Eutectics

Lecture 3 Manufacturing Technology

1
How to construct phase diagrams
Cooling curves:
usedtodeterminephasetransitiontemperature
record T (Temperature) of material vs time, as it cools
fromits moltenstatethroughsolidificationandfinallyto
RT(at aconstant pressure!!!)
The cooling curve of a pure metal
BC: plateaueor region of
thermal arrest; in this region
material is in the form of
solid and liquid phases
CD: solidification is
completed, T drops
2
Cooling curve of pure iron (1 atm)
3
Coolingcurvestoisomorphousbinaryphasediagram
4
Invariant Reactions
5
The possible types of invariant reaction areshown below. Thevertical greenbar identifies
thecompositionrequiredfor theinvariant reaction, thehorizontal lineisthetemperatureof
thereaction, andthephasepointsontheisothermrepresent their compositionsduringthe
reaction.
6
Eutectoid one solidphase transforms to two other solidphases
Solid
1
Solid
2
+Solid
3
+Fe
3
C (For Fe-C, 727C, 0.76 wt% C)
Eutectic, Eutectoid, & Peritectic
Eutectic- liquidtransforms to two solidphases
L + (For Pb-Sn, 183C, 61.9 wt% Sn)
cool
heat
Peritectic- liquidand one solidphase transform to a 2nd solidphase
Solid
1
+Liquid Solid
2
+L (For Cu-Zn, 598C, 78.6 wt% Zn)
cool
heat
cool
heat
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Eutectic
A eutecticor eutecticmixtureis a mixture of
two or morephasesat acompositionthat has
thelowest meltingpoint.
It is where the phases simultaneously
crystallizefrommoltensolution.
The proper ratios of phases to obtain a
eutecticisidentifiedbytheeutecticpoint ona
binaryphasediagram.
The term comes from the Greek 'eutektos',
meaning'easilymelted.
8
The phase diagramdisplays asimple binary systemcomposed of two components, A and
B, whichhasaeutecticpoint.
The phase diagram plots relative concentrations of A and B along the X-axis, and
temperature along the Y-axis. The eutectic point is the point where the liquid phase
borders directly on the solid + phase; it represents the minimum melting
temperatureof anypossibleABalloy.
Thetemperaturethat corresponds tothispoint isknownastheeutectic temperature.
Not all binary systemalloys have a eutectic point: those that forma solid solution at all
concentrations, such as the gold-silver system, have no eutectic. Analloy systemthat has
aeutecticisoftenreferredtoasaeutecticsystem, or eutecticalloy.
Solid products of a eutectic transformation can often be identified by their lamellar
structure, as opposed to the dendritic structures commonly seen in non-eutectic
solidification. Thesameconditionsthat forcethematerial toformlamellaecaninsteadform
anamorphoussolidif pushedtoanextreme.
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2 components
has a special composition
with a min. melting T.
Binary-Eutectic Systems
3 single phase regions
(L, , )
Limited solubility:
: mostly Cu
: mostly Ag
T
E
: No liquid below T
E
: Composition at
temperature T
E
C
E
Cu-Ag system
L (liquid)

L +
L+

+
C , wt% Ag
20 40 60 80 100 0
200
1200
T(C)
400
600
800
1000
C
E
T
E
8.0 71.9 91.2
779C
Ag) wt% 1.2 9 ( Ag) wt% .0 8 ( Ag) wt% 9 . 71 ( + L
cooling
heating
Eutectic reaction
L(C
E
) (C
E
) +(C
E
)
Copper-Silver Phase Diagram
10
11
Eutectic Reaction
An isothermal, reversible reaction between two (or more) solid
phases during the heating of a system where a single liquid
phase is produced.
Eutectic reaction
L(C
E
) (C
E
) +(C
E
)
Ag) wt% 1.2 9 ( Ag) wt% .0 8 ( Ag) wt% 9 . 71 ( + L
cooling
heating
Solvus (solid solubility line) BC, GH
Solidus AB, FG, BEG (eutectic isotherm)
Liquidus AEF
Maximum solubility: =8.0 wt% Ag, =8.8 wt %Cu
Invariant point (where 3 phases are in equilibrium) is at E; C
E
=
71.9 wt% Ag,T
E
=779C (1434F).
Pb-SnPhase Diagram
Liquidus
Solidus
Solidus
Solidus
Solvus
Solvus
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Cooling 60%Pb 40%Sn system
at eutectic point
13
14
Solidification of Eutectic Mixtures
Mixturesof somemetals, suchascopper &nickel, arecompletelysoluble
inbothliquidandsolidstatesfor all concentrationsof bothmetals. Copper
&nickel have the same crystal structure (FCC) and have nearly the same
atomic radii. The solid formed by cooling can have any proportion of
copper & nickel. Such completely miscible mixtures of metals are called
isomorphous.
Bycontrast, amixtureof lead&tinthat iseutecticisonlypartiallysoluble
when in the solid state. Lead & tin have different crystal structures (FCC
versusBCT) andleadatomsaremuchlarger. No morethan18.3weight %
solidtincandissolveinsolidleadandnomorethan2.2%of solidleadcan
dissolveinsolidtin(accordingtopreviousphasediagram).
The solid lead-tin alloy consists of a mixture of two solid phases, one
consisting of a maximum of 18.3 wt%tin (the alpha phase) and one
consistingof amaximumof 2.2wt%lead(thebetaphase).
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Pb-Sn
For lead & tin the eutectic composition is
61.9 wt%tin and the eutectic temperature is
183C -- which makes this mixture useful as
solder.
At 183C, compositions of greater than
61.9wt%tinresult inprecipitationof atin-rich
solid in the liquid mixture, whereas
compositions of less than 61.9 wt%tin result
inprecipitationof lead-richsolid.
16
For alloys where
C
0
<2 wt% Sn
Result at room temperature is a
polycrystalline with grains of
phase having composition C
0
Microstructural Developments
in Eutectic Systems - I
0
L
+
200
T(C)
C , wt% Sn
10
2
20
C
0
300
100
L

30
+
400
(room T solubility limit)
T
E

L
L: C
0
wt%Sn
: C
0
wt%Sn
Pb-Sn
system
17
2 wt% Sn <C
0
<18.3 wt% Sn
Results in polycrystalline
microstructure with grains and
small -phaseparticles at lower
temperatures.
Microstructural Developments
in Eutectic Systems - II
L
+
200
T(C)
C, wt% Sn
10
18.3
20 0
C
0
300
100
L

30
+
400
(sol. limit at T
E
)
T
E
2
(sol. limit at T
room
)
L

L: C
0
wt%Sn

: C
0
wt%Sn
Pb-Sn
system
Microstructures in Eutectic Systems - III
Pb-Sn
system
C
o
=C
E
Results in a
eutectic
microstructure
with alternating
layers of and
crystals.
Sn) wt% 7.8 9 ( Sn) wt% .3 8 (1 Sn) wt% 9 . 61 ( + L
cooling
heating
18
19
Lamellar Eutectic Structure
A 2-phase microstructure
resulting from the
solidification of a liquid
having the eutectic
composition where the
phases exist as a lamellae
that alternate with one
another.
Formationof eutecticlayered
microstructure in the Pb-Sn
systemduringsolidificationat
the eutectic composition.
Compositions of and
phases are very different.
Solidification involves
redistribution of Pb and Sn
atomsbyatomicdiffusion.
Pb-rich
Sn-rich
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Pb-SnMicrostructures
The dark layers are Pb-rich
phase, the light layers are the Sn-
rich phase.
21
For alloys with18.3 wt% Sn <C
0
<61.9 wt% Sn
Result: phase particles and a eutectic microconstituent
Microstructures in Eutectic Systems -
IV
18.3 61.9 97.8
eutectic
eutectic
W
L
=(1- W

) =0.50
C

=18.3 wt% Sn
C
L
=61.9 wt% Sn
W
= =0.50
Just above T
E
:
Just below T
E
:
C

=18.3 wt% Sn
C

=97.8 wt% Sn
W

= =0.727
W

=0.273 wt% Sn
Pb-Sn
system
L+

200
T(C)
C, wt% Sn
20 60 80 100 0
300
100
L

L+

40
+
T
E
L: C
0
wt% Sn
L

C
L
- C
0
C
L
- C

- C
0
C

- C

Primary
Binary PeritecticAlloy System
Themeltingpointsof thetwocomponentsarequitedifferent
Aliquidphasereactswiththesolidphasetoformanewanddifferent
solidphase
Liquid+
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Binary PeritecticAlloy System
23
Binary MonotecticSystems
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