Power of Image - Marketing

COUNTRY OF ORIGIN POWER OF IMAGE
A Project Report
On
Country of Origin Power of Image
Project submitted in partial fulfillment for the award of the
Degree of
MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
DECLARATION
I hereby declare that this Project Report titled Country of Origin Power
of Image Submitted by me to the Department of XXXX is a bonafide work
undertaken by me and it is not submitted to any other University or
Institution for the award any degree diploma/certificate or published any
time before.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
he presentation of the report in the way re!uired has been made possible by

the way of contribution of many people" he completion of this project

report titled COUNTRY OF ORIGIN POWER OF I!GE brings to
e#press thanks to one $all of those who helped along the way" I am very
thankful to %%%%& faculty 'marketing& and my college
project guide for guiding me to conduct my project report"
I would also like e#press my gratitude to %%%%%& director
of the college for giving his support and guidance throughout this project"

CONTENTS
1.0 ABSTRACT
2.0 IT!RAT"R! R!#I!$
%.0 I&TRO'"CTIO&
(.0 OB)!CTI#! O* ST"'+
,.0 -!T.O'OO/+
,.1 R!S!ARC. OB)!CTI#!S
,.2 R!S!ARC. '!SI/&
,.% 'ATA CO!CTIO& 0 PR!PARATIO&
,.( 'ATA A&A+SIS 0 I&T!RPR!TATIO&
,.(.1 R!S!ARC. OB)!CTI#! &O 1
,.(.2 R!S!ARC. OB)!CTI#! &O 2
,.(.% R!S!ARC. OB)!CTI#! &O %
,.(.%.1 STRO&/ BRA&' COO "&1&O$&
,.(.%.2 STRO&/ BRA&' $!A1 COO
,.(.%.% BRA&' 0 COO CO-P!-!&T !AC. OT.!R
,.(.%.( COO A$AR!&!SS #!R+ .I/.
,.(.(2A3 R!S!ARC. OB)!CTI#! &O (
,.(.(2B3 R!S!ARC. OB)!CTI#! &O ,
,.(.(2C3 CAC"ATIO& O* PRIC! !ASTICITI!S
4.0 CO&C"SIO&
5.0 R!*!R!&C!S
6.0 A&&!7"R!S
1.0 ABSTRACT
In t8i9 project t8e effect of COO on con9umer :uying :e8a;iour i9 9tu<ie<. A 9amp=e 9i>e
of 5, i9 9e=ecte< from peop=e w8o fre?uent=y :uy :ran<e< pro<uct9. T8e 9amp=e were
a<mini9tere< a ?ue9tionnaire re=ate< to :ran<9 an< t8eir COO.
Ba9e< on t8e re9pon9e9 o:taine< from t8e 9amp=e group@ it9 foun< t8at@ t8e effect of
COO i9 8a;ing ;arie< effect on t8e con9umer :uying :e8a;iour. 52 :ran<9 were 9tu<ie<
to un<er9tan< t8e COO effect. Ba9e< on t8e re9pon9e9 t8e :ran<9 are categori>e< into
four categorie9 wit8 ;arying COO awarene99 on con9umer :uying :e8a;iour.
In t8i9 project 9tu<y i9 con<ucte< on t8e image of :ran<9A pro<uct9 from <e;e=oping
countrie9 an< t8e con9umer :e8a;iour re=ate< to t8e 9ame. Stu<y i9 con<ucte< on t8e
wi==ingne99 of t8e con9umer9 to :uy pro<uct9 from =e99B<e;e=ope< countrie9 wit8 re9pect
<e;e=ope< countrie9. Stu<y i9 a=9o con<ucte< on t8e effect of priceBe=a9ticity of nonB
<ura:=e an< <ura:=e goo<9 on t8e pro<uct9 from =e99 <e;e=ope< countrie9.
2.0 IT!RAT"R! R!#I!$
I9 !ng=i98 a :ran<C anguage of OriginD9 Inf=uence on Pro<uct !;a=uation@ )u<y *
C8en@ ..T.C8ang@ T8e O;er9ea9 C8ine9e In9titute Of Tec8no=ogy A &ationa=
C8ang8ua "ni;er9ity Of !<ucation
Re=e;ance #er9u9 Con;enience in Bu9ine99 Re9earc8C T8e Ca9e of CountryBofB
Origin Re9earc8 in -arEeting B )eanBC=au<e "9unier
CountryBofBOrigin !ffect9 on Con9umer9F $i==ingne99 To Buy *oreign Pro<uct9C
An !Gperiment in Con9umer 'eci9ion -aEing +i Cai@ "ni;er9ity of /eorgia@
Bren<a Cu<e@ "ni;er9ity of /eorgia@ Roger Swag=er@ "ni;er9ity of /eorgia.
T8e inf=uence of country of origin an< :ran< on pro<uct e;a=uation an< t8e
imp=ication9 t8ereof for =ocation <eci9ion9 B /Hnter Sc8weiger@ T8oma9 Otter an<
An<rea9 Stre:inger
T8e !ffect9 of t8e Country of Origin on t8e !;a=uation of pro<uct9C A State of t8e
Art Re;iew an< Re9earc8 Propo9ition9 B !mmanue= C8Iron an< )an PropecE
Country of Origin an< Confi<ence in Jua=ity of Importe< *oo<9 in C8ina B )o8n
1nig8t an< .ong>8i /ao@ -arEeting 'epartment@ Otago Sc8oo= of Bu9ine99@
"ni;er9ity of Otago
Country of origin informationC a u9er an< content e;a=uation B Be;er=ey -organ@
#erity /e=9t8orpe@ .ea;en Craw=ey an< /aret8 A. )one9
T8e Impact of CountryBofBOrigin on Pro<uct C8oiceC A 'e;e=oping Country
Per9pecti;e SaFari -<. &oo8@ State A<mini9trati;e Officer@ State /o;ernment of
)o8ore@ )o8ore@ -a=ay9iaK T8oma9 . Power9@ T8e "ni;er9ity of A=a:ama at
Birming8am
%.0 I&TRO'"CTIO&
$.AT IS COOLLLL
Country of origin 2CO3 i9 a potentia==y powerfu= image ;aria:=e t8at can :e u9e< to gain
competiti;e a<;antage in internationa= marEeting. T8e fact t8at image9 8a;e t8e power
to arou9e an< t8ere:y inf=uence a con9umerF9 c8oice proce99 i9 wi<e=y recogni>e<.
'uring t8e <e;e=opment of a firmF9 marEeting communication miG@ t8e marEeting or
a<;erti9ing manager i9 often acti;e=y in;o=;e< in creating@ a<apting@ 98aping@ nurturing@
monitoring@ maintaining@ an< managing image9.
CountryBofBorigin 2CO3 image refer9 to M:uyer9F opinion9 regar<ing t8e re=ati;e ?ua=itie9
of goo<9 an< 9er;ice9 pro<uce< in ;ariou9 countrie9M. Among t8e image ;aria:=e9 in t8e
internationa= a<;erti9erF9 too=Eit@ t8e CO ;aria:=e i9 concei;a:=y t8e mo9t potent if
9Ei==fu==y app=ie<.
I-PORTA&C! O* COON.
MIt 8a9 :een foun< t8at a== pro<uct9 originating in foreign countrie9 are 9u:ject to countryB
ofBorigin OimageP effect9@ furt8er@ COBimage 9tu<ie9 in genera= 98ow t8at Mcon9umer9
8a;e 9ignificant=y <ifferent ... genera= perception9 a:out pro<uct9 ma<e in <ifferent
countrie9.M
T8ere are at =ea9t four <ifferent way9 in w8ic8 t8e country of origin of a pro<uct cou=<
affect it9 e;a=uation9.
A9 a pro<uct attri:ute w8o9e imp=ication9 com:ine wit8 ot8er attri:ute9 to
inf=uence e;a=uation9@
A9 a 9igna= to infer more 9pecific pro<uct c8aracteri9tic9@
A9 a 8euri9tic 2to 9imp=ify t8e e;a=uation ta9E3@ an<
A9 a 9tan<ar< re=ati;e to w8ic8 t8e pro<uct i9 compare<.
T8e manner in w8ic8 country of origin i9 u9e< in e;a=uation9 wa9 eGpecte< to <epen< on
9u:ject9F fami=iarity wit8 t8e pro<uct :eing ju<ge<@ t8e amount of attri:ute information
a;ai=a:=e@ t8e importance of t8e e;a=uation@ an< t8e or<er in w8ic8 countryBofBorigin an<
intrin9ic attri:ute information wa9 recei;e<.
Su:ject9F fami=iarity wit8 t8e pro<uct :eing ju<ge<@
T8e amount of attri:ute information a;ai=a:=e@
T8e importance of t8e e;a=uation@ an<
T8e or<er in w8ic8 countryBofBorigin an< intrin9ic attri:ute information wa9
recei;e<.
In fact@ country of origin appeare< to function in t8ree of t8e four way9 con9i<ere<@ :ut
t8ere wa9 =itt=e e;i<ence t8at it 9er;e< a9 a 8euri9tic in any con<ition. Re9u=t9 confirm t8e
nee< to con9i<er t8e u9e of countryBofBorigin information in 9e;era= <ifferent capacitie9
9imu=taneou9=y rat8er t8an a99uming t8at it9 effect9 re9u=t from a 9ing=e un<er=ying
proce99
T8e fact t8at image9 8a;e t8e power to arou9e an< t8ere:y inf=uence a con9umerF9
c8oice proce99 i9 wi<e=y recogni>e<. 'uring t8e <e;e=opment of a firmF9 marEeting
communication miG@ t8e marEeting or a<;erti9ing manager i9 often acti;e=y in;o=;e< in
creating@ a<apting@ 98aping@ nurturing@ monitoring@ maintaining@ an< managing image9.
A ;ariety of image9 2e.g.@ t8o9e a99ociate< wit8 a<;erti9ement9@ 9ym:o=9@ =ogo9@ 9tore9@
:ran<9@ an< corporation93 can en8ance or <imini98 a marEeting or a<;erti9ing managerF9
a:i=ity to cope wit8 competition. T8e e?uity in8erent in ;i;i< image9 e;oEe< :y :ran<@
corporate@ or 9tore name9 i9 o:;iou9. After 9tu<ying t8e 9tate of re9earc8 re=ate< to
:ran<@ 9tore@ a<;erti9ing@ an< company image9@ QinE8an an< 8i9 co==a:orator9 2'o:ni
an< QinE8an 1RR0K )o8n9on an< QinE8an 1RR0K #i==ano;a@ QinE8an@ an< .yman 1RR03
reporte< 9e;era= fin<ing9C
213 image9 p=ay an important ro=e in inf=uencing t8e way t8e pu:=ic re9pon<9 to :ran<9@
pro<uct9@ 9er;ice9@ 9tore9@ promotion@ an< organi>ation9@
223 T8e importance of image i9 roote< in image t8eory@ w8ic8 maintain9 t8at 8uman
:e8a;ior i9 <irecte< :y in<i;i<ua=9F image9 of t8eir en;ironment
2%3 An augmente< pro<uct 8a9 not on=y a p8y9ica= nature@ :ut a=9o a 9ocia= an<
p9yc8o=ogica= one@ an< 8ence t8e 9et9 of fee=ing9@ i<ea9@ an< attitu<e9 t8at con9umer9
8a;e a:out pro<uct9 2Mt8eir imageM3 are crucia= to purc8a9e c8oice.
2(3 Image i9 a ;ita= concept for marEeting manager9@
2,3 T8e effecti;ene99 of image ;aria:=e9 <epen<9 on t8e preci9e <efinition an<
<e=ineation of t8eir ;ariou9 component9 an< t8e appropriatene99 an< accuracy wit8
w8ic8 t8ey are mea9ure<@
43 -o9t important@ :ecau9e of t8e ;ariation9 in <efinition@ conceptua=i>ation of
component9@ an< mea9urement@ muc8 progre99 in re9earc8 i9 nee<e< :efore tru=y
effecti;e image mea9ure9 2an< 8ence image93 can :e <e;e=ope<.
CountryBofBorigin 2CO3 image refer9 to M:uyer9F opinion9 regar<ing t8e re=ati;e ?ua=itie9
of goo<9 an< 9er;ice9 pro<uce< in ;ariou9 countrie9M. Among t8e image ;aria:=e9 in t8e
internationa= a<;erti9erF9 too=Eit@ t8e CO ;aria:=e i9 concei;a:=y t8e mo9t potent if
9Ei==fu==y app=ie<. It i9 often 9ai< t8at :ran< name9 =iEe F-c'ona=<F9F are wort8 mi==ion9. If
9o@ 8ow many :i==ion9 i9 /ermanyF9 image wort8L A few aut8or9 8a;e ?ue9tione< t8e
magnitu<e of importance of CO image in affecting c8oice :e8a;ior :ut mo9t
acEnow=e<ge it9 9a=ience in o;era== pro<uct e;a=uation an< a9 a proGy for ot8er@ more
intrin9ic@ ?ua=itie9.
Internationa==y@ CO 9er;e9 a9 a u9efu= eGtrin9ic cue 2an< a9 a 9urrogate for <ifficu=tBtoB
e;a=uate intrin9ic c8aracteri9tic9 9uc8 a9 ?ua=ity an< performance3 :ecau9e con9umer9
ten< to :e =e99 fami=iar wit8 foreign t8an wit8 <ome9tic pro<uct9@ MIt 8a9 :een foun< t8at
a== pro<uct9 originating in foreign countrie9 are 9u:ject to countryBofBorigin OimageP
effect9.M
(.0 OB)!CTI#! O* ST"'+ B TO 1&O$ .O$ T.! COO I-A/! A**!CTS T.!
B"+I&/ B!.A#IO"R O* T.! CO&S"-!RS
,.0 -!T.O'OO/+
,.1 R!S!ARC. OB)!CTI#!S
1. To Enow w8et8er con9umer9 9ti== attac8 importance to t8e country w8ere a
pro<uct i9 manufacture<
2. To Enow w8et8er t8i9 piece of information 9ti== a;ai=a:=e an< acce99i:=e to
con9umer9
%. To Enow t8at@ to w8at eGtent <oe9 :ran< image ten< to :=ur origin =a:e=ing
information
(. To Enow w8et8er con9umer9 are =e99 wi==ing to :uy pro<uct9 from =e99B<e;e=ope<
countrie9 t8an from <e;e=ope< countrie9@ :ut a9 t8e price of pro<uct9 from =e99B
<e;e=ope< countrie9 <ecrea9e9@ con9umer9 wi== increa9e t8eir wi==ingne99 to :uy
t8o9e pro<uct9.
,. To Enow w8et8er Con9umer9F <eman< for nonB<ura:=e goo<9 from a =e99B
<e;e=ope< country i9 more price e=a9tic t8an for <ura:=e goo<9 from t8e 9ame
country of origin.
,.2 R!S!ARC. '!SI/&
Re9earc8 met8o< re9earc8 wi== :e :a9e< on 9ur;ey met8o<. Sur;ey wi== :e :a9e< on a
?ue9tionnaire re=ate< to :ran<9 an< t8eir COO.
Samp=e /roup Samp=e group wi== :e a miG of women an< men 0 co==ege 9tu<ent9 an<
w8o fre?uent=y :uy :ran<e< pro<uct9.
Samp=ing met8o< Samp=ing met8o< i9 )u<gmenta= 9amp=ing. Jue9tionnaire wi== :e
a<mini9tere< to 9amp=e group con9i9ting of worEing menA women an< co==ege 9tu<ent9.
T8e group fre?uent=y purc8a9e9 :ran<e< pro<uct9 an< are a goo< 9amp=e to i<entify t8e
:ran< an< COO awarene99. T8e 9amp=e cou=< :e a goo< repre9entation of t8e
popu=ation.
-et8o< of a<mini9tering ?ue9tionnaireC
By eBmai=9
By gi;ing 8ar< copy of t8e ?ue9tionnaire
Samp=e 9i>e
Samp=e 9i>e con9i9t9 of 5, re9pon<ent9 .
5.3 DATA COLLCT!O" A"D P#PA#AT!O"
SA-P! J"!STIO&&AIR!C
S= Jue9tion Priority
COO B Country Of Origin B T8e country w8ere t8e pro<uct i9
manufacture<
1
If you are to :uy a T# from a =i9t :ran<9 on=y wit8 t8e information of
COO of t8e T#. $8at wi== :e your priority =i9tL Top priority i9 1 @ =ea9t
priority i9 ,
Sout8 1orea
)apan
C8ina
America
Bang=a<e98
2
If you are to :uy a :ott=e of perfume from a =i9t :ran<9 on=y wit8 t8e
information of COO of t8e perfume. $8at wi== :e your priority =i9tL Top
priority i9 1 @ =ea9t priority i9 ,
*rance
America
)apan
Spain
"A!
%
If you are to :uy a CAR from a =i9t :ran<9 on=y wit8 t8e information of
COO of t8e CAR. $8at wi== :e your priority =i9tL Top priority i9 1 @ =ea9t
priority i9 ,
/ermany
Sout8 1orea
C8ina
America
)apan
(
If you are to :uy a =eat8er :ag from a =i9t :ran<9 on=y wit8 t8e
information of COO of t8e =eat8er :ag. $8at wi== :e your priority =i9tL
Top priority i9 1 @ =ea9t priority i9 ,
*rance
Sout8 1orea
C8ina
America
)apan
,
If SO&+ T# i9 :eing pro<uce< from <ifferent p=ant9 a9 mentione<
:e=ow@ w8at wi== :e your priority to picE t8e T#L $8at wi== :e your priority
=i9tL Top priority i9 1 @ =ea9t priority i9 ,
)apan
"A!
Bang=a<e98
1orea
C8ina
,.( 'ATA A&A+SIS 0 I&T!RPR!TATIO&
Ana=y9i9 i9 :a9ica==y interpreti;e on=y <ue to t8e Ein< of <ata a;ai=a:=e for ana=y9i9.
,.(.1
Re9earc8 o:jecti;e no 1 B Con9umer9 9ti== attac8 importance to t8e country w8ere a
pro<uct i9 manufacture<
,.(.1.1
Jue9tion no 1 If you are to :uy a T# from a =i9t :ran<9 on=y wit8 t8e information of
COO of t8e T#. $8at wi== :e your priority =i9tL
Re9pon9e9 of t8e re9pon<ent9 i9 compi=e< in t8e :e=ow matriG. Ba9e< on t8e <ata
compi=e< it i9 pretty c=ear t8at@ peop=e attac8 importance to t8e country w8ere a pro<uct
i9 manufacture<. In re9pon9e to t8e ?ue9tion a:o;e@ a=mo9t no re9pon<ent i9 wi==ing to
:uy T# from Bang=a<e98. A9 far a9 t8e country image i9 concerne<@ )apan 8a9 t8e :e9t
image of manufacturing T#9.
RanE 1 RanE 2 RanE % RanE ( RanE ,
Sout8 1orea 10 2% %2 R 2
)apan ,5 1% % 2 0
C8ina 4 1, R (1 (
America 2 2( %1 14 2
Bang=a<e98 0 1 0 5 45
Ba9e< on t8e 9ur;ey@ con9umer9 prefer to :uy T#9 :a9e< on t8e fo==owing priorityC
)apan 1
9t
priority
"SA 2
n<
priority
Sout8 1orea %
r<
priority
C8ina (
t8
priority
Bang=a<e98 ,
t8
priority
T8e point 8ere i9@ )apan 8a9 a ;ery goo< COO image w8en it come9 to manufacture of
e=ectronic pro<uct9.
,.(.1.2
Jue9tion no 2 B If you are to :uy a :ott=e of perfume from a =i9t :ran<9 on=y wit8 t8e
information of COO of t8e perfume. $8at wi== :e your priority =i9tL
i9 manufacture<. In re9pon9e to t8e ?ue9tion a:o;e@ mo9t of t8e re9pon<ent9 prefer to
:uy a :ott=e of perfume from *rance. T8e neGt preferre< country i9 "SA.
*rance ,0 12 4 4 1
America R 24 20 1R 1
)apan % ( 11 2( %%
Spain % 1, 2R 16 10
"A! 10 16 R 6 %0
Ba9e< on t8e 9ur;ey@ con9umer9 prefer to :uy a :ott=e of perfume :a9e< on t8e fo==owing
priorityC
*rance 1
9t
priority
"SA 2
n<
priority
Spain %
r<
priority
)apan (
t8
priority
"A! ,
t8
priority
T8e point 8ere i9@ *rance 8a9 a ;ery goo< COO image w8en it come9 to manufacture of
perfume.
,.(.1.%
Jue9tion no % B If you are to :uy a CAR from a =i9t :ran<9 on=y wit8 t8e information of
COO of t8e CAR.
:uy a car from /ermany. T8e neGt preferre< country i9 )apan. C8ina i9 t8e =ea9t
preferre< country@ from w8ic8 con9umer9 prefer to :uy a car.
/ermany %5 1R 10 5 2
Sout8 1orea 4 12 1( 25 14
C8ina 2 % 11 10 (R
America , 16 26 20 (
)apan 2, 2% 12 11 (
Ba9e< on t8e 9ur;ey@ con9umer9 prefer to :uy a car :a9e< on t8e fo==owing priorityC
/ermany 1
9t
priority
)apan 2
n<
priority
"SA %
r<
priority
S.1orea (
t8
priority
C8ina ,
t8
priority
T8e point 8ere i9@ /ermany 8a9 a ;ery goo< COO image w8en it come9 to manufacture
of car9@ )apan i9 a=mo9t c=o9e to it.
,.(.1.(
Jue9tion no ( B If you are to :uy a =eat8er :ag from a =i9t :ran<9 on=y wit8 t8e
information of COO of t8e =eat8er :ag. $8at wi== :e your priority =i9tL
:uy a =eat8er :ag from C8ina. T8e neGt preferre< country i9 *rance. )apan i9 t8e =ea9t
preferre< country@ from w8ic8 con9umer9 prefer to :uy a =eat8er :ag.
*rance 21 16 6 14 12
Sout8 1orea 12 16 26 R 6
C8ina 22 1% 1( R 15
America 1, 14 R 24 R
)apan , 10 14 1, 2R
Ba9e< on t8e 9ur;ey@ con9umer9 prefer to :uy a =eat8er :ag :a9e< on t8e fo==owing
priorityC
C8ina 1
9t
priority
*rance 2
n<
priority
S.1orea %
r<
priority
"SA (
t8
priority
)apan ,
t8
priority
T8e point 8ere i9@ C8ina 8a9 a ;ery goo< COO image w8en it come9 to manufacture of
=eat8er :ag9 an< =eat8er acce99orie9N
,.(.1.,
Jue9tion no , B If SO&+ T# i9 :eing pro<uce< from <ifferent p=ant9 a9 mentione< :e=ow@
w8at wi== :e your priority to picE t8e T#L
i9 manufacture<. In re9pon9e to t8e ?ue9tion a:o;e@ con9umer9 prefer to :uy a :ran<e<
T# from a preferre< country. $8en t8e9e re9pon9e9 are rea< in conjunction wit8
re9pon9e9 to ?ue9tion no 1 it can :e inferre< t8at COO image pre;ai=9 in t8e min<9 of
t8e con9umer9. A9 far a9 t8e country image i9 concerne<@ )apan 8a9 t8e :e9t image of
manufacturing T#9.
)apan ,R 10 ( 2 0
"A! 2 R 20 %1 1%
Bang=a<e98 2 % 1 14 ,%
1orea 5 (, 11 6 (
C8ina , 6 %R 16 ,
Ba9e< on t8e 9ur;ey@ con9umer9 prefer to :uy :ran<e< T#9 :a9e< on t8e fo==owing
priorityC
)apan 1
9t
priority
S.1orea 2
n<
priority
C8ina %
r<
priority
"A! (
t8
priority
Bang=a<e98 ,
t8
priority
T8e point 8ere i9@ )apan 8a9 a ;ery goo< COO image w8en it come9 to manufacture of
e=ectronic pro<uct9. !;en w8en a pro<uct i9 :ran<e<@ t8e COO p=ay9 a ro=e in 9ucce99fu=
a<option of t8e pro<uct :y t8e con9umer.
,.(.2
Re9earc8 o:jecti;e no 2 B T8i9 piece of information 9ti== a;ai=a:=e an< acce99i:=e to
con9umer9
#ariou9 a<;erti9ement9 ten< to propo9e t8e COO to gain a<;antage from con9umerD9
perception a:out t8e COO.
!Gamp=e9C
T8i9 ten<ency i9 9pecifica==y ;i9i:=e in t8e fo==owing 9egment9C
Appare= inc=u<ing =uGury watc8e9
Co9metic9
,.(.%
Re9earc8 o:jecti;e no % B To w8at eGtent <oe9 :ran< image ten< to :=ur originB=a:e=ing
information
To ana=y>e t8i9 i99ue I 8a;e con9i<ere< 52 we== Enown :ran<9 in e=e;en 2113 <ifferent
9egment9C
Appare=K Automo:i=eK Be;erage9K Co9metic9K !ntertainmentK *-C/K In<u9tria= Pro<uct9K
ITK Ser;iceK Te=ecom an< $8ite /oo<9
T8e :ran<9 are mo9t=y foreign :ran<9. I u9e 9ome we== Enown few In<ian :ran<9@ to
c8ecE 8ow t8e9e :ran<9 are percei;e< :y t8e con9umer9
T8e :ran<9 areC
&ame of t8e
Bran< Country of Origin
&ame of t8e
Bran< Country of Origin
A<i<a9 /ermany oFrea= *rance
App=e "SA otto Ita=y
AGe "1 -ar=:oro "SA
B-$ /ermany -ay:e==ine *rance
Ca<:ury9 "1 -c'ona=<9 "SA
CafS Coffee 'ay I&'IA -icro9oft "SA
Ca=;in 1=ein "SA -otoro=a "SA
Cartier *rance &e9cafe S$ITQ!RA&'
C8ar=ie "SA &e9t=e S$ITQ!RA&'
Citi:anE "SA &iEe "SA
CocaBCo=a "SA &i;ea /ermany
Co=gate "SA &oEia *in=an<
'e== "SA Omega S$ITQ!RA&'
'enim "SA Orac=e "SA
'i9ney "SA Pana9onic )apan
'ominoF9 "SA Pantene "SA
!=ectro=uG Swe<en Pep9i "SA
!==e 16 In<ia P8i=ip9 &et8er=an<9
!ricc9on Swe<en Pi>>a.ut "SA
*or< "SA Ree:oE "SA
/arnier *rance Re;=on "SA
/! "SA Ro=eG
"1B
S$ITQ!RA&'
/i==ette "SA Sam9ung Sout8 1orea
/oog=e "SA SAP /ermany
/ucci Ita=y Siemen9 /ermany
.ein> "SA Smirnoff Ru99ia
.ew=ettBPacEar< "SA Sony )apan
.on<a )apan Toyota )apan
.yun<ai Sout8 1orea "ni=e;er "1B &et8er=an<9
IB- "SA $a=B-art "SA
Inte= "SA $8ir=poo= "SA
)o8n9on 0
)o8n9on "SA $oo<=an< I&'IA
1e==oggF9 "SA 7eroG "SA
1o<aE "SA +a8oo "SA
e;iF9 "SA 1norr "1B &et8er=an<9
/ Sout8 1orea .er98eyF9 "SA
Ba9e< on t8e re9u=t9 o:taine< from t8e 9ur;ey@ I 9egregate< t8e :ran<9 into fo==owing
categorie9C
Strong Bran< COO "nEnown
Strong Bran< COO $eaE
Bran< an< COO Comp=ement !ac8 Ot8er
COO awarene99 i9 ;ery 8ig8
Samp=e 9i>e i9 5,
Ba9i9 of 9egregationC
S=. CRIT!RIO& COO A$AR!&!SS
1 &o of correct an9wer9 to
?ue9tionnaire e?ua= to Q!RO
STRO&/ BRA&'
COO "&1&O$&
2 &o of correct an9wer9 to
?ue9tionnaire 2T1@ UV53
STRO&/ BRA&'
COO $!A1
% &o of correct an9wer9 to
?ue9tionnaire 2T5@ UV163
BRA&' 0 COO
CO-P!-!&T !AC.
OT.!R
( &o of correct an9wer9 to
?ue9tionnaire 2T163
COO A$AR!&!SS
#!R+ .I/.
,.(.%.1
STRO&/ BRA&' COO "&1&O$&
Bran<
Samp=e
Si>e
.ow
-any
An9were<
Correct
An9wer9
$rong
An9wer9
&o
An9wer9
A<i<a9 5, %, 0 %, (0
AGe 5, 2, 0 2, ,0
!=ectro=uG 5, 11 0 11 4(
1norr 5, R 0 R 44
Omega 5, 14 0 14 ,R
,.(.%.2
STRO&/ BRA&' $!A1 COO
Bran<
Samp=e
Si>e
.ow
-any
An9were<
Correct
An9wer9
$rong
An9wer9
&o
An9wer9
!ricc9on 5, 21 1 20 ,(
/arnier 5, 14 1 1, ,R
Cartier 5, 1 1 0 5(
otto 5, 1, 1 1( 40
Ca<:ury9 5, 2, 2 2% ,0
!==e 16 5, 14 2 1( ,R
C8ar=ie 5, 11 2 R 4(
/ucci 5, 5 % ( 46
&i;ea 5, 1R % 14 ,4
$oo<=an< 5, 1R % 14 ,4
&e9cafe 5, 15 ( 1% ,6
Smirnoff 5, 1( ( 10 41
Ca=;in 1=ein 5, 16 , 1% ,5
1o<aE 5, 2% , 16 ,2
-ay:e==ine 5, 14 , 11 ,R
CafS
Coffee'ay
5, 20 4 1( ,,
P8i==ip9 5, 2% 4 15 ,2
,.(.%.%
Bran< an< COO Comp=ement !ac8 Ot8er
Bran<
Samp=e
Si>e
.ow
-any
An9were<
Correct
An9wer9
$rong
An9wer9
&o
An9wer9
7eroG 5, 21 6 1% ,(
&e9t=e 5, 26 6 20 (5
Re;=on 5, 2R 6 21 (4
.er98eyF9 5, 1, 10 , 40
-otoro=a 5, %2 10 22 (%
-ar=:oro 5, 1R 11 6 ,4
$8ir=poo= 5, 20 11 R ,,
Pantene 5, 20 11 R ,,
'ominoF9 5, 1R 11 6 ,4
*or< 5, %0 12 16 (,
1e==oggF9 5, 15 12 R ,6
Ree:oE 5, 1R 1% 4 ,4
Pi>>a.ut 5, 2( 1( 10 ,1
.ein> 5, 16 1( ( ,5
'enim 5, 20 1, , ,,
"ni=e;er 5, 2( 1, R ,1
e;iF9 5, 1R 14 % ,4
Co=gate 5, %1 14 1, ((
oFrea= 5, 24 14 10 (R
Ro=eG 5, 24 15 R (R
Siemen9 5, 22 15 , ,%
,.(.%.(
COO A$AR!&!SS IS #!R+ .I/. BRA&'S T.AT SCOR!' .I/. O& COO
A$AR!&!SS
Bran<
Samp=e
Si>e
.ow -any
An9were<
Correct
An9wer9
$rong
An9wer9
&o
An9wer9
/i==ette 5, 25 1R 6 (6
.ew=ettBPacEar<
2.P3
5, 2( 20 ( ,1
)o8n9on 0
)o8n9on
5, 2, 21 ( ,0
B-$ 5, %1 2% 6 ((
SAP 5, 26 2% , (5
Sam9ung 5, %5 2( 1% %6
&iEe 5, 2R 2( , (4
Orac=e 5, 26 2( ( (5
Inte= 5, 24 2, 1 (R
Citi:anE 5, %1 2, 4 ((
/oog=e 5, 26 24 2 (5
.yun<ai 5, ,0 25 2% 2,
Toyota 5, (( 25 15 %1
Pana9onic 5, %4 25 R %R
'e== 5, %0 26 2 (,
/! 5, %1 2R 2 ((
Pep9i 5, %2 %0 2 (%
.on<a 5, %R %1 6 %4
$a=B-art 5, %6 %2 4 %5
IB- 5, %5 %% ( %6
&oEia 5, ,% %% 20 22
'i9ney 5, %4 %, 1 %R
+a8oo 5, %5 %, 2 %6
-c'ona=<9 5, (1 (1 0 %(
/ 5, ,2 (2 10 2%
Sony 5, (R (% 4 24
App=e 5, (6 (5 1 25
CocaBCo=a 5, ,4 ,2 ( 1R
-icro9oft 5, ,, ,% 2 20
,.(.(2A3
Re9earc8 O:jecti;e no ( B Ceteri9 pari:u9@ con9umer9 are =e99 wi==ing to :uy pro<uct9
from =e99B<e;e=ope< countrie9 t8an from <e;e=ope< countrie9@ :ut a9 t8e price of
pro<uct9 from =e99B<e;e=ope< countrie9 <ecrea9e9@ con9umer9 wi== increa9e t8eir
wi==ingne99 to :uy t8o9e pro<uct9.
,.(.(2B3
Re9earc8 O:jecti;e no , B Con9umer9F <eman< for nonB<ura:=e goo<9 from a =e99B
<e;e=ope< country i9 more price e=a9tic t8an for <ura:=e goo<9 from t8e 9ame country of
origin.
Jue9tion no 4 B Offer BBBB
Pro<uct Refrigerator
PriceC R9. 2,@000.00 COO Bang=a<e98
PriceC R9. 15@000.00 COO )apan
$8en t8e a:o;e offer i9 gi;en to 5, re9pon<ent9@ 4R re9pon<ent9 c8o9e to :uy t8e
pro<uct of COO )apan. 4 c8o9e to :uy from Bang=a<e98
Re9pon9e9C
RanE 1 RanE 2
Pro<uct from Bang=a<e98 4 4R
Pro<uct from )apan 4R 4
Pro<uct RefrigeratorK
PriceC R9. 2,@000.00 COO )apan
PriceC R9. 15@000.00 COO Bang=a<e98
$8en t8e a:o;e offer i9 gi;en to 5, re9pon<ent9@ ,R re9pon<ent9 c8o9e to :uy t8e
pro<uct wit8 COO )apan an< 14 re9pon<ent9 c8o9e to :uy pro<uct wit8 COO B
Bang=a<e98
Re9pon9e9C
RanE 1 RanE 2
Pro<uct from Bang=a<e98 14 ,R
Pro<uct from )apan ,R 14
Interpreting from t8e re9pon9e9 for ?ue9tion no 4 0 5@ it can :e inferre< t8at@ con9umer
9witc8e9 8i9 preference9 in :uying :ran<9A pro<uct9 <ue to price ;ariation in t8e
pro<uct9. T8i9 re9u=t 9upport9 t8e re9earc8 o:jecti;e no (.
Pro<uct Iron BoGK
PriceC R9. 2,00.00 COO )apan
PriceC R9. 1500.00 COO Bang=a<e98
Re9pon9e9C
RanE 1 RanE 2
Pro<uct from Bang=a<e98 %0 (,
Pro<uct from )apan (, %0
$8en t8e a:o;e offer i9 gi;en to 5, re9pon<ent9@ (, re9pon<ent9 c8o9e to :uy t8e
pro<uct wit8 COO )apan an< %0 re9pon<ent9 c8o9e to :uy pro<uct wit8 COO B
Bang=a<e98
Jue9tion no R B Offer BBBB
Pro<uct Iron BoGK
PriceC R9. 1500.00 COO )apan
PriceC R9. 2,00.00 COO Bang=a<e98
Re9pon9e9C
RanE 1 RanE 2
Pro<uct from Bang=a<e98 4 4R
Pro<uct from )apan 4R 4
$8en t8e a:o;e offer i9 gi;en to 5, re9pon<ent9@ 4R re9pon<ent9 c8o9e to :uy t8e
Bang=a<e98
Interpreting from t8e re9pon9e9 for ?ue9tion no 6 0 R@ it can :e inferre< t8at@ con9umer
9witc8e9 8i9 preference9 in :uying :ran<9A pro<uct9 <ue to price ;ariation in t8e
pro<uct9. T8i9 re9u=t 9upport9 t8e re9earc8 o:jecti;e no (.
A=9o@ t8i9 98ow9 t8e impact on con9umer :uying :e8a;iour wit8 re9pect to t8e nature of
t8e goo<9 :eing 9o=<. T8i9 re9u=t 9upport9 t8e re9earc8 o:jecti;e no ,.
Pro<uct &orma= ea< Ce==K
Re9pon9e9C
RanE 1 RanE 2
Pro<uct from Bang=a<e98 R 44
Pro<uct from )apan 44 R
$8en t8e a:o;e offer i9 gi;en to 5, re9pon<ent9@ 44 re9pon<ent9 c8o9e to :uy t8e
pro<uct wit8 COO )apan an< R c8o9e to :uy t8e pro<uct wit8 COO Bang=a<e98.
Interpreting from t8e re9pon9e9 for ?ue9tion no 10 0 11@ it can :e inferre< t8at@
con9umer 9witc8e9 8i9 preference9 in :uying :ran<9A pro<uct9 <ue to price ;ariation in
t8e pro<uct9. T8i9 re9u=t 9upport9 t8e re9earc8 o:jecti;e no ,. T8i9 98ow9 t8e impact on
con9umer :uying :e8a;iour wit8 re9pect to t8e nature of t8e goo<9 :eing 9o=<. T8i9
re9u=t 9upport9 t8e re9earc8 o:jecti;e no ,.
Pro<uct &orma= ea< Ce==K
Re9pon9e9C
RanE 1 RanE 2
Pro<uct from Bang=a<e98 26 (5
Pro<uct from )apan (5 26
$8en t8e a:o;e offer i9 gi;en to 5, re9pon<ent9@ (5 re9pon<ent9 c8o9e to :uy t8e
Bang=a<e98
T8i9 98ow9 t8e impact on con9umer :uying :e8a;iour wit8 re9pect to t8e nature of t8e
goo<9 :eing 9o=<. T8i9 re9u=t 9upport9 t8e re9earc8 o:jecti;e no ,.
Pro<uct "9e an< t8row :a== penK
Re9pon9e9C
RanE 1 RanE 2
Pro<uct from Bang=a<e98 (( ((
Pro<uct from )apan %1 %1
$8en t8e a:o;e offer i9 gi;en to 5, re9pon<ent9@ (( re9pon<ent9 c8o9e to :uy t8e
pro<uct wit8 COO )apan an< %1 re9pon<ent9 c8o9e to :uy pro<uct wit8 COO B
Bang=a<e98
Jue9tion no 1% B Offer BBBB
Pro<uct "9e an< t8row :a== penK
Re9pon9e9C
RanE 1 RanE 2
Pro<uct from Bang=a<e98 5 46
Pro<uct from )apan 46 5
$8en t8e a:o;e offer i9 gi;en to 5, re9pon<ent9@ 46 re9pon<ent9 c8o9e to :uy t8e
Bang=a<e98
,.(.( 2C3 B Ca=cu=ation of Price !=a9ticitie9C
A99umptionC
1. Con9umer preference to :uy a pro<uct i9 con9i<ere< to re9u=t in a 9a=e of one
unit of t8e pro<uct.
2. At t8e time ca=cu=ating price !=a9ticitie9 for a pro<uct@ price of t8e pro<uct
from ot8er COO i9 a=9o con9i<ere< to :e 9ame.
Item
&o of unit9 <eman<e<
Pro<uct9 from )apan are
c8eaper
&o of unit9 <eman<e<
Pro<uct9 from Bang=a<e98
are c8eaper
)apan Bang=a<e98 )apan Bang=a<e98
Refrigerator 4R 4 ,R 14
Iron BoG 4R 4 (, %0
ea< Ce== 44 R (5 26
Ba== Pen 46 5 %1 ((
Pro<uctB Refrigerator
Bang=a<e98
S=. Price in R9 Jty 'eman<e<
1 2,000.00 4
2 15000.00 14
Arc Price !=a9ticity of 'eman<
P!o' V 2W C8ange in Juantity 'eman<e<3A2W C8ange in Price3
(% Change in Quantity Demanded)
V OOJ'eman<2&!$3 B J'eman<2O'3P A OJ'eman<2O'3 X J'eman<2&!$3PP Y2P
V OO14B4P A O14 X 4PP Y 2 V 0.R
(% Change in Price)
V OOPrice 2&!$3 B Price 2O'3P A OPrice 2O'3 X Price 2&!$3PP Y2P
V OO15000B2,000P A O2,000 X 15000PP Y2 V B0.%06R,
P!o' V 0.RAB0.%06R, V B2.R1
Pro<uctB Refrigerator
)apan
1 2,000.00 ,R
2 15000.00 4R
V OO4RB,RP A O4R X ,RPP Y 2 V 0.01,42,
(% Change in Price) V OOPrice 2&!$3 B Price 2O'3P A OPrice 2O'3 X Price 2&!$3PP Y2P
V OO15000B2,000P A O2,000 X 15000PP Y2 V B0.%06R,
P!o' V 0.01,42,AB0.%06R, V B0.0,0,5
Pro<uct Iron BoGK
Pro<uctB Iron BoG
Bang=a<e98
1 2,00.00 %0
2 1500.00 4
V OO%0B4P A O%0 X4PP Y 2 V 1.%%%
(% Change in Price)
V OO1500B2,00P A O2,00 X 1500PP Y2 V B0.%06R,
P!o' V 1.%%%AB0.%06R, V B(.%1(4
Pro<uctB Iron BoG
)apan
1 2,00.00 (,
2 1500.00 4R
V OO4RB(,P A O4R X (,PP Y 2 V 0.(210,
(% Change in Price)
V OO1500B2,00P A O2,00 X 1500PP Y2 V B0.%06R,
P!o' V 0.(210,AB0.%06R, V B1.%426(
Pro<uctB ea< Aci< Ce==
Bang=a<e98
1 21.00 R
2 12.00 26
V OO26BRP A O26XRPP Y 2 V 1.025
(% Change in Price)
V OO12B21P A O12 X 21PP Y2 V B0.,(,(
P!o' V 1.025AB0.,(,( V B1.66%
Pro<uctB ea< Aci< Ce==
)apan
1 21.00 (5
2 12.00 44
V OO44B(5P A O44 X (5PP Y 2 V 0.%%42
(% Change in Price)
V OO12B21P A O12 X 21PP Y2 V B0.,(,(
P!o' V 0.%%42AB0.,(,( V B0.414(2
Pro<uctB Ba== Pen
Bang=a<e98
1 5.00 ((
2 11.00 5
V OO5B((P A O5 X ((PP Y 2 V B1.(,
(% Change in Price)
V OO11B5P A O11 X 5PP Y2 V 0.(((
P!o' V B1.(,A0.((( V B%.24,
V OO%1B46P A O%1 X 46PP Y 2 V B0.5(
(% Change in Price)
V OO11B5P A O11 X 5PP Y2 V 0.(((
P!o' V B0.5(A0.((( V B1.445
Pro<uctB Ba== Pen
)apan
1 5.00 46
2 11.00 %1
Ta:u=ation of !=a9ticitie9C
S= Pro<uct
&ature of t8e
goo<9
!=a9ticitie9
)apan Bang=a<e98
1 Refrigerator 'ura:=e B0.0,0,5 B2.R1
2 Iron BoG 'ura:=e B1.%426( B(.%1(4
% ea< Aci< Ce== &on B <ura:=e B0.414(2 B1.66%
( Ba== Pen &on B <ura:=e B1.445 B%.24,
*rom t8e a:o;e price e=a9ticity ta:=e it i9 e;i<ent t8at
Con9umer9 are =e99 wi==ing to :uy pro<uct9 from =e99B<e;e=ope< countrie9 t8an
from <e;e=ope< countrie9@ :ut a9 t8e price of pro<uct9 from =e99B<e;e=ope<
countrie9 <ecrea9e9@ con9umer9 wi== increa9e t8eir wi==ingne99 to :uy t8o9e
pro<uct9.
Con9umer9F <eman< for nonB<ura:=e goo<9 from a =e99B<e;e=ope< country i9
more price e=a9tic t8an for <ura:=e goo<9 from t8e 9ame country of origin.
4.0 CO&C"SIO&
)apan 8a9 a ;ery goo< COO image w8en it come9 to manufacture of e=ectronic
pro<uct9.
*rance 8a9 a ;ery goo< COO image w8en it come9 to manufacture of perfume.
/ermany an< )apan 8a9 a ;ery goo< COO image w8en it come9 to manufacture
of car9.
C8ina an< *rance 8a9 a ;ery goo< COO image w8en it come9 to manufacture of
=eat8er :ag9 fa98ion acce99orie9N
)apan 8a9 a ;ery goo< COO image w8en it come9 to manufacture of e=ectronic
pro<uct9. !;en w8en a pro<uct i9 :ran<e<@ t8e COO p=ay9 a ro=e in 9ucce99fu=
a<option of t8e pro<uct :y t8e con9umer.
American@ )apane9e an< Sout8 1orean :ran<9 8a;e 8ig8 awarene99 of COO in
t8e con9umer9.
COO awarene99 in t8e area of engineering pro<uct9 i9 8ig8.
Con9umer9 9ti== attac8 importance to t8e country w8ere a pro<uct i9
manufacture<
T8e information of COO i9 9ti== a;ai=a:=e an< acce99i:=e to con9umer9 t8roug8
me<ia an< wor< of mout8
To 9ome eGtent :ran< image ten< to :=ur origin =a:e=ing information
Con9umer9 are =e99 wi==ing to :uy pro<uct9 from =e99B<e;e=ope< countrie9 t8an
from <e;e=ope< countrie9@ :ut a9 t8e price of pro<uct9 from =e99B<e;e=ope<
countrie9 <ecrea9e9@ con9umer9 wi== increa9e t8eir wi==ingne99 to :uy t8o9e
pro<uct9.
Con9umer9F <eman< for nonB<ura:=e goo<9 from a =e99B<e;e=ope< country i9
more price e=a9tic t8an for <ura:=e goo<9 from t8e 9ame country of origin.
5.0 R!*!R!&C!S
1. T8e Ro=e of Country of Origin in Pro<uct !;a=uation9 B $aiB1wan i@
'epartment of -arEeting@ "ni;er9ity of TeGa9BPan American Ro:ert S. $yer@
)r. @"ni;er9ity of I==inoi9 at "r:anaBC8ampaign
2. *acet9 of country of origin imageC an empirica= a99e99ment.B Parame9waran@
Ra;iK Pi98aro<i@ R. -o8an@ )ourna= of A<;erti9ingC -arc8@ 1RR( i99ue
%. .oo;erF9C /=o:a= !Gport -arEeting Co.@ t<. Company Re9earc8
6.0 A&&!7"R!S
1. Jue9tionnaire
A&&!7"R! &O 1 J"!STIO&&AIR!
S= Jue9tion Priority

COO B Counrtry Of Origon B T8e country w8ere t8e pro<uct i9
manufacture<
1
If you are to :uy a T# from a =i9t :ran<9 on=y wit8 t8e
information of COO of t8e T#.$8at wi== :e your priority =i9tL
Top priority i9 1 @ =ea9t priority i9 ,

Sout8 1orea
)apan
C8ina
America
Bang=a<e98

2
If you are to :uy a :ott=e of perfume from a =i9t :ran<9 on=y
wit8 t8e information of COO of t8e perfume.$8at wi== :e your
priority =i9tL Top priority i9 1 @ =ea9t priority i9 ,

*rance
America
)apan
Spain
"A!

%
If you are to :uy a CAR from a =i9t :ran<9 on=y wit8 t8e
information of COO of t8e CARe.$8at wi== :e your priority
=i9tL Top priority i9 1 @ =ea9t priority i9 ,

/ermany
Sout8 1orea
C8ina
America
)apan

(
If you are to :uy a =eat8er :ag from a =i9t :ran<9 on=y wit8 t8e
information of COO of t8e =eat8er :ag.$8at wi== :e your
priority =i9tL Top priority i9 1 @ =ea9t priority i9 ,

*rance
Sout8 1orea
C8ina
America
)apan

,
If SO&+ T# i9 :eing pro<uce< from <ifferent p=ant9 a9
mentione< :e=ow@ w8at wi== :e your priority to picE t8e T#L
$8at wi== :e your priority =i9tL Top priority i9 1 @ =ea9t priority
i9 ,

)apan
"A!
Bang=a<e98
1orea
C8ina

4
If a Refrigerator manufacture< :y a company :a9e< in
Bang=a<e98 an< co9t9 R9. 2,@000.00 an< a 9imi=ar
Refrigerator i9 manufacture< :y a company:a9e< in )apan
an< co9t9 R9. 15@000.00. $8ic8 pro<uct <o you prefer to
:uyL

Pro<uct from Bang=a<e98
Pro<uct from )apan

5
If a Refrigerator manufacture< :y a company :a9e< in
Bang=a<e98 an< co9t9 R9. 15@000.00 an< a 9imi=ar
Refrigerator i9 manufacture< :y a company:a9e< in )apan
an< co9t9 R9. 2,@000.00. $8ic8 pro<uct <o you prefer to
:uyL

Pro<uct from )apan

6
If an iron :oG manufacture< :y a company :a9e< in
Bang=a<e98 an< co9t9 R9. 1500.00 an< a 9imi=ar iron :oG i9
manufacture< :y a company:a9e< in )apan an< co9t9 R9.
2,00.00. $8ic8 pro<uct <o you prefer to :uyL

Pro<uct from )apan

R
If an iron :oG manufacture< :y a company :a9e< in
Bang=a<e98 an< co9t9 R9. 2,00.00 an< a 9imi=ar iron :oG i9
manufacture< :y a company:a9e< in )apan an< co9t9 R9.
1500.00. $8ic8 pro<uct <o you prefer to :uyL

Pro<uct from )apan

10
If norma= =ea< aci< ce== manufacture< :y a company :a9e< in
Bang=a<e98 an< co9t9 R9. 21.00 an< a 9imi=ar =ea< aci< ce==
i9 manufacture< :y a company :a9e< in )apan an< co9t9 R9.

Pro<uct from )apan

11
If norma= =ea< aci< ce== manufacture< :y a company :a9e< in
Bang=a<e98 an< co9t9 R9. 12.00 an< a 9imi=ar =ea< aci< ce==
i9 manufacture< :y a company :a9e< in )apan an< co9t9 R9.

Pro<uct from )apan

12
If a u9e an< t8row :a== pen manufacture< :y a company
:a9e< in Bang=a<e98 an< co9t9 R9. 5.00 an< a 9imi=ar u9e
an< t8row :a== pen i9 manufacture< :y a company :a9e< in
)apan an< co9t9 R9. 11.00. $8ic8 pro<uct <o you prefer to
:uyL

Pro<uct from )apan

1%
If a u9e an< t8row :a== pen manufacture< :y a company
:a9e< in Bang=a<e98 an< co9t9 R9. 11.00 an< a 9imi=ar u9e
an< t8row :a== pen i9 manufacture< :y a company :a9e< in
)apan an< co9t9 R9. 5.00. $8ic8 pro<uct <o you prefer to
:uyL

Pro<uct from )apan

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