AUTOMATIC PARKING SLOT INDICATOR USING

MICROCONTROLLER

Mini Project report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements
For the award of the degree of


BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

By

ABHINASH CH (07241A0225)
ABHINAY REDDY L (07241A0226)
AJAY A V S S (07241A0227)
BHARADWAJ S (07241A0230)




Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

GOKARAJU RANGARAJU INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
& TECHNOLOGY,
BACHUPALLY, HYDERABAD-72
2007 2011
GOKARAJU RANGARAJU INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
AND TECHNOLOGY
Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING



CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the mini-project report entitled AUTOMATIC
PARKING SLOT INDICATOR USING MICROCONTROLLER that is being
submitted by ABHINASH CH, ABHINAY REDDY L, AJAY A V S S, BHARADWAJ S, in
partial fulfillment for the award of the Degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electrical
and Electronics Engineering to the Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University is a record
of bonafide work carried out by them under my guidance and supervision. The results embodied
in this project report have not been submitted to any other University or Institute for the award of
any Graduation degree.



Mr.P.M.Sarma Mr. Chakravarthy External Examiner
HOD, EEE Associate Professor
GRIET Dept. of EEE
Hyderabad GRIET
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT


This is to place on record my appreciation and deep gratitude to the persons without
whose support this project would never seen the light of day.

I wish to express my propound sense of gratitude to Mr. P. S. Raju, Director, G.R.I.E.T
for his guidance, encouragement, and for all facilities to complete this project.

I also express my sincere thanks to Mr.P.M.Sarma, Head of the Department, G.R.I.E.T
and for extending their help.

I have immense pleasure in expressing my thanks and deep sense of gratitude to my
guide Mr.Chakravarthy, Associate Professor, Department of Electrical and Electronics
Engineering, G.R.I.E.T for his guidance throughout this project.


Finally I express my sincere gratitude to Mr. Anil Kumar, Assistant Professor,
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, G.R.I.E.T and Ms. U. Vijaya Lakshmi,
Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, G.R.I.E.T and all
the members of faculty and my friends who contributed their valuable advice and helped to
complete the project successfully.




ABHINASH CH (07241A0225)
ABHINAY REDDY L (07241A0226)
AJAY A V S S (07241A0227)
BHARADWAJ S (07241A0230)

CONTENTS

1. Introduction
2. Flow diagram
i. Connecting the sensors.
ii. Connecting to Microcontroller through Amplifier circuit
iii. Overall Connection.
3. Description of hardware and its configuration
i. Transmitter-Receiver Sensor
ii. Amplifying circuit
iii. AT89C51
iv. LCD
4. Software Codes
5. Schematic Connections
6. Hardware implementation of the Project
7. Conclusion

References

Appendix A
Appendix B
Appendix C




CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
If we take a look at the present world scenario, there is a crucial necessity for saving the parking
space in big companies, apartments etc.

More and more multi-storey buildings are springing up everyday, thus giving rise to parking
problems. Thus there is a shortage of land which leads to cutting down of trees and deforestation.
This has a harsh and adverse effect on the environment.
This project aims at saving the ground space required for parking. Using this system any number
of cars can be parked according to the requirement, in floors one above the other.
Thus, in a space where only 10 cars could be parked, earlier, we can park 20/30/40cars,
depending on the number of floors used. This could really solve the space unavailability
problems that we all are facing by allowing floor by floor parking.
Facilities such as reserved parking can also be provided for those whose are regular visitors to
that place like the employers of that company office.
A very distant and indirect effect of this project is that, its implementation could lead to a
decrease in the hunt for land through deforestation thereby contributing in maintaining
environmental balance.


The main objective of this system is to optimize the ground space available, for parking. In
places where more than 100 cars need to be parked, this system proves to be very useful.
Automatic Car Parking System enables the parking of vehicles, floor after floor, by displaying
the available slots thus reducing the ground space used. Here any number of cars can be parked
according to the requirement, making the system modernized and a space-saving one.
CHAPTER 2
FLOW DIAGRAM


























TRANSMITTER RECEIVER SENSOR

The obstacle (vehicle) is sensed by the Transmitter Receiver circuit. A signal is given
whenever an obstacle is introduced in between the IR pair. It sends a signal of micro volts to the
amplifier circuit.

AMPLIFIER CIRCUIT

The amplifier circuit amplifies the signal received by the IR pair. The microcontroller needs 4-5
volts to respond to a signal. This is achieved by the amplifier circuit. It is a simple connection of
transistor in Common emitter connection. The circuit amplifies the received signal which is of
order V to 4-5 volts.
Display Unit

(LED and LCD)
Transmitter Receiver
Sensor
Microcontroller
Circuit
Amplifier Circuit
MICROCONTROLLER CIRCUIT:

The microcontroller is embedded with a C program. It is designed in such a way that whenever it
receives the signal from amplifier circuit it displays the filled and vacant slots in the LCD and
LED panels.

DISPLAY UNIT:

The display unit used in the project is LED panel and 16 x 2 LCD. It displays the filled and
vacant slots in the arena through the microcontroller. It is controlled by AT89C51
microcontroller.























CHAPTER 3
DESCRIPTION OF HARDWARE

TRANSMITTER RECEIVER SENSOR

A photoelectric sensor, or photo eye, is a device used to detect the distance, absence, or
presence of an object by using a light transmitter, often infrared, and a photoelectric receiver.



Photoelectric IR sensor

Types
A self-contained photoelectric sensor contains the optics, along with the electronics. It requires
only a power source. The sensor performs its own modulation, demodulation, amplification, and
output switching. Some self-contained sensors provide such options as built-in control timers or
counters. Because of technological progress, self-contained photoelectric sensors have become
increasingly smaller.
Remote photoelectric sensors used for remote sensing contain only the optical components of a
sensor. The circuitry for power input, amplification, and output switching are located elsewhere,
typically in a control panel. This allows the sensor, itself, to be very small. Also, the controls for
the sensor are more accessible, since they may be bigger.
When space is restricted or the environment too hostile even for remote sensors, fiber optics may
be used. Fiber optics are passive mechanical sensing components. They may be used with either
remote or self-contained sensors. They have no electrical circuitry and no moving parts, and can
safely pipe light into and out of hostile environments.

Sensing Modes
An opposed (through beam) arrangement consists of a receiver located within the line-of-sight of
the transmitter. In this mode, an object is detected when the light beam is blocked from getting to
the receiver from the transmitter.
A retroreflective arrangement places the transmitter and receiver at the same location and uses a
reflector to bounce the light beam back from the transmitter to the receiver. An object is sensed
when the beam is interrupted and fails to reach the receiver.
A proximity-sensing (diffused) arrangement is one in which the transmitted radiation must
reflect off the object in order to reach the receiver. In this mode, an object is detected when the
receiver sees the transmitted source rather than when it fails to see it.
Some photoeyes have two different operational types, light operate and dark operate. Light
operate photoeyes become operational when the receiver "receives" the transmitter signal. Dark
operate photoeyes become operational when the receiver "does not receive" the transmitter
signal.
The detecting range of a photoelectric sensor is its "field of view", or the maximum distance the
sensor can retrieve information from, minus the minimum distance. A minimum detectable
object is the smallest object the sensor can detect. More accurate sensors can often have
minimum detectable objects of minuscule size.


AMPLIFYING CIRCUIT

Amplifier Circuit

The amplifier consists of a npn transistor connected in Common emitter mode. It is used as an
interface between the sensors set and the microcontroller circuit. It amplifies the signal received
from the sensor set and gives the amplified output to the microcontroller.
MICROCONTROLLER - AT89C51



Microcontroller AT89C51
The 8051 microcontroller generic part number actually includes a whole family of
microcontrollers that have numbers ranging from 8031 to 8751.
The block diagram of the 8051 shows all of the features unique to microcontrollers:
1. Internal ROM and RAM
2. I/O ports with programmable pins
3. Timers and counters
4. Serial data communication
The block diagram also shows the usual CPU components program counter, ALU, working
registers, and the clock circuits.
The 8051 architecture consists of these specific features:
1. 8 bit CPU with registers A and B
2. 16 bit PC &data pointer (DPTR)
3. 8 bit program status word (PSW)
4. 8 bit stack pointer(SP)
5. Internal ROM or EPROM (8751)of 0(8031)to 4k(8051)
6. Internal RAM of 128 bytes.
7. 4 register banks , each containing 8 registers
8. 80 bits of general purpose data memory
9. 32 input/output pins arranged as four 8 bit ports:P0-P3
10. Two 16 bit timer/counters:T0-T1
11. Two external and three internal interrupt sources
12. Oscillator and clock circuits
A pin out of the 8051 packaged in a 40 pin DIP is shown below.

Internal block diagram of IC 8051
Pin Diagram of 8051

16 x 2 LCD

An HD44780 Character LCD is a de facto industry standard liquid crystal display (LCD) display
device designed for interfacing with embedded systems. These screens come in a variety of
configurations including 8x1, which is one row of eight characters, 16x2, and 20x4. The most
commonly manufactured configuration is 40x4 characters, which requires two individually
addressable HD44780 controllers with expansion chips as the HD44780 can only address up to
80 characters.


16 x 2 LCD Panel

These LCD screens are limited to text only and are often used in copiers, fax machines, laser
printers, industrial test equipment, networking equipment such as routers and storage devices.
Character LCDs can come with or without backlights, which may be LED, fluorescent,
orelectroluminescent.
Character LCDs use a standard 14-pin interface and those with backlights have 16 pins. The
pinouts are as follows:
1. Ground
2. VCC (+3.3 to +5V)
3. Contrast adjustment (VO)
4. Register Select (RS). RS=0: Command, RS=1: Data
5. Read/Write (R/W). R/W=0: Write, R/W=1: Read
6. Clock (Enable). Falling edge triggered
7. Bit 0 (Not used in 4-bit operation)
8. Bit 1 (Not used in 4-bit operation)
9. Bit 2 (Not used in 4-bit operation)
10. Bit 3 (Not used in 4-bit operation)
11. Bit 4
12. Bit 5
13. Bit 6
14. Bit 7
15. Backlight Anode (+)
16. Backlight Cathode (-)
There may also be a single backlight pin, with the other connection via Ground or VCC pin. The
two backlight pins may precede the pin 1.
The nominal backlight voltage is around 4.2V at 25C using a VDD 5V capable model.
Character LCDs can operate in 4-bit or 8-bit mode. In 4 bit mode, pins 7 through 10 are unused
and the entire byte is sent to the screen using pins 11 through 14 by sending 4-bits (nibble) at a
time.


















CHAPTER 4
SOFTWARE CODE(S)


//Program for Automatic Parking Slot Indicator
//using AT89C5

#include<reg51.h>

sbit slot1=P1^0;
sbit slot2=P1^1;
sbit slot3=P1^2;
sbit slot4=P1^3;


sbit led1=P3^0;
sbit led2=P3^1;
sbit led3=P3^2;
sbit led4=P3^3;


sbit rs=P0^0;
sbit rw=P0^1;
sbit en=P0^2;

void delay(int itime)
{
int i,j;
for(i=0;i<=itime;i++)
for(j=0;j<=1275;j++);
}

void lcdcmd(unsigned char value)
{
rs=0;
rw=0;
en=1;
P2=value;
delay(1);
en=0;
}

void lcddata(unsigned char *value)
{
int i;
for(i=0;value[i]!='\0';i++)
{
rs=1;
rw=0;
en=1;
P2=value[i];

delay(1);
en=0;
}
}

void lcdnum(unsigned char slot)
{
rs=1;
rw=0;
en=1;
P2=slot;
delay(1);
en=0;
}

void main()
{
int x;
unsigned char a[4]={'1','2','3','4'};
unsigned char b[4]={'1','2','3','4'};
unsigned int c[4];

P3=0x00;
P1=0x00;

lcdcmd(0x08);
delay(1);

lcdcmd(0x38);
delay(1);

lcdcmd(0x0e);
delay(1);

lcdcmd(0x01);
delay(1);

lcdcmd(0x06);
delay(1);

lcdcmd(0x39);
delay(1);

lcddata("Welcome to");
lcdcmd(0x39);
lcdcmd(0x80);
lcddata("Automatic Parking Indicator");
delay(500);
lcdcmd(0x01);
lcddata("Initialising.");
delay(50);
lcddata(".");
delay(50);
lcddata(".");
delay(50);


while(1)
{

if(slot1==0)
{ led1=1;
delay(1);
c[0]=1;
delay(10);

}
else
{ led1=0;
delay(1);
c[0]=0;
delay(10);
}

if(slot2==0)
{ led2=1;
delay(1);
c[1]=1;
delay(10);
}
else
{ led2=0;
delay(1);
c[1]=0;
delay(10);
}

if(slot3==0)
{ led3=1;
delay(1);
c[2]=1;
delay(10);
}
else
{ led3=0;
delay(1);
c[2]=0;
delay(10);
}

if(slot4==0)
{ led4=1;
delay(1);
c[3]=1;
delay(10);

}
else
{ led4=0;
delay(1);
c[3]=0;
delay(10);
}



lcdcmd(0x01);
lcdcmd(0x0e);
lcddata("Filled:");
delay(50);
lcdcmd(0x01);
lcdcmd(0x39);

for(x=0;x<=4;x++)
{
if(c[x]==1)
{
lcdnum(a[x]);
lcddata(",");
delay(50);
}
}
delay(50);
lcdcmd(0x01);
lcdcmd(0x0e);
lcddata("Available:");
delay(50);
lcdcmd(0x01);
lcdcmd(0x39);

for(x=0;x<=4;x++)
{
if(c[x]==0)
{

lcdnum(b[x]);
lcddata(",");
delay(20);

}
}

y: if(P1==0x00)
{
P3=0xFF;
lcdcmd(0x01);
lcddata("Parking Full");
delay(50);
lcdcmd(0x01);
goto y;
}

} //while(1) ends here
} //main() ends here










SCHEMATIC CONNECTIONS
Schematic Layout of the circuit connected in Proteus



The connections are made in Proteus software. The C file id first compiled in Keil Software and
a hex file is created from Keil. The Hex file is embedded in the microcontroller in the simulation
work and also virtually.

In the proteus circuit the sensors
and an array of LED s.

Once the circuit is tested through simulation, a PCB layout is done using EAGLE software.
EAGLE stands for Easily Applicable Graphical Layout Editor. A schematic connect
in EAGLE and is checked for errors. Then it is


CHAPTER 5
SCHEMATIC CONNECTIONS

Schematic Layout of the circuit connected in Proteus

The connections are made in Proteus software. The C file id first compiled in Keil Software and
a hex file is created from Keil. The Hex file is embedded in the microcontroller in the simulation
are replaced by the switches. The display is shown in the LCD
Once the circuit is tested through simulation, a PCB layout is done using EAGLE software.
EAGLE stands for Easily Applicable Graphical Layout Editor. A schematic connect
in EAGLE and is checked for errors. Then it is preceded to Board Layout.

The connections are made in Proteus software. The C file id first compiled in Keil Software and
a hex file is created from Keil. The Hex file is embedded in the microcontroller in the simulation
are replaced by the switches. The display is shown in the LCD
Once the circuit is tested through simulation, a PCB layout is done using EAGLE software.
EAGLE stands for Easily Applicable Graphical Layout Editor. A schematic connection is made
Schematic Layout of Amplifier circuit in EAGLE



Board Layout of Amplifier Circuit

Schematic Layout of LED Panel in EAGLE















CHAPTER 6
HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION

Vehicles placed between sensors



Sensors connected to Amplifying circuit


Microcontroller interfaced to LCD and LEDs






Overview if the entire kit








CHAPTER 7
CONCLUSION AND SCOPE OF FUTURE

By the end of this project
Connections and testing in Proteus is studied.
Coding and compiling of a C program in Keil u Vision software is studied.
Hardware implementation by connecting Schematic and making Board layout EAGLE is
done successfully.
The hardware kit is tested successfully by embedding the C program Hex file in the
AT89C51 Microcontroller.
The operation of microcontroller is analysed in simulation and practically.

Automatic Car Parking System enables the parking of vehicles, floor after floor, by displaying
the available slots thus reducing the ground space used. Here any number of cars can be parked
according to the requirement, making the system modernized and a space-saving one.











REFERENCES


Microcontrollers by Masjidi


www.wikipedia.com/8051


www.wikipedia.com/photo_electric_sensors


www.google.com/eagle_software


www.isis.com/proteus


Microprocessors and Microcontrollers by A K Ray

















APPENDIX A
SOFTWARE USED PROTEUS

It is used for the real time simulation of the Circuits involving complex ICs, Microcontrollers,
Electromechanical devices etc.
System components
ISIS Schematic Capture - a tool for entering designs.
PROSPICE Mixed mode SPICE simulation - industry standard SPICE3F5 simulator
combined with a digital simulator.
ARES PCB Layout - PCB design system with automatic component placer, rip-up and retry
auto-router and interactive design rule checking.
VSM - Virtual System Modeling lets co simulate embedded software for popular micro-
controllers alongside hardware design.
System Benefits Integrated package with common user interface and fully context sensitive
help.


Work Space in Proteus
APPENDIX B
SOFTWARE USED KEILuVISION

Keil was founded in 1986 to market add-on products for the development tools provided by
many of the silicon vendors. Keil implemented the first C compiler designed from the ground-up
specifically for the 8051 microcontroller.
Keil provides a broad range of development tools like ANSI C compiler, assemblers,
debuggers and simulators, linkers, IDE, library managers, real-time operating systems and
evaluation for 8051, 251, ARM, and XC16x/C16x/ST10 families.

Compiling a C program in EAGLE

SOFTWARE USED
EAGLE is an EDA program by CadSoft
acronym formed from Easy Applicable
company in September 2009, Premier
The software consists of several components:
an extensible component database.
OS X available.
It exists for non-commercial use,
mm and two signal layers is limited
The schematic editor can be used
be used.

Schematic and Board Layout in EAGLE
APPENDIX C
SOFTWARE USED EAGLE

CadSoft for creating printed circuit boards . The
pplicable Graphical Layout Editor. CadSoft Eagle
Premier Farnell sells, a supplier of electronic components.
components: Layout Editor, Schematic Editor, Auto
database. It is for the platforms Microsoft Windows , Linux
use, a free version on a schematic sheet, half Eurocard
limited to 100.
used by a special component library for programming
Schematic and Board Layout in EAGLE
The name is an
and the
components. [1]
Auto router and
Linux and Mac
Eurocard mm 80
programming a MicroSPS