d 10 - 20 (or H/d = 11), where d is the horizontal
distance between the diversity antennas, H is the vertical
height from the antenna to the floor and is the carrier height from the antenna to the floor, and is the carrier-
frequency wavelength
1900 MHz > 1.5 m
83
800 MHz > 3.5 m
Main Antenna Installation
Installing and Adjusting the Directional Antenna
84
Main Antenna Installation
Sealing the Connection between
Jumper and Antenna
The antenna and the jumper can be The antenna and the jumper can be
connected and waterproof treatment can be
conducted on the joint before the antenna is
fi d th b i l fixed on the embracing pole.
This can reduce the working time at heights
and improve the joint connection and
waterproof quality
Installing the Feeder Window
85
Main Antenna Installation
Installing the Feeders
86
Main Antenna Installation
Making Connectors of the Main Feeder Cable
87
Main Antenna Installation
Installing the Feeder Grounding Clip
88
Main Antenna Installation
Installing the Indoor Jumper
Indoor cabinet-top jumpers are used between the lightning arrester
connected to the main feeder and the cabinet connected to the main feeder and the cabinet.
Usually, the finished 2 m cabinet-top jumpers are used, or the
jumpers can be prepared on site as per the actual length required
VSWR Test
The required SWR < 1.5, usually < 1.3. q , y
Check the installed feeder connector, the
antenna, the feeder or the lightning
arrester arrester.
SWR test can be realized by SiteMaster
DTF Test
89
Main Antenna Installation
Waterproof Treatment for the Connectors
90
Diversity
Diversity Technics
Time diversity
interleaving
t
Frequency diversity
frequency hopping
f
Space diversity
multiple antennas
p y
Polarisation diversity
crosspolar antennas
Polarisation diversity
Multipath diversity
equaliser
rake receiver
91
Multipath diversity
rake receiver
Diversity
Diversity Receptions
Selection diversity
Maximum ratio combining Maximum ratio combining
pre-detector combining:
add signals in correct
1
G1
add signals in correct
phasing
C/I improvement
C/N
measuring
Phase
measuring
1
+
C/I improvement
2
G3
G2

G3
3
92
Diversity
Coverage Improvement?
Diversity gain depends on environment
Is there coverage improvement by diversity ?
antenna diversity
equivalent to 5dB more signal strength
more path loss acceptable in link budget more path loss acceptable in link budget
higher coverage range
A 1 7 A ??
R
R(div) ~ 1,3 R
A 1,7 A ??
70% more coverage per cell ??
needs less cells in total ??
R
True only (in theory) if the environment
is infinitely large and flat
93
Other Elements
94
Network Elements
BTS's - Summary
RF Charact erist ics Met rosit e PrimeSit e InSit e Flexit alk Int rat alk Cit yt alk
Max. TRXs 4 1 1 2 6 6
Max. TRXs Special 12 12
Cabinet
Max. Sect ors 4 1 1 1 4+4+4 4+4+4
Max TX Power 30 38 22 42 42 42
(dBm)
Dynamic sensit ivit y
(dBm) singl e branch,
RBER2<2%
- 106.0 - 106.0 - 100 - 102/ - 108 - 102/ - 108 - 102/ -
108
RBER2<2%

95
Network Elements
Filters and Combiners, AFE
Antenna Filter Extension
wide band combiner/receiver unit wide band combiner/receiver unit
allows 2 TRXs to be attached to a single antenna
TX combining is performed by a built in 3 dB hybrid TX combining is performed by a built-in 3 dB hybrid
combiner
1 TRX/sector: combiner bypassed 1 TRX/sector: combiner bypassed
Dual Duplexed AFE
4 TRX sectors can be built by cabling two AFEs and 4 4 TRX sectors can be built by cabling two AFE s and 4
TRXs together
4 RX outputs for the main branch
96
p
can be used with Intratalk and Citytalk BTSs
Configurations
AFE with X-pol div 2+2+2
-3 dB loss
CABINET
TX1, TX2, RX1, RX2
TRX1
TX1
RX1
RXdiv1
TX1
TX2
RX1
RX2
A
F
RXdiv1, RXdiv2
TRX2
RX2
RXdiv1
RXdiv2
E TX2
RX2
RXdiv2
97
Configurations
AFE with X-pol div 4+4+4
CABINET 1
TRX1
TX1
RX1
TX1
-3 dB loss
TRX1 RX1
RXdiv1
TRX2
TX2
RX1
RX2
RX3
RX4
A
F
E TX2
RX2
TRX2
RX4
RX2
RXdiv2
CABINET 2
TX1, TX2, RX1, RX2, RX3, RX4
CABINET 2
TRX3
TX3
RX3
RXdiv3
TX3
TX4
RXdiv1
A
TRX4
RXdiv1
RXdiv2
RXdiv3
RXdiv4
F
E TX4
RX4
RXdiv4
TX3, TX4, RXdiv1, RXdiv2, RXdiv3,
RXdiv4
98
Network Elements
Filters and Combiners, AFT
Antenna Filter Twin
supports dual duplex of RX and TX into common supports dual duplex of RX and TX into common
antennas
it doesnt combine just route the TX to its own antenna it doesn t combine, just route the TX to its own antenna
output
no 3 dB hybrid coupler y p
should be used with masthead LNAs
up to 2+2+2 configuration
99
Configurations
AFT with Space div 2+2+2
no loss
CABINET
TX1, RX1, RX2
TRX1
TX1
RX1
RXdiv1
TX1
TX2
RX1
RX2
A
F
TX2, RXdiv1,
RXdiv2
TRX2
RX2
RXdiv1
RXdiv2
T TX2
RX2
RXdiv2
100
Configurations
AFT with X-pol div 4+4+4
CABINET 1
TRX1
TX1
RX1
TX1
no loss
TRX1 RX1
RXdiv1
TRX2
TX2
RX1
RX2
RX3
RX4
A
F
T TX2
RX2
TRX2
RX4
RX2
RXdiv2
CABINET 2
TX1, RX1, RX2, RX3, RX4
CABINET 2
TRX3
TX3
RX3
RXdiv3
TX3
TX4
RXdiv1
A
TX2
TX3
TRX4
RXdiv1
RXdiv2
RXdiv3
RXdiv4
F
T TX4
RX4
RXdiv4
TX4, RXdiv1, RXdiv2, RXdiv3, RXdiv4
101
Network Elements
Filters and Combiners, RTC
Remote Tuned Combiner
narrow band cavity combiners tuned remotely to the TRX narrow-band cavity combiners tuned remotely to the TRX
frequency
separate Receiver Multicoupler Unit (RMU) is always separate Receiver Multicoupler Unit (RMU) is always
needed
RTC/RMU combination supports up to 6 TRX/sector pp p
combining loss with RTC is lower than with AFE
synthesized frequency hopping is not supported
102
Configurations
RTC with X-pol div 6+6+6
CABINET 1
TRX1
TX1
RX1
TX1
RXdiv1
TX2
TX3
TX4
TX5
TX6
R
T
C
TRX2
TX2
RX2
RXdiv2
TX6
TRX3
TX3
RX3
RXdiv3
TX1, ..., TX6, RX1, ..., RX6
TRX4
TX4
RX4
RXdiv4
TX3
RX1
...
R
TRX3
TX3
RX3
RXdiv3
...
RX6
RXdiv1
...
RXdiv6
R
T
C
TRX4
TX4
RX4
RXdiv1, ..., RXdiv6
103
TRX4
RX4
RXdiv4
Network Elements
MHA
MastHead Amplifier
(Low Noise Amplifier) (Low Noise Amplifier)
RX signal amplified near
the antenna in the top of
the mast the mast
Offers better coverage
Eliminates the antenna
bl l cable loss
Increased receiver
sensitivity of the BTS and
Noise Figure 2.0 dB (typical)
RX Gain: Up to 12 dB
Dimensions : 266 x 130 x 123 mm
Weight : 5.6 kg (duplexed)
y
cell size
Increased network quality
Volume : 4.2 l
IP 65 Enclosure Protection
Power Feeding Through Antenna Coax
Alarms handled in BTS
104
Network Elements
Booster
Booster
TX i l lifi d
TRX TBU AFH
TX signal amplified
Nokia Booster Configuration
Booster (PA) Unit (TBU) Booster (PA) Unit (TBU)
Booster Filtering Unit (AFH)
Masthead Preamplifier equipment (MHA) Masthead Preamplifier equipment (MHA)
Output power before combining can be up to 49 dBm
Isolator + combiner + filter (AFH) give roughly 2.5 dB losses ( ) g g y
Booster BTS is suitable for all the environments where enhanced
coverage or high output power is needed
%
105
Theoretically, cell radius is enhanced up to 60% and the coverage
area is roughly the triple
Network Elements
BSC Functions
Base Station Controller
Measurement + observation handling
basic for most of the other functions
Handover control
Power control
Frequency hopping management
Signalling management
R di t
typ. 80..512 TRX
Radio resource management
Maximum Capacity:
BSSS7 Software Release
B i + E t i R k
typ. 50..80 base stations
typ. 3..5 PCM links to MSC
supports typ. 10,000 users
Basic + Extension Rack
UP TO 256 TRXs, 128 cells
BSSS8 Software Release
B i E t i R k
106
Basic + Extension Rack
UP TO 512 TRXs, 248 cells
BTS Equipments layout
ACPDB
Power PLN
RECTIFIER
GENSET
A
TOWER
BATTERY
A
C
TRANSMISSION EQP.
SHELTER
BTSE
Grounding
sensor
107
SITE
E d f S ti 1 End of Section 1
108