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Guide to the Design of Diaphragms, Chords


and Collectors Based on the 2006 IBC and
ASCE/SEI 7-05
Part No.
1
Timothy W. Mays, Ph.D., P.E.
Associate Professor
The Citadel
Design Guide Overview
Introduction to Four-Story
Concrete Building Example
Diaphragm Demand SDC B
Diaphragm Design SDC B
Diaphragm Design (with
Opening) SDC B
Collector Design SDC B
Discussion of SDCs C, D, E,
and F
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Design Guide Overview
Topics covered:
General Overview
Concrete Diaphragms
Wood Diaphragms
Metal Deck Diaphragms
Concrete Slab on Metal Deck Diaphragms
Chord and Collector Detailing
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Introduction to Four-Story Concrete Building Example
Concrete framed (beams, girders, and columns) building
12 in thick reinforced concrete shear walls resist lateral loads
6 in. normal weight reinforced concrete slab (all floors and roof)
Interior beams 21 x 24
Perimeter beams 21 x 24
Interior girders 24 x 28
Exterior columns 21 x 21
Interior columns 24 x 24
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Introduction to Four-Story Concrete Building Example
3D Model and Section:
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Introduction to Four-Story Concrete Building Example
Typical Floor Plan:
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Introduction to Four-Story Concrete Building Example
Second Floor Plan with Opening:
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Introduction to Four-Story Concrete Building Example
Given Information:
The example building has Occupancy Category II in accordance with Table
1-1 of ASCE/SEI 7-05. (I=1.0)
Seismic weights:
Material properties:
Base shear:
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Introduction to Four-Story Concrete Building Example
Other Information:
The redundancy factor, , is equal to 1.0 in accordance with ASCE/SEI 7-05
Section 12.3.4.1 for Seismic Design Category B or C.
Note that in this example the COM and COR are concurrent due to the
symmetrical nature of the structure.
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Diaphragm Demand SDC B
Floor Demand All Floors:
The diaphragm design forces must be calculated at each level, as follows:
The diaphragm design force at each level need not exceed:
The diaphragm design force at each level shall not be less than:
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Diaphragm Demand SDC B
Floor Demand All Floors:
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Diaphragm Demand SDC B
Floor Demand All Floors:
f
px
= f
x
f
x
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Diaphragm Demand SDC B
Third Floor Demand:
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Diaphragm Demand SDC B
Third Floor Demand:
Based on ASCE/SEI 7-05 Section 12.3.1.2, a rigid diaphragm must have a
span-to-depth ratio of less than 3 and no horizontal irregularities should
exist.
The diaphragm is rigid for this example.
Rigid diaphragm analysis - assumes that there are no relative horizontal
displacements within the diaphragm; no internal strains, and therefore no
internal stresses.
The distribution of forces within the diaphragm can not be captured in a
rigid diaphragm analysis performed by a computer program.
Can use plate elements to model diaphragm.
An approximate and simple analytical model is proposed in this example.
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Diaphragm Demand SDC B
Third Floor Demand:
Gridline B Shear wall forces Gridline F Shear wall forces
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Diaphragm Demand SDC B
Third Floor Demand:
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Diaphragm Demand SDC B
Third Floor Demand:
f
x
f
px
= f
x
f
px
= 1.49f
x
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Diaphragm Demand SDC B
Third Floor Demand:
Shear diagram (k)
Moment diagram (k-ft)
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Diaphragm Demand SDC B
Third Floor Demand Maximum Shear Force in Diaphragm:
The maximum shear occurs at gridline F. With a collector in place of length
L
dF
, the maximum shear is:
Shear diagram (k)
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Diaphragm Demand SDC B
Third Floor Demand Maximum Chord Force in Diaphragm:
The maximum chord force is obtained from the moment diagram.
Assuming an approximate center-to-center distance between chord
elements of 95 percent of the total diaphragm depth, the maximum chord
force is:
Moment diagram (k-ft)
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Diaphragm Demand (with Opening) SDC B
Second Floor Demand:
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Diaphragm Demand (with Opening) SDC B
Second Floor Demand:
Based on ASCE/SEI 7-05 Section 12.3.1.2, a rigid diaphragm must have a
span-to-depth ratio of less than 3 and no horizontal irregularities should
exist.
The diaphragm is rigid for this example since the opening does not create
an irregularity (doesnt apply for SDC B anyway).
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Diaphragm Demand (with Opening) SDC B
Second Floor Demand:
Gridline B Shear wall forces Gridline F Shear wall forces
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Diaphragm Demand (with Opening) SDC B
Second Floor Demand:
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Diaphragm Demand (with Opening) SDC B
Second Floor Demand:
f
px
= f
x
f
px
= 2.49f
x
f
x
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Diaphragm Demand (with Opening) SDC B
Second Floor Demand:
Moment diagram (k-ft)
Shear diagram (k)
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Diaphragm Demand (with Opening) SDC B
Second Floor Demand Maximum Shear Force in Diaphragm:
The maximum shear is the larger shear occurring at gridline F and gridline
E.
Shear diagram (k)
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Diaphragm Demand (with Opening) SDC B
Second Floor Demand Maximum Chord Force in Diaphragm:
The primary chord force is obtained from the moment diagram. Assuming
an approximate center-to-center distance between chord elements of 95
percent of the total diaphragm depth, the primary chord force is:
Moment diagram (k-ft)
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Diaphragm Demand (with Opening) SDC B
Second Floor Demand Maximum Chord Force in Diaphragm:
The secondary chord forces are calculated based on the internal moment in
the diaphragm segment adjacent to the opening.
Idealizing the segment above the opening as a beam with fixed ends, the
applied loading is approximated based on the relative mass of each
segment.
Since the building is symmetric and the opening is located directly in its
center, the applied loading on each segment will be equal to half of the
overall applied trapezoidal load over this portion of the diaphragm
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Diaphragm Demand (with Opening) SDC B
Second Floor Demand Maximum Chord Force in Diaphragm:
w
1
= 0.916 klf
w
2
= 1.14 klf
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Diaphragm Demand (with Opening) SDC B
Second Floor Demand Maximum Chord Force in Diaphragm:
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Diaphragm Demand (with Opening) SDC B
Second Floor Demand Maximum Chord Force in Diaphragm:
The secondary chord forces are obtained from the moment diagram.
Assuming an approximate center-to-center distance between chord
elements of 95 percent of the total diaphragm depth, the secondary chord
force at the center of the segment span is:
Moment diagram (k-ft)
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Diaphragm Demand (with Opening) SDC B
Second Floor Demand Maximum Chord Force in Diaphragm:
The secondary chord forces are obtained from the moment diagram.
Assuming an approximate center-to-center distance between chord
elements of 95 percent of the total diaphragm depth, the secondary chord
force at the end of the segment span is:
Moment diagram (k-ft)
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Diaphragm Demand (with Opening) SDC B
Second Floor Demand Maximum Chord Force in Diaphragm:
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Diaphragm Design SDC B
Third Floor Diaphragm Shear Check at Gridline F:
The design shear strength of the 6 inch-thick concrete floor slab is
calculated as follows:
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Diaphragm Design SDC B
Third Floor Diaphragm Chord Design:
The design tension strength of the reinforcement is calculated as:
Provide one #6 bar at the slab edge (A
s
= 0.44 in
2
)
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Diaphragm Design SDC B
Third Floor Diaphragm Chord Design:
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Diaphragm Design (with Opening) SDC B
Second Floor Diaphragm Shear Check at Gridline F:
The design shear strength of the 6 inch-thick concrete floor slab is
calculated as follows:
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Diaphragm Design (with Opening) SDC B
Second Floor Diaphragm Chord Design:
The design tension strength of the reinforcement is calculated as:
Provide one #6 bar at the slab edge (A
s
= 0.44 in
2
)
Secondary chord reinforcement required for negative moment adjacent to
opening:
Provide one #5 bar at the slab edge (A
s
= 0.31 in
2
)
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Diaphragm Design (with Opening) SDC B
Second Floor Diaphragm Chord Design:
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Collector Design SDC B
Third Floor Diaphragm Collector Design:
The collector should be designed for:
The load combination used in the collector design for Seismic Design
Category B is in accordance with ASCE/SEI 7-05 Section 12.4.2.3:
Collector beam must be designed as a beam-column
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Collector Design SDC B
Third Floor Diaphragm Collector Design:
Determine axial force (k) distribution in collector:
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Discussion of SDCs C, D, E, and F
Irregularities may apply in higher SDCs.
ASCE/SEI Section 12.11.2.2.1 addresses the requirements of continuous
ties or struts between diaphragm chords for Seismic Design Categories C
through F. This is not required in the example for Seismic Design Category
B. It should be noted that in the case of a concrete diaphragm with beams,
as in this example, the above requirement is satisfied automatically as
these elements act integrally.
An additional requirement, which applies for Seismic Design Categories C
through F, is the application of load combinations with the overstrength
factor (
0
) in accordance with ASCE/SEI Section 12.10.2.1 for the design of
collector elements, splices, and connections.
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Discussion of SDCs C, D, E, and F
SEAOC Seismology Committees Draft Recommendations (2008):

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