Political Science

Biyani's Think Tank
Concept based notes

Political Science-I
(Class XII)

Prepared by
Sunita Sharma
Department of Education
Biyani Girls College, Jaipur

2

Published by :
Think Tanks
Biyani Group of Colleges

Concept & Copyright :
Biyani Shikshan Samiti
Sector-3, Vidhyadhar Nagar,
Jaipur-302 023 (Rajasthan)
Ph : 0141-2338371, 2338591-95 Fax : 0141-2338007
E-mail : acad@biyanicolleges.org
Website :www.gurukpo.com; www.biyanicolleges.org

First Edition : 2009

Leaser Type Setted by :
Biyani College Printing Department

While every effort is taken to avoid errors or omissions in this Publication, any mistake or
omission that may have crept in is not intentional. It may be taken note of that neither the
publisher nor the author will be responsible for any damage or loss of any kind arising to
anyone in any manner on account of such errors and omissions.
Political Science-I 3

Preface

I am glad to present this book, especially designed to serve the needs of the
students. The book has been written keeping in mind the general weakness in
understanding the fundamental concepts of the topics. The book is self-explanatory
and adopts the Teach Yourself style. It is based on question-answer pattern. The
language of book is quite easy and understandable based on scientific approach.
Any further improvement in the contents of the book by making corrections,
omission and inclusion is keen to be achieved based on suggestions from the
readers for which the author shall be obliged.
I acknowledge special thanks to Mr. Rajeev Biyani, Chairman & Dr. Sanjay Biyani,
Director (Acad.) Biyani Group of Colleges, who are the backbones and main
concept provider and also have been constant source of motivation throughout this
Endeavour. They played an active role in coordinating the various stages of this
Endeavour and spearheaded the publishing work.
I look forward to receiving valuable suggestions from professors of various
educational institutions, other faculty members and students for improvement of the
quality of the book. The reader may feel free to send in their comments and
suggestions to the under mentioned address.
Author

4

INDEX

Lesson Particualars
Lesson 1

The cold war era

Lesson 2

The end of bipolarity

Lesson 3

US domination in World
Politics

Lesson 4

Alternative Centers of
Power

Lesson 5

Contemporary South
Asia

Lesson 6

International
organization

Lesson 7

Security in the
contemporary world

Lesson 8

Environment and natural
resources

Lesson 9

Globalisation


Lesson 1
The Cold war era

Multiple Choice Questions
Q.1 Which among the following statement about the Cold War is wrong?
a) It was a competition between the USA and Soviet Union and their respective allies.
b) It was an Ideological war between the Superpowers.
c) It triggered off an arm race.
d) The USA and USSR were engaged in direct wars.
Ans. (d) The USA and USSR were engaged in direct wars.

Q.2 Which of the following leaders decided to Convert Cuba in a Russian base?
(a)Khrushchev (b) Brez hnev (c) Grob achev (d) Bladimir Putin
Ans. (A) Khrushchev

Q.3 The USSR placed nuclear missiles in Cuba in-
(a) 1960 (b) 1961 (c) 1962 (d) 1963
Ans. (c) 1962

Q.4 India signed the treaty of friendship in August 1971,with-
(a) Bangladesh (b) Pakistan (c) Britain (d) USSR
Ans. (d) USSR

Q.4 India signed the treaty of friendship in August 1971,with-
(a) Bangladesh (b) Pakistan (c) Britain (d) USSR
Ans. (d) USSR

Q.5 NATO was as association of
(a) 12 States (b) 13 States (c) 14 States (d) 15 States
6

Ans. (d) USSR

Q.6 The 14
th
Summit of NAM was held in-
(a) Havana (b) Paris (c) Britain (d) New York
Ans. (a) Havana

Fill in the Blanks:
Q.1 In ______________ unification of Germany took place.
Ans. 1990

Q.2 The Second World War took place in ______________.
Ans. 1939-1945

Very short answer type question
Q.1 Mention reason for the placing of nuclear missiles in Cuba by the USSR in 1962?
Ans. The leaders of the USSR were worried that the USA would in vade its ally Cuba and
overthrow Fidel eastro the president of Cuba because of this reason nuclear missiles were
placed in cuba by the USSR in 1962.

Q.2 Name the president of the USSR who decided to convert Cuba into a Russian base?
Ans. Nukita Khrushchev.

Q.3 Name the leading countries that were involved in making Allied forces during Second
World War?
Ans. The united states, the USSR Britain and France.

Q.4 Name the leading countries of Axis powers?
Ans. Germany, Italy and Japan.

Q.5 What was the result of the war (in 1945) between the Allied powers and Axis powers?
Ans. In 1945, the Allied Forces, led by the US, Souiet union, Britain and France defeated the Axis
power led by Germany, Italy and Japan ending the Second World War.

Q.6 What is the meant by the term Responsibility related to war?

Ans. Responsibility meant being restrained and avoiding the risk of another world war.

Q.7 Indentify five countries of Eastern alliances?
Ans. Five countries of eastern alliances were The USSR, Poled, East Germany, Hungry and
Czechoslovakia.

Q.8 Indentify five countries of Western alliances?
Ans. Five countries of Western alliances were The USA, Britain, France, West Germany and
Italy.

Q.9 Name the member countries of NATO?
Ans. Member countries of NATO United states, Canada, Denmark, Norway, Iceland, Portugal,
Britain, France Belgium, Turkey, Greece, Luxemburg.

Q.10 What do you mean by cold war?
Ans. It means such a situation among the nations of the world, when a tense atmosphere prevails
but there is no actual fighting.

Q.11 What was the principal function of Warsaw pact?
Ans. The principal function of Warsaw paet was to counter NATOs forces in Europe.

Q.12 Mention the three agreements that were signed between the USA and the USSR to
maintain arms control?
Ans. The three agreements were-
1. The Limited Test pan treaty.
2. Nuclear-Non proliferations treaty.
3. The Anti ballistic missile Treaty.

Short Answer Type Question

Q.1 What is meant by cold war? Why the two super power continued to involve in the cold
war?
8

Ans. Meaning of the cold war It meant such a situation among the nations of the world, when a
tense atmosphere prevails but there is no actual fighting.
The cold war refered to the competition the tensions and a series of confrontations between
the United States and the Soviet Union, backed by their respective allies. The cold war was a
Mather of power rivalries, of military alliances, and of the balance of power. These were
also accompanied by a real ideological conflict as well, a difference over the best and the
most appropriate way of organising political, economic, and social life all over the world.
The western alliances headed by the US, represented the Ideology of liberal democracy and
capitalism while the Eastern alliance, headed by the Soviet Union, was committed to the
Ideology of Socialism and communism.

Q.2 Briefly analyse NAMS new role in the post cold war period?
Ans. The non aligned movement has to play a new role in the changed new international political
environment shaped by the end of the cold war and of nuclear arms race. Imfact NAM did
not emerge only because of the cold war between the two b locks of the super powers. It
came in to being as a process of solidarity of the newly liberated countries seeking
diplomatic, political and economic cohesion as a collective group of the have not countries
to bargain with the developed countries. The role of NAM is necessary and important for
collective negotiation and bargaining in the world forums like I.M.F. world bank and the
newly constituted world trade organization. So NAM cannot become Irrelevant today, even
if there is no cold war, because its main purpose from the very beginning was to forge the
unity among its members. This work still remains to be completed.

Q.3 Write a short note on the heterogeneous character of NAM?
Ans. The continuous expansion of Non-Aligned movement shows its heterogeneous character.
For example in terms of socioeconomic stage of development, the members of Non-Aligned
moment represent the evident spectrum of differences and diversities in the globe. They
cover the five well recognised stage of development namely.
(i) Primitive societies
(ii) Traditional societies
(iii) Transitional societies
(iv) Capitalist or mixed economy societies.
(v) Socialist states.

Thus it is this wide sweep that provides the Non Aligned movement with - in - built
heterogeneity and lack of ideological or policy oriented cohesion.

Q.4 A Mention military alliance which was set up after the Second World War mentions
the names of member countries?
Ans.(i) The first military alliance which was set up after the second world war was NATO or
North Atlantic treaty organisation which was established in April 1949.
(ii) South East Asia treaty organization (SEATO) was signed in 1954.
(iii) Central treaty organization (CENTO) came in to existence in 1955.
(iv) The Warsaw pact signed in 1955.
(a) NATO members USA, Britain, France Belgium, Luxemburg, Holland, Norway, Denmark,
Portugal, Italy, Iceland and Canada.
(b) SEATO members Australia, Britain, France, New Zealand, Pakistan, Thailand, Philippines
and USA.
(c) CENTO members Iran, Iraq, Turkey and Pakistan with the USA.
(d) Warsaw pact Headed by USSR and members of its were Poland, Rumania, Bulgaria
Czechoslovakia and East Germany etc.

Q.5 Describe the main objectives of the policy of Non Alignment?
Ans. Main objectives of the policy of Non Alignment:-
(i) Newly independent countries are faced with the enormous task of social and economic
reconstruction which could be done only in a world free from war and tension.
(ii) The newly independent countries were also aware of the danger which the continuance of
imperialism in some parts of Asia and Africa posed to them and the world peace.
(iii) The non aligned nations of Asia and Africa there went in the forefront of the struggle for the
liquidation action colonialism. Non alignment has primarily been policy aiming at the
strengthening of Independence ending of colonialism and promoting world peace
(iv) It was not merely a policy of non involvement with military blocs but a policy for creating a
better world.
(v) The other aims of the non alignment movement are peaceful coexistence between nations,
condemnation of racial discrimination opposition to military alliances disarmament,
respectful human rights. Establishment of economic relations between nations based on
equality and free from exploitation etc.

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Long Answer Question

Q.1 The policy of staying away from alliances should not be considered isolationism or
neutrality explain the statement?
Ans. The policy of staying away from alliances should not be considered isolationism or
neutrality. Non-alignment is not isolationism since isolationism means remaining aloof from
world affairs. Isolationism sums up the foreign policy of the US from the American. War of
independence in 1787 up to the beginning of the First World War. In comparison, the non-
aligned countries including India. Played an active role in mediating between the two rival
alliances in the cause of peace and stability their strength was based on their unity and their
resolve to remain non aligned despite the attempt by the two super powers to bring them in
to their alliances.
Non-alignment is also not neutrality-Neutrality refers principally to a policy of staying
out of wars. States practising neutrality are not required to help and war. They do not get
involved in wars and do not take any position on the appropriateness on morality of a war.
Non-aligned states, Including India, were actually involved in wars for various reasons.
They also worked to prevent war between others and tired to end wars that had broken out.

Q.2 What factors led to the establishment of Non-Aligned movement (NAM) in 1961?
Discuss its contributions in diffusing military tensions in Asia and Africa?
Ans. Non-Aligned movement meaning Non alignment means not belonging to any military
bloc. It means that the independent states would not bow to the whims of the big powers.
They are independent to from their own policies and take independent positions in
international issue.
Why was it started? After the Second World War the world was divided in to two major
power blocs. America and USSR emerged as the only super powers in the world.
But some countries after getting independence neither joined the American bloc nor the
Soviet bloc. They remained neutral because they did not want to mortgage their freedom
which they had achieved from the imperialist countries after many years of struggle. So they
organized themselves in to the Non-aligned movement which is a positive active and
constructive policy, seeking to lead peace, security, freedom and cooperation Actually non-
alignment means freedom of action which is a part of independence.

Aims The basic objectives of the Non-aligned movement were later elaborated and
made more specific. The most important objectives included ending of imperialism and
colonialism promotion of international peace and security and disarmament.
Is the movement still relevant?
The non aligned movement has to play a new role in the changed new international political
environment shaped by the end of the cold war and of nuclear arms race. In fact NAM did
not emerge only because of the cold war between the two blocs of the superpowers. Its came
in to being as a process of solidarity of the newly liberated countries seeking diplomatic,
political and economic cohesion as a collective group of the have not countries to bargain
with the developed countries. The role of NAM is necessary and important for collective
negotiation and bargaining in the world forums like the I.M.F. World Bank and the newly
constituted world trade organization. So NAM cannot become irrelevant today, even if there
is no cold war because its main purpose from the very beginning was to forge the unity
among its members who are economically developing socially backward and technologically
at a low level. This work still remains to be completed.

12

Lesson 2
The End of Bipolarity

Q.1 The revolution of Russia in 1917 was inspired by Ideals
(a)Socialism (b) Capitalism
(c) Socialism as well as Capitalism (d) None of the above
Ans. (a) Socialism

Q.2 The warsaw pact was______ .
(a) an economic alliance (b) an political alliance
(c) a military alliance (d) none of the above
Ans. (a) an economic alliance

Q.3 Independence movement begins in Lithuania in -
(a) 1985 (b) 1988 (c) 1989 (d) 1991
Ans. (b) 1988

Q.4 The USSR came in to being after the Socialist revolution in Russia in -
(a) 1915 (b) 1916 (c) 1917 (d) 1918
Ans. (d) 1917

Q.5 Russia takes over the USSR Seat in the United Nations in -
(a) December1990 (b) December1991 (c) December1992 (d)
December1993
Ans. (b) December1991

Q.6 NATO was as association of

(a) March, 1990 (b) April, 1990 (c) May, 1990 (d) June,1990
Ans. (d) June,1990

Fill in the Blanks:
Q.1 The Soviet Political System was based on ______________ Ideology.
Ans. Socialist
Q.2 _______________ was the military alliance started by the USSR.
Ans. war saw pact

Q.3 _______________ party dominated the Soviet unions political system. started by the
USSR.
Ans. The communist

Q.4 _______________initiated the reforms in the USSR in 1985.
Ans. Mikhail Gorbachev

Q.5 The fall of the _______________ symbolised the end of the Cold War.
Ans. USSR

Very Short Answer Type Question

Q.1 When the USSR came in to being?
Ans. The USSR came in to being after the socialist revolution in Russia in 1917.

Q.2 What was second world?
Ans. After the Second World War, the east European countries that the soviet army had liberated
from the fascist forces came under the control of the USSR. The political and economic
systems of all these countries were modeled after the USSR. This group of countries was
called the second world or socialist bloc.

Q.3 What was the most immediate cause of the collapse of the Soviet Union?
Ans. The rise of nationalism and the desire for sovereignty with in various republics including
Russia and the Baltic Republics (Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania) Ukraine, Georgia and others
proved to be the final and the most immediate cause for the disintegration of the USSR.
14

Q.4 What do you mean by the shock therapy?
Ans. The model of transition in Russia, central Asia and East Europe that was influenced by the
World Bank and the IMF came to be known as Shock therapy. Shock therapy varied in
intensity and speed amongst the former second world countries. But its direction and
features were quite similar.

Q.5 What was the consequence of the Shock therapy on Russian France?
Ans. The value of the ruble, The Russian Currency, declined dramatically, the rate of inflation
was so high that people lost all their savings. The collective farm disintegrated leaving
people without food security, and Russian started to import food. The real GDP of Russia in
1999 was below that what it was in 1989. The old tradings structure broke down with no
alternative in its place.

Q.6 Write the advantages of the communist rule in the USSR?
Ans. Communism of the Marxist-Leninist variety lasted for 74 years and left an indelible mark on
mankinds collective political experience, The years between Stalins death end the final
denouncement of the Soviet Union are filled with glorious achievements climaxed by
mankinds conquest of space.

Q.7 Write a short note on Vladimir Lenin?
Ans. Vladimir Lenin (1870-1924) was the founder of the Bolshevik communist party. He was the
leader of the Russian Revolution in 1917 and was the founder head of the USSR during the
most difficult period following the revolution (1917-1924) He was on outstanding
theoretician and practitioner of maxxism and a source of inspiration for communists all over
the world.

Q.8 Discuss economic relationship between India and the Soviet Union during the cold
world era?
Ans. The Soviet Union assisted Indias public sector companies at a time when such assistance
was difficult to get. It gave aid and technical assistance for steel plants like Bhili, Bokaro,
Visakhapatnam and Machinery plants like Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd, etc. the Soviet
Union accepted Indian currency, for trade when India was short of foreign exchange.


Short Answer Question
Q.1 What was the economic condition of the Soviet Union after the Second World War?
Explain in brief.
Ans. The Soviet Union became a great power after the Second World War. The Soviet economy
was then more developed than the rest of the world except the USA. It had a complex
comunications network, vast energy resources including oil, iron and still, machinery
production, and a transport sector that connected its remotest areas with efficiencies. It had a
domestic consumer industry that produced everything from pines to cars, though their
quality did not match that of the western capitalist countries. The Soviet state ensured a
minimum standard of living for all citizens, and the government subsidised basic necessities
including health, education, children and other welfare schemes. There was no
unemployment state ownership was the dominant form of ownership, land and productive
assets were owned and controlled by the Soviet state.

Q.2 Discuss drawbacks of the Soviet system?
Ans. The Soviet system became very bureaucratic and authoritarian, making life very difficult for
its citizens. Lack and democracy and the absence of freedom of speech stifled people. Most
of the institutions of the Soviet state needed reform: the one-party system represented by the
communist party of the Soviet Union had right control over all institutions and was
unaccountable to the people. The party refused to recognise the urge of people in the fifteen
different republics that formed the Soviet Union to manage their own affairs including their
cultural affairs. Although, on paper, Russia was only one of the fifteen republics that
together constituted. The USSR, in reality Russia dominated everything and people from
other regions felt neglected and often suppressed.

Long Answer Question
Q.1 Describe the relation between India and Russia?
Ans. India has maintained strong relations with Russia. In fact Indias relations with Russia are an
important aspect of Indias foreign policy Indo-Russian relations are embedded in a history
of trust and common interests and are matched by popular Prceptions.
16

Russia and India share a vision of a multipolar world order, More than so bilateral
agreements have been signed between India and Russia as part of the Indo-Russian strategic
agreement of 2001.
India stands to benefit from its relationship with Russia on issues like Kashmir, energy
supplies, sharing information on international terrorism access to central Asia, and balancing
its relations with China. Russia stands to benefit from this relationship because India is the
second largest arms market for Russia. The Indian military gets most of its hardware from
Russia. Russia has repeatedly come to the assistance of India during its oil crisis. India is
seeking to increase its energy imports from Russia and the republics of Kazakhstan and
Turkmenistan. Cooperation with these republics includes partnership and investment in
oilfields Russia, in important for Indias nuclear energy plans and assisted Indias space
industry by giving, for example, The cryogenic rocket when India needed it. Russia and
India have collaborated on various scientific projects.


Lesson 3
US Domination in World Politics

Q.1 Where is Kosovo situated?
(A) Kenya (B)Tanzania (c) Iraq (d) Yugoslavia
Ans. (d) Yugoslavia

Q.2 Where is the pentagon building situated in USA?
(a) Virginia (b) New York (c) Arlingoton (d)
Pennsylvania
Ans. (c) Arlington

Q.3 When did the Kosovo crisis occur?
(a) 1996 (b) 1997 (c) 1998 (d) 1999
Ans. (d) 1999

Q.4 What was the duration of Cold War?
(a) 1914-1919 (b) 1939-1945 (c) 1945-1991 (d) 1965-1991
Ans. (c) 1945-1991

Q.5 Where US defense department was is Head Quarter?
(a) New York (b) Washington (c) Pennsylvania (d) Virginia
Ans. (d) Virginia

Q.6 When the operation Iraq freedom was launched?
(a) 19 March, 2003 (b) 19 March, 2004 (c) 21 March, 2003 (d) 21 March,
2004
Ans. (a) 19 March, 2003
18

Very Short Answer Type Question:-
Q.1 When the US hegemony began?
Ans. The US hegemony began in 1991 after Soviet power disappeared from the international
scene.

Q.2 What was the popular usage of the world America?
Ans. The popular usage of the world America refers to the United States of America. America
covers the two continents of North and South America and the USA is only one of the
countries of the American continent.

Q.3 What was Operation Desert Storm?
Ans. A coalition force of 6, 60,000 troops from 34 countries fought against Iraq and defeated it. It
was a United Nations operation. This operation was named Operation Desert Storm.

Q.4 What is Al-Qaeda?
Ans. Al-Qaeda is a terrorist organisation strongly influenced by extremist Islamists ideas. Al-quad
was responsible for bombing of the US embassies in Nairobi Kenya and Dar-es-Salam
Tanzania in 1998

Q.5 What was operation Infinite Reach?
Ans. The Operation Infinite Reach was a series of cruise missile strike on Al-quada terrorists
targets in sudden missile stride on Al-queda terrorists targets in sudden and Afghanistan.
The US did not brother about the UN sanction or provisions of international law in this
regards this operation was in response to the bombing of US embassies in Nairobi, Kenya
and Dar-Es-Salam Tanzania in 1998.

Q.6 What was the reason of the first gulf war?
Ans. In August 1990, Iraq invaded Kuwait rapidly occupying and subsequently ammexing it. All
the diplomatic attempts failed to convince Iraq to quit its aggression then, the united nation
mandated the liberation of Kuwait by force. A massive coalition force of 6, 60, 000 troops
from 34 countries fought against Iraq and defeated it in what came to be known as the first
Gulf war.
Q.7 Consider the important facts which describe Indias relationship with the US?

Ans. The following important factors describe Indias relationship with the US-
1. The US absorbs about 65% of Indias total exports in the software sector.
2. 35% of the technical staff of Boeing is estimated to be Indian origin.
3. 3, 00,000 Indians work in Silicon Valley.
4. 15% of all high tech start ups are by Indian Americans.

Q.8 What was the Operation Enduring Freedom?
Ans. United States launched Operation Enduring Freedom against all those suspected to be
behind 9/11 attacks mainly Al-Qaeda and the Taliban regime in Afghanistan. The Taliban
regime was easily over throwen, but remnants of the Taliban and Al-Qaeda have remained
potent, as is clear from them number of terrorists attacks launched by them against western
targets.

Q.9 What does Hegemony mean?
Ans. In the world politics, countries and groups of countries are engaged in constantly trying to
gain and retain power. This power is in the form of military domination, economic power,
political clout and cultural superiority, In 1991 after the collapse of the Soviet Union left the
world with only a single power, the United States of America. To describe on international
system with only one center of power by the term hegemony.

Short Answer Type Question:-
Q.1 What are the constraints on American hegemony today? which one of these do you
expect to get more important in the future?
Ans. There are three constraints on American power. The first constraint is the insitutional
architecture of the American State in self. A system of division of powers between the three
branches of government is legislative, executive and judiciary. These branches place
significant brake upon the unrestrained and immoderate exercise of Americas military
power by the executive branch. The second constraint on American power is domestic in
nature and stems from the opon nature of American society. The third constraint on
American power is the North Atlantic treaty organisation (NATO)
I expect the third constraint American power to get more important in the future. NATO
is the only one organization in the international system that could possibly moderate the
exercise of American power. The United States obviously has an enormous Interest in the
20

keeping the alliance of democracies that follow the market economics alive. Therefor it is
possible that its allies in the NATO will be able to moderate the exercise of US hegemony.

Q.2 Write a short note on cultural dimension US hegemony?
Ans. It would be a mistake to see us hegemony in purely military and economic terms without
considering the ideological or the cultural dimension of US hegemony.
The predominance of us in the world today is based not only on its cultural presence.
Whether we choose to recognise the fact on not, all ideas of the good life and personal
success, most of the dreams of individuals and societies across the globe are dreams churned
out by practices, Prevailing in Twentieth Century America. America is the most seductive
and in this sense the most powerful, culture on earth.

Q.3 Draw a flow-chart of US foreign policy?
Ans.
Demoracy
Foreign
Country
Dactatorship
Not
Friendly to
U.S.
Friendly to U.S.
Not
Friendly to
U.S.
Poor +
No
Oil
No
Nukes
No
Crisis
Ignore
No Media
Attention
Help
Massive
Famine
Or Govt.
Atrocity
Lots
of Media
Attention
Find Pretext
to Invade
Invade
Has No
Nuclear
Weapons
Has
Nukes
Interact in
As Profitable
A Manner
As Possible
Lots of
Oil and
Mineral
Wealth
Por
No
Oil
Lots of
Oil and
Mineral
Wealth
Ignore
Kiss
Them
Or Harass
Economially
Untill
Friendly
Failed State
Provoke
Civil War
Install Pro
U.S. Pupet
Goverment
Provoke
Uprising
Success

Q.4 Draw a diagram showing the military expenditure of USA and twelve other powerful
nations military expenditure?

Long Answer Type Question:-
Q.1 Read the three extract in the chapter from the Lok Sabha debate on the Indo-US deal.
Delope any one of these into a full speech defending a certain position on Indo-US
relations?
Ans. During the debate in Lok Sabha on the Indo-US agreement on nuclear energy the Prime
Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh says that in recent year Indias impressive economic growth
rate has made the country an attractive economic partner for a number of countries including
the USA. International politics largely in terms of military power are fearful of the growing
closeness between India and the USA. The growing convergence of interests between the
US and India creates a good for India. In the present phase of global hegemony India has
needed a good relationship with the USA Dr. Manmohan Singh believes that it is in the
interest of our country to have good relations with all the major countries but emphases on
the relationship with the USA he advocates a strategy that would allow India to take
advantage of US hegemony and mutual convergences to establish the best possible options
for itself.
He adds the USA is a pre-eminent power. So the Indo-US agreement on nuclear energy is
beneficial for India. The new factors have emerged in Indo-US relations in recent years.
These factors relate to the technological dimension and the role of the Indian American
Diaspora.
22

The following facts shows that the Indo-US relations is how important and it is increasing
day by day.
(a) The USA absorbs about 65 present of Indias total exports in the software sectors.
(b) 35 percent of the technical staff of Boeing is estimated to be of India origin.
(c) 3, 00,000 Indians work in Silicon Valley.
(d) 15 percent of all high-tech starts up are by Indian Americans.


Lesson -4
Alternative Centers of Power

Q.1 Who among the following adopted on open door Policy?
(a) China (b) EU (c) Japan (d) USA
Ans. (b) EU

Q.2 The OEEC was established in -
(a) 1946 (b) 1977 (c) 1948 (d) 1949
Ans. (c) 1948

Q.3 The Currency Union is-
(a) Dollar (b) Rupees (c) Euro (d) Yuan
Ans. (c) Euro

Q.4 Which of the following is a supranational organisation?
(a) ASEAN (b) SAARC (c) EU (d) EEC
Ans. (c) EU

Q.5 Which of the following is not the founder member of ASEAN?
(a) Indonesia (b) Malaysia (C) India (d) Thailand
Ans. (C) India

Fill in the Blanks:

Q.1 ARF is established in the year ______________.
Ans. 1994

Q.2 China entered in to bilateral relations with _______________ (a major country) in
1972.
24

Ans. India

Q.3 _______________ is the organisation of ASEAN that deals with security.
Ans. ARF

Very short answer type question:-
Q.1 What was the marshal plan?
Ans. Under the marshal plan, the Organisation for European Economic Cooperation (OEEC) was
established in 1948 to channel aid to the West European States. It becomes a forum where
the Western European States began to cooperate on trade and economic issues.

Q.2 What led to the establishment of ASEAN?
Ans. Efforts at Asian and third world unity such a Bandung Conference and the Non Aliged
movement were ineffective in establishing the conventions for informal cooperation and
interaction, Hence, the Southeast, Asian nations sought an alternative by establishing the
Association for South East Asia Nations (ASEAN).

Q.3 Name the pillars and the objective of Asian Community?
Ans. Indonesia, Malaysia the Philippines Singapore and Thailand are the pillars of the ASEAN
Community. The objectives of ASEAN were primarily to accelerate economic growth and
through that social progress and cultural development. A secondary objective was to
promote regional peace and stability based on the rule of law and the principles of the
United Nations charter.

Q.4 Name of the countries which established ASEAN?
Ans. ASEAN was established in 1967 by five countries of this region Indonesia, Malaysia the
Philippines Singapore and Thailand by singing the Bangkok Declaration.

Q.5 What is unique about ASIAN?
Ans. There is little desire in Asian for supranational structure and institutions. ASEAN countries
have celebrated. What has become known as the ASEAN WAY, a form of interaction that
is informal, non-confrontationist and co-operative? The respect for national sovereignty is
critical to the functioning of ASEAN.


Q.6 Write about the relations between India and ASEAN?
Ans. During the cold war years Indian foreign policy did not pay adequate attention to
ASEAN. But in recent years, India has tried to make amends. It signed FTAs with two
ASEAN members. Singapore and Thailand it is trying to sign an FTA with ASEAN itself.

Q.7 Though the Chinese ecomo my has improved dramatically there are areas where
development is still to reach mention those areas?
Ans.(i) unemployment has Rison in china with nearly 100 million people looking for jobs.
(ii) Female employment and conditions of work are very bed.
(iii) Corruption has increased.
(iv) Environmental degradation have increased.
(v) There is a rise in economic inequality between rural and urban residents and coastal and
inland provinces.

Q.8 What are the components of ASEAN vision 2020?
Ans. ASEAN is rapidly growing in to a very important regional organisation. Its vision 2020
has defined an outward looking role for ASEAN in the international community. This
builds on the existing ASEAN policy to encourage negotiation over conflicts in the region.
Thus ASEAN has mediated the end of the Cambodian conflict the east Timor crisis and
meets annually to discuss East ASEAN cooperation.

Short answer type question
Q.1 What are the objectives of establishing regional organisation?
Ans. The objective of establishing regional organisation are as follows-
(i) To accelerate economic growth.
(ii) To accelerate social progress and cultural development through economic growth.
(iii) To promote regional peace and stability based on the rule of law and the principles of United
Nations charter.
(iv) To acquire political cooperation.
(v) To have a common foreign and security policy, cooperation on Justice and home affairs etc.
(vi) To have military influence.
Q.2 Write a note on ASEAN. Regional form?
Ans. The ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) was established in 1994. It is an informal multilateral
dialogue of 25 members whose objectives are to foster dialogue and consultation and
26

promote confidence building and preventive diplomacy in the region. The current
participants in the ARF are as follows.
ASEAN, Australia, Canada, Peoples Republic of Chine, European Union India Japan,
North Korea, South Korea, Russia East times and the United States Bangladesh was added
to ARF as the 26
th
member, starting from July 28, 2006.

Q.3 Point out some irritants between China and India.
Ans.(i) When China attacked on Tibet in 1950-51 Dalai Lama The Political and religious leader
of Tibet, took shelter in India. As a result the relations between the two countries became
strained.
(ii) India and China also have a controversy over the mecmohan line, the border line between
India and China
(iii) China occupied a large territory in Ladakh and even built a road there in 1959
(iv) In October 1962 China invaded Indian frontier like NEFA and Ladakh and also occupied a
considerable part of our territory.
(v) Most of the occasions China supports Pakistan against India.
Yet India is trying her best to normalise the relations between the two countries.

Q.4 Describe the position of China in the International System?
Ans. Position of China in the international system: - After the disintegration of the Soviet Union
in 1990. It looked as if, the world has become unipolar. But it is not so. China is slowly
emerging as an alternative power center. Deng Ziaoping had a remarkable role in making
China to reach Such heights. In the Last decade of twentieth century.
China has increased the budget on militia greatly China is speedily modernizing her armed
forces, guided missile system and ordinances. China has great achievements in the field of
aerial, Inter continental and distant war sophistication.
Briefly if Stated China today has acquired and strengthened her economic and security
system to such an extent that she does not even fear the wrath of the all powerful country
like the US. She has acquired the guts to retaliate with statements to statements issued
against her by any other country.

Long answer question.

Q.1 Describe the Open Door Policy of China?
Ans. Open Door Policy Before two decades till 1978, China. Which was a closed society for the
rest of the world, was made a centre for investment of the entire world and the credit for this
important function goes to Deng? For this the Chinese people will ever remain grateful to
him. After strengthening his hold over the political power in 1978. When he placed the
open door policy of China before the world in 1982, then some kind of irritation in the
throat of Chinese conservative communists was felt but Deng remained firm in his resolve
and Ideas to the extent to which his eyes were sharp becomes clean from what he told mao
roughly three decades before that it does not matter whether the cat is black or white, so long
as it catches mice but then he was declared as a follower of capitalist class. Even since he
was continuously harassed. It was only his efficiency that in order to lead China towards the
path of reform and fulfill his ever cherished goal that he has been bending like a bamboo
according to the direction of the wind but in 1987 after the thirteenth congress according to
the direction he started functioning. In order to give a real shape to his policy of open door.
Therefore in 1978 when Deng came to power he laid the foundation of economic liberalism.

28

Lesson 5
Contemporary South Asia

Q.1 Which of the countries is not a South Asian Country?
(a) India (B) Bangladesh (c) South Africa (d) Bhutan
Ans. (c) South Africa

Q.2 Bangladesh got Independence in -
(a) 1965 (b) 1971 (c) 1974 (d) 1979
Ans. (c) 1971

Q.3 Which of the following has been a Hindu Kingdom -?
(a) India (b) Bhutan (c) Bangladesh (d) Nepal
Ans. (d) Nepal

Q.4 Who led the popular struggle against West Pakistani domination?
(a) Yahya Khan (b) Ayub Khan
(c) Sheikh Mujib-Ur-Rahman (d) Zia-Ul-Haq
Ans. (c) Sheikh Mujib-Ur-Rahman

Q.5 India sent Indian peace keeping force in Sri Lanka in -
(a) 1986 (b) 1987 (c) 1988 (d) 1989
Ans. (d) 1989

Q.6 SAFTA is an agreement Signed by members of -
(a) SAARC (b) ASEAN (c) The EU (d) SSA
Ans. (a) SAARC

Q.7 Which of the following is a Land Locked Country?
(a) Maldives (b) Bangladesh (c) Nepal (d) Pakistan
Ans. (c) Nepal

Q.8 Bhutans biggest Source of development aid is given by-
(a) India (b) Pakistan (c) Nepal (d) Maldives
Ans. (a) India

Very short answer the question

Q.1 Who took over the administration of Pakistan after Pakistan framed its first
constitution?
Ans. General Ayub Khan took over the Pakistan and soon got himself elected.

Q.2 Name the during whose regime Pakistan faced the Bangladesh crisis?
Ans. Yahya Khan

Q.3 Name the countries that comprises South Asia?
Ans. Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, the Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka.

Q.4 Name two South Asian Countries that remained a democracy throughout its existence
a independent countries?
Ans. India and Sri Lanka

Q.5 What is the current position of Nepal?
Ans. Till 2006, Nepal was a constitutional monarchy with the danger of the king taking over
executive power. In 2006, a successful popular uprising led to the restoration of democracy
and reduced the king to a nominal position.

Q.6 Is Maldives a republic with multi party system?
Ans. The Maldives was a sultanate till 1968 when it was transformed in to a republic with a
presidential form of government. In June 2005, the parliament for the Maldives voted
unanimously to introduce a multi-party system.
30

Q.7 Name the country which is a monarch but has initiated plans for its transition to multi-
party democracy?
Ans. Bhutan. It is still a monarchy but the king has initiated plans for its transition to multi party
democracy.

Q.8 Mention any two factors that have contributed to Pakistans failure in building a stake
democracy?
Ans. Two factors that have contributed to Pakistans failure in building a stable democracy are-
(i) The social dominance of the military, clergy and landowning aristocracy has led to the
frequent overthrow of elected governments and the establishment of military government.
(ii) Pakistans conflict with India has made the paramilitary groups more powerful.

Q.9 List three challenges to democracy in Nepal?
Ans. The three challenges to democracy in Nepal are-
(i) Maoist spread throughout Nepal. They believe in armed insurrection against the monarch
and the ruling elite.
(ii) Restoration of parliament and election of a popular government.
(iii) Writing of constitution for Nepal.

Q.1 Describe the relation of India with that of Lanka?
Ans. The difficulties in the relationship between the governments of India and Sri Lanka are
mostly over ethnic conflict in the island nation. Indian Leaders and citizens find it.
Impossible to remain neutral when Tamils are politically unhappy and are being killed. After
the military intervention in 1987, The Indian Government prefers a policy of disengagement
vis a vis Sri Lankas internal troubles. India signed a free trade agreement with Sri Lanka,
Which strengthened relations between two countries. Indias help in post tsunami
reconstruction in Sri Lanka has also brought the two countries closer.

Q.2 Democracy is becoming an accepted norm in the entire region of South Asia Briefly
explain?
Ans. India and Sri Lanka are the two countries in South Asia which lane successfully operated a
democratic system since independence from the British.

Pakistan and Bangladesh have experienced both civilian and military rulers, with
Bangladesh remaining a democracy in the post cold war period. Pakistan with successive
democratic governments under Benazir Bhutto and Nawaz Sharif respectively. But it
suffered a military coup in 1999 and has been run by a military regime since then till 2006;
Nepal was a constitutional monarchy with the danger of the king taking over executive
powers. In 2006 a successful popular uprising led to the restoration of democracy and
reduced the king to a nominal position. From the experience of Bangladesh and Nepal, we
can say that democracy is becoming an accepted norm in the entire region of South Asia.

Q.3 Mention some of the recent agreements between India and Pakistan. Can we be sure
that the two countries are well on their way to a friendly relationship?
Ans. Some of recent agreements between India and Pakistan are as follows-
(i) On February, 2007 India and Pakistan signed an agreement on reducing the risk from
accident relating to nuclear weapons.
(ii) Both the countries have recently agreed not to attack each others nuclear facilities.
(iii) Both the countries have agreed to pure a wide- ranging composite dialogue with the
objective of reaching a peaceful settlement on all bilateral issues including Kashmir.
Although India-Pakistan relations seem to be a story of endemic conflict and violence, there
has been a series of efforts to manage tensions and build peace. The two countries have
agreed to undertake confidence building measures to reduce the risk of war. Social activities
and prominent personalities have collaborated to create an atmosphere of friendship among
the people of both countries.

Q.4 Point out some suggestions to improve the relations with Pakistan?
Ans.(i) The main issue of disagreement between India and Pakistan is Kashmir Hence this issue
should be put away at least for a decade.
(ii) Cultural delegates from both the countries must visit each other quite frequently.
(iii) Visa restriction should be relaxed.
(iv) The SAARC spirit of Co-operation must be adopted by both the countries.
(v) Both the countries should improve trade and commerce relations.
(vi) Pakistan must stop helping the terrorists.
Q.5 What is SAARC? What are its objectives?
32

Ans. SAARC stands for South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation. It was established in
1985 at Dhaka. Its members are India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bhutan and
Maldives. Its objectives are
(i) Promotion of collective self reliance.
(ii) Acceleration of economic growth in the region.
(iii) Collaboration amongst members states on economic, social cultural, technical and scientific
fronts.
(iv) Promotion of mutual trusts and understanding.
(v) Stimulating regional cooperation.
(vi) Suppression of terrorism and smuggling of drugs.

Long answer type question
Q.1 Write a note on Indo Nepal relationship?
Ans. Nepal and India enjoy a very special relationship that has very few parallels in the world. A
treaty between the two countries allows the citizens of the two countries to travel to and
work in the other country without visas and passports. Despite this special relationship, the
governments of the two countries have had trade related disputes in the past. The Indian
government has often expressed displeasure at the warm relationship between Nepal and
China and at the Nepals governments inaction against anti - Indian elements. Indian
security agencies see the Maoist movements in Nepal as a growing security threat give the
rise of Naxality groups in various Indian states from Bihar in the north to Andhra Pradesh in
the South many leaders and in citizens in Nepal think that the Indian government interferes
in its Internal affairs, has designs on its river waters and hydro electricity and prevents
Nepal, a landlocked country, from getting easier access to the sea through Indian territory.
Nevertheless, Indo-Nepal relations are fairly stable and peaceful. Despite differences trade
scientific cooperation, common natural resources, electricity generation and interlocking
water management grids hold the two countries together. There is a hope that the
consolidation of democracy in Nepal will lead to Improvements in the ties between the two
counties.


Lesson 6
International organization

Multiple Choice Questions?
Q.1 Which of the following is not a member of G-8?
(a) Japan (b) China (c) Italy (d) Canada
Ans. (b) China

Q.2 How many countries are members of the UN?
(a) 188 (B) 190 (c) 192 (d) 194
Ans. (c) 192

Q.3 Which of the following organisations is meant for Children?
(A)UNESCO (b) UNICEF (c) UNHCR (d) UNHRC
Ans. (b) UNICEF

Q.4 Who is the Single Largest Contributor of the UN?
(a) Japan (b) China (c) Germany (d) America
Ans. (d) America

Q.5 Which of the following has veto power in the Security Council?
(a) America (b) India (C) Pakistan (D) Brazil
Ans. (a) America

Q.6 Which of the following is a genuine contender for becoming a permanent member of
Security Council?
(a) China (b) France (c) India (d) Pakistan
Ans. (c) India

Fill in the Blanks:
34

Q.1 The highest functionary of the UN is called ______________.
Ans. Secretary General

Q.2 The UN Security Council has ______ permanent and ________non permanent
member.
Ans. Five, Ten

Q.3 _______________ is the present UN Secretary General.
Ans. Ban ki moon

Q.1 Who told that the United Nations was not created to take humanity to heaven but to
save it from help?
Ans. Dag Hammarskjold the UNs second secretary-general.

Q.2 Name the chemicals that causes atmospheric temperatures rise?
Ans. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFSs)

Q.3 What is the danger of atmospheric temperature rise?
Ans. As atmospheric temperature rise, there is a danger that sea levels will also rise there by
submerging many coastal areas of the world including huge cities.

Q.4 When was the United Nations established?
Ans. The United Nations was established on 24 October, 1945.

Q.5 Point out the objectives of the UN?
Ans. The UNs objectives are to prevent international conflict and to facilitate cooperation among
states.

Q.6 Mention the five permanent members of the United Nations?
Ans. The United State Russia, the United Kingdom, France and China.

Q.7 What is the function of trusteeship council?
Ans. The trusteeship council monitors and supervises the administration of trust territories.

Q.8 What is function of International court?
Ans. The international court solve disputes among nations.

Q.9 What are human rights?
Ans. Human rights are those rights which every human being must enjoy.

Q.10 What is Agra summit?
Ans. The meeting between Pakistan president and Indias prime minister in Agra is known as
Agra summit.

Q.11 Name any two military alliances?
Ans. NATO and SEATO

Q.12 When is the United Nations day celebrated?
Ans. United Nations day is celebrated on 24 October every year.

Q.13 How many countries are the members of United Nations at present?
Ans. At present there are 188 members of the United Nations.

Q.1 Write a note on International monetary fund?
Ans. The international monetary fund (IMF) is an international organisation that oversees those
financial institutions and regulations that act the international level.
The IMF has 184 members countries, but they did not enjoy an equal say. The top ten
countries have 55 percent of the votes. They are the G-8 members (The US, Japan,
Germany, France, The UK, Italy, Canada and Russia) Saudi Arabia and China. The US
alone has 17.4 percent voting rights.

Q.2 Write a note on world Health organisation?
Ans. World Health Organization (WHO)
WHO is a special agency of the United Nations. It works for the improvement of health and
prevention and control of diseases.
The service of WHO include extending technical cooperation for health among nations, and
carrying out programs to control and eradicate diseases, if also undertakes, International
36

research projects on a number of diseases. It trains personnel of different countries to
compact diseases like malaria, TB Aids and to be promote maternal and child health,
nutrition, environmental sanitation etc. Who established in 1948 and is headed by a director
General. Its need quarters is at Geneva (Switzerland)

Q.3 Give the main objectives of United Nations and the methods suggested for their
realization?
Ans. United Nations is a world organisation. It has been formed to control the wars and to
establish and maintain peace in the world. At present about 184 countries are its members.
This organisation came in to existence and was formally inaugurated on October 24, 1945.
The need office of United Nations is situated in New York (America) its aims or objectives
are:-
(i) To maintain international peace and security.
(ii) To establish friendly relations among the nations.
(iii) To make efforts to solve economic social and humanitarian problems.
(iv) To bring all the nation on the one stage to achieve the above mentioned ends to be bring co-
ordination among their efforts.
The methods suggested for all realisation of these objectives are:-
(1) To practice tolerance.
(2) To unite in maintaining international peace and security.
(3) To ensure that armed forces shall not be used express in common interest.

Long Answer Type Question.

Q.1 Reforming the UN means restructuring of the security council, Do you agree with
this statement? Give arguments for or against this position?
Ans. Yes I agree with the statement that informing the UN means restructuring of the Security
Council. Security Council is an important organ of the United Nations which is mainly
responsible for ensuring peace in the world. It is the Security Council which finally approves
all the important matters. The Security Council is composed of 15 members of which five
are permanent members and 10 are non permanent members elected by the general assembly
for a period of two years. Each member of Security Council has one vote. The charter of the
UN gave the permanent members a privileged position to bring about stability in the world
after the Second World War. The main privileges of the five permanent members are

permanency and the veto power. The permanent member can vote in a negative manner so
that even if all other permanent and non permanent members vote for a particular decision,
any permanent is negative vote can shay the decision.
In the events of threat to peace or occurrence of war between two or more countries, the Security
Council has the power to take appropriate measures to restore peace and security. As the
Security Council is powerful organ its information is necessary, So that more countries
could be accommodated in it.

38

Lesson 7
Security in the contemporary world

Q.1 Security Implies_________ .Which of the following is not a member of G-8?
(a) Freedom form threats (b) Freedom form Insurgency
(c) Freedom form terrorism (d) none of the above
Ans. (a) Freedom form threats

Q.2 Security Policy is concerned with
(a) Deterrence (b) defense
(c) Difference and defend (d) none of the above
Ans. (c) difference and defend

Q.3 A good part of maintaining a balance of power is to build up.
(a) Ones military power (b) economic power
(c) only technological power (d) none of these
Ans. (a) Ones military power

Q.4 Biological weapons Convention was held in-
(a) 1970 (b) 1971 (c) 1972 (d) 1973
Ans. (c) 1972

Q.5 The Anti-Ballistic Missile treaty was signed in-
(a) 1970 (b) 1972 (c) 1973 (d) 1974
Ans. (c) 1973

Q.6 Which of the following is a type of human right?

(a) Freedom of Speech (b) Economic Rights
(c) Social Rights (d) All of the above
Ans. (d) All of the above

Q.7 Which of the following is a source of insecurity?
(a) Terrorism (b) Global Poverty (c) Insurgency (d) All of the
above

Fill in the Blanks:
Q.1 The chemical weapons convention was held in ______________.
Ans. 1992

Q.2 India first tested a nuclear device in ______ .
Ans. 1974

Q.1 What is terrorism?
Ans. Terrorism is mainly the criminal and violent act committed by a section of the people
against the society and the government to get their demands accepted.

Q.2 Mention four components of traditional security policy?
Ans. Four components of traditional security policy are deterrence, defense, balance of power and
alliance building.

Q.3 Write two important powers which are the basis for military power?
Ans. Economic power and technological power are two important powers. They are the basis for
military power.

Q.4 What do you mean by the world alliance?
Ans. An alliance is a coalition of states that coordinate their actions to deter or defend against
military attack.

Q.5 What do you mean by disarmament?
40

Ans. Disarmament is a traditional view of security disarmament requires all states to give up
certain kinds of weapons. For example the 1972 Biological and 1972 chemical weapons
convention (CWC) banned the production and possession of these weapons more then 155
states acceded to the (BWC) and 181 states acceded to the CWC.

Q.6 Why do terrorists create terror?
Ans. Terrorists creates terror due to the following reasons-
(i) To force the government to fulfill their political, economic, and social demands.
(ii) They are paid for it by their organisation.
(iii) To make democracy ineffective because they have no faith in democracy.
(iv) To attract the attention of the people of other countries and media.

Q.7 How do the terrorists value human rights and democratic means?
Ans. Terrorism has no faith in democratic means and has utter disregard for human value. They
believe in the cult of the bombs and guns. All their activities are anti democratic. They
kidnap man and women, commit murder and destroy property.

Q.8 What is the most dangerous sign of terrorism today?
Ans. The most dangerous sign of terrorism is that most of them are religiously motivated. The
people who are not of their religion or sect have to face communal violence and hatred.

Short answer type question:-
Q.1 What is the difference between traditional and non-traditional security? What
category would the creation and substance & alliances belling to?
Ans. Traditional conceptions of security are principally concerned with the use or threat of use, of
military force. Its traditional security, force is both the principal threat to security and the
principal means of achieving security.
Non traditional notions of security go beyond military threat to include a wide range of
threats and dangers affecting the conditions of human existence. In the traditional security
conception, the regerent is the state with its territory and governing institutions. In the non
traditional conceptions, the referent is expanded proponents of nontraditional security reply
Not just the state but also individuals or communities or indeed all of human kind.
Nontraditional views of security have been called Human security or global security.

Creation and substance of alliances belong to the traditional security. An alliance a coalition
of states that coordinate their actions to deter or defend against military attack.

Q.2 Terrorism poses a serious law and order problems and leads to the disintegration of
society Justify the statement giving four examples.
Ans. There are many examples which justify Terrorism poses a serious law and order problem
and leads to disintegration of society Four of them are as follows-
(i) Property of crores is being destroyed and destroyed by senseless people.
(ii) Terrorists are creating great fear in the minds of the people.
(iii) The sometimes attack religious places which cause communal riots and large number of
people are killed.
(iv) The government has to spend huge amounts of money for training and providing modern
equipment to the armed forces. If the terrorism is checked, this money can be spent on the
removal of poverty providing education and medical facilities to the people.

Q.3 Write a note on terrorism?
Ans. Terrorism refers to political violence that targets civilians deliberately and in discriminately.
International terrorism involves the citizens or territory of more than one country terrorist
groups seek to change a political content or condition that they do not like by force of threat
of force. Civilian targets are usually chosen to terrorism the public and to use the
unhappiness of the public as a weapon against national government or other parties in
conflict.
The classic cases of terrorism involve hijacking planes or planting bomes in trains cafes.
Markets and other crowded places. Since 11 September, 2001 when terrorists attacked the
world trade centre in America, other governments and public have paid more attention to
terrorism, through terrorism in self is not new. In the past, most of the terror attacks have
occurred in the Middle East, Europe Latin America and South Asia.

Long Answer Type question :-
Q.1 What are the differences in the threats the people in the third world face and those living in
the first world face?
Ans. The cold war between, the two super powers, the united states and Soviet Union, was
responsible for approximately one-third of all wars in the post-second world war period
most of these wars were occurred in the third world. Just as the European colonial powers
42

feared violence in the colonies. Some colonial people feared after independence, that they
might be attacked by their former colonial rulers in Europe. They had to prepare, therefore,
to defend themselves against an imperial war.
The security challenges facing the newly independent countries of third world were different
from the challenges in the first world in two ways. For exthing, the new countries faced the
prospect of military conflict. These countries faced threats not only from outside their
borders, mostly from neighbors, but also from within the countries of the third world came
to fear their neighbors even more than they feared the united states or soviet union or the
format colonial powers. They quarreled over borders and territories or control of people and
population or all of these simultaneously.
Internally the new states worried about threats form separatist movements which wanted to
from independent countries. A neighbor might help of instigate an internal separatist
movement lending to tensions between two neighboring countries. So, for the third world
external wars with neighbours and internal wars posed a serious challenge to their security.

Lesson 8
Environment And Natural Resources

Q.1 Natural Forests -
(a) help stabilize the climate (b) moderate water
supplies
(c) harbour a majority of the planets bio diversity on the Land (d) All of the above

Q.2 Depletion of the amount of ozone poses a real danger to -
(a) Ecosystems (b) human health
(c) Ecosystems and human health (d) none of the above
Ans. (c) Ecosystems and human health

Q.3 The earth summit was held in -
(a) May 1991 (b) June1991 (c) May 1992 (d) June 1992
Ans. (d) June 1992

Q.4 The World Council of Indigenous people was formed in -
(a) 1975 (b) 1976 (c) 1986 (d) 1988
Ans. (a) 1975

Q.5 India signed and ratified the 1997 Kyoto protocol in -
(a) June 2002 (b) August 2002 (c) September 2002 (d) February
2004
Ans. (b) August 2002

Fill in the Blanks:
44

Q.1 World Environment day is celebrated each year on _____________ .
Ans. 5
th
June

Q.2 The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate change was held in ______ .
Ans. 1992

Very short answer type question-

Q.1 What was the significance of the 1992 earth summit?
Ans. The 1992 earth summit has brought environmental issue to the centre-stage of global
politics.

Q.2 What do you mean by Commons?
Ans. Commons are those resources which are not owned by any one but rather shared by a
community. This could be a park or a river, a community centre, a common room.

Q.3 What is krill?
Ans. Krill is central to marine food chain and upon which other animal are dependent.

Q.4 What are included in the global commons?
Ans. Global commons include the earths atmosphere, Antarctica the ocean floor, and outer
space.

Q.5 What is Kyoto Protocol?
Ans. The Kyoto protocol is an international agreement setting targets for industrialised countries
to cut their green house gas emissions. The protocol was agreed to in 1997 in Kyoto in
Japan, based on principles set out in UNFCCC.

Q.6 Why India, China and other developing countries were exempted from the
requirements of the Kyoto protocol?
Ans. India, China and other developing countries were exempted from the requirements of the
Kyoto protocol because their contribution to the emission of green house gases during the
industrialisation period was not significant.
Q.7 What are green house gasses? What are their effects?

Ans. Certain gases like carbon dioxide, methane, Hydrofluoric carbons, etc are green house gases.
They are considered at least partly responsible for global warming. Global warming is rise in
atmospheric temperature which may have catastrophic consequences for life on earth.

Q.8 What is the most obvious threat to the survival of indigenous people?
Ans. The loss of land. Which also means the loss of an economic resource base is the most
obvious threat to the survival of indigenous people.

Q.9 What do you mean by marine and coastal degradation?
Ans. Disposal of wastes, particularly sewage, directly into oceans is a major source of pressure on
marine and coastal areas population growth and tourism is increasing the extent of the
coastal degradation.

Q.10 Define Sustainable development?
Ans. Development that meets the needs of the people today without compromising the ability of
future generations to meet their own needs is termed as sustainable development.

Short answer type question:-
Q.1 Write a note on UNEP?
Ans. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
UNEPs mandate is to provide leadership and encourage partnership in caring for the
environment by inspiring, informing and enabling nations and peoples to improve their
quality of life without compromising that of future generations. The site promotes the range
of UNEP initiatives, including the environmental calendar, world environment day, Global
500 awards UNEP sasakawa environment prize, clean up the world campaign and the UNEP
photographic competition. Lint to the environmental economic publications database,
environmental education programs worldwide and other products and services are also
included.

Q.2 Write a note on Antarctica?
Ans. Antarctica: - The Antarctica continental region extends over 14 million square kilometers
and comprises 26 percent of the worlds wilderness area, representing 90 percent of all
terrestrial ice and 70 percent of planetary fresh water. The Antarctica also extends to a
further 36 million square kilometers of ocean it has limited terrestrial life and a highly
46

productive marine ecosystem comprising a few plants (e.g. microscopic alage, fungi and
lichen) marine mammals, fish and hordes of birds adapted to harsh conditions, as well as the
krill. Which is central to marine food chain and upon which other animals are dependent.
The Antarctica plays on important role in maintaining climatic equilibrium, and deep ice
cores provide an important source of information about green house gas concentrations and
atmospheric temperatures of hundreds and thousands of years ago.

Q.3 Water is one of the most important resources that is relevant to global politics. Explain
with examples?
Ans. Water is a crucial resource that is relevant to politics. Regional variations and the increasing
scarcity of fresh water in some parts of the world point to the possibility of disagreements
over shared water resources as a leading source of conflicts in the 21
st
century.

Q.4 Oil continues to be the most important resource in global strategy. Explain?
Ans. Oil continues to be the most important resource in global strategy. The global economy
relied on oil for much of the 20
th
century as a portable and in dispensable fuel. The immense
wealth associated with oil generates political struggles to control it and history petroleum is
also the history of war and straggle.
Now here is this more obviously the case than in West Asia, and Central Asia. West Asia
specifically the Gulf region, accounts for about 30 percent of global oil production, But it
has about 64 percent of the planets known reserves, and is there for the only region able to
satisfy any substantial rise in oil demand. Saudi Arabia has a quarter of the worlds total
reserves are second only to Saudi Arabias and since substantial portions of Iraq territory are
yet to be fully explored, there is a fair chance that actual reserves might be for Larger. The
United States, Europe, Japan and increasingly Indian and China which consume this
petroleum are located at considerable distance from the region.

Long answer type question:-
Q.1 What are the hazards of population explosion in developing countries?
Ans. Hazards of population explosion in developing countries Economists, demographers and
scientists hold different view as regards the relationship between population and economic
growth while some of the thinkers hold the view that population is an engine of economic
development and it promotes economic development others that population retards it.

The protagonists believe that population is an important determinant of economic growth.
They treat population as human capital which help in the proper exploitation of natural
resources, and thus raises the production potential of a country. Large population, it gets
suitable job opportunities, can raise the level of domestic output, population also creates
demand for good services, which in turn determines the size of market, Level of investment
output and employment However, in the case of developing countries population explosion
create many hazards or problem for them.
1. Poverty rising population has largely offset increase in production both agricultural and
industrial goods as a result. The per capita income is rising at slow pace; in fact it is
increasing poverty in developing countries.
2. Malnutrition population explosion is the basic cause of malnutrition.
3. Increasing population creates housing problem and economic backwardness in developing
countries.
4. Population growth, through increased consumption of energy resources and aggravates the
energy crisis in developing countries
5. Rising population worses the unemployment problem in developing countries.
6. Population explosion has negative impact on industrialization in developing countries.
7. Increase in almost all developing countries there for the size of agricultural holding
decreases and it adversely affect the farm productivity.

48

Lesson 9
Globalization

Q.1 Globalisation began in -
(a) 1990 (b) 1991 (c) 1992 (d) 1993
Ans. (b) 1991

Q.2 Globalisation is
(a) An uni dimensional (b) Multi-dimensional phenomenon
(c) A Political Phenomenon (d) A Cultural Phenomenon
Ans. (b) Multi-dimensional phenomenon

Q.3 The first WSF meeting was organized in -The earth summit was held in -
(a) Mumbai in 2004 (b) Delhi in 2004
(c) Porto Alerge in 2001 (d) Paris in 2001
Ans. (d) Porto Alerge in 2001

Q.4 The fourth WSF meeting was held in -
(a) Brazil (b) India (c) China (d) Bangladesh
Ans. (b) India

Q.5 Globalisation heads to each culture becoming -
(a) More different (b) More distinctive
(c) More different and distinctive (d) More transparent
Ans. (c) More different and distinctive


Fill in the Blanks:
Q.1 World Environment day is celebrated each year on _____________ .
Ans. 5
th
June

Q.2 The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate change was held in ______ .
Ans. 1992

Q.1 What is globalization?
Ans. Globalization means linking the economy of the country with the economies of other
countries by means of free trade and free mobility of capital, labor etc.

Q.2 When was new economic policy adopted?
Ans. The new economic policy was adopted in 1991.

Q.3 Give one examples of negative impact of globalization?
Ans. Some farmers committed suicide because their crops failed. They had bought very expensive
seeds supplied by a multinational company (MNC)

Q.4 Do you think that the impact of globalization is vastly uneven?
Ans. Yes, the impact of globalization is vastly uneven. It affects some societies more them others
and some parts of some societies more than other.

Q.5 What are the prime determinants of economic and social priorities?
Ans. In place of the welfare state, it is the market that becomes the prime determinants of
economic and social priorities.

Q.6 What is cultural heterogenisation?
Ans. The phenomenon in which globalization leads to each culture becoming more different and
distinctive is known as cultural heterogenisation.

Q.7 What is the problem of increasing interdependent of countries?
50

Ans. The increasing interdependence of countries in a globalised world makes them more
vulnerable to economic problems.
Q.8 Give one benefit of international migration?
Ans. International migration has let to greater recognition of diversity and respect for cultural
identities. Which is improving democracy and access to human rights?

Q.9 What may be the effect of modern globalised culture?
Ans. Indigenous and national culture and languages can be eroded by the modern globalised
culture.
Q.10 What is WTO?
Ans. The world trade organization (WTO) is a global international organization dealing with rules
of trade between nations.

Q.11 When was the first WSF meeting held?
Ans. The first WSF meeting was organized in porto Alegre, Brazil in 2001.

Q.1 Write a not on world social forum?
Ans. The World Social Forum :- (WSF) The world social forum (WSF) in an amalgamation of
many political social movements from around the world. It was created to openly discuss
alternatives to the model for globalization formulated by the world economic forum, large
multinational corporations national governments, IMF, the world bank and the WTO. It is
working to demonstrate that the path to sustainable development social and economic justice
lies in alternative models for people cantered and self reliant progress rather than in neo
liberal globalization.

Q.2 Do you agree with the argument that globalization leads to cultural.
Ans. Yes, I agree with argument that globalization leads to cultural heterogeneity. In fact
globalization leads to each culture becoming more different and distinctive this phenomenon
is cultural hetrogenisation.

Q.3 Cultures are not static things. Explain the statement?

Ans. Cultures are not static things. All cultures accept outside influence all the time. Some
external influences are negative because they reduce our choices. But sometimes they
modify our culture without overwhelming the traditional for example; the burger is no
substitute for a masala dosa and therefore does not pose any real challenges. It is simply
added on to our food choices blue jeans, on the other hand, can go well with a homespun
khadi kurta. Here the outcome of outside influence is a new combination that is unique a
khadi kurta worn over jeans. This clothing combination has been exported back to the
country that gave us blue jeans so that it is possible to see young Americans wearing a kurta
and jeans.

Long answer type question:-

Q.1 Describe arguments in favor and against the economic globalization?
Ans. Economic globalization has created an intense division of opinion all over the world. Those
who are concerned about social justice are worried about the justice are worried about the
extent of state withdrawal caused by processes of economic globalization. They point out
that it is likely to benefit only a small section of the population while impoverishing those
who were dependent on the government for jobs and welfare (education, health, sanitation
etc.) they have emphasized the need to ensure institutional safeguards or creating Social
Safety Nets to minimize the negative effects of globalization on those who are
economically weak. Many movements all over the world feel that safety nets are insufficient
or unworkable. They have called for a half to forced economic globalization, for its results
would lead to economic globalization, for its results would lead to economic ruin for the
weaker countries, especially for the poor with in these countries. Some economists have
described economic globalization as recolonisation of the world.
Advocates of economic globalization argue that it generates greater economic growth and
well being for larger section of the population when there is de-regulation. Greater trade
among countries allows each economy to do what it does best. This would benefit the whole
world. They also argue that economic, globalization is inevitable and it is not wise to resist
the march of history more moderate supporters of globalization say that globalization
provides a challenge that can be responded to intelligently without accepting it uncritically,
what however, cannot be denied is the increased momentum towards interdependence and
integration between government businesses and ordinary people in different parts or the
world as a result of globalization.
52

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