Safety in Tanker

Loading & Unloading

and SPM Operations
S. S. SAWANT
IOCL (PL)
approx 45,000 DWT
Handysize
VLCC Suezmax
Handymax Panamax
ULCC
TYPES OF OIL TANKERS (SIZE)
20,000 - 30,000 DWT
approx 79,000 DWT
between 120,000 160,000 DWT between 160,000 - 320,000 DWT Over 320,000 DWT
10/11/2012 3
LOADING/UNLOADING AT JETTY
LOADING / UNLOADING THROUGH
SHIP TO SHIP LIGHTERAGE (STS)
SPM SYSTEM

SPM SYSTEM
A SINGLE POINT MOORING (SPM) IS A COMPLETE SELF
CONTAINED OFFSHORE MARINE TERMINAL, WHICH
PROVIDES THE FACILITY OF MOORING AND
TRANSFERRING OF CARGO OF TANKERS.
SPM MOORS A TANKER TO A SINGLE POINT AND ALLOW
THE VESSEL TO WEATHERVANE ABOUT THAT POINT.
PROVIDES DIRECT TRANSFER OF CARGO WITHOUT PORT
FACILITY.
IT IS ANCHORED TO
SEABED AND IS
CONNECTED TO SUBSEA
PIPELINE THROUGH
SUBSEA HOSES.
UNLOADING RATE VARIES
FROM 2K TO 12K m3/HR.
SINGLE POINT MOORING (SPM)
SINGLE POINT MOORING (SPM)
MARINE HOSES
CRITICAL LINK BETWEEN TANKER, SBM, AND OFFSHORE
PIPELINE FOR DISCHARGING CARGO
CAN WITHSTAND SEVERE WEATHER CONDITIONS
A NUMBER OF HOSES JOINED TOGETHER IS TERMED AS
HOSE STRING



Crude Oil Unloading from Tanker
through SPM System
CRUDE OIL TANKER
FLOATING HOSE STRINGS
UNDERBUOY HOSE STRINGS
PIPELINE END MANIFOLD
OFFSHORE / ONSHORE PIPELINE
SHORE TANKAGES
SPM SYSTEM
SPM ADVANTAGES

SIMPLE: EVEN THE LARGEST TANKERS CAN MOOR TO THE BUOY
SPEEDY: NO TIME WASTED IN HARBOUR OR JETTY MANOEUVERS
ECONOMICAL: NO NEED TO SEEK OUT OR BUILD DEEP WATER JETTIES
MINIMIZE MAINTENANCE CONSTRUCTION
NO DREDGING REQUIRED
EXPRESS CARGO DELIVERY
COMPACT: IT CAN EASILY BE SHIPPED OR TOWED.
VERSATILE: SPECIFIC CARGO TRANSFER REQUIREMENTS CAN BE
INCORPORATED INTO EVERY SBM SYSTEM
GIVEN SIMILAR ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS, AN SBM UNIT MAY
BE RELOCATED IN A DIFFERENT OFFSHORE AREA
RELIABLE: SPMs OPERATIONAL WORLDWIDE SINCE 1960
SAFE: OFFSHORE TERMINAL APPEAR TO BE MORE SECURE THAN LAND
INSTALLATION
NOT AFFECTED BY TSUNAMI / EARTHQUAKES

SPM SYSTEM
SAFETY IN SBM OPERATIONS
PRE-TANKER BERTHING CHECKS
Inspection of mooring hawsers - check for any visible damage,
ensure sound health
Inspection of floating hoses check for any damage, loose flange
bolts, leakage / breakage and ensure they are streaming freely.
Inspection of underbuoy hoses- integrity & configuration
Check all valves in SPM on deck, in central chamber, subsea
valves and functioning of hydraulic control unit
Ensure that all hatches on SPM deck are closed tightly.
Ensure that SPM turntable is rotating freely.
Check for mooring hawsers and hose pick up arrangements and
ensure that there is no entanglement or fouling of mooring gears.
BOARDING THE TANKER

Confirm from the tanker that the pilot ladder or gangway is secured
properly before boarding.

Before boarding the tanker it should be ensured that ships personnel
is standby at the boarding point on the tanker.

Life jackets should always be put on while boarding or disembarking
from a tanker. or during any tranfer of personnel form one vessel to
another.
SAFETY IN TANKER / SBM OPERATIONS
S.No. Description Yes No N/A
1 Are SMOKING regulations being observed?
2 Are GALLEY requirements being observed?
3 Are NAKED LIGHT regulations being observed?
4 Are electrical cables to portable equipment disconnected from power?
5 Are the ships main transmitting aerial switches off?
6 Are hand torches of an approved type?
7 Are portable VHF/UHF transceiver sets of approved design?
8 Are all external doors and ports in the amidship accommodation closed?
9
Are all doors and ports in the aft accommodation, which are required to be closed in fact
closed?
10 Are ventilators suitably trimmed with regard to prevailing wind conditions?
11 Are unsafe air conditioning intakes closed?
12 Are window type air conditioning units disconnected?
13
Is the Ship securely moored and agreement reached on use of tug for pull-back
operation?
14 Are cargo/bunker hoses in good condition?
15 Are cargo/bunker hoses properly rigged?
16 Are unused cargo/bunker connections blanked?
17 Is the stern discharge line (if fitted) blanked?
18 Is sea and overboard discharge valves (when not in use) closed and lashed?
19 Are scuppers effectively plugged?
20 Is the agreed ship/shore communication on Ch 12 and 07 working?
21 Are all cargo/bunker tank lids closed?
22 Is the agreed tank venting system being used?
23 Are fire hoses and equipment ready for use?
24 Is Ship Emergency Fire Control Plan located externally?
25 Are emergency towing wired correctly positioned?
26 Is the ship ready to move under its own power?
27
Is round-the-clock watch being maintained by the Ship on the SPM, its floating hoses
and at the manifold?
28 Have the procedures for cargo and ballast handling agreed?
29 Has the emergency shutdown procedure been agreed?
30 Is there provision for emergency escape possibility?
31 Are sufficient personnel onboard and ashore to deal with an emergency?
32 Have measures been taken to ensure sufficient Pump Room ventilation?
33 Is the Inert Gas system fully operational and in good working order?
34
Are all persons for cargo operations aware that in case of failure of IG system, discharge
operations are to cease and Terminal to be advised?
35
Have the fixed and portable oxygen analyzers been calibrated and are they working
properly?
36
Is the pre-arrival COW checklist, as contained in the approved COW manual,
satisfactorily completed?
37
Is the COW checklist for use before, during and after COW, as contained in the
approved COW Manual available and agreed to be used?
Ship/Shore Safety Check LIST
Safety During Loading / Unloading
The following checks are mandatory prior to start and
during cargo unloading / loading operation:
Ship is securely moored to the berth.
Ship is having a valid ISPS (International Ship and Port
Security) certificate and log is maintained for all persons
boarding alighting from the vessel.
No naked flames / light is in use anywhere during cargo
operation.
Smoking is done in specified designated areas only.
All electrical connection and transmissions are secured /
switched off.
Hand torches / VHF communication sets are fire safe.
Safety During Loading / Unloading
Cargo and Bunker hoses are in good condition and properly
rigged.
All unused valves / connections are closed or blanked.
Communication system between ship and shore is working
and understood.
Ensure hot work is prohibited during cargo, ballast, tank
cleaning, gas free operations.
All cargo / bunker lids are closed.
Fire hoses and equipment are ready for use.
Ships Emergency Fire control plan is located externally and
at an accessible place.
Emergency Towing wires correctly positioned at Forward and
Aft.

Safety During Loading / Unloading
Time required for the vessel to move under her own power.
Cargo and berth planning during heavy rain and storm.
Effective watch on the deck, ER, Pump room, Shore etc. to
meet any eventuality.
Cargo and Ballast handling procedure.
Inert Gas system is fully operational.
Effective ventilation in all enclosed spaces especially in the
pump room.
Fixed and portable oxygen / HC analyzer in use before entry
into enclosed spaces.
Crude Oil Washing procedure is agreed and understood by
all concerned.
CARGO TRANSFER OPERATION
Cargo transfer operation should not commence until the
ships officer on duly and the loading master have ensured
that the hoses are correctly connected and that all
necessary ship and onshore valves have been lined up for
discharging and receiving cargo.
Proper communication should be maintained at all times
between the ship, shore terminal and mooring launches.
Unloading / loading must not start / continue if
communication between terminal and Tanker fails.
The emergency procedures of both tanker and terminal
should be fully understood by all concerned.





SAFETY IN TANKER / SBM OPERATIONS
CARGO TRANSFER
Pumping should begin slowly at first until it has been
verified that oil is reaching the designated tanks and that
the whole system is operating satisfactorily.
The hose strings and the area around the SPM buoy
should be inspected from the mooring launch for any
leakage.
When it has been firmly established that the total system
is operating correctly, the pumping rate may be
increased.
SAFETY IN TANKER / SBM OPERATIONS
CARGO TRANSFER
Hourly shipshore comparison of quantity discharged is to be
carried out
During shore tank change over, close cargo monitoring is
required.
Monitoring of cargo, cargo discharge plan, IG pressure & O
2

content.
During tanker loading / unloading operation, round-the-clock
watch keeping is to be maintained on the SPM, its floating hoses
and tanker manifold.

SAFETY IN TANKER / SBM OPERATIONS
10 O CLOCK
11 O CLOCK
09 O CLOCK
01 O CLOCK
02 O CLOCK
12 O CLOCK
03 O CLOCK
MONITORING OF SPM POSITION
CARGO TRANSFER
Keep a constant watch on the prevailing weather conditions and
weather forecast reports. Wind criteria normally is 30 knots, stop
loading/discharging at 35 knots, disconnect hoses at 40 Knots
and cast off from the terminal beyond that.
Hoses may get trapped under the ships bulbous bow and even
be pushed further down in adverse weather condition if one is not
careful. Ships hull has barnacles / hard marine growth which can
spear/cut the hoses and cause pollutions.
Keep a tug boat ready with divers to clear the hoses if required,


SAFETY IN TANKER / SBM OPERATIONS
CARGO TRANSFER
Load on the mooring hawsers is to be regularly monitored and to
keep load on both hawsers nearly equal.
Pull back operation through pull back tug is to be monitored
round-the-clock especially during rough / choppy weather and
during change of tide.

SAFETY IN TANKER / SBM OPERATIONS
TANKER PUL BACK OPERATION

Tanker / SPM operations need constant vigil,
monitoring and supervision with close
coordination of all concerned groups / stake
holders
Main objectives is to ensure timely availability
of crude oil to refineries, arrange for smooth
tanker berthing & discharge operations, with
safety as paramount.
Effective coordination would ensure safe &
efficient operations.
Safety in Tanker and SPM operations
Thank you
37
OFFSHORE SYSTEM
Codes and Standards:
American Bureau of Shipping (ABS) - Rules for building and
classifying SPMs
Oil Companies International Marine Forum (OCIMF) Standards
BS8010 and DNV-submarine pipeline
ANSI B 31.4 Liquid petroleum transportation piping system
API 1104-Welding of pipes & related facilities
AP1110- Pressure testing of liquid petroleum pipelines
API 111-Design, Construction, Operation and Maintenance of
Offshore Hydrocarbon Pipelines
OISD 135-Inspection of loading and unloading hoses for
petroleum products &139-Inspection of pipelines - Offshore