7.

1 (a) Series
R R R
R
R
R
R
w
R
R
R
w
R
R
R
w
R
w
R
R
R
w
R
R
R
w
R
= + = =
= +
= + =
= +
= + =
1 2
1
1
2
1
1
1
2
1
2
2 1 2
0 2 1
2
01 1
2 1 2
0 22
1
1
1
2
0 2 01 0 3

,
[( ) ( ) ]
/
[( . * ) ( . * ) ]
/
.
,max
. . .

(b) parallel
R
RR
R R
R
R
R
R R
R
R
R
R R
w
w
R
R
=
+
=
+
=
+
= =
= =
= + =
= + =
1 2
1 2 1
2
2
1 2
2
2
1
2
1 2
2
2
2
2
2
2 2 1 2
50
150
100
150
011 0 44
011 0 2 0 44 01 0 05
011 2 0 44 01 0 07

( )
,
( )
( )
. .
[( . * . ) ( . * . ) ] .
. *. . * . .
/
,max

7.5
) %( 3 . 10 100 *
8750
903
100 *
) ( 750 , 8 5 . 12 * 700
903
] ) 700 * 25 . 1 ( ) 5 . 12 * 18 [(
] ) ( ) [(
100 , 1 ) (
) 700 * 25 . 1 5 . 12 * 18 ( ) (
5 . 12
/ 700
) (

2 / 1 2 2
2 / 1 2 2
max
max
max
value relative
F
w
value absolute N F
N
X
F
w
K
F
w w
N w
w
cm x
k
F
cm N k
x
F
x
F
w
k
F
w w
kx F
F
x k F
F
F
x k F
= =
= =
=
+ =

=
=
+ =
= =

= =

=
=

7.6
F kx w w
F
k
w
F
x
w w
F
k
w
F
x
F
k
x in
F
x
lbf in
w lbf
w
F
w
w
F
F k x
F k x
F
F
F
F
= = +
= +
= = =
= + = = =
= + = =
( )
[( ) ( ) ]
, /
( ) . * . * . ,
( ) .
*
.
[( . * ) ( . * ) ] . , . , .
max
/
max
max
/

2 2 1 2
2 2 1 2
5 20
0 5 5 0 5 20 125
125
5 20
125
0 5 5 0 5 20 10 3 103 10 3%

7.9
) % 95 ( sec / 03 . 1
) % 95 ( % 23 . 0 , 10 * 345 . 2
] 10 691 . 4 [
2
1
] )
600
2 . 1
( )
25
02 .
( )
120
5 .
[(
2
1
] ) ( ) ( ) [(
2
1
6 . 7 .
sec / 21 . 447 , 000 , 200 , ) (
3
3
2 / 1 2 2 2
2 / 1 2 2 2
2 2 / 1
level confidence rad w
level confidence
w
w
F
w
r
w
m
w w
Eq
rad
mr
F
F r m
+ =
+ =
=
+ + =
+ + =
= = =

7.11
w
R
d
w
R
T
w
R d T
= + [( ) ( ) ]
/

2 2 1 2

We have assumed that R and T
0 0
are known values with high degrees of accuracy.
R R T T
R
R T T and
R
T
R so
w R T T w w
w C
w B tS t for l e samples
C
w
R T
T T T
R
= +
= =
= +
= + = +
= + = >
= + =
= +
=

[ ( ( )]
( ) ,
[(( ) ) ( ) ]
.
* . . * /
[ ( ) ] ( arg ( ) )
[ . ( * . ) ] .
[(( )*. * ) (. * . ) ]
/
/
/
/
/
0 0
1 2
0 0 0
0 0
2 2 1 2
3
2 2 1 2
2 2 1 2
3 2 2 1 2
1
01
100
0 0048 0 0048 10 1
2 30
01 2 01 0 22
100 25 0 0048 10 0048 0 22
0

. . ( . * ) . . 11 100 00 1 0 0048 25 112 00

25
ohm while R ohms = + =


7.14
error type
hysteresis + 01 . C systematic
Lineariz.error 0 2% . of reading systematic
Resolution error 0.05C random
zero off set 0.1C systematic
repeatability +0 2 . C random

C
B
28 . 0
) 1 . 0 )] 120 )( 002 [(. 1 . 0 (
2 / 1 2 2 2
=
+ + =

Assuming that the random errors have been determined with samples>30,
C P 21 . 0 ) 2 . 05 (.
2 / 1 2 2
= + =
So total uncertainty
C w
w
tS B p B w
35 . 0
] ) 21 . 0 ( ) 28 . 0 [(
] ) ( [ ] [
2 / 1 2 2
2 / 1 2 2 2 / 1 2 2
=
+ =
+ = + =

7.16

Range: 02 kg
Calib. Accuracy: 2% of reading (Systematic)
A/D Converter Uncertainty:
g
w w w
kg
Range
Calib m
N
k 025 . 0
] ) 00024 . 0 ( ) 25 . 1 * 02 . 0 [(
] [
00024 . 0
2
2 5 . 0
2
5 . 0
2 / 1 2 2
2 / 1 2 2
12
10
=
+ =
+ =
=

=

7.22
(a)
10
91 . 2 93 . 2 97 . 2 96 . 2 94 . 2 95 . 2 92 . 2 96 . 2 95 . 2 90 . 2 + + + + + + + + +
= =

n
m
m
i
av

lb 94 . 2 =
(b)
2 / 1
2
]
1
) (
[

=

n
m m
S
av i
samp

( ) ( ) ( )
lb
n
S
S
lb
Samp
mean
4
4
4
2 / 1
2 2 2
10 * 86 . 0
10
10 * 72 . 2

10 * 72 . 2
]
9
.......... 02 . 0 01 . 0 04 . 0
[

= = =
=
+ + +
=


(c) ) Confidence (95% 10 15 . 6
4
lb tS P
samp Single

= =
) % 95 ( 15 . 0 ) ( : y uncertaint Total
15 . 0 10 015 . 0 015 . 0 B
6.6 Table t - Student from freedom of degrees 9 1 - n for is 2.262 t
2 / 1 2
sin
2
sin single
single
confidence B P w
lb lb Range
gle gle
= + =
= = =
= = =

(d)
) % 95 ( 15 . 0 ) ( : y uncertaint Total
15 . 0 B
) Confidence (95% 10 95 . 1
2 / 1 2 2
mean
single mean
4
mean
confidence B P w
kg B
kg tS P
mean mean
mean
= + =
= =
= =


As can be seen, the dominant factor is the systematic uncertainty.

7.25
. blocks cheese the for S acceptable the This
0.027
2
P
S : sample large a For
kg 0.05 P
0.045 - 0.068
068 . 0 5 . 4 015 .
B - P
P B
y. uncertaint systematic only the be will n Calibratio
kg 045 . 0 5 . 4 * 01 . 0 B : Calib
07 . 0 5 . 4 *
100
5 . 1
Total
2 2
2
Total
2 2
2 2
Total
2
1
Total
= =
=
=
= =
=
+ =
= =
= =
total
w
w
w
kg w

The A/D converter contributes to this precision uncertainty but there may be other sources of
precision error.
7.33

(a) Uncertainty due to accuracy (considered systematic)

lpm 0.75 15 *
100
5
flow of 5% : lpm 15 For
lpm 0.25 5 *
100
5
flow of 5% : lpm 5 For
= =
= =

Uncertainty due to repeatability (considered random)
lpm 0.15 15 *
100
1
flow of 1% : lpm 15 For
lpm 0.05 5 *
100
1
flow of 1% : lpm 5 For
= =
= =


(b) Total Uncertainty:
2 / 1 2 2
Total
] [B P w + =


dominant is accuracy to due y uncertaint the cases, both the In
lpm 0.76 ] 0.15 75 . 0 [ lpm 15 For

lpm 0.25 ] 05 . 0 25 . 0 [ lpm 5 For
1/2 2 2
Total
2 / 1 2 2
Total
= + =
= + =
w
w