Note: Most of the Useful Equations in the table below have a number of constraints or limitationsbe sure to refer

to their page numbers for details!

Useful Equations
Continuity (mass conservation),
incompressible uid:
Z
CS
~
V d
~
A 5 0
(4.13a) Page
105
Continuity (mass conservation),
incompressible uid,
uniform ow:
X
CS
~
V
~
A 5 0
(4.13b) Page
105
Continuity (mass conservation),
steady ow:
Z
CS

~
V d
~
A 5 0
(4.15a) Page
106
Continuity (mass conservation),
steady ow, uniform ow:
X
CS

~
V
~
A 5 0
(4.15b) Page
106
Momentum (Newtons
second law):
~
F 5
~
F
S
1
~
F
B
5
@
@t
Z
CV
~
V dV--- 1
Z
CS
~
V
~
V d
~
A
(4.17a) Page
111
Momentum (Newtons second
law), uniform ow:
~
F 5
~
F
S
1
~
F
B
5
@
@t
Z
CV
~
V dV--- 1
X
CS
~
V
~
V
~
A
(4.17b) Page
111
Momentum (Newtons second
law), scalar components:
F
x
5 F
S
x
1F
B
x
5
@
@t
Z
CV
u dV--- 1
Z
CS
u
~
V d
~
A
F
y
5 F
S
y
1F
B
y
5
@
@t
Z
CV
v dV--- 1
Z
CS
v
~
V d
~
A
F
z
5 F
S
z
1F
B
z
5
@
@t
Z
CV
w dV--- 1
Z
CS
w
~
V d
~
A
(4.18a)
(4.18b)
(4.18c)
Page
112
Momentum (Newtons second
law), uniform ow, scalar
components:
F
x
5 F
S
x
1F
B
x
5
@
@t
Z
CV
u dV--- 1
X
CS
u
~
V
~
A
F
y
5 F
S
y
1F
B
y
5
@
@t
Z
CV
v dV--- 1
X
CS
v
~
V
~
A
F
z
5 F
S
z
1F
B
z
5
@
@t
Z
CV
w dV--- 1
X
CS
w
~
V
~
A
(4.18d)
(4.18e)
(4.18f)
Page
112
Bernoulli equation (steady,
incompressible, frictionless,
ow along a streamline):
p

1
V
2
2
1gz 5 constant
(4.24) Page
124
Momentum (Newtons second
law), inertial control volume
(stationary or constant speed):
~
F 5
~
F
S
1
~
F
B
5
@
@t
Z
CV
~
V
xyz
dV--- 1
Z
CS
~
V
xyz

~
V
xyz
d
~
A
(4.26) Page
126
Momentum (Newtons second
law), rectilinear acceleration of
control volume:
~
F
S
1
~
F
B
2
Z
CV
~a
rf
dV--- 5
@
@t
Z
CV
~
V
xyz
dV---
Z
CS
~
V
xyz

~
V
xyz
d
~
A
(4.33) Page
130
Angular-momentum principle:
~r 3
~
F
s
1
Z
CV
~r 3~g dV--- 1
~
T
shaft
5
@
@t
Z
CV
~r 3
~
V dV--- 1
Z
CS
~r 3
~
V
~
V d
~
A
(4.46) Page
136
148 Chapter 4 Basic Equations in Integral Form for a Control Volume
First law of thermodynamics: _
Q2
_
W
s
2
_
W
shear
2
_
W
other
5
@
@t
Z
CV
e dV--- 1
Z
CS
u1pv 1
V
2
2
1gz

~
V d
~
A
(4.56) Page
143
Second law of
thermodynamics:
@
@t
Z
CV
s dV--- 1
Z
CS
s
~
V d
~
A$
Z
CS
1
T
_
Q
A
!
dA
(4.58) Page
147
Problems
Basic Laws for a System
4.1 A mass of 5 lbm is released when it is just in contact with a
spring of stiffness 25 lbf/ft that is attached to the ground.
What is the maximum spring compression? Compare this to
the deection if the mass was just resting on the compressed
spring. What would be the maximum spring compression if
the mass was released from a distance of 5 ft above the top
of the spring?
4.2 An ice-cube tray containing 250 mL of freshwater at 15

C
is placed in a freezer at 25

C. Determine the change in

internal energy (kJ) and entropy (kJ/K) of the water when it
has frozen.
4.3 A small steel ball of radius r = 1 mm is placed on top of a
horizontal pipe of outside radius R = 50 mm and begins to
roll under the inuence of gravity. Rolling resistance and air
resistance are negligible. As the speed of the ball increases, it
Case Study
Lab-on-a-Chip
(a) (b) (c)
Mixing two uids in a lab-on-a-chip.
An exciting new area in uid mechanics is microuidics,
applied to microelectromechanical systems (MEMSthe
technology of very small devices, generally ranging in
size from a micrometer to a millimeter). In particular, a lot
of research is being done in lab-on-a-chip technology,
which has many applications. An example of this is in
medicine, with devices for use in the immediate point-of-
care diagnosis of diseases, such as real-time detection of
bacteria, viruses, and cancers in the human body. In the
area of security, there are devices that continuously
sample and test air or water samples for biochemical
toxins and other dangerous pathogens such as those in
always-on early warning systems.
Because of the extremely small geometry, ows in
such devices will be very low Reynolds numbers and
therefore laminar; surface tension effects will also be
signicant. In many common applications (for example,
typical water pipes and air conditioning ducts), laminar
ow would be desirable, but the ow is turbulentit
costs more to pump a turbulent as opposed to a laminar
ow. In certain applications, turbulence is desirable
instead because it acts as a mixing mechanism. If you
couldnt generate turbulence in your coffee cup, it would
take a lot of stirring before the cream and coffee were
sufciently blended; if your blood ow never became
turbulent, you would not get sufcient oxygen to your
organs and muscles! In the lab-on-a-chip, turbulent ow
is usually desirable because the goal in these devices is
often to mix minute amounts of two or more uids.
How do we mix uids in such devices that are inher-
ently laminar? We could use complex geometries, or
relatively long channels (relying on molecular diffusion),
or some kind of MEM device with paddles. Research by
professors Goullet, Glasgow, and Aubry at the New Jer-
sey Institute of Technology instead suggests pulsing the
two uids. Part a of the gure shows a schematic of two
uids owing at a constant rate (about 25 nL/s, average
velocity less than 2 mm/s, in ducts about 200 m wide)
and meeting in a T junction. The two uids do not mix
because of the strongly laminar nature of the ow. Part b
of the gure shows a schematic of an instant of a pulsed
ow, and part c shows an instant computed using a
computational uid dynamics (CFD) model of the same
ow. In this case, the interface between the two uid
samples is shown to stretch and fold, leading to good
nonturbulent mixing within 2 mm downstream of
the conuence (after about 1 s of contact). Such a
compact mixing device would be ideal for many of the
applications mentioned above.
Problems 149