Title Three

CRIMES AGAINST PUBLIC ORDER

Chapter One. REBELLION, COUP D ETAT, SEDITION
AND DISLOYALTY

Article 13. Re!elli"n "r in#$rrecti"n % h"&
c"''itte(
Article 13)A. C"$p ( etat % h"& c"''itte(
Article 13*. Penalt+ ,"r re!elli"n, in#$rrecti"n "r
c"$p ( etat
Article 13-. C"n#pirac+ an( pr"p"#al t" c"''it
c"$p ( etat, re!elli"n "r in#$rrecti"n
Article 13.. Di#l"+alt+ ", p$!lic "/cer# "r
e'pl"+ee#
Article 130. Incitin1 t" re!elli"n "r #e(iti"n
Article 132. Se(iti"n % h"& c"''itte(
Article 13. Penalt+ ,"r #e(iti"n
Article 11. C"n#pirac+ t" c"''it #e(iti"n
Article 14. Incitin1 t" #e(iti"n
Chapter T&". CRI5ES A6AINST POPULAR
REPRESENTATION
Secti"n One % Cri'e# a1ain#t le1i#lati7e !"(ie#
an(
#i'ilar !"(ie#
Article 13. Act# ten(in1 t" pre7ent the 'eetin1
", the
A##e'!l+ an( #i'ilar !"(ie#
Article 1. Di#t$r!ance ", pr"cee(in1#
Secti"n T&" % 8i"lati"n ", parlia'entar+ i''$nit+
Article 1*. 8i"lati"n ", parlia'entar+ i''$nit+
Chapter Three. ILLE6AL ASSE5BLIES AND
ASSOCIATIONS
Article 1-. Ille1al a##e'!lie#
Article 1.. Ille1al a##"ciati"n#
Chapter 9"$r. ASSAULT UPON, AND RESISTANCE AND
DISOBEDIENCE TO, PERSONS IN AUT:ORITY AND
T:EIR A6ENTS
Article 10. Direct a##a$lt#
Article 12. In(irect a##a$lt#
Article 1*3. Di#"!e(ience t" #$''"n# i##$e( !+
the
Nati"nal A##e'!l+, it# c"''ittee# "r
#$!c"''ittee#, !+ the C"n#tit$ti"nal
C"''i##i"n#, it# c"''ittee#,
#$!c"''ittee# "r (i7i#i"n#
Article 1*1. Re#i#tance an( (i#"!e(ience t" a
per#"n
in a$th"rit+ "r he a1ent# ", #$ch per#"n
Article 1*4. Per#"n# in a$th"rit+ an( a1ent# ",
per#"n#
in a$th"rit+ % &h" #hall !e (ee'e( a# #$ch
Chapter 9i7e. PUBLIC DISORDERS
Article 1*3. T$'$lt# an( "ther (i#t$r!ance# ",
p$!lic
"r(er % t$'$lt$"$# (i#t$r!ance "r
interr$pti"n lia!le t" ca$#e
(i#t$r!ance
Article 1*. Unla&,$l $#e ", 'ean# ",
p$!licati"n an(
$nla&,$l $tterance#
Article 1**. Alar'# an( #can(al#
Article 1*-. Deli7erin1 pri#"ner# ,r"' ;ail
Chapter Si<. E8ASION O9 SER8ICE O9 SENTENCE
Article 1*.. E7a#i"n ", #er7ice ", #entence
Article 1*0. E7a#i"n ", #er7ice ", #entence "n
the
"cca#i"n ", (i#"r(er#, c"n=a1rati"n#,
earth>$a?e# "r "ther
cala'itie#
Article 1*2. Other ca#e# ", e7a#i"n ", #er7ice ",
Sentence
Chapter Se7en. CO55ISSION O9 ANOT:ER CRI5E
DURIN6 SER8ICE O9 PENALTY I5POSED 9OR
ANOT:ER PRE8IOUS O99ENSE
Article 1-3. @$a#i) reci(i7i#'
Article 134. Rebellion or in!rrection "
ho# co$$itte%
Ele'ent#A
1. There i# a p$!lic $pri#in1 an( ta?in1
ar'# a1ain#t the 1"7ern'entB
4. The p$rp"#e ", the $pri#in1 "r
'"7e'ent i# )
a. t" re'"7e ,r"' the alle1iance
t" the 1"7ern'ent "r it# la&# Philippine
territ"r+ "r an+ part there",, "r an+
!"(+ ", lan(, na7al, "r "ther ar'e(
,"rce#B
OR
!. t" (epri7e the Chie, E<ec$ti7e
"r C"n1re##, &h"ll+ "r partiall+, ", an+
", their p"&er# "r prer"1ati7e#.
Re!elli"n i# '"re
,re>$entl+ $#e( &here the "!;ect ", the
'"7e'ent i# c"'pletel+ t" "7erthr"& an(
#$per#e(e the e<i#tin1 1"7ern'ent.
In#$rrecti"n i# '"re
c"''"nl+ e'pl"+e( in re,erence t" a
'"7e'ent &hich #ee?# 'erel+ t" eCect
#"'e chan1e ", 'in"r i'p"rtance, "r t"
pre7ent the e<erci#e ", 1"7ern'ental
a$th"rit+ &ith re#pect t" partic$lar 'atter#
"r #$!;ect#.
The cri'e ", re!elli"n
"r ", incitin1 i# !+ nat$re a cri'e ",
'a##e#, ", a '$ltit$(e.
Act$al cla#h ", ar'#
&ith the 1"7ern'ent, n"t nece##ar+ t"
c"n7ict the acc$#e( &h" i# in c"n#pirac+
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&ith "ther# act$all+ ta?in1 ar'# &ith the
1"7ern'ent.
It i# n"t nece##ar+
that the p$rp"#e ", the re!elli"n !e
acc"'pli#he(.
6i7in1 ai( an(
c"',"rt i# n"t cri'inal in re!elli"n.
Rebellion Tre&on
Le7+in1 ", &ar a1ain#t
the 1"7ern'ent ($rin1
peace ti'e ,"r an+ ", the
p$rp"#e# in Article 13
Le7+in1 ", &ar a1ain#t
the 1"7ern'ent, &hen
per,"r'e( t" ai( the
ene'+B a(herence t"
ene'+
Al&a+# in7"l7e# ta?in1
$p ar'# 7#. the
1"7ern'ent
5a+ !e c"''itte( !+
'ere a(herence t" the
ene'+, 1i7in1 hi' ai( "r
c"',"rt
Enrile vs. Salazar
A warrant was issued on an information filed by a panel of
prosecutors, charging Senator Enrile, the spouses Rebecco
and Erlinda Panlilio and Gregorio Honasan with the crime of
rebellion with murder and multiple frustrated murder
allegedly committed during the failed coup attempt which
took place from No! "# to $ec! %&!
HE'$( )he written and oral pleas for the defendants
*Enrile et al!+ presented the S, with three options( -irst,
abandon Hernande. and adopt the minority iew e/pressed
in the dissent that rebellion cannot absorb more serious
crimes, and that under Article 01, rebellion may be
comple/ed with common offenses! Second, hold
Hernande. applicable only to offenses committed in
furtherance or as a necessary means for the commission of
rebellion, but not to acts committed in the course of a
rebellion which also constitute common crimes of grae or
less grae character! )hird, maintain Hernande. as
applying to make rebellion absorb all other offenses
committed in its course, whether or not necessary to its
commission or furtherance thereof!
%% members of the S, oted against abandoning
Hernande., while " felt the doctrine should be re2
e/amined! 3ecause of this, the ruling remains good law, as
no new challenges are presented in this case persuasie
enough to warrant a complete reersal!
)his iew is reinforced by the fact that President A4uino,
e/ercising her powers under the %#15 -reedom
,onstitution, repealed P!$! No! #0" of the former regime
which sought to nullify Hernande. by enacting a new
proision in the RP, to the effect that 6when by reason, or
on the occasion, of any of the crimes penali.ed in this
,hapter, acts which constitute offenses upon which graer
penalties are imposed by the law are committed, the
penalty for the more serious offense in its ma/imum period
shall be imposed upon the offender!7 )he president has
then in effect reinstated Hernande. as binding doctrine
with the effect of law by legislatie fiat!
)he court unanimously oted to re8ect the second option!
)he consensus was that the arguments were not sufficient
to oercome the thrust of Hernande. to rule out the
comple/ing of rebellion with any other offense committed
in its course under either of the aforecited clauses of
Article 01!
9f Art! 01 were applied, and murder were not comple/ed
with rebellion and the " crimes were punished separately,
the e/treme penalty could be imposed upon him, een in
the absence of a single aggraating circumstance! )hus,
said proision, if construed this way, would be unfaorable
to the accused!
)hus, Hernande. remains binding doctrine operating to
prohibit the comple/ing of rebellion with any other crime!
)he S, ruled by a ote of %% to : that the information filed
against the petitioner does in fact charge an offense! )hat
indictment is to be read as charging simple rebellion!
Ponce Enrile vs. Amin
)ogether with the information charging Enrile with
rebellion comple/ed with murder in the R), of ;,,
prosecutors filed another information charging him for
iolation of P!$! No! %1"# in the R), of <akati! 9t is alleged
that on $ec! %, %#1# at $asma =illage, Enrile, haing
reasonable grounds to beliee or suspect that E/2,ol!
Gringo Honasan has committed a crime, obstructed,
impeded, frustrated or delayed the apprehension of
Honasan by harboring or concealing him in his house!
Enrile apparently gae Gringo food and comfort in the
$asma house, despite knowing that Gringo is a fugitie
from 8ustice!
9s the alleged harboring or concealing by Enrile of Honasan
absorbed in the comple/ed rebellion charge against Enrile
*in Enrile s! Sala.ar+>
HE'$( ?ES
)he rebellion charges filed against Enrile in ;!,! were
based on affidaits e/ecuted by " employees of a hotel who
stated that Gringo and some %&& rebel soldiers attended
the mass and birthday party held at the Enrile residence in
$ec %, %#1#! 3ased on this testimony, the prosecution
concluded that Enrile@s talking with the rebel leader Gringo
in his house in the presence of %&& armed soldiers, it can
be inferred that they were co2conspirators in the $ecember
coup attempt! )hus, the factual allegations supporting the
rebellion charge include the ery incident which gae rise
to the charge of the iolation under P!$! %1"#!
Necessarily, being in conspiracy with Gringo, Enrile@s
alleged act of harboring or concealing was for no other
purpose but in furtherance of the crime of rebellion thus
constituting a part thereof! 9t was motiated by the single
intent or resolution to commit the crime of rebellion! )he
decisie factor in political crimes is the intent or motie!
9f Enrile is not charged with rebellion and he harbored or
concealed Gringo simply because the latter is a friend and
former associate, the motie for the act is completely
different! 3ut if the act is committed with political
moties, then it should be deemed to form part of the
crime of rebellion instead of being punished separately!
9nthis case, the act or harboring or concealing Gringo is
clearly a mere component of rebellion or an act done in
furtherance of rebellion! 9t cannot therefore be made
basis of a separate charge! All crimes, whether punishable
under special law or general law, which are mere
components or ingredients, or committed in furtherance
thereof, become absorbed in the crime of rebellion and
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cannot be isolated and charged as separate crimes
themseles!
People vs. Dasig
Ane afternoon, Pfc! <anatad, Pfc! )i.on and Pfc! ,atamora
were tasked by their commanding officer to man the traffic
at " streets of <andaue ,ity! Bhile on duty, ,atamora saw
1 persons, including accused Nune., acting suspiciously! He
noticed one of them giing instructions to two of the men
to approach <anatad! ,atamora followed the two men,
but sensing that they were being followed, the men went
to the middle of the road and engage ,atamora to a gun
battle! ,atamora then heard a series of shots from the
other group and afterwards, he saw <anatad sprawled on
the ground! ,atamora sought refuge at a nearby building
from where he saw " persons take <anatad@s gun and fired
at him to make sure he was dead! )he group then fled the
scene!
'ater on, " teams of police officers were tasked to conduct
sureillance on a suspected safehouse of members of the
NPA sparrow unit in ,ebu ,ity! Bhen they reached the
place, the group saw Rodrigo $asig and Nune. trying to
escape! )he two men were apprehended, and their
firearms were confiscated! $asig confessed in the hospital
that he and the group of Nune. killed <anatad and that he
and Nune. were members of the Sparrow unit! He was
found guilty of murder with direct assault!
HE'$( $asig should be prosecuted for rebellion! Appellant
not only confessed oluntarily his membership with the
Sparrow unit, but also his participation and that of his
group in the killing of <anatad! )he Sparrow unit is the
li4uidation s4uad of the NPA with the ob8ectie of
oerthrowing the duly constituted goernment! 9t is
therefore not hard to comprehend that the killing of
<anatad was committed as a means to or in furtherance of
the subersie ends of the NPA! As such, appellant is liable
for rebellion and not murder with direct assault upon a
person in authority!
Acts committed in furtherance of rebellion though crimes
in themseles are deemed absorbed in one single crime of
rebellion! )he act of killing a police officer, knowing too
well that the ictim is a person in authority, is a mere
component of rebellion or an act done in furtherance of
rebellion! 9t cannot be made the basis of a separate
charge!
People vs. Lovedioro
Aff2duty policeman SPA: Cesus 'ucilo was walking along a
street when a man suddenly walked beside him, pulled a
gun from his waist, aimed the gun at the policeman@s right
ear and fired! )he man who shot 'ucilo had : other
companions with him, one of whom shot the fallen
policeman four times as he lay on the ground! After taking
the 'ucilo@s gun, the man and his companions boarded a
tricycle and fled! )he accused2appellant was charged and
was conicted of the crime of murder!
HE'$( 9n deciding if the crime committed is rebellion, not
murder, it becomes imperatie for our courts to ascertain
whether or not the act was done in furtherance of a
political end! )he political motie of the act should be
conclusiely demonstrated! 9f no political motie is
established and proed, the accused should be conicted of
the common crime and not of rebellion! 9n cases of
rebellion, motie relates to the act, and mere membership
in an organi.ation dedicated to the furtherance of rebellion
would not, by and of itself, suffice!
Appellant@s contentions regarding the reason for the killing
of 'ucilo are couched in terms so general and non2specific
that they offer no e/planation as to what contribution the
killing would hae made towards the achieement of the
NPA@s subersie aims! )hus, in the absence of clear and
satisfactory eidence pointing to a political motie for the
killing of SPA: 'ucilo, the trial court correctly conicted
appellant of the crime of murder!
People v. Silongan 200!"
)he R), conicted appellants Abdila and <acapagal
Silongan, Awal, 'amalan, Alon, <anap, and Pasawilan of the
crime of Didnapping for Ransom with Serious 9llegal
$etention for haing abducted at gunpoint and detained
businesman Saldana and : others! Saldana was made to
write a letter to his wife to pay a ransom in the amount of
P%" million! He was separated from the others and was
transferred from one hideout to another! He was detained
for 5 months! Appellants then surrendered as <9'- and
<N'- rebels! )hey argue that the fact that they are rebel
surrenderees precludes coniction for the common crime of
kidnapping! ,iting People ! Hernande., they contend that
common crimes are absorbed in rebellion! )herefore, the
trial court erred when it conicted them of kidnapping for
ransom!
HE'$( )he argument that the crime was politically
motiated and that conse4uently, the charge should hae
been rebellion and not kidnapping is without merit! )he
,ourt cited the case of Office of the Provincial
Prosecutor of Zamboanga Del Norte vs. CA, where it was
held that the political motiation for the crime must be
shown in order to 8ustify finding the crime committed to be
rebellion! <erely because it is alleged that appellants were
members of the <oro 9slamic 'iberation -ront or of the
<oro National 'iberation -ront does not necessarily mean
that the crime of kidnapping was committed in furtherance
of a rebellion! )he eidence adduced is insufficient for a
finding that the crime committed was politically
motiated! Neither hae the appellants sufficiently proen
their allegation that the present case was filed against
them because they are rebel surrenderees! )his court has
inariably iewed the defense of frame2up with disfaor!
'ike the defense of alibi, it can be 8ust as easily concocted!
People v. #liva 2001"
Alia alias 6Da Ambo7 and Salcedo alias 6Da )ony7 and "
others came to the house of <agbo8os! )he ictim was then
hogtied and was brought to the mountains! )he ictim was
neer seen alie again! )wo or three years after, one
)ubieron told the ictim@s brother where the ictims@
remains were buried by his abductors! )he R), conicted
Alia alias 6Da Ambo7 and Salcedo alias 6Da )ony7 guilty of
murder *not kidnapping with murder+ for killing <agbo8os!
Alia asserts that he should hae been charged with
rebellion instead of 6kidnapping with murder7 considering
that he is a member of the ,ommunist Party of the
Philippines and a ,ommander of the NPA! He claims that
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the killing was committed in furtherance of rebellion,
hence, it should be absorbed in rebellion!
HE'$( AliaEs contention that he should hae been charged
with and tried for rebellion lacks factual and legal basis,
hence, bereft of merit! )rue, one can be conicted only of
rebellion where the murders, robberies and kidnapping
were committed as a means to or furtherance of rebellion!
,orollarily, offenses which were not committed in
furtherance of the rebellion, but for personal reasons or
other moties, are to be punished separately een if
committed simultaneously with the rebellious acts! 9n the
instant case, there was no eidence at all to show that the
killing of Cacinto <agbo8os Cr! was in connection with or in
furtherance of their rebellious act! 3esides, it was not
indubitably proed that Alia was indeed a member of the
New PeopleEs Army! Alia and Salcedo was found guilty of
of the crime of Homicide and not murder, the trial cout
haing erroneously appreciated the 4ualifying circumstance
of treachery!
Article 134'A. Co!( %) et&t " ho#
co$$itte%
Ele'ent#A
1. OCen(er i# a per#"n "r per#"n#
!el"n1in1 t" the 'ilitar+ "r p"lice "r
h"l(in1 an+ p$!lic "/ce "r e'pl"+'entB
4. It i# c"''itte( !+ 'ean# ", a #&i,t
attac? acc"'panie( !+ 7i"lence,
inti'i(ati"n, threat, #trate1+ "r #tealthB
3. The attac? i# (irecte( a1ain#t the ($l+
c"n#tit$te( a$th"ritie# ", the Rep$!lic ",
the Philippine#, "r an+ 'ilitar+ ca'p "r
in#tallati"n, c"''$nicati"n net&"r?#,
p$!lic $tilitie# "r "ther ,acilitie# nee(e( ,"r
the e<erci#e an( c"ntin$e( p"##e##i"n ",
p"&erB
. The p$rp"#e ", the attac? i# t" #eiDe "r
(i'ini#h #tate p"&er.
The cri'e ", c"$p ( etat 'a+
!e c"''itte( &ith "r &ith"$t ci7ilian
participati"n.
Article 13*. Pen&lt+ ,or rebellion-
in!rrection or co!( %) et&t
Per#"n# lia!le ,"r re!elli"n, in#$rrecti"n "r c"$p
(E etatA
1. The lea(er# %
a. An+ per#"n &h" pr"'"te#,
'aintain# "r hea(# a re!elli"n "r
in#$rrecti"nB "r
!. An+ per#"n &h" lea(#, (irect#
"r c"''an(# "ther# t" $n(erta?e a
c"$p (E etatB
4. The participant# )
a. An+ per#"n &h" participate# "r
e<ec$te# the c"''an(# ", "ther# in
re!elli"n "r in#$rrecti"nB
!. An+ per#"n in the 1"7ern'ent
#er7ice &h" participate#, "r e<ec$te#
(irecti"n# "r c"''an(# ", "ther# in
$n(erta?in1 a c"$p ( etatB
c. An+ per#"n n"t in the
1"7ern'ent #er7ice &h" participate#,
#$pp"rt#, Fnance#, a!et# "r ai(# in
$n(erta?in1 a c"$p (E etat.
P$!lic "/cer '$#t
ta?e acti7e part, t" !e lia!leB 'ere #ilence
"r "'i##i"n i# n"t p$ni#ha!le in re!elli"n.
Ghen the re!elli"n,
in#$rrecti"n "r c"$p ( etat #hall !e $n(er
the c"''an( ", $n?n"&n lea(er#, an+
per#"n &h" in ,act (irecte( the "ther#,
#p"?e ,"r the', #i1ne( receipt# an( "ther
("c$'ent# i##$e( in their na'e, "r
per,"r'e( #i'ilar act#, "n !ehal, ", the
re!el#, #hall !e (ee'e( a lea(er ", #$ch
re!elli"n, in#$rrecti"n "r c"$" ( etat.
It i# n"t a (e,en#e in
re!elli"n that the acc$#e( ne7er t""? the
"ath ", alle1iance t", "r that the+ ne7er
rec"1niDe( the 1"7ern'ent.
Th"#e &h" ?ille(
per#"n# in p$r#$ance ", the '"7e'ent t"
"7erthr"& the 1"7ern'ent are lia!le ,"r
re!elli"n "nl+.
I# there a c"'ple<
cri'e ", re!elli"n &ith '$r(er an( "ther
c"''"n cri'e#H NO. En1a1in1 in &ar
a1ain#t the 1"7ern'ent nece##aril+ i'pl+
e7er+thin1 that &ar c"nn"te#A re#"rt t"
ar'#, re>$i#iti"n ", pr"pert+, c"llecti"n ",
ta<e#, re#traint ", li!ert+, (a'a1e t"
pr"pert+, ph+#ical in;$rie# an( l"## ", li,e.
Ghen an+ ", the act#
a!"7e are c"''itte( a# 'ean# t" "r in
,$rtherance ", #$!7er#i7e en(#, the+
!ec"'e a!#"r!e( in the cri'e ", re!elli"n
an( cann"t !e re1ar(e( "r penaliDe( a#
(i#tinct cri'e# in the'#el7e#. IThi# i# the
:ernan(eD r$lin1, later reiterate( in Enrile
7#. SalaDarJ
Killin1, r"!!in1 etc.
,"r pri7ate p$rp"#e# "r pr"Ft, &ith"$t an+
p"litical '"ti7ati"n, &"$l( !e #eparatel+
p$ni#he( an( &"$l( n"t !e a!#"r!e( in
re!elli"n
P"litical cri'e# are
th"#e (irectl+ ai'e( a1ain#t the p"litical
"r(er, a# &ell a# #$ch c"''"n cri'e# a#
'a+ !e c"''itte( t" achie7e a p"litical
p$rp"#e. The (eci#i7e ,act"r i# intent "r
'"ti7e. A cri'e $#$all+ re1ar(e( a#
c"''"n Ie.1. h"'ici(eJ 'a+ !e #trippe(
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", it# c"''"n character i, perpetrate( ,"r
an+ ", the p$rp"#e# ", re!elli"n.
Article 13.. Con(ir&c+ &n% (ro(o&l to
co$$it co!( %) et&t
There i# c"n#pirac+ t" c"''it
re!elli"n &hen t&" "r '"re per#"n# c"'e
t" an a1ree'ent t" ri#e p$!licl+ an( ta?e
ar'# a1ain#t 1"7ern'ent ,"r an+ ", the
p$rp"#e# ", re!elli"n an( (eci(e t" c"''it
it.
There i# pr"p"#al t" c"''it
re!elli"n &hen the per#"n &h" ha# (eci(e(
t" ri#e p$!licl+ an( ta?e ar'# a1ain#t the
1"7ern'ent ,"r an+ ", the p$rp"#e# ",
re!elli"n pr"p"#e# it# e<ec$ti"n t" #"'e
"ther per#"n "r per#"n#.
Article 13/. Dilo+&lt+ o, (!blic o0cer
or e$(lo+ee
Act# p$ni#ha!leA
1. B+ ,ailin1 t" re#i#t a re!elli"n !+ all the
'ean# in their p"&erB
4. B+ c"ntin$in1 t" (i#char1e the ($tie#
", their "/ce# $n(er the c"ntr"l ", the
re!el#B "r
3. B+ acceptin1 app"int'ent t" "/ce
$n(er the'.
OCen(er '$#t !e a p$!lic
"/cer "r e'pl"+ee
The cri'e ", (i#l"+alt+ ",
p$!lic "/cer# pre#$pp"#e# the e<i#tence
", re!elli"n !+ "ther per#"n#.
I, the p$!lic "/cer &h"
c"''it# an+ ", the act# in thi# article i# in
c"n#pirac+ &ith the re!el#, he &ill !e 1$ilt+
", re!elli"n.
Article 131. Incitin2 to rebellion or
in!rrection.
Ele'ent#A
1. OCen(er ("e# n"t ta?e ar'# "r i# n"t in
"pen h"#tilit+ a1ain#t the 1"7ern'entB
4. :e incite# "ther# t" the e<ec$ti"n ",
an+ ", the act# ", re!elli"nB
3. The incitin1 i# ("ne !+ 'ean# ",
#peeche#, pr"cla'ati"n#, &ritin1#,
e'!le'#, !anner# "r "ther repre#entati"n#
ten(in1 t" the #a'e en(.
In pr"p"#al an( incitin1 t"
re!elli"n, the cri'e ", re!elli"n #h"$l( n"t
act$all+ !e c"''itte( !+ the per#"n# t"
&h"' it i# pr"p"#e( "r &h" are incite(. I,
the+ c"''it the re!elli"n, the pr"p"nent ",
the "ne incitin1 !ec"'e# a principal !+
in($ce'ent in the cri'e ", re!elli"n.
Incitin2 to rebellion Pro(o&l to co$$it
rebellion
In !"th cri'e#, the "Cen(er in($ce# an"ther t"
c"''it re!elli"n
It i# n"t re>$ire( that the
"Cen(er ha# (eci(e( t"
c"''it the re!elli"n
The per#"n &h" pr"p"#e#
ha# (eci(e( t" c"''it
re!elli"n
The act ", incitin1 i#
("ne p$!licl+
The per#"n &h" pr"p"#e#
$#e# #ecret 'ean#
Article 133. Se%ition " ho# co$$itte%
Ele'ent#A
1. OCen(er# ri#e p$!licl+ an( t$'$lt$"$#l+B
4. OCen(er# e'pl"+ ,"rce, inti'i(ati"n, "r
"ther 'ean# "$t#i(e ", le1al 'eth"(#B
3. P$rp"#e i# t" attain an+ ", the ,"ll"&in1
"!;ect#A
a. T" pre7ent the pr"'$l1ati"n "r
e<ec$ti"n ", an+ la& "r the h"l(in1 ",
an+ p"p$lar electi"nB
!. T" pre7ent the nati"nal 1"7ern'ent "r
an+ pr"7incial "r '$nicipal
1"7ern'ent, "r an+ p$!lic "/cer ,r"'
e<erci#in1 it# "r hi# ,$ncti"n# "r
pre7ent the e<ec$ti"n ", an
a('ini#trati7e "r(erB
c. T" in=ict an+ act ", hate "r re7en1e
$p"n the per#"n "r pr"pert+ ", an+
p$!lic "/cer "r e'pl"+eeB
(. T" c"''it, ,"r an+ p"litical "r #"cial
en(, an+ act ", hate "r re7en1e a1ain#t
pri7ate per#"n# "r an+ #"cial cla##e#B
e. T" (e#p"il ,"r an+ p"litical "r #"cial
en(, an+ per#"n, '$nicipalit+ "r
pr"7ince, "r the nati"nal 1"7ern'ent ",
all it# pr"pert+ "r an+ part there",.
Se(iti"n, in it# 1eneral
#en#e, i# the rai#in1 ", c"''"ti"n# "r
(i#t$r!ance# in the State. The $lti'ate
"!;ect i# 7i"lati"n ", p$!lic peace.
Se(iti"n 'a+ n"t !e
c"''itte( !+ "ne per#"n "nl+, !eca$#e
the &"r( Lt$'$lt$"$# 'ean# that it i#
ca$#e( !+ '"re than three per#"n# &h"
are ar'e( "r pr"7i(e( &ith 'ean# ",
7i"lence.
Are c"''"n cri'e#
a!#"r!e( in #e(iti"nH NO, acc"r(in1 t"
;$ri#pr$(ence.
Se%ition Rebellion
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1&
The p$rp"#e 'a+ !e
p"litical "r #"cial
The p$rp"#e i# al&a+#
p"litical
It i# #$/cient that the
p$!lic $pri#in1 '$#t !e
t$'$lt$"$#
There '$#t !e ta?in1 $p
", ar'# a1ain#t the
1"7ern'ent
People vs. Ca'rera
A constabulary soldier died as a result of an encounter with
a policeman! His death engendered a desire for reenge
against the police force on the part of the constabulary
soldiers! )he ne/t day, constabulary soldiers escaped from
their barracks with rifles and ammunitions and diided into
groups for an attack upon the city police force! )hey fired
indiscriminately along the streets of ,alle Real, killing a
policeman and wounding ciilians, including seeral
passengers of a passing streetcar! )hey attacked the 'uneta
Police Station and the office of the secret serice!
HE'$( )he crime committed was sedition! Sedition, in its
more general sense, is the raising of commotions or
disturbances in the State! )he Philippine law on the sub8ect
makes all persons guilty of sedition who rise publicly and
tumultuously in order to obtain by force or outside of legal
methods any one of fie ob8ects, including that of inflicting
any act of hate or reenge upon the person or property or
any official or agent of the 9nsular Goernment or of a
Proincial or <unicipal Goernment! 9t is not necessary that
the offender be a priate citi.en and the offended party a
public functionary! )he law makes no distinction between
the persons to which it applies!
Article 144. Pen&lt+ ,or e%ition
Per#"n# lia!le ,"r #e(iti"nA
1. The lea(er ", the #e(iti"nB an(
4. Other per#"n participatin1 in the
#e(iti"n.
Article 141. Con(ir&c+ to co$$it
e%ition
There '$#t !e an a1ree'ent
an( a (eci#i"n t" ri#e p$!licl+ an(
t$'$lt$"$#l+ t" attain an+ ", the "!;ect# ",
#e(iti"n.
There i# n" cri'e ", pr"p"#al t"
c"''it #e(iti"n.
Article 145. Incitin2 to e%ition
Act# p$ni#ha!leA
1. Incitin1 "ther# t" the acc"'pli#h'ent
", an+ ", the act# &hich c"n#tit$te #e(iti"n
!+ 'ean# ", #peeche#, pr"cla'ati"n#,
&ritin1#, e'!le'#, etc.B
Ele'ent#A
a. OCen(er ("e# n"t ta?e (irect part in
the cri'e ", #e(iti"nB
!. :e incite# "ther# t" the
acc"'pli#h'ent ", an+ ", the act#
&hich c"n#tit$te #e(iti"nB an(
c. Incitin1 i# ("ne !+ 'ean# ", #peeche#,
pr"cla'ati"n#, &ritin1#, e'!le'#,
cart""n#, !anner#, "r "ther
repre#entati"n# ten(in1 t"&ar(# the
#a'e en(.
4. Utterin1 #e(iti"$# &"r(# "r #peeche#
&hich ten( t" (i#t$r! the p$!lic peaceB
3. Gritin1, p$!li#hin1, "r circ$latin1
#c$rril"$# li!el# a1ain#t the 1"7ern'ent "r
an+ ", the ($l+ c"n#tit$te( a$th"ritie#
there",, &hich ten( t" (i#t$r! the p$!lic
peace.
Utterin1 #e(iti"$# &"r(#, p$!li#hin1 an(
circ$lati"n #c$rril"$# li!el# are p$ni#ha!le
I#ec"n( an( thir( t+pe ", incitin1 t" #e(iti"nJ,
&henA
1. The+ ten( t" (i#t$r! "r "!#tr$ct an+
la&,$l "/cer in e<ec$tin1 the ,$ncti"n# ",
hi# "/ceB "r
4. The+ ten( t" in#ti1ate "ther# t" ca!al
an( 'eet t"1ether ,"r $nla&,$l p$rp"#e#B
"r
3. The+ #$11e#t "r incite re!elli"$#
c"n#piracie# "r ri"t#B "r
. The+ lea( "r ten( t" #tir $p the pe"ple
a1ain#t the la&,$l a$th"ritie# "r (i#t$r! the
peace ", the c"''$nit+, the #a,et+ an(
"r(er ", the 1"7ern'ent.
M?n"&in1l+ c"ncealin1 #$ch
e7il practice# i# an"ther &a+ ", 7i"latin1
thi# article. Thi# i# "r(inaril+ an act ", an
acce##"r+ a,ter the ,act, !$t $n(er thi#
article, the act i# treate( an( p$ni#he( a#
that ", a principal.
It i# n"t nece##ar+ that the
&"r(# $#e( #h"$l( in ,act re#$lt in a ri#in1
", the pe"ple a1ain#t the c"n#tit$te(
a$th"ritie#.
R$le# relati7e t" #e(iti"$#
&"r(#A
o Clear an( pre#ent (an1er %
&"r(# '$#t !e ", #$ch a nat$re that !+
$tterin1 the' there i# a (an1er ", a
p$!lic $pri#in1 an( that #$ch (an1er
#h"$l( !e !"th clear an( i''inent
o Dan1er"$# ten(enc+ % i, the
&"r(# $#e( ten( t" create a (an1er ",
p$!lic $pri#in1
C2005 Criminal Law 2 Reviewer
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Se(iti"$# $tterance# are
pr"hi!ite( !eca$#e the State #h"$l( n"t !e
c"'pelle( t" &ait $ntil the apprehen(e(
(an1er !eca'e certain, !e,"re it can
pr"tect it#el,.
Unla&,$l r$'"r '"n1erin1A C"''itte( !+ an+
per#"n &h" #hall "Cer, p$!li#h, (i#tri!$te,
circ$late an( #prea( r$'"r#, ,al#e ne&# an(
in,"r'ati"n an( 1"##ip, "r ca$#e the
p$!licati"n, (i#tri!$ti"n, circ$lati"n "r
#prea(in1 ", the #a'e, &hich ca$#e "r ten( t"
ca$#e panic, (i7i#i7e eCect# a'"n1 the pe"ple,
(i#cre(it "r (i#tr$#t ,"r the ($l+ c"n#tit$te(
a$th"ritie#, $n(er'ine the #ta!ilit+ ", the
6"7ern'ent an( the "!;ecti7e# ", the Ne&
S"ciet+, en(an1er the p$!lic "r(er, "r ca$#e
(a'a1e t" the intere#t "r cre(it ", the #tate.
IP.D. N". 23J
)S vs. *olen+ino
A theatrical work entitled FDahapon Ngayon at 3ukas@,
written by Aurelio )olentino, was presented by him and
others on <ay %0, %#&: at the )eatro 'ibertad in <anila!
HE'$( )he crime committed is inciting to sedition! )he
publication and presentation of the drama directly and
necessarily tended to instigate others to cabal and meet
together for unlawful purposes, and to suggest and incite
rebellious conspiracies and riots and to stir up the people
against the lawful authorities and to disturb the peace of
the community and the safety and order of the
Goernment! )he manifest, unmistakable tendency of the
play, in view o, +-e +ime. place. and manner o, i+s
presen+a+ion, was to inculcate a spirit of hatred and
enmity against the American people and the Goernment of
the Gnited States in the Philippines!
Esp/elas vs. People
Petitioner Ascar Espuelas had his picture taken, making it
appear as if he were hanging lifeless at the end of a piece
of rope suspended from the limb of a tree, when in truth
and in fact, he was merely standing on a barrel! After
securing copies of his photograph, Espuelas sent copies of
same to seeral newspapers and weeklies of general
circulation for their publication with a suicide not, wherein
he made to appear that it was written by a fictitious
suicidal, Alberto Reeniera and addressed to the latter@s
supposed wife and children! )he letter narrated that the
reason why he committed suicide was because he was not
pleased with the administration of Pres! Ro/as! 9t also
contained a re4uest to his wife to write to President
)ruman and ,hurchill, and to tell them that the Philippine
goernment is 6infested with many Hitlers and <ussolinis!7
As if out of desperation, he ended the letter by saying that
he sacrificed his life because he has no power 6to put
under Cue. de ,uchillo all the Ro/as people who are in
power!7
HE'$( )he essence of seditious libel is its immediate
tendency to stir up general discontent to the pitch of
illegal courses or to induce people to resort to illegal
methods in order to redress the eils which press upon
their minds! A published writing which calls our
goernment one of crooks and dishonest persons infested
with Na.is and -ascists, and which reeals a tendency to
produce dissatisfaction or a feeling incompatible with the
disposition to remain loyal to the goernment, is a
scurrilous libel against the Goernment!
)mil vs. Ramos
-A,)S( ,AP,A< got a tip that a member of the NPA Sparrow
Gnit *li4uidation s4uad+ was being treated for a gunshot
wound at the St! Agnes Hospital, Rooseelt Aenue, ;!,!
Gpon erification, it was found that the wounded person
was Rolando $ural, a member of the NPA li4uidation s4uad,
responsible for the killing of " ,AP,A< soldiers! $ural was
positiely identified by eyewitnesses as the gunman who
went on top of the hood of the ,AP,A< mobile patrol car,
and fired at the ,AP,A< soldiers seated inside! $ural was
then transferred to another facility, under ,AP,A<
superision *basically, he was arrested+! $ural 4uestions the
legality of his arrest, haing been made without a warrant!
HE'$( $ural was arrested for being a member of the NPA,
an outlawed subersie organi.ation! Subersion being a
continuing offense, his arrest without warrant is 8ustified
as it can be said that he was committing an offense when
arrested! )he crimes of rebellion, subersion, conspiracy or
proposal to commit such crimes, and crimes or offenses
committed in furtherance thereof or in connection
therewith constitute direct assaults against the State and
are in the nature of continuing crimes! As stated by the S,
in an earlier case(
6)he crimes of insurrection or rebellion, subersion,
conspiracy or proposal to commit such crimes, and other
crimes and offenses committed in the furtherance, on the
occasion thereof, or incident thereto, are all in the nature
of continuing offenses which set them apart from the
common offenses, aside from their essentially inoling a
massie conspiracy of nationwide magnitude!
)he arrest of persons inoled in the rebellion whether as
its fighting armed elements, or for committing non2iolent
acts but in furtherance of the rebellion, is more an act of
capturing them in the course of an armed conflict, to 4uell
the rebellion, than for the purpose of immediately
prosecuting them in court for a statutory offense! )he
arrest, therefore, need not follow the usual procedure in
the prosecution of offenses which re4uires the
determination by a 8udge of the e/istence of probable
cause before the issuance of a 8udicial warrant of arrest
and the granting of bail if the offense is bailable!
Abiously, the absence of a 8udicial warrant is no legal
impediment to arresting or capturing persons committing
oert acts of iolence against goernment forces, or any
other milder acts but e4ually in pursuance of the rebellious
moement! 9f killing and other acts of iolence against the
rebels find 8ustification in the e/igencies of armed
hostilities which is of the essence of waging a rebellion or
insurrection, most assuredly so in case of inasion, merely
sei.ing their persons and detaining them while any of these
contingencies continues cannot be less 8ustified7
Article 143. Act ten%in2 to (re6ent the
$eetin2 o, the Ae$bl+ &n% i$il&r
bo%ie
C2005 Criminal Law 2 Reviewer
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Ele'ent#A
1. There i# a pr";ecte( "r act$al 'eetin1
", C"n1re## "r an+ ", it# c"''ittee# "r
#$!c"''ittee#, c"n#tit$ti"nal c"''i##i"n#
"r c"''ittee# "r (i7i#i"n# there",, "r ",
an+ pr"7incial !"ar( "r cit+ "r '$nicipal
c"$ncil "r !"ar(B
4. OCen(er, &h" 'a+ !e an+ per#"n,
pre7ent# #$ch 'eetin1# !+ ,"rce "r ,ra$(.
Article 144. Dit!rb&nce o, (rocee%in2
Ele'ent#A
1. There i# a 'eetin1 ", C"n1re## "r an+
", it# c"''ittee# "r #$!c"''ittee#,
c"n#tit$ti"nal c"''i##i"n# "r c"''ittee#
"r (i7i#i"n# there",, "r ", an+ pr"7incial
!"ar( "r cit+ "r '$nicipal c"$ncil "r !"ar(B
4. OCen(er ("e# an+ ", the ,"ll"&in1
act#A
a. :e (i#t$r!# an+ ", #$ch
'eetin1#B
!. :e !eha7e# &hile in the
pre#ence ", an+ #$ch !"(ie# in #$ch a
'anner a# t" interr$pt it# pr"cee(in1#
"r t" i'pair the re#pect ($e it.
The c"'plaint ,"r
(i#t$r!ance ", pr"cee(in1# 'a+ !e Fle( !+
a 'e'!er ", a le1i#lati7e !"(+.
One &h" (i#t$r!# the
pr"cee(in1# ", C"n1re## 'a+ al#" !e
p$ni#he( ,"r c"nte'pt !+ #$ch C"n1re##.
Article 14*. 7iol&tion o, (&rli&$ent&r+
i$$!nit+
Act# p$ni#ha!leA
1. U#in1 ,"rce, inti'i(ati"n, threat#, "r
,ra$(# t" pre7ent an+ 'e'!er ", C"n1re##
,r"' atten(in1 the 'eetin1# ", C"n1re## "r
", an+ ", it# c"''ittee# "r #$!c"''ittee#,
c"n#tit$ti"nal c"''i##i"n# "r c"''ittee#
"r (i7i#i"n# there",, "r ,r"' e<pre##in1 hi#
"pini"n "r ca#tin1 hi# 7"teB
Ele'ent#A
a. OCen(er $#e# ,"rce,
inti'i(ati"n, threat# "r ,ra$(B
!. The p$rp"#e ", the "Cen(er
i# t" pre7ent an+ 'e'!er ", C"n1re##
,r"' )
o atten(in1 the
'eetin1# ", the C"n1re## "r ", an+
", it# c"''ittee# "r c"n#tit$ti"nal
c"''i##i"n#, etc.B
o e<pre##in1 hi#
"pini"nB "r
o ca#tin1 hi# 7"te.
4. Arre#tin1 "r #earchin1 an+ 'e'!er
there", &hile C"n1re## i# in re1$lar "r
#pecial #e##i"n, e<cept in ca#e #$ch
'e'!er ha# c"''itte( a cri'e p$ni#ha!le
$n(er the C"(e !+ a penalt+ hi1her than
pri#i"n 'a+"r.
Ele'ent#A
a. OCen(er i# a p$!lic "/cer
", e'pl"+eeB
!. :e arre#t# "r #earche# an+
'e'!er ", C"n1re##B
c. C"n1re##, at the ti'e ",
arre#t "r #earch, i# in re1$lar "r #pecial
#e##i"nB
(. The 'e'!er arre#te( "r
#earche( ha# n"t c"''itte( a cri'e
p$ni#ha!le $n(er the C"(e !+ a
penalt+ hi1her than pri#i"n 'a+"r.
It i# n"t nece##ar+
that the 'e'!er ", C"n1re## i# act$all+
pre7ente( ,r"' atten(in1.
Parlia'entar+
i''$nit+ ("e# n"t pr"tect 'e'!er# ",
C"n1re## ,r"' re#p"n#i!ilit+ !e,"re
C"n1re## it#el,.
Un(er the 120.
C"n#tit$ti"n, 'e'!er# ", C"n1re## are
e<e'pte( ,r"' arre#t, &hile C"n1re## i# in
#e##i"n, ,"r all "Cen#e# p$ni#ha!le !+ a
penalt+ LESS T:AN PRISION 5AYOR.
Th$#, $n(er the
C"n#tit$ti"n, a p$!lic "/cer &h" arre#t# a
'e'!er ", C"n1re## &h" ha# c"''itte( a
cri'e p$ni#ha!le !+ pri#i"n 'a+"r I#i<
+ear# an( "ne (a+, t" 14 +ear#J i# n"t
lia!le Article 1*.
T" !e c"n#i#tent &ith
the C"n#tit$ti"n, the phra#e N!+ a penalt+
hi1her than pri#i"n 'a+"rN in Article 1*
#h"$l( !e a'en(e( t" rea(A N!+ the
penalt+ ", pri#i"n 'a+"r "r hi1her.N
R.A. 1534
Ille2&l Poeion o, 8ire&r$
P!nih&ble &ct
1. Unl&#,!l M&n!,&ct!re- S&le- Ac9!iition-
Di(oition or Poeion o, 8ire&r$ or
A$$!nition or Intr!$ent Ue% or
C2005 Criminal Law 2 Reviewer
21
Inten%e% to be Ue% in the M&n!,&ct!re o,
8ire&r$ or A$$!nition % an+ per#"n &h"
#hall $nla&,$ll+ 'an$,act$re, (eal in, ac>$ire,
(i#p"#e, "r p"##e## an+ lo# (o#ere% :re&r$,
#$ch a# ri'Fre han(1$n, .303 "r .34 an( "ther
Frear' ", #i'ilar Frep"&er, part ", Frear',
a''$niti"n, "r 'achiner+, t""l "r in#tr$'ent
$#e( "r inten(e( t" !e $#e( in the 'an$,act$re
", an+ Frear' "r a''$niti"n. Pr"7i(e( that n"
"ther cri'e &a# c"''itte(.
:i1her penalt+ #hall !e i'p"#e( i, the Frear' i#
cla##iFe( a# hi2h (o#ere% :re&r$ &hich
incl$(e# th"#e &ith !"re# !i11er in (ia'eter
than .30 cali!er an( 2 'illi'eter #$ch a#
cali!er .3, .1, ., .* an( al#" le##er cali!ere(
Frear'# !$t c"n#i(ere( p"&er,$l #$ch a#
cali!er .3*. an( cali!er .44 center)Fre 'a1n$'
an( "ther Frear'# &ith Frin1 capa!ilit+ ", ,$ll
a$t"'atic an( !+ !$r#t ", t&" "r three.
Pr"7i(e(, h"&e7er, that n" "ther cri'e &a#
c"''itte( !+ the per#"n arre#te(.
I, h"'ici(e "r '$r(er i# c"''itte( &ith the $#e
", an $nlicen#e( Frear', #$ch $#e ", an
$nlicen#e( Frear' #hall !e c"n#i(ere( a# an
a11ra7atin1 circ$'#tance.
I, the 7i"lati"n ", thi# Secti"n i# in ,$rtherance ",
"r inci(ent t", "r in c"nnecti"n &ith the cri'e ",
re!elli"n "r in#$rrecti"n, #e(iti"n, "r atte'pte(
c"$p (EOtat, #$ch 7i"lati"n #hall !e a!#"r!e( a#
an ele'ent ", the cri'e ", re!elli"n, "r
in#$rrecti"n, #e(iti"n, "r atte'pte( c"$p (EOtat.
The #a'e penalt+ #hall !e i'p"#e( $p"n the
"&ner, pre#i(ent, 'ana1er, (irect"r "r "ther
re#p"n#i!le "/cer ", an+ p$!lic "r pri7ate Fr',
c"'pan+, c"rp"rati"n "r entit+, &h" #hall
&ill,$ll+ "r ?n"&in1l+ all"& an+ ", the Frear'#
"&ne( !+ #$ch Fr', c"'pan+, c"rp"rati"n "r
entit+ t" !e $#e( !+ an+ per#"n "r per#"n#
,"$n( 1$ilt+ ", 7i"latin1 the pr"7i#i"n# ", the
prece(in1 para1raph# "r &ill,$ll+ "r ?n"&in1l+
all"& an+ ", the' t" $#e $nlicen#e( Frear'# "r
Frear'# &ith"$t an+ le1al a$th"rit+ t" !e carrie(
"$t#i(e ", their re#i(ence in the c"$r#e ", their
e'pl"+'ent. IP1J
4. Unl&#,!l M&n!,&ct!re- S&le- Ac9!iition-
Di(oition or Poeion o, E;(loi6e Q
an+ per#"n &h" #hall $nla&,$ll+ 'an$,act$re,
a##e'!le, (eal in, ac>$ire, (i#p"#e "r p"##e##
han( 1rena(eI#J, ri=e 1rena(eI#J, an( "ther
e<pl"#i7e#, incl$(in1 !$t n"t li'ite( t" Epill!"<,E
E'"l"t"7 c"c?tail !"'!#,E EFre !"'!#,E "r "ther
incen(iar+ (e7ice# capa!le ", pr"($cin1
(e#tr$cti7e eCect "n c"nti1$"$# "!;ect# "r
ca$#in1 in;$r+ "r (eath t" an+ per#"n.
Ghen a per#"n c"''it# an+ ", the cri'e#
(eFne( in the RPC "r #pecial la&# &ith the $#e ",
the a,"re'enti"ne( e<pl"#i7e#, (et"nati"n
a1ent# "r incen(iar+ (e7ice#, &hich re#$lt# in
the (eath ", an+ per#"n "r per#"n#, the $#e ",
#$ch e<pl"#i7e#, (et"nati"n a1ent# "r incen(iar+
(e7ice# #hall !e c"n#i(ere( a# an a11ra7atin1
circ$'#tance.
I, the 7i"lati"n ", thi# Secti"n i# in ,$rtherance
",, "r inci(ent t", "r in c"nnecti"n &ith the cri'e
", re!elli"n, in#$rrecti"n, #e(iti"n "r atte'pte(
c"$p (EOtat, #$ch 7i"lati"n #hall !e a!#"r!e( a#
an ele'ent ", the cri'e# ", re!elli"n,
in#$rrecti"n, #e(iti"n "r atte'pte( c"$p (EOtat.
The #a'e penalt+ #hall !e i'p"#e( $p"n the
"&ner, pre#i(ent, 'ana1er, (irect"r "r "ther
re#p"n#i!le "/cer ", an+ p$!lic "r pri7ate Fr',
c"'pan+, c"rp"rati"n "r entit+, &h" #hall
&ill,$ll+ "r ?n"&in1l+ all"& an+ ", the e<pl"#i7e#
"&ne( !+ #$ch Fr', c"'pan+, c"rp"rati"n "r
entit+, t" !e $#e( !+ an+ per#"n "r per#"n#
,"$n( 1$ilt+ ", 7i"latin1 the pr"7i#i"n# ", the
prece(in1 para1raph#. IP3J
3. C&rr+in2 licene% :re&r$ o!ti%e one)
rei%ence #itho!t le2&l &!thorit+ there,or
IP1J
. T&$(erin2 o, 8ire&r$< Seri&l N!$ber Q
an+ per#"n &h" #hall $nla&,$ll+ ta'per, chan1e,
(e,ace "r era#e the #erial n$'!er ", an+ Frear'.
IP*J
*. Re(&c=in2 or Alterin2 the Co$(oition o,
L&#,!ll+ M&n!,&ct!re% E;(loi6e Qan+
per#"n &h" #hall $nla&,$ll+ repac?, alter "r
'"(i,+ the c"'p"#iti"n ", an+ la&,$ll+
'an$,act$re( e<pl"#i7e#. IP-J
Co6er&2e o, Unlicene% 8ire&r$
The ter' $nlicen#e( Frear' #hall incl$(eA
1J Frear'# &ith e<pire( licen#eB "r
4J $na$th"riDe( $#e ", licen#e( Frear' in the
c"''i##i"n ", the cri'e
Advinc/la vs. CA 2000"
)he ,ourt of Appeals ruled that no charges for 9llegal
Possession of -irearms could be filed against Amando and
9sagani Acampo for two *"+ reasons( -irst, as to Amando
Acampo, he had the re4uisite license to possess the firearm
*from the ,hief of the -irearms and E/plosies Affice,
which was established by sufficient eidence on record!
Second, as to 9sagani Acampo, there was no conincing
eidence that he was in possession of a gun during the
incident inoling him, his father and petitioner, e/cept for
the eyewitness account of petitioner and one -ederico San
<iguel!
HE'$( )he rule is well settled that in cases of 9llegal
Possession of -irearms, two *"+ things must be shown to
e/ist( *a+ the e/istence of the firearm, and *b+ the fact that
it is not licensed! Howeer, it should be noted that in
People ! Ramos, citing People ! Gy Gesiong, this ,ourt
ruled( H ! ! ! Een if he has the license, he cannot carry the
firearm outside his residence without legal authority
therefor!H
)he Secretary of Custice, in his contested Resolution, thus
made the following findings( Een if Amando had the
re4uisite license, there was no proof that he had the
necessary permit to carry it outside his residenceI and
C2005 Criminal Law 2 Reviewer
22
9saganiEs plain denial could not oercome his positie
identification by petitioner that he carried a firearm in
assaulting him! )hese are findings of fact supported by
eidence, which cannot be disturbed by this ,ourt!
People vs. *ac0an 1((0"
)ac2an and the deceased EscaJo were high school
classmates Kand gang mates in 3ron/ gangL! )he
relationship between )ac2an and EscaJo turned sour as the
4uarrel between them escalated from September up to
$ecember %#10! Bhile the class was still going on, )ac2an
slipped out of the classroom and went home to get a gun!
)ac2an suddenly burst into the room, and upon sighting
EscaJo )ac2an fired at scampering EscaJo, hitting EscaJo!
EscaJo remained sprawled on the floor bleeding profusely!
)ac2an was charged with 4ualified illegal possession of a
firearm and ammunition and of murder! After trial the R),
imposed upon him the penalty of death in both cases!
HE'$( P.D. 1&$$ is applica'le. )here is nothing in P!$! No!
%155 *which was promulgated on "# Cune %#1:+ which
suggests that it was intended to remain in effect only for
the duration of the martial law imposed upon the country
by former President <arcos! Neither does the statute
contain any proision that so prescribes its lapsing into non2
enforceability upon the termination of the state or period
of martial law! An the contrary, P!$! No! %155 by its own
terms purported to Hconsolidate, codify and integrateH all
prior laws and decrees penali.ing illegal possession and
manufacture of firearms, ammunition and e/plosies in
order Hto harmoni.e their proisions,H as well as to update
and reise certain proisions and prior statutes Hin order to
more effectiely deter iolators of the law on firearms,
ammunitions and e/plosies!H
1isolas vs. Panga 1((0"
Philippine ,onstabulary *P,+ raided a suspected NPA
Hunderground houseH in -oster =illage, $el ,armen, Pili the
early morning! )he house was searched and in a red bag
under a pillow allegedly used by <isolas a !"& gauge
Remington shotgun and four lie rounds of ammunition
were found! <isolas was charged with the crime of illegal
possession of firearms and ammunition under P$ %155 with
allegation that it was in furtherance of subersion so as to
4ualify the offense!
HE'$( 9llegal possession of firearms is not absorbed in
rebellion or subersion! Hernande. ruling cannot find
application in this case because <isolas is being charged
specifically for the 4ualified offense of illegal possession of
firearms and ammunition under P$ %155!
He is not being charged with the comple/ crime of
subersion with illegal possession of firearms! Neither is he
being separately charged for subersion and for illegal
possession of firearms!
S, considered the fact that the 'egislature had deemed it
fit to proide for two distinct offenses(
*%+ illegal possession of firearms 4ualified by
subersion *P!$! No! %155+ and
*"+ subersion 4ualified by the taking up of arms
against the Goernment *R!A! No! %M&&+!
2a3losis vs. C-avez 1((1"
3aylosis, de =era and <arco Palo, all known high ranking
officers of the ,PP2NPA, were charged with a illegal
possession of firearms in furtherance of, or incident to, or
in connection with the crimes of rebellion or subersion!
HE'$( ,harging the 4ualified offense of 9llegal possession
of firearms under P$ %155 does not charge the comple/
crime of subersion with illegal possession of firearms, and
hence does not run counter to Hernande., et al!, is good
and correct rule and is applicable in ,A3!
People vs. *iozon 1((1"
Section % of P!$! No! %155 imposes the penalty of
reclusion temporal in its ma/imum period to reclusion
perpetua Hupon any person who shall unlawfully
manufacture, deal in, ac4uire, dispose or possess any
firearm, part of firearm, ammunition or machinery,
tool or instrument used or intended to be used in the
manufacture of any firearm or ammunition!H 9t goes
further by proiding that Hif homicide or murder is
committed with the use of an unlicensed firearm, the
penalty of death shall be imposed!H
9t may be loosely said that homicide or murder
4ualifies the offense penali.ed in said Section %
because it is a circumstance which increases the
penalty! 4+ does no+. -owever. ,ollow +-a+ +-e
-omicide or m/rder is a'sor'ed in +-e o,,enseI
otherwise, an anomalous absurdity results whereby a
more serious crime defined and penali.ed in the
Reised Penal ,ode is absorbed by a statutory offense,
which is 8ust a malum prohibitum! )he rationale for
the 4ualification, as implied from the e/ordium of the
decree, is to effectiely deter iolations of the laws
on firearms and to stop the Hupsurge of crimes itally
affecting public order and safety due to the
proliferation of illegally possessed and manufactured
firearms, ! ! ! H 9n fine then, the killing of a person
with the use of an unlicensed firearm may gie rise to
separate prosecutions for *a+ iolation of Section % of
P!$! No! %155 and *b+ iolation of either Article "01
*<urder+ or Article "0# *Homicide+ of the Reised
Penal ,ode! *-e acc/sed canno+ plead one as a 'ar
+o +-e o+-er5 or. s+a+ed o+-erwise. +-e r/le agains+
do/'le 6eopard3 canno+ 'e invo7ed 'eca/se +-e
,irs+ is p/nis-ed '3 a special law w-ile +-e second.
-omicide or m/rder. is p/nis-ed '3 +-e Revised
Penal Code!
Howeer, to 8ustify the imposition of the
increased penalty under Section % of P!$! No! %155
because of the resulting crime of homicide or murder,
the prosecution must allege in the information and
proe by the 4uantum of eidence re4uired for
coniction iolation of said section and, more
specifically, the use of an unlicensed firearm and the
commission of homicide or murder!
Gndoubtedly, there is unlawful possession under
the foregoing section if one does not hae the license
to possess the firearm! Een if he has the license, he
cannot carry the firearm outside his residence without
legal authority therefor! 9t follows then that +-e lac7
or a'sence o, a license is an essen+ial ingredien+ o,
+-e o,,ense w-ic- +-e prosec/+ion m/s+ allege and
prove. Eery element of the crime must be alleged
and proed!
*-ere 'eing no proo, +-a+ acc/sed0appellan+
-ad no license +o possess +-e ,irearm in 8/es+ion,
-e co/ld no+ 'e convic+ed ,or illegal possession o, a
C2005 Criminal Law 2 Reviewer
2!
,irearm. )herefore, the trial court then committed an
error in holding the accused2appellant guilty thereof!
People vs. De 9racia 1((4"
)he rule is that ownership is not an essential
element of illegal possession of firearms and
ammunition! :-a+ +-e law re8/ires is merel3
possession w-ic- incl/des no+ onl3 ac+/al p-3sical
possession '/+ also cons+r/c+ive possession or +-e
s/'6ec+ion o, +-e +-ing +o one;s con+rol and
managemen+. )his has to be so if the manifest intent
of the law is to be effectie! )he same eils, the same
perils to public security, which the law penali.es e/ist
whether the unlicensed holder of a prohibited weapon
be its owner or a borrower! )o accomplish the ob8ect
of this law the proprietary concept of the possession
can hae no bearing whatsoeer!
But is the mere fact of physical or constructive
possession sufficient to convict a person for unlawful
possession of firearms or must there be an intent to
possess to constitute a violation of the law? )his
4uery assumes significance since the offense of illegal
possession of firearms is a malum prohibitum punished
by a special law, in which case good faith and absence
of criminal intent are not alid defenses!
Bhen the crime is punished by a special law, as a
rule, intent to commit the crime is not necessary! 4+ is
s/,,icien+ +-a+ +-e o,,ender -as +-e in+en+ +o
perpe+ra+e +-e ac+ pro-i'i+ed '3 +-e special law.
9ntent to commit the crime and in+en+ +o perpe+ra+e
+-e ac+ must be distinguished! A person may not hae
consciously intended to commit a crimeI but he did
intend to commit an act, and that act is, by the ery
nature of things, the crime itself! 9n the first *intent
to commit the crime+, there must be criminal intentI
in the second *intent to perpetrate the act+ it is
enough that the prohibited act is done freely and
consciously!
A distinction should be made between criminal
intent and in+en+ +o possess! Bhile mere possession,
without criminal intent, is sufficient to conict a
person for illegal possession of a firearm, i+ m/s+ s+ill
'e s-own +-a+ +-ere was animus possidendi or an
in+en+ +o possess on +-e par+ o, +-e acc/sed. Such
intent to possess is, howeer, without regard to any
other criminal or felonious intent which the accused
may hae harbored in possessing the firearm! ,riminal
intent here refers to the intention of the accused to
commit an offense with the use of an unlicensed
firearm! )his is not important in conicting a person
under Presidential $ecree No! %155! Hence, in order
that one may be found guilty of a iolation of the
decree, i+ is s/,,icien+ +-a+ +-e acc/sed -ad no
a/+-ori+3 or license +o possess a ,irearm. and +-a+
-e in+ended +o possess +-e same. even i, s/c-
possession was made in good ,ai+- and wi+-o/+
criminal in+en+.
,oncomitantly, a +emporar3. inciden+al. cas/al.
or -armless possession or con+rol o, a ,irearm
canno+ 'e considered a viola+ion o, a s+a+/+e
pro-i'i+ing +-e possession o, +-is 7ind o, weapon,
such as Presidential $ecree No! %155! )hus, al+-o/g-
+-ere is p-3sical or cons+r/c+ive possession. ,or as
long as +-e animus possidendi is a'sen+. +-ere is no
o,,ense commi++ed.
People vs. 9arcia 2002"
)ioleco was kidnapped while he was 8ogging alone in the
morning! His abductors took him to a house in -airiew,
where the accused Rogel and 'ariba were assigned to
watch oer him! Bhen the police discoered the hideout,
Rogel and 'ariba immediately ran to a room in the house
where seeral unlicensed firearms were stored! 3oth were
conicted of Didnapping for Ransom AN$ 9llegal Possession
of -irearms!
HE'$( Rogel and 'ariba cannot be held liable for illegal
possession of firearms and ammunitions there being
another crime 2 kidnapping for ransom 2 which they were
perpetrating at the same time!
Gnder R!A! 1"#0, if an unlicensed firearm is used in the
commission of any crime, there can be no separate offense
of simple illegal possession of firearms! )he language of the
new law demonstrates the legislatie intent to faor the
accused! )he law is clear( the accused can be conicted of
simple illegal possession of firearms, proided that Hno
other crime was committed by the person arrested!H 9f the
intention of the law in the second paragraph were to refer
only to homicide and murder, it should hae e/pressly said
so, as it did in the third paragraph! Bhere the law does not
distinguish, neither should we!
People vs. Cas+illo 2000"
Bilhelmina was kidnapped by persons pretending to be
interested buyers of real estate! She was brought to a
safehouse in ;ue.on ,ity, where the accused Gon.ales was
assigned to watch oer her at all times! Gon.ales carried
an unlicensed firearm while watching oer Bilhelmina!
Bhen the police discoered the safehouse, Gon.ales
immediately threw his firearm away from him! )he police
found more unlicensed firearms in another room in the
house! Gon.ales was conicted of 9llegal Possession of
-irearms, with penalty deried from P!$! %155!
HE'$( )he penalty imposed on him by the trial court
e/ceeded that prescribed by law! Gnder Republic Act No!
1"#0, amending P! $! No! %155, the penalty for illegal
possession of firearm classified as high powered is prision
mayor minimum or si/ *5+ years and one *%+ day to eight *1+
years and a fine of thirty thousand *P:&,&&&!&&+ pesos!
Here, the offense was committed on Noember "M, %##"!
Since the amendatory law is faorable to the accused, it
shall be gien retroactie application!
People vs. <epom/ceno 1((("
Accused here was charged with parricide that was
committed with the use of an unlicensed firearm! )he "
charges were separately charged and tried!
RA1"#0 was passed which said that if a homicide or murder
is committed with the use of an unlicensed firearm, the
latter cannot be tried separately but will 8ust be treated as
an aggraating circumstance!
HE'$( Accused can no longer be separately charged with
parricide and illegal possession of firearms! )he
amendment says that the latter is only to be treated as an
aggraating circumstance! 3eing clearly faorable to the
C2005 Criminal Law 2 Reviewer
24
accused, the amendatory law RA1"#0 can be applied
retroactiely to this case!
People vs. Evangelis+a 1(($"
Accused here was charged with murder and simple illegal
possession of firearms! Accused here killed someone with a
homemade gun! Howeer the court found the accused
guilty of murder and aggraated illegal possession of
firearms *weapon used for murder+ and sentenced him to
death!
Held(
%+ Accused cannot be found guilty of aggraated illegal
possession as the information simply charged simple
illegal possession! )hat an unlicensed firearm was
used in the commission of murder or homicide is a
4ualifying circumstance! ,onse4uently, it must be
specifically alleged in the information, otherwise the
accused cannot be sentenced to death without
iolating his right to be informed of the charge against
him!
"+ He cannot een be conicted of simple illegal
possession as there was no proof that the gun was
unlicensed! )he fact that the gun used was homemade
does not mean that it cannot be licensed and
therefore it is right for the court to automatically
assume that it is unlicensed! Een if a homemade gun
is used, it does not dispense with the re4uired proof
that the gun was indeed unlicensed!
Note( 9n this case, the amendatory law AR1"#0 had not yet
been passed, therefore it was still allowed to separately
charge murder and illegal possession of firearms!
P&l&n2&n& 6. CA >544.?
Bith the passage of Republic Act! No! 1"#0 on 5 Cune %##M,
the use of an unlicensed firearm in murder or homicide is
now considered as a SPE,9A' aggraating circumstance and
not a generic aggraating circumstance!
Article 14.. Ille2&l &e$blie
Act# p$ni#ha!leA
1. An+ 'eetin1 atten(e( !+ ar'e(
per#"n# ,"r the p$rp"#e ", c"''ittin1 an+
", the cri'e# p$ni#ha!le $n(er the C"(eB
Ele'ent#A
a. There i# a 'eetin1, a 1atherin1
"r 1r"$p ", per#"n#, &hether in F<e(
place "r '"7in1B
!. The 'eetin1 i# atten(e( !+
ar'e( per#"n#B
c. The p$rp"#e ", the 'eetin1 i#
t" c"''it an+ ", the cri'e# p$ni#ha!le
$n(er the C"(e.
4. An+ 'eetin1 in &hich the a$(ience,
&hether ar'e( "r n"t, i# incite( t" the
c"''i##i"n ", the cri'e ", trea#"n,
re!elli"n "r in#$rrecti"n, #e(iti"n, "r
a##a$lt $p"n per#"n in a$th"rit+ "r hi#
a1ent#.
a. There i# a 'eetin1, a 1atherin1
"r 1r"$p ", per#"n#, &hether in a F<e(
place "r '"7in1B
!. The a$(ience, &hether ar'e(
"r n"t, i# incite( t" the c"''i##i"n ",
the cri'e ", trea#"n, re!elli"n "r
in#$rrecti"n, #e(iti"n "r (irect a##a$lt.
Per#"n# lia!leA
1. The "r1aniDer "r lea(er# ", the 'eetin1B
3. Per#"n# 'erel+ pre#ent at the 'eetin1,
&h" '$#t ha7e a c"''"n intent t" c"''it
the ,el"n+ ", ille1al a##e'!l+.
5eetin1 % incl$(e# a
1atherin1 "r 1r"$p, &hether in a F<e(
place "r '"7in1.
Un(er the Fr#t t+pe
", ille1al a##e'!l+, n"t all per#"n# pre#ent
at the 'eetin1 '$#t !e ar'e( t" !e lia!le
$n(er thi# article.
The $nar'e( per#"n
'erel+ pre#ent at the 'eetin1 ", the Fr#t
t+pe i# lia!le, !$t ar'e( per#"n# are
p$ni#he( '"re #e7erel+ $n(er thi# article.
N"te h"&e7er that
the per#"n 'erel+ pre#ent '$#t ha7e an
intent t" c"''it the ,el"n+ ", ille1al
a##e'!l+. I, he &a# a c$ri"$# !+#tan(er,
he i# n"t lia!le.
I, an+ per#"n pre#ent
at the 'eetin1 carrie# an $nlicen#e(
Frear',
o it i# pre#$'e(
that the p$rp"#e ", the 'eetin1 in#",ar
a# he i# c"ncerne( i# t" c"''it act#
p$ni#ha!le $n(er the Re7i#e( Penal
C"(e,
o :e i#
c"n#i(ere( a lea(er "r "r1aniDer ", the
'eetin1.
Un(er the Fr#t t+pe,
the a$(ience '$#t !e Mact$all+ incite(R t"
the c"''i##i"n ", an+ ", the cri'e#
en$'erate(. I, the 'eetin1 &a# (i#per#e(
!e,"re there &a# act$al incitin1, there i# n"
ille1al a##e'!l+.
Article 14/. Ille2&l &oci&tion
Ghat are ille1al a##"ciati"n#H
1. A##"ciati"n# t"tall+ "r partiall+
"r1aniDe( ,"r the p$rp"#e ", c"''ittin1
C2005 Criminal Law 2 Reviewer
25
an+ ", the cri'e# p$ni#ha!le $n(er the
C"(eB
4. A##"ciati"n# t"tall+ "r partiall+
"r1aniDe( ,"r #"'e p$rp"#e c"ntrar+ t"
p$!lic '"ral#.
Per#"n# lia!leA
1. 9"$n(er#, (irect"r# an( pre#i(ent ", the
a##"ciati"nB
4. 5ere 'e'!er# ", the a##"ciati"n.
Ille2&l &oci&tion Ille2&l &e$blie
It i# n"t nece##ar+ that
there !e an act$al
'eetin1
It i# nece##ar+ that there
i# an act$al 'eetin1 "r
a##e'!l+ ,"r the
p$rp"#e# #tate( in Article
1-
The act ", ,"r'in1 "r
"r1aniDin1 an(
'e'!er#hip in the
a##"ciati"n i# p$ni#he(
The 'eetin1 an(
atten(ance at #$ch
'eetin1 i# p$ni#he(
Per#"n# lia!le are the
,"$n(er#, (irect"r# an(
pre#i(ent, an( the
'e'!er#
Per#"n# lia!le are the
"r1aniDer# "r lea(er# ",
the 'eetin1 an( the
per#"n# pre#ent at #$ch
'eetin1
Article 141. Direct &&!lt
Act# p$ni#ha!leA
1. Gith"$t p$!lic $pri#in1, !+ e'pl"+in1
,"rce "r inti'i(ati"n ,"r the attain'ent ",
an+ ", the p$rp"#e# en$'erate( in
(eFnin1 the cri'e# ", re!elli"n an(
#e(iti"nB
Ele'ent#A
a. OCen(er e'pl"+# ,"rce "r
inti'i(ati"nB
!. The ai' ", the "Cen(er i# t"
attain an+ ", the p$rp"#e# ", the cri'e
", re!elli"n "r an+ ", the "!;ect# ", the
cri'e ", #e(iti"nB
c. There i# n" p$!lic $pri#in1.
4. Gith"$t p$!lic $pri#in1, !+ attac?in1,
!+ e'pl"+in1 ,"rce "r !+ #eri"$#l+
inti'i(atin1 "r !+ #eri"$#l+ re#i#tin1 an+
per#"n in a$th"rit+ "r an+ ", hi# a1ent#,
&hile en1a1e( in the per,"r'ance ",
"/cial ($tie#, "r "n "cca#i"n ", #$ch
per,"r'ance.
Ele'ent#A
a. OCen(er 'a?e# an attac?,
e'pl"+# ,"rce, 'a?e# a #eri"$#
inti'i(ati"n, "r 'a?e# a #eri"$#
re#i#tanceB
!. The per#"n a##a$lte( i# a
per#"n in a$th"rit+ "r hi# a1entB
c. At the ti'e ", the a##a$lt, the
per#"n in a$th"rit+ "r hi# a1ent i#
en1a1e( in the act$al per,"r'ance ",
"/cial ($tie#, "r that he i# a##a$lte(
!+ rea#"n ", the pa#t per,"r'ance ",
"/cial ($tie#B
(. OCen(er ?n"&# that the "ne he
i# a##a$ltin1 i# a per#"n in a$th"rit+ "r
hi# a1ent in the e<erci#e ", hi# ($tie#.
e. There i# n" p$!lic $pri#in1.
An+ per#"n &h"
a##a$lt#, #tri?e#, &"$n(# "r in an+ "ther
'anner "Cer# 7i"lence t" the per#"n ", an
a'!a##a("r "r a p$!lic 'ini#ter, #hall !e
#$!;ect t" an a((iti"nal penalt+ $n(er R.A.
.*.
In the Fr#t t+pe ",
(irect a##a$lt, it i# n"t nece##ar+ that the
"Cen(e( part+ i# a per#"n in a$th"rit+ "r
hi# a1ent.
I, the "Cen(e( part+
i# "nl+ an a1ent ", a per#"n in a$th"rit+,
the ,"rce '$#t !e ", a #eri"$# character a#
t" in(icate a (eter'inati"n t" (e,+ the la&
an( it# repre#entati7e.
The ,"rce e'pl"+e(
nee( n"t !e #eri"$# &hen the "Cen(e(
part+ i# a per#"n in a$th"rit+ Irea#"nA
penalt+ i# e7en hi1her &hen the "Cen(er
la+# han(# $p"n a per#"n in a$th"rit+J
The inti'i(ati"n "r
re#i#tance '$#t !e #eri"$# &hether the
"Cen(e( part+ i# an a1ent "nl+ "r he i# a
per#"n in a$th"rit+.
T" (eter'ine &hether
a certain p$!lic "/cer i# a per#"n in
a$th"rit+, l""? at hi# p"&er# an( ($tie#
7e#te( !+ la&.
Ghen per#"n# in
a$th"rit+ "r their a1ent# (e#cen(e( t"
'atter# ", pri7ate nat$re, an attac? 'a(e
!+ "ne a1ain#t the "ther i# n"t (irect
a##a$lt, !eca$#e the+ are n"t c"n#i(ere( in
Mper,"r'ance ", "/cial ($tie#.R
I, the per#"n in
a$th"rit+ "r hi# a1ent pr"7"?e# the
"Cen(er, there i# n" (irect a##a$lt i,
acc$#e( i# actin1 in la&,$l #el,)(e,en#e.
Direct a##a$lt ", the
#ec"n( t+pe 'a+ !e c"''itte( !+ a p$!lic
"/cer, !eca$#e the la& c"n#i(er# it an
C2005 Criminal Law 2 Reviewer
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a11ra7atin1 circ$'#tance &hen the
"Cen(er Mi# a p$!lic "/cer "r e'pl"+ee.
Kn"&le(1e ", the
acc$#e( that the 7icti' i# a per#"n in
a$th"rit+ "r hi# a1ent i# e##ential. The
in,"r'ati"n '$#t alle1e #$ch ?n"&le(1e.
It i# n"t nece##ar+
that the per#"n in a$th"rit+ "r hi# a1ent !e
in the act$al per,"r'ance ", "/cial ($t+
&hen attac?e( "r #eri"$#l+ inti'i(ate(.
Attac? 'a+ !e ("ne
L!+ rea#"n ", the per,"r'ance ", ($t+ %
'ean# !+ rea#"n ", the pa#t per,"r'ance
", "/cial ($t+, e7en i, at the ti'e ", the
a##a$lt n" "/cial ($t+ &a# !ein1
(i#char1e(.
E7i(ence ", '"ti7e i#
i'p"rtant &hen the per#"n in a$th"rit+ "r
hi# a1ent i# n"t in the act$al per,"r'ance
", ($t+ &hen attac?e(.
Direct a##a$lt ", the
#ec"n( ,"r' i# >$aliFe( &henA
o The a##a$lt i#
c"''itte( &ith a &eap"n, "r
o The "Cen(er i# a
p$!lic "/cer ", e'pl"+ee, "r
o The "Cen(er la+#
han(# $p"n a per#"n in a$th"rit+.
The cri'e ", #li1ht
ph+#ical in;$rie# i# a!#"r!e( in (irect
a##a$lt, !eca$#e it i# the nece##ar+
c"n#e>$ence ", the ,"rce "r 7i"lence $#e(.
Seri"$# ph+#ical in;$rie#, '$r(er "r
h"'ici(e 'a+ !e c"'ple<e( &ith (irect
a##a$lt.
People vs. 2el+ran
<ayor ;uirolgico and patrolman )olentino went to the
Pu.on compound to talk to 3eltran and his companions to
surrender in connection with an incident where 3eltran
shouted 6ula of your mother7 to Alarado and Grbi!
<ayor and patrolman suffered gunshot wounds and the
mayor@s son died due to a simultaneous discharge of gunfire
by the accused!
HE'$( )he accused are guilty of murder and double
attempted murder with direct assault *under the "
nd
form
of direct assault+! )he accused attacked and employed
force against the mayor and police while the latter were
engaged in the actual performance of duty and the accused
knew that they were assaulting persons in authority!
People vs. Dollan+es
3arangay ,aptain was deliering a speech to start a dance
when $ollantes went to the middle of the dancing floor
making a dance moement, brandishing a knife and
challenging eeryone! )he 3arangay ,aptain approached
him and told him to stop and keep 4uiet! $ollantes and his
companions stabbed and eentually killed the 3arangay
,aptain!
HE'$( )he accused were guilty of Assault upon a person in
authority, resulting in <urder! )he 3arangay captain was in
the act of trying to pacify $ollantes who was making
trouble in the dance hall when he was stabbed to death!
Hence, he was killed while in the performance of duties! A
3arangay ,aptain is a person in authority!
Article 143. In%irect &&!lt
Ele'ent#A
1. A per#"n in a$th"rit+ "r hi# a1ent i# the
7icti' ", an+ ", the ,"r'# ", (irect a##a$lt
(eFne( in Article 10B
4. A per#"n c"'e# t" the ai( ", #$ch a$th"rit+
"r hi# a1entB
3. OCen(er 'a?e# $#e ", ,"rce "r inti'i(ati"n
$p"n #$ch per#"n c"'in1 t" the ai( ", the
a$th"rit+ "r hi# a1ent.
In(irect a##a$lt can
!e c"''itte( "nl+ &hen (irect a##a$lt i#
c"''itte(.
Article 1*4. Diobe%ience to !$$on
i!e% b+ the N&tion&l Ae$bl+- it
co$$ittee or !bco$$ittee- b+ the
Contit!tion&l Co$$iion- it
co$$ittee- !bco$$ittee or %i6iion
Act# p$ni#ha!leA
1. B+ re,$#in1, &ith"$t le1al e<c$#e, t"
"!e+ #$''"n# ", C"n1re##, it# #pecial "r
#tan(in1 c"''ittee# an( #$!c"''ittee#,
the C"n#tit$ti"nal C"''i##i"n# an( it#
c"''ittee#, #$!c"''ittee# "r (i7i#i"n#, "r
!+ an+ c"''i##i"n "r c"''ittee chair'an
"r 'e'!er a$th"riDe( t" #$''"n
&itne##e#B
4. B+ re,$#in1 t" !e #&"rn "r place(
$n(er a/r'ati"n &hile !ein1 !e,"re #$ch
le1i#lati7e "r c"n#tit$ti"nal !"(+ "r "/cialB
3. B+ re,$#in1 t" an#&er an+ le1al in>$ir+
"r t" pr"($ce an+ !""?#, paper#,
("c$'ent#, "r rec"r(# in hi# p"##e##i"n,
&hen re>$ire( !+ the' t" (" #" in the
e<erci#e ", their ,$ncti"n#B
. B+ re#trainin1 an"ther ,r"' atten(in1
a# a &itne## in #$ch le1i#lati7e "r
c"n#tit$ti"nal !"(+B
*. B+ in($cin1 (i#"!e(ience t" a
#$''"n# "r re,$#al t" !e #&"rn !+ an+
#$ch !"(+ "r "/cial.
Rea#"n ,"r thi#
articleA t" 1i7e #tren1th t" the le1i#lat$re#
C2005 Criminal Law 2 Reviewer
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p"&er ", in>$ir+, &hich i# e##ential t"
le1i#lati7e ,$ncti"n#.
Thi# article &ill n"t
appl+ i, the paper# 'a+ !e $#e( in
e7i(ence a1ain#t the "&ner, !eca$#e it
&"$l( !e c"'pellin1 hi' t" !e a &itne##
a1ain#t hi'#el,. Sel,)incri'inati"n i# a
7ali( e<c$#e.
The te#ti'"n+ ", the
per#"n #$''"ne( '$#t !e $p"n 'atter#
int" &hich C"n1re## ha# ;$ri#(icti"n t"
in>$ire.
Act# p$ni#he( $n(er
thi# article 'a+ al#" !e p$ni#he( ,"r
c"nte'pt ", the C"n1re##.
Article 1*1. Reit&nce &n% %iobe%ience
to & (eron in &!thorit+ or the &2ent o,
!ch (eron
Ele'ent# ", re#i#tance an( #eri"$#
(i#"!e(ienceA
1. A per#"n in a$th"rit+ "r hi# a1ent i#
en1a1e( in the per,"r'ance ", "/cial ($t+
"r 1i7e# a la&,$l "r(er t" the "Cen(erB
4. OCen(er re#i#t# "r #eri"$#l+ (i#"!e+# #$ch
per#"n in a$th"rit+ "r hi# a1entB
3. The act ", the "Cen(er i# n"t incl$(e( in
the pr"7i#i"n ", Article# 10, 12 an( 1*3.
Ele'ent# ", #i'ple (i#"!e(ienceA
1. An a1ent ", a per#"n in a$th"rit+ i#
en1a1e( in the per,"r'ance ", "/cial ($t+
"r 1i7e# a la&,$l "r(er t" the "Cen(erB
4. OCen(er (i#"!e+# #$ch a1ent ", a
per#"n in a$th"rit+B
3. S$ch (i#"!e(ience i# n"t ", a #eri"$#
nat$re.
The (i#"!e(ience
c"nte'plate( c"n#i#t# in the ,ail$re "r
re,$#al t" "!e+ DIRECT ORDER ,r"' the
per#"n in a$th"rit+ "r hi# a1ent.
Un(er #i'ple
(i#"!e(ience, the "Cen(e( part+ '$#t !e
"nl+ an a1ent ", a per#"n in a$th"rit+.
I, n" ,"rce i#
e'pl"+e( !+ the "Cen(er a1ain#t a per#"n
in a$th"rit+, the cri'e i# re#i#tance "r
#eri"$# (i#"!e(ience $n(er the Fr#t t+pe.
Reit&nce or erio!
%iobe%ience
Direct &&!lt
Per#"n in a$th"rit+ "r hi#
a1ent '$#t !e in act$al
per,"r'ance ", hi#
($tie#
Per#"n in a$th"rit+ "r hi#
a1ent '$#t !e en1a1e(
in the per,"r'ance ",
"/cial ($tie# "r that he
i# a##a$lte( !+ rea#"n
there",
C"''itte( "nl+ !+
reitin2 "r #eri"$#l+
(i#"!e+in1
I4
n(
t+peJ c"''itte( !+
attac?in1, e'pl"+in1
,"rce, #eri"$#l+
inti'i(atin1 "r erio!l+
reitin2
9"rce e'pl"+e( i# n"t #"
#eri"$#, a# there i# n"
'ani,e#t intenti"n t"
(e,+ the la& an( the
"/cer#
Attac? "r e'pl"+'ent ",
,"rce '$#t !e #eri"$#
an( (eli!erate. B$t i, the
"ne re#i#te( i# a per#"n
in a$th"rit+, an+ (e1ree
", ,"rce i# (irect a##a$lt.
Article 1*5. Peron in &!thorit+ &n%
A2ent o, (eron in &!thorit+
A per#"n in a$th"rit+ i# "ne
(irectl+ 7e#te( &ith ;$ri#(icti"n, &hether a#
an in(i7i($al "r a# a 'e'!er ", #"'e c"$rt
"r 1"7ern'ent c"rp"rati"n, !"ar( "r
c"''i##i"n.
8e#te( &ith ;$ri#(icti"n % the
p"&er an( a$th"rit+ t" 1"7ern an( e<ec$te
the la&#.
E<a'ple# ", per#"n in
a$th"rit+A (i7i#i"n #$perinten(ent ",
#ch""l#, pre#i(ent ", #anitar+ (i7i#i"n Iin a
'$nicipalit+J, teacher#, 'a+"r, ;$#tice ",
peace, !aran1a+ captain an( !aran1a+
chair'an
An a1ent ", a per#"n in
a$th"rit+ i# "ne &h", !+ (irect pr"7i#i"n ",
la& "r !+ app"int'ent !+ c"'petent
a$th"rit+, i# char1e( &ith I1J the
'aintenance ", p$!lic "r(er an( I4J the
pr"tecti"n an( #ec$rit+ ", li,e an( pr"pert+.
E<a'ple#A !arri" c"$ncil'an,
!arri" p"lice'an, !aran1a+ lea(er, an+
per#"n &h" c"'e# t" the ai( ", per#"n# in
a$th"rit+, #heriC, p"#t'a#ter, a1ent# ",
BIR, '$nicipal trea#$rer, p"lice'en
Teacher#, pr",e##"r# an(
per#"n# char1e( &ith the #$per7i#i"n ",
p$!lic "r ($l+ rec"1niDe( pri7ate #ch""l#,
c"lle1e# an( $ni7er#itie#, an( la&+er# in
the act$al per,"r'ance ", their
pr",e##i"nal ($tie# "r "n the "cca#i"n ",
#$ch per,"r'ance, #hall !e (ee'e(
per#"n# in a$th"rit+ ,"r p$rp"#e# ", Article#
10 I(irect a##a$ltJ an( 1*1
I(i#"!e(ienceJ. B+ i'plicati"n, Article 12
Iin(irect a##a$ltJ i# al#" incl$(e(.
C2005 Criminal Law 2 Reviewer
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Article 1*3. T!$!lt &n% other
%it!rb&nce o, (!blic or%er " t!$!lt!o!
%it!rb&nce or interr!(tion li&ble to c&!e
%it!rb&nce
Act# p$ni#ha!leA
1. Ca$#in1 an+ #eri"$# (i#t$r!ance in a
p$!lic place, "/ce "r e#ta!li#h'entB
4. Interr$ptin1 "r (i#t$r!in1
per,"r'ance#, ,$ncti"n# "r 1atherin1#, "r
peace,$l 'eetin1#, i, the act i# n"t
incl$(e( in Article# 131 an( 134
3. 5a?in1 an+ "$tcr+ ten(in1 t" incite
re!elli"n "r #e(iti"n in an+ 'eetin1,
a##"ciati"n "r p$!lic placeB
. Di#pla+in1 placar(# "r e'!le'# &hich
pr"7"?e a (i#t$r!ance ", p$!lic "r(er in
#$ch placeB
*. B$r+in1 &ith p"'p the !"(+ ", a
per#"n &h" ha# !een le1all+ e<ec$te(.
I, the act ", (i#t$r!in1 "r
interr$ptin1 a 'eetin1 "r reli1i"$#
cere'"n+ i# n"t c"''itte( !+ p$!lic
"/cer#, "r i, c"''itte( !+ p$!lic "/cer#
the+ are participant# therein, thi# article
#h"$l( !e applie(.
O$tcr+ % t" #h"$t #$!7er#i7e "r
pr"7"cati7e &"r(# ten(in1 t" #tir $p the
pe"ple t" "!tain !+ 'ean# ", ,"rce "r
7i"lence an+ ", the "!;ect# ", re!elli"n "r
#e(iti"n.
I, the "$tcr+ i# an $nc"n#ci"$#
"$t!$r#t &hich i# n"t intenti"nall+
calc$late( t" in($ce "ther# t" c"''it
re!elli"n "r #e(iti"n, it #h"$l( !e p$ni#he(
$n(er thi# article. I, the "Cen(er 'a(e the
"$tcr+ &ith the th"$1ht ", in($cin1 hi#
hearer# t" c"''it re!elli"n "r #e(iti"n,
then it i# p$ni#he( a# incitin1 t"
re!elli"nS#e(iti"n.
Per#"n# ca$#in1 (i#t$r!ance ",
a t$'$lt$"$# character #hall !e i'p"#e( a
penalt+ ne<t hi1her in (e1ree
T$'$lt$"$# % I, ca$#e( !+ '"re
than three per#"n# &h" are ar'e( "r
pr"7i(e( &ith 'ean# ", 7i"lence
Article 1*4. Unl&#,!l !e o, $e&n o,
(!blic&tion &n% !nl&#,!l !tter&nce
Act# p$ni#ha!leA
1. P$!li#hin1 "r ca$#in1 t" !e p$!li#he(,
!+ 'ean# ", printin1, lith"1raph+ "r an+
"ther 'ean# ", p$!licati"n, a# ne&# an+
,al#e ne&# &hich 'a+ en(an1er the p$!lic
"r(erB "r ca$#e (a'a1e t" the intere#t "r
cre(it ", the StateB
4. Enc"$ra1in1 (i#"!e(ience t" the la& "r
t" the c"n#tit$te( a$th"ritie# "r prai#in1,
;$#ti,+in1 "r e<t"llin1 an+ act p$ni#he( !+
la&, !+ the #a'e 'ean# "r !+ &"r(#,
$tterance# "r #peeche#B
3. 5alici"$#l+ p$!li#hin1 "r ca$#in1 t" !e
p$!li#he( an+ "/cial re#"l$ti"n "r
C2005 Criminal Law 2 Reviewer
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("c$'ent &ith"$t pr"per a$th"rit+, "r
!e,"re the+ ha7e !een p$!li#he( "/ciall+
. Printin1, p$!li#hin1 "r (i#tri!$tin1 I"r
ca$#in1 the #a'eJ !""?#, pa'phlet#,
peri"(ical#, "r lea=et# &hich (" n"t !ear
the real printer# na'e, "r &hich are
cla##iFe( a# an"n+'"$#.
L'a+ en(an1er % 'ean# that
act$al p$!lic (i#"r(er "r act$al (a'a1e t"
the cre(it ", the State i# n"t nece##ar+.
The "Cen(er '$#t ?n"& that
the ne&# i# ,al#e, t" !e lia!le $n(er thi#
article.
R.A. 40 pr"hi!it# the
reprintin1, repr"($cti"n "r rep$!licati"n ",
1"7ern'ent p$!licati"n# an( "/cial
("c$'ent# &ith"$t "/cial a$th"rit+.
Article 1**. Al&r$ &n% c&n%&l
Act# p$ni#ha!leA
1. Di#char1in1 an+ Frear', r"c?et,
Frecrac?er, "r "ther e<pl"#i7e &ithin an+
t"&n "r p$!lic place, calc$late( t" ca$#e
I&hich pr"($ce#J alar' ", (an1erB
4. In#ti1atin1 "r ta?in1 an acti7e part in
an+ chari7ari "r "ther (i#"r(erl+ 'eetin1
"Cen#i7e t" an"ther "r pre;$(icial t" p$!lic
tran>$ilit+B
3. Di#t$r!in1 the p$!lic peace &hile
&an(erin1 a!"$t at ni1ht "r &hile en1a1e(
in an+ "ther n"ct$rnal a'$#e'ent#B
. Ca$#in1 an+ (i#t$r!ance "r #can(al in
p$!lic place# &hile int"<icate( "r
"ther&i#e, pr"7i(e( Article 1*3 in n"t
applica!le.
The (i#char1e ", Frear' #h"$l(
n"t !e ai'e( at an+ per#"n, "ther&i#e the
"Cen#e i# (i#char1e ", Frear' $n(er Article
4*.
The act in the Fr#t para1raph
'$#t pr"($ce alar' "r (an1er a# a
c"n#e>$ence.
Di#char1e ", Frecrac?er# "r
r"c?et# ($rin1 Fe#ta# n"t c"7ere( !+ thi#
article.
Chari7ari % a 'e(le+ ",
(i#c"r(ant 7"ice#, a '"c? #erena(e ",
(i#c"r(ant n"i#e# 'a(e "n ?ettle#, tin#,
h"rn#, etc. (e#i1ne( t" ann"+ an( in#$lt.
I, the (i#t$r!ance i# ", #eri"$#
nat$re, the ca#e ,all# $n(er Article 1*3.
Article 1*.. Deli6erin2 (rioner ,ro$ @&il
Ele'ent#A
1. There i# a per#"n c"nFne( in a ;ail "r
penal e#ta!li#h'entB
4. OCen(er re'"7e# there,r"' #$ch
per#"n, "r help# the e#cape ", #$ch per#"n.
Applie# t" an+ ?in( ", pri#"ner,
&hether (etenti"n pri#"ner "r pri#"ner !+
Fnal ;$(1'ent.
8i"lence, inti'i(ati"n "r
!ri!er+ increa#e# the applica!le penalt+.
I, the e#cape ", the pri#"ner
ta?e# place "$t#i(e ", #ai( e#ta!li#h'ent#
!+ ta?in1 the 1$ar(# !+ #$rpri#e, the
penalt+ i# the 'ini'$' peri"( ", that
pre#cri!e(.
Ghat i# the lia!ilit+ ", the
pri#"ner &h" e#cape#H
o I, he i# a
(etenti"n pri#"ner, #$ch per#"n i# n"t
cri'inall+ lia!le. A pri#"ner i#
cri'inall+ lia!le ,"r lea7in1 the penal
in#tit$ti"n "nl+ &hen there i# e7a#i"n
", #er7ice ", #entence, &hich can !e
c"''itte( "nl+ !+ a c"n7ict !+ Fnal
;$(1'ent.
Al'er+o vs. Dela Cr/z
$ena4ue escaped while working on the goernor@s fence!
Petition to include as defendants Goernor ,ledera and
assistant proincial warden Esmeralda due to the belief
that they had a hand in the escape of Pablo $ena4ue!
Allegedly, the goernor sent a note to Esmeralda asking for
fie men to work on his fence!
HE'$( )he Goernor and Esmeralda cannot be prosecuted
for the offense! 9t is necessary that the public officer
consented to or connied in the escape of the prisoner
under his custody! 9f the public officer charged with the
duty of guarding him does not connie with the fugitie,
then he has not iolated the law and is not guilty of the
crime! Article %N5 is usually committed by an outsider! 9f
the offender is a public officer, then Article "": applies!
Article 1*/. E6&ion o, er6ice o,
entence
Ele'ent#A
1. OCen(er i# a c"n7ict !+ Fnal ;$(1'entB
4. :e i# #er7in1 #entence &hich c"n#i#t#
in the (epri7ati"n ", li!ert+B
3. :e e7a(e# #er7ice ", hi# #entence !+
e#capin1 ($rin1 the ter' ", hi#
i'pri#"n'ent.
@$ali,+in1 circ$'#tance# a# t" penalt+
i'p"#e(A
I, #$ch e7a#i"n "r e#cape ta?e# place )
C2005 Criminal Law 2 Reviewer
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1. B+ 'ean# ", $nla&,$l entr+ Ithi# #h"$l(
!e M!+ #calin1R i, c"rrect Spani#h
tran#lati"n i# $#e(JB
4. B+ !rea?in1 (""r#, &in("&#, 1ate#,
&all#, r"",# "r =""r#B
3. B+ $#in1 pic?l"c?, ,al#e ?e+#, (i#1$i#e,
(eceit, 7i"lence "r inti'i(ati"nB "r
. Thr"$1h c"nni7ance &ith "ther
c"n7ict# "r e'pl"+ee# ", the penal
in#tit$ti"n.
LE#cape % =ee ,r"', t" a7"i(,
t" 1et "$t ", the &a+, a# t" =ee t" a7"i(
arre#t. Pri#"ner# #een l"iterin1 a ,e&
'eter# a&a+ ,r"' the cit+ ;ail are n"t
c"n#i(ere( t" ha7e e#cape(.
Thi# article i# applica!le t" a
#entence ", (e#tierr".
*anega vs. 1asa7a3an
)anega was found guilty of slander! He failed to show up on
the day of the e/ecution of the sentence imposed!
HE'$( Gnder Article %NM, escape should take place while
sering the sentence! -or prescription of penalty of
imprisonment imposed by final 8udgment to commence to
run, the culprit should escape during the term of such
imprisonment! Neer placed in confinement, prescription
of penalty does not run in )anega@s faor!
People vs. A'ilong
Abilong was sentenced to destierro by irtue of final
8udgment for attempted robbery! He iolated this
8udgment by going beyond the limits made against him, and
committed agrancy!
HE'$( Abilong is guilty of easion of serice of sentence for
haing iolated the 8udgment of destierro against him!
$estierro is a depriation of liberty *though partial+ and he
may escape from the restrictions of the penalty!
Article 1*1. E6&ion o, er6ice o,
entence on the occ&ion o, %ior%er-
conA&2r&tion- e&rth9!&=e- or other
c&l&$itie
Ele'ent#A
1. OCen(er i# a c"n7ict !+ Fnal ;$(1'ent,
&h" i# c"nFne( in a penal in#tit$ti"nB
4. There i# (i#"r(er, re#$ltin1 ,r"' %
a. c"n=a1rati"nB
!. earth>$a?eB
c. e<pl"#i"nB "r
(. #i'ilar cata#tr"pheB "r
e. '$tin+ in &hich he ha# n"t
participate(B
3. :e e7a(e# the #er7ice ", hi# #entence
!+ lea7in1 the penal in#tit$ti"n &here he i#
c"nFne(, "n the "cca#i"n ", #$ch (i#"r(er
"r ($rin1 the '$tin+B
. :e ,ail# t" 1i7e hi'#el, $p t" the
a$th"ritie# &ithin 0 h"$r# ,"ll"&in1 the
i##$ance ", a pr"cla'ati"n !+ the Chie,
E<ec$ti7e ann"$ncin1 the pa##in1 a&a+ ",
#$ch cala'it+.
The "Cen(er '$#t !e a c"n7ict
!+ Fnal ;$(1'ent.
Ghat i# p$ni#he( i# n"t the
lea7in1 ", the penal in#tit$ti"n, !$t the
,ail$re ", the c"n7ict t" 1i7e hi'#el, $p t"
the a$th"ritie# &ithin 0 h"$r# a,ter the
pr"cla'ati"n ann"$ncin1 the pa##in1 a&a+
", the cala'it+.
I, c"n7ict ,ail# t" 1i7e hi'#el,
$p, he #hall #$Cer an( increa#e ", 1S* ",
the ti'e #till re'ainin1 t" !e #er7e( $n(er
the "ri1inal #entence, n"t t" e<cee( #i<
'"nth#.
I, he 1i7e# hi'#el, $p &ithin 0
h"$r#, he #hall !e entitle( t" 1S* (e($cti"n
", the peri"( ", hi# #entence.
5$tin+ % "r1aniDe( $nla&,$l
re#i#tance t" a #$peri"r "/cer, a #e(iti"n,
a re7"lt
Article 1*3. Other c&e o, e6&ion o,
er6ice o, entence >7iol&tion o,
con%ition&l (&r%on?
Ele'ent#A
1. OCen(er &a# a c"n7ictB
4. :e &a# 1rante( par("n !+ the Chie,
E<ec$ti7eB
3. :e 7i"late( an+ ", the c"n(iti"n# ", #$ch
par("n.
A c"n(iti"nal par("n i# a c"ntract !et&een
the Chie, E<ec$ti7e an( the c"n7ict. Since
it i# a c"ntract, the par("ne( c"n7ict i#
!"$n( t" ,$lFll it# c"n(iti"n# an( accept all
it# c"n#e>$ence#, n"t a# he ch""#e#, !$t
acc"r(in1 t" it# #trict ter'#.
I, the penalt+ re'itte( ("e# n"t e<cee( #i<
+ear#, penalt+ ,"r 7i"lati"n ", thi# article i#
pri#i"n c"rrecci"nal 'ini'$'. I, the
penalt+ re'itte( e<cee(# #i< +ear#, the
penalt+ $n(er thi# article i# the $ne<pire(
p"rti"n ", the "ri1inal #entence.
C"n(iti"n that par("ne( c"n7ict #h"$l( n"t
c"''it an"ther cri'e e<ten(# t" "Cen#e#
p$ni#ha!le $n(er #pecial la&#.
I, there i# a c"n(iti"n that c"n7ict #hall n"t
c"''it an"ther cri'e, "Cen(er '$#t !e
C2005 Criminal Law 2 Reviewer
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,"$n( 1$ilt+ ", a #$!#e>$ent "Cen#e !e,"re
he can !e pr"#ec$te( $n(er thi# article.
The ($rati"n ", the c"n(iti"n# in a par("n
&"$l( !e li'ite( t" the re'ainin1 peri"( ",
the pri#"ner# #entence, UNLESS an
intenti"n t" e<ten( it !e+"n( that ti'e &a#
'ani,e#t ,r"' the nat$re ", the c"n(iti"n
"r the lan1$a1e in &hich it &a# i'p"#e(.
8i"lati"n ", c"n(iti"nal par("n ("e# n"t
ca$#e har' "r in;$r+ t" the ri1ht ", "ther
per#"n n"r ("e# it (i#t$r! p$!lic "r(er, it i#
'erel+ an in,rin1e'ent ", the ter'#
#tip$late( in the c"ntact !et&een the Chie,
E<ec$ti7e an( the c"n7ict.
*orres vs. 9onzales
)orres was conicted of estafa! He was granted a
conditional pardon and was released! Subse4uent to his
release, he was charged with "& counts of estafa *cases
pending+, was conicted of sedition *appeal pending+ and
had a long list of crimes charged against him *grae
threats, grae coercion, swindling etc!+
HE'$( Article %N# defines a distinct and substantie felony!
Gnder this article, the conict must be charged, prosecuted
and conicted by -9NA' CG$G<EN) before he can be made
to suffer the penalty in said article! 9n proceeding against
a conict who iolated the conditions of his pardon, the
E/ecutie $epartment may( %+ proceed against him under
Section 50 *%+ of the Reised Administratie ,ode or "+
proceed against him under this article of the RP,!
Article 1.4. Co$$iion o, &nother
cri$e %!rin2 er6ice o, the (en&lt+
i$(oe% ,or &nother (re6io! oBene
Ele'ent#A
1. OCen(er &a# alrea(+ c"n7icte( !+ Fnal
;$(1'ent ", "ne "Cen#eB
4. :e c"''itte( a ne& ,el"n+ !e,"re
!e1innin1 t" #er7e #$ch #entence "r &hile
#er7in1 the #a'e.
The #ec"n( cri'e '$#t !e a
,el"n+, that i#, p$ni#ha!le $n(er the
Re7i#e( Penal C"(e.
B$t the Fr#t cri'e ,"r &hich the
"Cen(er i# #er7in1 #entence nee( n"t !e a
,el"n+.
The ne& "Cen#e nee( n"t !e ",
(iCerent character ,r"' that ", the "l(
"Cen#e.
@$a#i)reci(i7i#' ("e# n"t
re>$ire that the t&" "Cen#e# are e'!race(
in the #a'e title in the RPC, $nli?e in
reci(i7i#'.
Reiteraci"n re>$ire# that the
"Cen(er ha# #er7e( "$t hi# #entence# ,"r
the pri"r "Cen#e. In >$a#i reci(i7i#', the
"Cen(er i# !e1innin1 t" #er7e the #entence
"r i# alrea(+ #er7in1 the #entence.
@$a#i)reci(i7i#' cann"t !e
"C#et !+ "r(inar+ 'iti1atin1 circ$'#tance,
!eca$#e the article pr"7i(e# that the
"Cen(er #hall !e p$ni#he( !+ the
'a<i'$' peri"( ", the ne& ,el"n+.
A >$a#i)reci(i7i#t #hall !e
par("ne( &hen he ha# reache( .3 an( ha#
alrea(+ #er7e( "$t hi# "ri1inal #entence, "r
&hen he #hall c"'plete it a,ter reachin1
.3, $nle## !+ rea#"n ", hi# c"n($ct "r
"ther circ$'#tance#, he #hall n"t !e
&"rth+ ", #$ch cle'enc+.
A >$a#i)reci(i7i#t 'a+ NOT !e
par("ne( e7en i, he ha# reache( .3 an(
ha# alrea(+ #er7e( "$t hi# "ri1inal
#entence, i, he i# a ha!it$al cri'inal.
Ta?e N"teA C!$&n Sec!rit+ Act o, 544/
IRA 23.4JB
DeFne MTerr"ri#'RB
Atte'ptSC"n#pirac+ t" C"''it
Terr"ri#'B
:"& principal#, acc"'plice# an(
acce##"rie# are p$ni#he(B
S$r7eillance an( Intercepti"n ",
#$#pecte( terr"ri#t c"''$nicati"nS
#ai( c"''$nicati"n c"n#i(ere(
Mcla##iFe( in,"r'ati"nRB
A'"$nt ", (a'a1e# pai( t" th"#e
(etaine( &r"n1,$ll+ IP*33?S(a+J,
ta?en ,r"' the !$(1et ", the
1"7ern'ent a1enc+ &h" ca$#e(
hi# (etenti"n.
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