International Journal of Computer Engineering and Technology (IJCET), ISSN 0976-6367(Print),

ISSN 0976 - 6375(Online), Volume 5, Issue 6, June (2014), pp. 111-117 IAEME
111











A PROPOSAL INTELLIGENT ALGORITHM FOR ADAPTATION OF ANT-
NET ROUTING IN BEST EFFORT IP NETWORKS


Dr. MunaMohamedJawad

Computer Engineering Dept., The University of Technology, Baghdad, Iraq

Dr. MahmoodZakiAbdullah

Computer & Software Engineering Dept., Al-Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq

AhmedNahidhHamzah

M.Sc. Student, Computer Engineering Dept., The University of Technology, Baghdad, Iraq



ABSTRACT

Routing algorithms are the key elements in determining the network performance. Therefore,
in this thesis a model of logical topologies in the software has been proposed to examine the
performance of the logical topologies and their routing algorithms for large scale packet networks. A
number of topologies are investigated using the model 2 x 2 node. Different routing protocols are
used for forwarding packets in network. Routers keep up with a routing table for successful delivery
of the packets from the source node to the destined node. Most of the popular routing algorithms
used are RIP, OSPF, IGRP and EIGRP. In this paper we proposed an intelligent routing algorithm by
using AntNet algorithm for best effort IP networks, and tested this proposal algorithm to check its
performance.

Keywords: IP Networks, RIP Algorithm, OSPF Algorithm, IGRP & AntNetAlgorithm.

I. INTRODUCTION

One of the fast growing issues is grown of networks where the conditions of traffic are
occasionally changed and failed which occur at some parts of network in an unpredictable way.
Therefore, researchers tried to find an algorithm that can manage traffic flows and deliver packets
from the source to the destination in a realistic time, where that routing algorithm could be the key
element in network performance and reliability, and considered as the brain of the network that
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING &
TECHNOLOGY (IJCET)



ISSN 0976 6367(Print)
ISSN 0976 6375(Online)
Volume 5, Issue 6, June (2014), pp. 111-117
IAEME: www.iaeme.com/IJCET.asp
Journal Impact Factor (2014): 8.5328 (Calculated by GISI)
www.jifactor.com

IJCET
I A E M E
International Journal of Computer Engineering and Technology (IJCET), ISSN 0976
ISSN 0976 - 6375(Online), Volume 5, Issue 6, June (2014), pp.
manages traffic through the network. One of the ways to perform this could be by using intelligent
routing algorithm. Such as, Genetic Algorithms [1], Neural Networks [2], Software Agents [3] and
Reinforcement Learning [4]. The most common and well
shortest path and bellman ford algorithms. There are protocols related to these algorithms. Some of
these protocols are: Open shortest path first (OSPF) that is deployed throughout the networks and the
de facto routing algorithm within the networks. Ex
protocol which is mainly used between the backbones and as its name suggests, among the gateways.
However, nowadays most widely used gateway protocol is border gateway protocol (BGP)
Traditional routing algorithms mentioned in previous section lake intelligence, and needs human
assistance and human interpretation in order to adapt to failures and changes. Therefore, agent based
systems and reinforcement learning have attracted researches because these methods dont
supervision and are distributed by default. For example Q
particularly ant based systems [6].The main objective of networks and data communication is to
exchange data between devices. For this reason the s
types. Large scale network refers to network with a lot of devices combined for achieving network
tasks [7]. Large scale networks could be in any topology or could be in hybrid of topologies and
works with protocols required to rule networks , for routing , each time the network gets bigger,
problems appears and be bigger; For a large scale network size, the task becomes both complicated
and time consuming. The aim of the work in this
algorithm for the large scale networks

II. THE PROPOSED SYSTEM

A. Node Model
Fig (1.1) shows a logical node structure based 2 x 2 routers that will be used as the node
model in the simulations. As shown in
node on request and of course on availability of output port.


B. Packet Format
The packet format is supposed to be fixed, combined of a header and payload as shown in
fig. (2). The header holds the required information for the packet routing algorithm. It is composed
of number of hops known by packet (packet age), a unique packet identifier and the packet
destination address. It is assumed that the packet is delayed while t
each node. Although it is assumed that there is sufficient time for header processing, packet header
content should be kept to a reasonable size in order to ensure faster processing, thus increased
throughput. In practical systems, if a packet cannot be processed within the given time (in the
dedicated time slot) then it is regarded as a lost packet, since there is no mechanism to store partial
routing information. The packet payload carrying the data has no effect on the rou
International Journal of Computer Engineering and Technology (IJCET), ISSN 0976
6375(Online), Volume 5, Issue 6, June (2014), pp. 111-117 IAEME
112
twork. One of the ways to perform this could be by using intelligent
routing algorithm. Such as, Genetic Algorithms [1], Neural Networks [2], Software Agents [3] and
The most common and well-known routing algorithms are Dijkastr
shortest path and bellman ford algorithms. There are protocols related to these algorithms. Some of
these protocols are: Open shortest path first (OSPF) that is deployed throughout the networks and the
de facto routing algorithm within the networks. Exterior gateway protocol (EGP) is a gateway
protocol which is mainly used between the backbones and as its name suggests, among the gateways.
nowadays most widely used gateway protocol is border gateway protocol (BGP)
mentioned in previous section lake intelligence, and needs human
assistance and human interpretation in order to adapt to failures and changes. Therefore, agent based
systems and reinforcement learning have attracted researches because these methods dont
supervision and are distributed by default. For example Q-learning methods [5], Swarm intelligence
The main objective of networks and data communication is to
exchange data between devices. For this reason the scale of networks differs in size, topologies, and
types. Large scale network refers to network with a lot of devices combined for achieving network
]. Large scale networks could be in any topology or could be in hybrid of topologies and
protocols required to rule networks , for routing , each time the network gets bigger,
problems appears and be bigger; For a large scale network size, the task becomes both complicated
aim of the work in this paper is to design and implement an intelligent
algorithm for the large scale networks.
Fig (1.1) shows a logical node structure based 2 x 2 routers that will be used as the node
model in the simulations. As shown in fig. (1), packets can be inserted (added) or dropped at the
node on request and of course on availability of output port.

Fig .1: A22 router
The packet format is supposed to be fixed, combined of a header and payload as shown in
(2). The header holds the required information for the packet routing algorithm. It is composed
of number of hops known by packet (packet age), a unique packet identifier and the packet
destination address. It is assumed that the packet is delayed while the header is being processed at
each node. Although it is assumed that there is sufficient time for header processing, packet header
content should be kept to a reasonable size in order to ensure faster processing, thus increased
ystems, if a packet cannot be processed within the given time (in the
dedicated time slot) then it is regarded as a lost packet, since there is no mechanism to store partial
routing information. The packet payload carrying the data has no effect on the routing decision.
International Journal of Computer Engineering and Technology (IJCET), ISSN 0976-6367(Print),
twork. One of the ways to perform this could be by using intelligent
routing algorithm. Such as, Genetic Algorithms [1], Neural Networks [2], Software Agents [3] and
known routing algorithms are Dijkastras
shortest path and bellman ford algorithms. There are protocols related to these algorithms. Some of
these protocols are: Open shortest path first (OSPF) that is deployed throughout the networks and the
terior gateway protocol (EGP) is a gateway
protocol which is mainly used between the backbones and as its name suggests, among the gateways.
nowadays most widely used gateway protocol is border gateway protocol (BGP).
mentioned in previous section lake intelligence, and needs human
assistance and human interpretation in order to adapt to failures and changes. Therefore, agent based
systems and reinforcement learning have attracted researches because these methods dont need any
learning methods [5], Swarm intelligence
The main objective of networks and data communication is to
cale of networks differs in size, topologies, and
types. Large scale network refers to network with a lot of devices combined for achieving network
]. Large scale networks could be in any topology or could be in hybrid of topologies and
protocols required to rule networks , for routing , each time the network gets bigger,
problems appears and be bigger; For a large scale network size, the task becomes both complicated
implement an intelligent
Fig (1.1) shows a logical node structure based 2 x 2 routers that will be used as the node
(1), packets can be inserted (added) or dropped at the
The packet format is supposed to be fixed, combined of a header and payload as shown in
(2). The header holds the required information for the packet routing algorithm. It is composed
of number of hops known by packet (packet age), a unique packet identifier and the packet
he header is being processed at
each node. Although it is assumed that there is sufficient time for header processing, packet header
content should be kept to a reasonable size in order to ensure faster processing, thus increased
ystems, if a packet cannot be processed within the given time (in the
dedicated time slot) then it is regarded as a lost packet, since there is no mechanism to store partial
ting decision.
International Journal of Computer Engineering and Technology (IJCET), ISSN 0976
ISSN 0976 - 6375(Online), Volume 5, Issue 6, June (2014), pp.
copy packet(from output port) to the next node's input port
forward packets (from the Input port ) to the output port
Apply routing rules (algorithm) & find the preferred output port for each packet (store in
the case of connection if buffer exists!)
Check whether any packet reached to destination

C. Network Routing Algorithm Framework
A framework for the routing algorithm implementation and simulation is given in
This model is based on the information gathered from the review of the networks and the routing
algorithm properties and will be used as the base model for implementing the routing algorithm of
the selected networks. The design and implementation pro
outline below:





























Fig .3: Routing algorithm interconnection network framework


International Journal of Computer Engineering and Technology (IJCET), ISSN 0976
6375(Online), Volume 5, Issue 6, June (2014), pp. 111-117 IAEME
113
Display current networkn status
copy packet(from output port) to the next node's input port
update packet
forward packets (from the Input port ) to the output port
Apply routing rules (algorithm) & find the preferred output port for each packet (store in
the case of connection if buffer exists!)
find node connections
Check whether any packet reached to destination
Initialization
Fig .2: Packet format

ramework
A framework for the routing algorithm implementation and simulation is given in
This model is based on the information gathered from the review of the networks and the routing
algorithm properties and will be used as the base model for implementing the routing algorithm of
the selected networks. The design and implementation process are broken down into eight main steps
Routing algorithm interconnection network framework
International Journal of Computer Engineering and Technology (IJCET), ISSN 0976-6367(Print),
Apply routing rules (algorithm) & find the preferred output port for each packet (store in

A framework for the routing algorithm implementation and simulation is given in fig. (3).
This model is based on the information gathered from the review of the networks and the routing
algorithm properties and will be used as the base model for implementing the routing algorithm of
cess are broken down into eight main steps
International Journal of Computer Engineering and Technology (IJCET), ISSN 0976-6367(Print),
ISSN 0976 - 6375(Online), Volume 5, Issue 6, June (2014), pp. 111-117 IAEME
114

D. Simulation Test of A proposed Logical Network
For this test the following criteria have been selected to evaluate the performance of the
routing algorithms for different network sizes under different system loads:
1. Average number of hops: The performance analysis and best/average/worst case comparison of
the algorithms is determined according to the following. Average number of hops per packet
N
h-p
from source to destination is defined as [8]

(1)

Where N
T
is the total number of packets, and N
H
is the total number of hops.

2. Contention percentage: Contention occurs when two or more packets are intended for the same
output port. Congested packets are either buffered or deflected to the next available port. The
contention ratio c' which measures this is defined as:

(2)

Where Nc is the total number of contentions that occurred.

III. RESULTS

A. Average Number of Hops
System load is compared to the average number of hops, for different logical network sizes
shown in fig. (4).


Fig .4: system load against average no. of hops for logical network with deflection mode (no-buffer)

As can be seen from the figure, the number of hops increases very little with the system load
for small size networks (24N and 64N), whereas for large size network, the increase is linear for the
logical networks. This shows that for a large size networks, they are scalable and can cope with
increasing traffic when there is no buffer. When a buffer is employed in the nodes, the performance
of the networks and their routing algorithms increase dramatically, see fig. (5).
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
0.03 0.07 0.10 0.13 0.17 0.20 0.25 0.33 0.50 1.00
A
v
a
r
a
g
e

n
o
.

o
f

h
o
p
s
System load
24N 64N 160N 384N 896N
International Journal of Computer Engineering and Technology (IJCET), ISSN 0976-6367(Print),
ISSN 0976 - 6375(Online), Volume 5, Issue 6, June (2014), pp. 111-117 IAEME
115


Fig .5: System load against no. of hops for logical networks with store-and-forward mode
(with buffer)

Table (1.1) shows the Comparing deflection routing (without-buffer) tests with the store-and-
forward (with-buffer) routing tests that there is an improvement in performance in the latter case.
However, this improvement is gained at the cost of system complexity.

Table.1: Comparison the average no. of hops for two types with different networks sizes.
Average number of hops
Network size 24(Nodes) 64(Nodes) 160(Nodes) 384(Nodes) 896(Nodes)
With buffer 3.15 4.73 6.22 7.84 9.59
Without buffer 3.66 6.00 8.77 12.31 16.70

B. Contentions
Fig. (6) shows the contention ratio versus the system load for deflection routing (without
buffer) for different network size. Contention ration increases slightly and gradually because these
networks can act as a 'buffer' when there is a need for buffering, where system loads increase
relatively to the size of the network.


Fig .6: system load against contention ratio for logical network with deflection mode (no-buffer)

2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
0.03 0.07 0.10 0.13 0.17 0.20 0.25 0.33 0.50 1.00
A
v
a
r
a
g
e

N
o
.

o
f

h
o
p
s
System load
24N 64N 160N 384N 896N
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
0.03 0.07 0.10 0.13 0.17 0.20 0.25 0.33 0.50 1.00
C
o
n
t
e
n
t
i
o
n

r
a
t
i
o
n

(
%
)
System load
24N 64N 160N 384N 896N
International Journal of Computer Engineering and Technology (IJCET), ISSN 0976-6367(Print),
ISSN 0976 - 6375(Online), Volume 5, Issue 6, June (2014), pp. 111-117 IAEME
116

Fig. (7) shows that the contention percentage increases when store-and-forward (with buffer)
routing is employed. In addition, the number of packets where contention occurred has increased for
all networks when the number of nodes and the system load are increased in kind of exponential
manner.


Fig.7: system load against contention ratio for logical network with store-and-forward mode
(with-buffer)

More packets experienced contention as compared to the other two. Comparing results for the
store-and-forward routing with the deflection routing shows that there is an increase when there is
buffer, this is because when two packets are at the input ports destined to the same output port and
when there is a packet already in the buffer that is also wanting to go to the same port regardless of
the type of the packet (Multiple or Single), the packet in the buffer is forwarded to the output port.
Table (1.2) shows that packets on average experienced have more contention in the when store-and-
forward routing is employed compared to other deflected.

Table.2: Comparison the Contention Ratio for two types with different networks sizes
Contention Ratio (%)
Network size 24(Nodes) 64(Nodes) 160(Nodes) 384(Nodes) 896(Nodes)
Without
buffer
18.85 36.19 56.95 77.90 109.70
With buffer 22.30 36.90 58.70 81.20 107.40


IV. CONCLUSIONS

The proposed algorithm is implemented over logical networks switches with two types of
strategies (deflection, Store-and-forward), those types are implemented under different network sizes
to show the performance of the proposed algorithm with scalable networks with those two types of
strategies, the algorithm shows good performance when store and forward strategy implemented
because of buffer existences that holds the packet and forward the others. Future work approaches
can also be used, where worker ants representing data packets within the network can only change
the pheromone levels of path that they travel and also use low priority queues. However, beside the
0
50
100
150
200
250
0.03 0.07 0.10 0.13 0.17 0.20 0.25 0.33 0.50 1.00
C
o
n
t
e
n
t
i
o
n

r
a
t
i
o
n

(
%
)
System load
24N 64N 160N 384N 896N
International Journal of Computer Engineering and Technology (IJCET), ISSN 0976-6367(Print),
ISSN 0976 - 6375(Online), Volume 5, Issue 6, June (2014), pp. 111-117 IAEME
117

worker ants there can be other ants with higher priorities queues carrying high priority packets that
can travel faster (using high priority queues) within the network and be able to update more than one
entry in the routing table.

REFERENCE

[1] Liang, Suihong, A. Nur Zincir-Heywood, and Malcolm I. Heywood. "Intelligent Packets For
Dynamic Network Routing Using Distributed Genetic Algorithm." GECCO. Vol. 2. 2002.
[2] Madubashitha, D. K. D., et al. "An adaptive routing algorithm for Cognitive Packet Network
infrastructure based on neural networks." Industrial and Information Systems (ICIIS), 2011
6th IEEE International Conference on. IEEE, 2011.
[3] Daniel, A. K., and R. Singh. "Swarm Intelligence Based multicast Routing and Bandwidth
Management protocol for Ad-hoc wireless Network Using Backpressure Restoration."
Computer Science and Information Technology (ICCSIT), 2010 3rd IEEE International
Conference on. Vol. 5. IEEE, 2010.
[4] Maia, Tiago V. "Reinforcement learning, conditioning, and the brain: Successes and
challenges." Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience 9.4 (2009): 343-364.
[5] Boyan, Justin A., and Michael L. Littman. "Packet routing in dynamically changing networks:
A reinforcement learning approach." Advances in neural information processing systems
(1994): 671-671.
[6] Handl, Julia, Joshua Knowles, and Marco Dorigo. "Ant-based clustering and topographic
mapping." Artificial Life 12.1 (2006): 35-62.
[7] Sarbazi-Azad, Hamid, and Albert Y. Zomaya, eds. Large Scale Network-Centric Distributed
Systems. Vol. 85. John Wiley & Sons, 2013.
[8] Onwubolu, Godfrey C., and B. V. Babu. New optimization techniques in engineering.
Vol. 141. Berlin: Springer, 2004.
[9] Sudip Kumar Sahana, Dr.Aruna Jain and Abijit Mustafi, A Comparative Study on Multicast
Routing using Dijkstras, Prims and Ant Colony Systems, International Journal of Computer
Engineering & Technology (IJCET), Volume 1, Issue 2, 2010, pp. 16 - 25, ISSN Print:
0976 6367, ISSN Online: 0976 6375.
[10] Shivam Wadhwa and Kusum Dangi, Location Based Store and Forward Packet Routing
Algorithm for Wireless Body Area Networks: A Survey, International Journal of Computer
Engineering & Technology (IJCET), Volume 5, Issue 1, 2014, pp. 153 - 161, ISSN Print:
0976 6367, ISSN Online: 0976 6375.
[11] Bharathi M A, Vijaya Kumar B P and Manjaiah D.H, Power Efficient Data Aggregation
Based on Swarm Intelligence and Game Theoretic Approach in Wireless Sensor Network,
International Journal of Computer Engineering & Technology (IJCET), Volume 3, Issue 3,
2012, pp. 184 - 199, ISSN Print: 0976 6367, ISSN Online: 0976 6375.
[12] Isak Shabani and Amir Kovai, Communication Between Distributed Systems using Google
Infrastructure, International Journal of Computer Engineering & Technology (IJCET),
Volume 4, Issue 6, 2013, pp. 386 - 393, ISSN Print: 0976 6367, ISSN Online: 0976 6375.