CHAPTER 1

Introduction to
Basic of Telecommunication
1
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Basic Communication System
1.2 Transmission Medium, Frequency,
Bandwidth
1.3 Others
now
What is
COMMUNICATION
?
communication
4
Communication : To transfer
information from one place to another
communication
5
Communication : To transfer
information from one place to another
communication
6
Communication : To transfer
information from one place to another
misscommunication
7
Pinguin
What is
INFORMATION
?
WHAT IS INFORMATION?
Information is a sequence of symbols that can be
interpreted as a message. Information can be
recorded as signs, or transmitted as signals.
Conceptually, information is the message (utterance
or expression) being conveyed. The meaning of this
concept varies in different contexts
People communicated by
natural senses of hearing
and sight.
10
How do you want to send data/information to someone?
People communicated by
natural senses of hearing
and sight.
11
How do you want to send data/information to someone?
12
How do you want to send data/information to someone
who is far from you?
Now,
COMMUNICATION OVER LONG DISTANCES is very easy.
13
14
How do you want to send data/information to someone
who is far from you?
NOW.. Various communication technology
are available and ready to help us
15
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM HISTORY
1837 Samuel Morse invented telegraph.
1858 First telegraph cable across Atlantic (Canada Ireland)
1876 Alexander Graham Bell invented telephone.
1988 Heinrich Hertz introduce electromagnetic field theory.
1897 Marconi invented wireless telegraph.
1906 Radio communication system was invented.
1923 Television was invented.
1938 Radar and microwave was invented for World War II.
1950 TDM was invented.
1956 First telephone cable was installed across Atlantic.
1960 Laser was invented
1962 Satellite communication
1969 Internet DARPA
1970 Corning Glass invented optical fiber.
1975 Digital telephone was introduced.
1985 Facsimile machine.
1988 Installation of Pacific-Atlantic fiber optic cable.
1990 World Wide Web and Digital Communication.
1998 Digital Television.
TELE..
The words "tele", "phon", and "graph" are derived from
Greek.
Tele means at a distance
Phon means sound or speech
Graph - means writing or drawing
Therefore, telecommunication means communication at a
distance.
This can be done through wires called transmission lines or
through atmosphere by a radio link (wireless). Other
examples include:
Telephone speaking at a distance
Telegraph writing at a distance
Television seeing at a distance
16
(TELE)communication
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Basic Communication System
1.2 Transmission Medium, Frequency,
Bandwidth
1.3 Others
now
18
Basic Communication System
19
Input Transducer convert input signal in electrical forms. eg:
microphone.
Transmitter involve modulation process and finally transmit the
signal.
Transmission medium connecting the transmitter and the receiver
that enable the modulated signal propagate through the medium.
Receiver receive the modulated signal and then convert the signal to
modulating signal through the process called demodulation.
Output Transducer convert the modulating signal to its original
forms (output signal) that is useful to the users. eg: loud speaker.
Components in Basic Communication System
Transmitter
Transmission
Medium
Receiver
Input
Transducer
Output
Transducer
wired / wireless
Sending end Receiving end
Transmission medium and physical layer
21
Transmission Medium (Guided)
Twisted pair
Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP)
Shielded Twisted Pair (STP)
Coaxial
Fiber Optic
Infra red
microwave
Satellite
TRANSMISSION MEDIUM (UNGUIDED)
Optical fiber
Now
Refreshing
22
What is Frequency ?
What is Wavelength ?
23
Wavelength
Wavelength () = 1 cycle of signal
in meter (m)
24
Wavelength
0 5m 10m 15m
Wavelength () = 10m
Unit is meter (m)
25
Wavelength
Wavelength () = 10ms
Unit is meter (m)
?
26
Wavelength
Wavelength () = 10ms
Unit is meter (m)
?
We know
c = speed of light
=3 x 1
8
m/s
= 3 x 1

m
10ms 10ms x 3 x 1
8
m/s
= (1 x 1
-3
s) x (3 x 1
8
m/s)
= 3 x 1
5
m
= 3 x 1

m
27
Frequency
Frequency (f) =
28
Frequency (f) is rate of change of signal
or number of cycles per second.
Unit : Hertz (Hz)
1 mx 2.5 cyc|ex
1 x =1x1mx 1x2.5 cyc|ex
= 25 cyc|ex
= 25 Hz
29
Frequency (f) is rate of change of signal
or number of cycles per second.
Unit : Hertz (Hz)
1 cyc|e =4mx
1cyc|e
4mx
=
1cyc|e
4x
=25 Hz
30
Frequency (f) is rate of change of signal
or number of cycles per second.
Unit : Hertz (Hz)
1 cyc|e x|gna| (|n xecund) =Per|ud (T)
Frequency (f) =
1
Per|ud (T)
Period (T) =
1
Frequency ()
31
Frequency (f) is rate of change of signal
or number of cycles per second.
Unit : Hertz (Hz)
1 cyc|e x|gna| (|n xecund) =Per|ud (T)
T = 4ms
f =
1
T
=
1
4mx
=25 Hz
32
We know
c = speed of light
=3 x 1
8
m/s
10ms 10ms x 3 x 1
8
m/s
= (1 x 1
-3
s) x (3 x 1
8
m/s)
= 3 x 1
5
m
= 3 x 1

m
1 cycle of signal (in meter) = Wavelength ()
1 cyc|e x|gna| (|n xecund) =Per|ud (T)
Recall.
= T x c
=
1

x c =
c

frequency wavelength
where c = speed of light.
33
Ramada FM broadcast their discussion
in the studio using frequency of 92.2
MHz.
Find the wavelength.
Exercise 1
Bad Answer
Intermezzo
36
Lowand High Frequency =
longer and shorter wavelength
FREQUENCY ALLOCATIONS
37
See this
ILLUSTRATION
38
Need to assign;
specific lane for respective vehicles
Width of road is limited
39
Need to regulate;
only one vehicle in the one lane at a time
Width of lane is limited
40
Need to assign/define/distribute;
Specific frequency for respective purpose
Frequency is limited
FREQUENCY SPECTRUM
It consists of all frequencies contained in
the waveform and their respective
amplitude in the frequency domain.
41
Need to assign/define/distribute;
Specific frequency for respective purpose
Frequency is limited
42
Frequency Spectrum
Frequency
10
15
Hz
1kHz
Telephone
Telegraph
Satellite-satellite
Microwave relay
Earth-satellite
Radar
Very Low
Frequency
VLF
Extra High
Frequency
EHF
Wavelength
VHF TV and FM
Medium
Frequency
MF
100MHz
application
? ?
?
43
Frequency Spectrum
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Frequency
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Representative
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Spectrum
Wavelength
Frequency
A not her graph
45
Width of road is limited
or
Frequency is limited
Need to assign/define/distribute;
Specific lane for respective purpose
or
Specific frequency for respective purpose
OK, DONE.
There is ENAUGH ?
46
Need to regulate;
only one vehicle in the one lane at a time
Width of lane is to be limited,
what is width for every lane?
This lane has been assign for car only, but.
47
In example,
Frequency spectrum of 88-108 MHz has been assigned
for FM broadcasting.
What is width of spectrum for 1 radio station?
Need to assign;
Width of lane for specific car
or
Width of frequency spectrum for specific purposes
Width of lane is to be limited,
what is width for every lane?
Width of lane is to be limited,
what is width for every lane?
FM Broadcasting
48
Frequency
88-108MHz
Very High
Frequency
VHF
Spectrum frequency is limited.
1. Need to assign/define/distribute width specific frequency for each
station.
2. Need to allocate width of spectrum for each radio station, maybe 2
MHz for each
BANDWIDTH
It is the difference between the highest
frequencies and the lowest frequencies.
49
Road; width of lane = lane width
Spectrum; width of spectrum = band width
Acoustic Spectrum (Analog)
Speech spectrum = 100Hz to 7kHz, bandwidth = 6900 Hz
Telephone spectrum =
300Hz to 3400Hz,
bandwidth = 3100 Hz
51
Frequency & Transmission Media
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radio
Wavelength
Frequency
designations
Transmission
media
Propagation
modes
Representative
applications
Frequency
Laser beam
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Can you tell a range of wavelength (in nm) of
- visible light
- ultraviolet
- infrared
53
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Wavelength
Frequency
designations
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Propagation
modes
Representative
applications
Frequency
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The visible wavelength region is between 380 nm and 780 nm
Light whose wavelength is shorter than 380nm is called ultraviolet.
Light whose wavelength is longer than 780 nm is called infrared.
Can you tell a range of wavelength (in nm) of
- visible light
- ultraviolet
- infrared
The visible wavelength region is between
380 nm and 780 nm
Light whose wavelength is shorter than
380nm is called ultraviolet.
Light whose wavelength is longer than 780
nm is called infrared.
Light Used In Fiber Optics
Fiber optic systems transmit using infrared
light, invisible to the human eye, because it
goes further in the optical fiber at those
wavelengths
56
Transmission Medium (Guided)
Twisted pair
UTP
STP
Coaxial
Fiber Optic
Infra red
microwave
Satellite
TRANSMISSION MEDIUM (UNGUIDED)
work at
frequency wavelength
Twisted pair
Coaxial
Fiber optic
Infrared
Microwave
Satellite
57
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Skywave
radio
Groundwave
radio
Wavelength
Frequency
designations
Transmission
media
Propagation
modes
Representative
applications
Frequency
Laser beam
100km 10km 1km 100m 10m 1m 10cm 1cm 10
-6
m
T
e
l
e
p
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d

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B

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a
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r

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b
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e

c
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v
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P
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c
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d

d
a
t
a
1
k
H
z
1
0
k
H
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1
0
0
k
H
z
1
M
H
z
1
0
M
H
z
1
G
H
z
1
0
G
H
z
1
G
0
H
z
1
0
1
4
H
z
1
0
1
5
H
z
58
Frequency & Propagation Modes
1
0
0
M
H
z
Waveguide Coaxial Cable Twisted Pair
Cable
I
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f
r
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Optical Fiber
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a

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c
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l
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a

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r
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w
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c
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L
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A
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d
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o
Line-of-sight
radio
Skywave
radio
Groundwave
radio
Wavelength
Frequency
designations
Transmission
media
Propagation
modes
Representative
applications
Frequency
Laser beam
100km 10km 1km 100m 10m 1m 10cm 1cm 10
-6
m
T
e
l
e
p
h
o
n
e
T
e
l
e
g
r
a
p
h
M
o
b
i
l

r
a
d
i
o
V
H
F

T
V

a
n
d

F
M
M
o
b
i
l

a
n
d

A
e
r
o
n
a
u
t
i
c
a
l
U
H
F

T
V
C
B

r
a
d
i
o
A
m
a
t
e
u
r

r
a
d
i
o
A
M

b
r
o
a
d
c
a
s
t
i
n
g
A
e
r
o
n
a
u
t
i
c
a
l
S
u
b
m
a
r
i
n
e

c
a
b
l
e
N
a
v
i
g
a
t
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o
n
T
r
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s
o
c
e
a
n
i
c

r
a
d
i
o
B
r
o
a
d
b
a
n
d

P
C
S
W
i
r
e
l
e
s
s

c
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
C
e
l
l
u
l
a
r
,

P
a
g
e
r
S
a
t
e
l
l
i
t
e
-
s
a
t
e
l
l
i
t
e
M
i
c
r
o
w
a
v
e

r
e
l
a
y
E
a
r
t
h
-
s
a
t
e
l
l
i
t
e
R
a
d
a
r
W
i
d
e
b
a
n
d

d
a
t
a
1
k
H
z
1
0
k
H
z
1
0
0
k
H
z
1
M
H
z
1
0
M
H
z
1
G
H
z
1
0
G
H
z
1
G
0
H
z
1
0
1
4
H
z
1
0
1
5
H
z
A signal can be propagated in 3 ways:
1. Ground-Wave Propagation
Frequency <2 MHz
2. Sky-Wave Propagation
Frequency =2 MHz - 30 MHz
3. Line-of-Sight Propagation
Frequency >30 MHz
59
Propagation Modes
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 Basic Communication System
1.2 Transmission Medium, Frequency,
Bandwidth
1.3 Others
now
BER
SNR
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 Basic Communication System
1.2 Transmission Medium, Frequency, Bandwidth
1.3 Others
Go. Go to Chapter 2
Thank You