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CONTENTS
- Infrastructure and Ad Hoc networks
- IEEE 802.11 WLAN - Adanta!es" #$sadanta!es" Infrared %s rad$o trans&$ss$on
-S'ste& Arc($tecture
-)rotoco* Arc($tecture
-)('s$ca* *a'er - +HSS" #SSS" Infrared
-,AC *a'er - #+W,AC-#C+" -TS . CTS" )C+ w$t( /o**$n!
- ,AC ,ana!e&ent 0 S'nc(ron$1at$on" -e!$strat$on" Handoff" )ower
,ana!e&ent" -oa&$n!" Secur$t'
- W$re*ess *oca* *oo/
- IEEE 802.12 W$,A3
1. Infrastructure and Ad Hoc networks
1.1. Infrastructure 4ased networks5
- Provides Wireless Devices access o i!"rasr#c#re !e$or%
- Co!ai!s "or$ardi!g "#!cio!& 'edi#' access co!rol "#!cio! ec(
- Co''#!icaio! )e$ee! $ireless !odes a!d *e access +oi!s )# !o direcl, )e$ee! !odes(
- Access +oi!s& $i* !e$or% i! )e$ee!& ca! co!!ec several $ireless !e$or%s o "or' a
larger !e$or%(
- T*e !e$or% is si'+ler as 'os o" *e !e$or% "#!cio!ali, is locaed a *e Access Poi! a!d
clie! re'ai!s -#ie si'+le(
- Coordi!aio! is re-#ired "or 'edi#' access o avoid collisio!(
T,+ical i!"rasr#c#re )ased $ireless !e$or% is s*o$! )elo$.
- I" access +oi! co!rols *e 'edi#' access ), +olli!g& collisio! 'a, )e avoided a!d *is 'a,
also res#l i! g#ara!eei!g 'i!i'#' )a!d$id* "or cerai! !odes(
- T*is arc*iec#re *as less "le/i)ili, 0 i! case o" disaser& s,se' colla+ses(
Mo)ile cell#lar !e$or%& saellie cell#lar +*o!es& are e/a'+le o" *is ,+e(
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1.2 Ad Hoc Network5 2ollo$i!g diagra' de+ics *e si'+le ad *oc !e$or% co!ce+(
- Nodes $i*i! a! ad *oc !e$or% ca! o!l, co''#!icae i" *e, are 3radio disa!4 close o
eac* o*er(
- T*e device co'+le/i, is *ig*er as *e, *ave o i'+le'e!& 'edi#' access 'ec*a!is'&
'ec*a!is' *a!dle *idde! er'i!al& +riori, 'ec*a!is' o +rovide cerai! -#ali, service
ec(
- E/*i)is greaes "le/i)ili,(
T*ere are o*er ,+es o" s,se' *a are 'i/ o" *ese $o ,+es( T*a is& !e$or% i!"rasr#c#re is
#sed "or )asic services s#c* as a#*e!icaio!& co!rol o" 'edi#' access "or daa $i* associaed
-#ali, service& 'a!age'e! "#!cio!s ec& )# also +rovide direc co''#!icaio! )e$ee!
$ireless !odes(
2. IEEE 802.11 WI-ELESS LAN 6W$+$7
2.1 .Introduct$on
IEEE 502( / s+eci"ies a !#')er o" sa!dards& li%e E*er!e& o%e! ri!g ec( Wireless is also cl#))ed
alo!g $i* *ese as *e +roocol sr#c#re is si'ilar( I! all *ese& o!l, *e +*,sical la,er a!d Daa
Li!% Co!rol la,er are di""ere! leavi!g all o*er #++er la,ers sa'e( T*e daa li!% la,er is divided
i!o Logical Li!% Co!rol La,er a!d Medi#' Access Co!rol La,er as s*o$! )elo$.
6e!eral "#!cio!ali, o" P*,sical la,er is o +rovide
e!codi!g 7 decodi!g o" sig!als& s,!c*ro!i8aio! a!d )i
ra!s'issio! a!d rece+io!( 9i'ilarl, *e "#!cio!ali, o"
MAC la,er is - o! ra!s'issio!& o asse')le daa
i!o "ra'e $i* address a!d error deecio! "ields& o!
rece+io! & o disasse')le "ra'e a!d +er"or' address
recog!iio! a!d error deecio!( 6over! access o *e LAN
ra!s'issio! 'edi#' a!d o +rovide i!er"ace o *ig*er la,ers
a!d +er"or' "lo$ a!d error co!rol(
IN addiio! o *e a)ove "#!cio!ali,& WLAN i!lc#de *e s#++or o" +o$er 'a!age'e!& *a!dli!g
*idde! !odes a)ili, o o+erae $orld $ide( To creae $orld $ide o+era)ili,& *e I9M )a!ds a
:00M;8 a!d 2(4 M;8 are seleced i! addiio! o I< ra!s'issio! rece+io!(
Adanta!es of W$re*ess LAN5
+*e8$4$*$t'5 Wi*i! radio coverage& !odes ca! access eac* o*er as radio $aves ca! +e!erae
eve! +ariio! $alls(
)*ann$n!. No +rior +la!!i!g is re-#ired "or co!!ecivi, as lo!g as devices "ollo$ sa!dard
co!ve!io!
#es$!n5 Allo$s o desig! a!d develo+ 'o)ile devices(
2
Logical Li!% Co!rol
Medi#' Access Co!rol
P*,sical
U++er La,er Proocol
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-o4ustness5 $ireless !e$or% ca! s#rvive disaser eg ear*-#a%es( I" *e devices s#rvive&
co''#!icaio! ca! sill )e esa)lis*ed(
#$sadanta!es5
9ua*$t' of Ser$ce5 Lo$er *a! *e $ired co#!er+ars d#e o lo$ )a!d$id* =1 0 10 M)+s>&
*ig*er error raes d#e o i!er"ere!ce = 10 e/+ 04 ra*er *a! 10 e/+ 010 as i! *e case o" $ired
!e$or%>
Cost5 Wireless LAN ada+ers are cosl, co'+ared o $ired ada+ers(
)ro/r$etar' So*ut$on. D#e o slo$ sa!dardi8aio! +rocess& 'a!, sol#io! are +ro+riear,
*a li'i *e *o'oge!ei, o" o+eraio!(
-estr$ct$on. I!divid#al co#!ries *ave *eir o$! radio s+ecral +olicies( T*is resrics *e
+roli"eraio! o" *e ec*!olog,
Safet' and Secur$t'. Wireless <adio $aves 'a, i!er"ere $i* o*er devices( Eg? I! a
*os+ial radio $aves 'a, i!er"ere $i* *ig* ec* e-#i+'e!(
Co&/et$n! -e:u$re&ent.
;*o4a* O/erat$on5 2or glo)al o+eraio! 'a!, !aio!al a!d i!er!aio!al "re-#e!cies *ave o
)e co!sidered so *a LAN devices ca! )e carried across *e glo)e(
Low )ower . As *e devices $ill o+erae $i* )aeries& *e desig! s*o#ld a%e care o" *ese
"acs(
L$cense +ree o/erat$on. 9*o#ld )e a)le o o+erae i! *e I9M )a!d o" "re-#e!cies so *a !o
lice!se !eed )e a++lied "or is o+eraio!(
-o4ust Trans&$ss$on Tec(no*o!'. M#s )e ca+a)le o" o+erai!g i! di""ic#l co!diio! $*ere
i! *ig* i!er"ere!ce is e/+eced "ro' o*er elecrical devices(
S$&/*$f$ed S/ontaneous Co O/erat$on. M#s )e a)le o !e$or% a"er +o$er #+ $i*o#
'#c* co'+licaio!(
Eas' to <se. M#s )e eas, o #se ), a co''o! 'a! $i*o# co'+licaed +roced#re(
)rotect$on to Inest&ent. M#s )e a)le o+erae $i* e/isi!g s,se' $i*o# 'odi"icaio!(
Safet' and Secur$t'. 9*o#ld i!cor+orae sa"e o+eraio! i! +laces li%e *os+ial a!d o*er
criical areas li%e ar'a'e! de+o ec( NO #ser '#s )e a)le o read +erso!al daa d#ri!g
ra!s'issio! *a is e!cr,+io! 'ec*a!is' s*o#ld )e i!egraed( M#s !o )e +ossi)le o
collec roa'i!g +ro"ile o" a!, #ser(
Trans/arenc' for a//*$cat$on. E/isi!g a++licaio! '#s co!i!#e o r#! over $ireless
LAN& 'a, )e $i* *ig*er dela, a!d lo$er )a!d$id*(
T*ere are $o ec*!ologies )ased o! $*ic* *e WLAN are se #+( O!e )ased o! I< ec*!olog,
=aro#!d :00!'> a!d o*er )ased o! radio ra!s'issio! a 2(4 6;8( Brie" descri+io! o" *e sa'e
is give! )elo$.
I- S'ste&
Wireless LAN Tec*!olog, #ses& i!"rared or radio ra!s'issio! ec*!ologies( I!"rared ec*!olog,
=:00 !a!o 'eers>#ses di""#sed lig* re"leced a $alls or direced lig* i" a li!e o" sig* e/iss
)e$ee! se!der a!d receiver( LEDs or Laser diodes are #sed as so#rce "or ra!s'issio! $*ile
+*oodiodes are #sed as receivers( T*e 'ai! adva!ages o" i!"rared are& *ese are ver, c*ea+ a!d
all 'o)ile devices =PDA& La+os& Mo)ile +*o!es> are "ied $i* IrDA 0 I!"ra red Daa
Associaio! - i!er"ace =Daa rae o" 11@ %)+s "or 1(0 versio! a!d 1(1@2 0 4 M)+s "or IrDA 1(1
Aersio!>( T*e disadva!age& is is lac% o" +e!eraio! i!o $alls a!d o*er o)sacles( Wor%s $i*
LO9 "or *ig* daa rae(
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-ad$o S'ste&5
Adanta!es o" radio ra!s'issio! are i ca! cover large areas& ca! +e!erae $alls "#r!i#re& rees(
<2 does !o !eed LO9 #!less *e "re-#e!cies are ver, *ig*( C#rre! Tra!s'issio! raes +ossi)le
are 10 ')+s(
#$sadanta!e5 As *e radio $aves ca! +e!erae *e $alls& s*ieldi!g is !o ver, si'+le a!d ca!
i!er"ere $i* o*er elecrical devices( <adio ra!s'issio! is +er'ied i! s+eci"ic )a!d o!l,(
Aer, li'ied ra!ges o" lice!se "ree )a!ds are availa)le $orld$ide(
2.2 S'ste& Arc($tecture5
2.2.1 Infrastructure 4ased 5
2ollo$i!g is *e "ig#re o" i!"rasr#c#re )ased !e$or%(
Nodes 0 %!o$! as saio!s 0are $irelessl, co!!eced o access /o$nts =AP> *a are $i*i! *e
radio coverage( T*e radio coverage area o" *e Access Poi! is %!o$! as =ase Ser$ce Set
=B99>( T*e associaio! )e$ee! *e saio! a!d a B99 is d,!a'ic( 9aio! 'a, #r! o""& co'e
$i*i! ra!ge a!d go o# o" ra!ge ec( T$o or 'ore B99 are co!!eced via a #$str$4ut$on
S'ste& =D9>( T*is +rocess e/e!ds *e reac*a)ili, o" *e !odes i! a B99( T*is !e$or% is
called E8tended Ser$ce Set 6ESS7. T*e E99 a++ears a si!gle logical LAN o *e logical
co!rol level =LLC>( T*e D9 co!!ecs *e B99 7 E99 AP $i* a /orta* - $*ic* is i'+le'e!ed
i! a device s#c* as a )ridge or ro#er *a is +ar o" a $ired LAN - $*ic* "or's *e I!er$or%i!g
#!is o o*er LANs(
2.2.2 Ad(oc 4ased5
IEEE 502(11 also allo$s o )#ild Ad ;oc Ne$or%s as s*o$! i! *e "ollo$i!g "ig#re.
IN *is case a B99 co'+rises a gro#+ o" saio!s *a
#se *e sa'e "re-#e!c,( T*ere is co!!ecivi,
)e$ee! *e saio! $i*i! a B99 )# !o o !odes o"
o*er B99( ;o$ever i" *e radio "re-#e!c, do !o
overla+& *ere ca! )e 'ore !#')er o" B99 i! *e
sa'e geogra+*ical area Also 502(11 does not s+eci",
a!, s+ecial !odes *a s#++or ro#i!g& "or$ardi!g
o" daa or e/c*a!ge o" o+olog, i!"or'aio!(
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2.> )rotoco* Arc($tecture5 I is i!e!ded *a IEEE 802.11 +roocol arc*iec#re "is sea'lessl,
i!o *e o*er 502(/ sa!dards( 2ollo$i!g "ig#re de+ics *e 502(11 i!egraed o E*er!e& *a is
502(B +roocol via a)ridge(
As i ca! )e see!& *ig*er la,ers loo% *e sa'e "or $ired as $ell as $ireless !odes( Also& a++licaio!s
s*o#ld !o !oice a!, di""ere!ce a+ar "ro' *e lo$er )a!d$id* a!d *ig*er access i'e "ro' *e
$ireless LAN( T*e #++er +ar o" *e Daa Li!% Co!rol La,er - *e LLC 0 covers *e di""ere!ces
o" *e 'edi#' access co!rol la,ers !eeded "or di""ere! 'edia =I<& <adio- 2;99& D999 CCC>(
T*e P;D9ICAL la,er is s#)divided i!o a PLCP 0 P*,sical La,er Co!verge!ce Proocol a!d *e
PMD 0 P*,sical Medi#' de+e!de! 9#) la,er( As s*o$! )elo$.
T*e )asic task of ,AC la,er co'+rises o" &ed$u& access" fra!&entat$on of user data and
encr'/t$on.
T*e )LC) s#) la,er +rovides a carr$er sense s$!na* ca**ed C*ear C(anne* Assess&ent6CCA7 and
/ro$des a co&&on )H? Ser$ce Access )o$nt 6SA)7
),# s#) la,er *a!dles &odu*at$on and encod$n! . decod$n! of s$!na*s(
T*e ,AC ,ana!e&ent *a'er s#++ors& assoc$at$on and re assoc$at$on of a stat$on to an
access /o$nt and roa&$n! 4etween d$fferent access /o$nts( I also co!rols& aut(ent$cat$on
&ec(an$s& " encr'/t$on" s'nc(ron$1at$on of a stat$on w$t( re!ard to an access /o$nt and /ower
&ana!e&ent.
MAC Ma!age'e! also &a$nta$ns ,AC ,ana!e&ent Infor&at$on =ase.
)H? ,ana!e&ent i!cl#des c(anne* tun$n! and )H? ,I= &a$ntenance.
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Stat$on &ana!e&ent $nteracts w$t( 4ot( t(e &ana!e&ent *a'ers a!d is res+o!si)le "or addiio!al
la,er "#!cio!s s#c* as - contro* of 4r$d!$n! and $nteract$on w$t( t(e d$str$4ut$on s'ste& $n
case of access /o$nt.
2.>.1 )('s$ca* La'er5
IEEE 502( 11 s#++ors di""ere! ,+e o" +*,sical la,er( O!e la,er )ased o! I!"ra red a!d $o la,ers
)ased o! *e radio ra!s'issio! =+ri'aril, i! *e I9M )a!ds a 2(4 6;8>( T*ese $ere i!rod#ced
i! *e ,ear 1::E( I! addiio! & $o 'ore varia!s $i* *ig*er daa raes $ere i!rod#ced i! *e
,ear 1:::( T*ese $ere IEEE 502(11 a a!d 502(11) ( T*e deails are s*o$! )elo$.
A++ P;D varia!s i!cl#de *e +rovisio! o" *e c*ear c(anne* assess&ent 6CCA7( T*e +#r+ose o"
*is sig!al is o +rovide 'edi#' access 'ec*a!is' ), i!dicai!g i" *e 'edi#' is )#s, or idle(
T*e ra!s'issio! ec*!olog, deer'i!es e/acl, *o$ *is sig!al is o)ai!ed(
Also& *e +*,sical la,ers o""ers a ser$ce access /o$nt 6SA)7 $i* a 1 or 2 M)+s ra!s"er rae o *e
MAC la,er(
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2ollo$i!g c*ar gives *e deails o" *e P;D9ICAL La,er s+eci"icaio!s.
#$rect Se:uence S/read S/ectru&5
I! *is #+ o seve! c*a!!els& eac* $i* a )a!d$id* o" @ M;8 ca! a )e #sed N#')er o" c*a!!el
availa)le i! eac* co#!r, de+e!ds o! *e s+ecr#' allocaed ), *a co#!r,( T*e e!codi!g
sc*e'es *a is #sed is DBP9C "or *e 1 M)+s a!d DGP9C "or 2 M)+s rae( D999 'a%es #se
o" *e c*i++i!g code or +se#do !oise se-#e!ce& o s+read *e daa rae a!d *e!ce *e )a!d$id* o"
*e sig!al( 2or IEEE 502(11& a 11 )i )ar%er se-#e!ce is #sed( Ma/i'#' ra!s'i +o$er is
li'ied o 100 '$ EI<P=E-#ivale! Isoro+icall, <adiaed Po$er> All )is are ra!s'ied ), *e
D999 P;D la,er are scra')led $i* *e +ol,!o'ial s=8> H 8
E
I 8
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2ollo$i!g "ig#res s*o$s a "ra'e o" *e +*,sical la,er #si!g D999.
T*e "ra'e co!siss o" $o +ars& *e PLCP +ar =+rea')le a!d *eader> a!d *e +a,load +ar( PLCP
+ar is al$a,s ra!s'ied a 1 M)+s $*ere as *e +a, load& *a is *e MAC daa ca! #se ei*er 1
M)+s or 2 M)+s( T*e deails o" *e "ield is give! )elo$.
S'nc(ron$sat$on . T*e "irs 125 )is are "or s,!c*ro!i8aio!& gai! sei!g& e!erg, deecio!
="or *e CCA> a!d "re-#e!c, o""se co'+e!saio!( T*ese are scra')led 1 )is(
Start +ra&e #e*$&$ter 6S+#7 . T*is 1F )i "iles is #sed "or s,!c*ro!i8aio! a *e
)egi!!i!g o" a "ra'e a!d co!siss o" +aer! 1111001110100000(
S$!na* . As o! !o$ o!l, $o val#es *ave )ee! s+eci"ied ( 0/ 0A i!dicaes 1 M)+s a!d O/
14 i!dicaes 2 M)+s( O*er val#es *ave )ee! reserved "or "##re #se(
Ser$ce . T*is "ields is reserved "or "##res #se( 0/ 00 i!dicaes a! IEEE 502(11 co'+lia!
"ra'e(
Len!t(. 1F )is are #sed "or le!g* i!dicaio!(
Header Error C(eck 5 9ig!al& service a!d le!g* "ields are +roeced ), *is c*ec%s#'
#si!g C<C 1F +ol,!o'ial(
+re:uenc' Ho//$n! S/read S/ectru&5
2re-#e!c, *o++i!g s+read s+ecr#' ec*!i-#e allo$s "or coe/ise!ce o" '#li+le !e$or%s i! *e
sa'e area ), se+arai!g di""ere! !e$or%s #si!g di""ere! *o+i!g se-#e!ces( T*e sa!dard de"i!es
E: *o++i!g c*a!!els "or NA a!d 2B *o++i!g c*a!!els "or Ja+a! =eac* $i* a )a!d$id* o" 1 M;8 i!
*e 2(4 M;8 I9M )a!d(> 2or 'od#laio!& 2;99 sc*e'es #ses $o level 6a#ssia! 29C "or *e 1
M)+s s,se' a!d "or "o#r level 629C "or 2 M)+s s,se'( I! *is )is o!e a!d 8ero are e!coded as
deviaio!s "ro' *e c#rre! carrier "re-#e!c,( I! case o" "o#r level& "o#r di""ere! deviaio!s "or'
*e carrier "re-#e!c,( W*ile se!di!g a!d receivi!g is 'a!daor, a 1 M)+s "or all devices& o+eraio!
a 2 M)+s is o+io!al( 2ollo$i!g diagra' s*o$s *e "ra'e o" *e +*,sical la,er #sed $i* 2;99(
I! *is also *ere $o +ars - PLCP +ar a!d Pa,load +ar( 2#!cio!s o" vario#s "ields are descri)ed
)elo$.
S'nc(ron$sat$on5 T*e PLCP +rea')le sars $i* 50 )i s,!c*ro!i8aio! $*ic* is 010101 ((
)i +aer!( T*is is #sed "or s,!c*ro!i8aio! a!d "or CCA(
Start +ra&e #e*$&$ter 6S+#75 T*ese 1F )is i!dicae *a sar o" *e "ra'e a!d *is
+rovide "ra'e s,!c*ro!i8aio!( T*e 92D +aer! is 0000110010111101
)LC) @)#< Len!t( Word 6)LW75 T*is "ields i!dicaes *e le!g* o" *e +a,load i! ),es
i!cl#di!g *e B2 )i C<C a *e e!d o" *e +a,load( PLW ca! ra!ge )e$ee! 0 0 40:@(
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)LC) S$!na*$n! +$*es 6)S+7 5 T*is "o#r )i "ield i!dicaes *Ke daa rae o" *e +a,load
"ollo$i!g 1 or 2 M)+s(
Header error c(eck 5 T*e PLCP *eader is +roeced ), a 1F )i c*ec%s#' $i* *e sa!dard
ITUL T ge!eraor Pol,!o'ial (
Infrared5
T*e IEEE 502(11 i!"rared sc*e'e is o'!i direcio!al ra*er *a! +oi! o +oi!( A ra!ge o" #+ o 20
' is +ossi)le( T*e 'od#laio! sc*e'e "or *e 1 M)+s daa rae is %!o$! as 1F PPM =P#lse
Posiio! Mod#laio!>( I! *is sc*e'e gro#+ o" 4 daa )is is 'a++ed i!o o!e o" *e 1F PPM
s,')ols& eac* s,')ol is a sri!g o" 1F )is( Eac* 1F )i sri!g co!siss o" "i"ee! 0 a!d o!e )i!ar,
1( 2or *e 2 M)+s daa rae& eac* gro#+ o" 2 daa )is is 'a++ed i!o o!e o" "o#r 4 )i se-#e!ces(
Eac* se-#e!ce co!siss o" a *ree 0 a!d o!e )i!ar, 1( T*e ac#al ra!s'issio! #ses a! i!e!si,
'od#laio! sc*e'es i! $*ic* *e +rese!ce o" a sig!al corres+o!ds o a )i!ar, 1 a!d *e a)se!ce
o" a sig!al corres+o!ds o a )i!ar, 0(
IEEE 802.11 a5
T*is 'a%es #se o" @ 6;8 )a!d( I! *is or*ogo!al "re-#e!c, divisio! '#li+le/i!g =O2DM> is #sed(
T*is is also called '#li carrier 'od#laio!( Uses '#li+le carrier sig!als a di""ere!
"re-#e!cies& se!di!g so'e o" *e )is o! eac* c*a!!el( T*is is si'ilar o 2DM( B# i! *e case
o" O2DM& all o" *e s#) c*a!!els are dedicaed o a si!gle daa so#rce( T*e +ossi)le daa raes
are F& :& 12& 15& 24& BF& 45& a!d @4 M)+s( T*e s,se's #ses #+ o @2 s#) carriers *a are
'od#laed #si!g BP9C& GP9C 1F GAM or F4 GAM& de+e!di!g o! *e daa rae re-#ired(
IEEE 802.1145
I is a! e/e!sio! o" *e IEEE 502(11 D9-99 sc*e'e& +rovidi!g raes o" @(@ a!d 11 M)Ms( T*e
c*i++i!g rae is 11 M;8& $*ic* is *e s'e as *e origi!al sc*e'e& *ere), occ#+,i!g *e sa'e
)a!d$id*( To ac*ieve *ig*er daa rae i! *e sa'e )a!d$id* a *e sa'e c*i++i!g rae& a
'od#laio! sc*e'e %!o$! as Co'+le'e!ar, Code Ce,i!g =CCC> is #sed(
In CCA& i!+# daa are reaed i! )loc%s o" 5 )is a a rae o" 1(BE@ M;8 = 5 )is 7 s,')ol N 1(BE@
M;8 H 11 M)+s>( 9i/ o" *ese )is are 'a++ed i!o o!e o" *e F4 codes se-#e!ces )ased o! *e
#se o" 5 / 5 Wals* 'ari/( T*e o# +# o" *e 'a++i!g a!d $o addiio!al )is "or's *e i!+# o a
GP9C 'od#laor
2.>.2 ,E#I<, ACCESS CONT-OL5
a7 ,AC ,ec(an$s&s5
T*ree 'e*ods de"i!ed i! IEEE 502(11 are %!o$! as Disri)#io! 2o#!daio! Wireless MAC(
Basic versio! )ased o! C9MA7CA =Broadcas 'e*od>
O+io!al 'e*od o avoid *idde! er'i!al +ro)le'( <T9 7 CT9 =U!icas 'e*od>
:
IT 2402\MOBILE COMMUNITCATION \ U-2 \Page
Co!e!io! "ree +olli!g 'e*od "or i'e )o#!ded service( PC2 =Poi! Coordi!aed 2#!cio!>
2irs $o are s#''ari8ed as Disri)#ed Coordi!aed 2#!cio! =DC2> *e *ird 'e*od is called
Poi! Coordi!aed 2#!cio!( =PC2>
MAC 'ec*a!is' is also called D2WMAC =Disri)#ed 2o#!daio! Wireless Medi#' Access
Co!rol>(
2or all access 'e*ods& seera* /ara&eters are de"i!ed *a co!rol *e wa$t$n! t$&e "or *e !odes(
T*e d#raio! is de"i!ed as &u*t$/*es of s*ot t$&e( 9lo i'e is derived "ro' &ed$u& /ro/a!at$on
de*a'" trans&$tter de*a' a!d o*er )H? *a'er de/endent /ara&eters 6B0 &$cro sec for +HSS C
20 ,$cro sec for #SSS7
T*ree di""ere! I29 =I!er 2ra'e 9+ace> +ara'eers de"i!e *e +riori, o" *e 'edi#'( T*ese are
DI29 =DC2 I29> & PI29=PC2 I29> a!d 9I29 =9*or I29>(
9*or I29 =9I29>
o 9*ores I29& ;ig*es +riori,& =D999 H 10 Micro sec a!d 2;99 H 25 Micro sec>
o Used "or Ac%!o$ledge'e!& CT9 a!d +oll <es+o!se $*ic* are all i''ediae
res+o!se acio!s
Poi! Coordi!aio! 2#!cio! I29 =PI29>
o Mid-le!g* I29
o Used ), ce!rali8ed co!roller i! PC2 sc*e'e $*e! #si!g +olls =9I29 I 1 slo i'e>
Disri)#ed coordi!aio! "#!cio! I29 =DI29>
Lo!ges I29
Used as 'i!i'#' dela, o" as,!c*ro!o#s "ra'es co!e!di!g "or access
o Used "or all ordi!ar, as,!c*ro!o#s ra""ic
10
IT 2402\MOBILE COMMUNITCATION \ U-2 \Page
$7=as$c ,et(od #+W,AC5
Basic a!d 'a!daor, access 'e*od )ased o! C9MA 7CA( I" *e 'edi#' is idle "or a cerai!
d#raio! o" DI29=ascerai!ed $i* CCA>& a saio! accesses *e 'edi#' i''ediael,( =s*or dela, 0
lig* load>( I" 'edi#' is )#s,& !odes e!er co!e!io! +*ase ), c*oosi!g <ado' Bac%o"" i'e( A"er
*is +eriod& i" *e 'edi#' is sill )#s,& i *as o $ai o!ce agai! "ir DI29( To +rovide "air!ess& *e
)ac%o"" i'er is so++ed& a!d co!i!#ed "ro' re'ai!ed d#raio! i! *e !e/ c,cle( Bac%o"" i'er
val#es i!creased e/+o!e!iall, "ro' 0-E&1@&B1&FB&12E&2@@ de+e!di!g load )ei!g lig* or *eav,(
9aio! B&1&are read, o ra!s'i( 9aio! B $ais "or DI29 a!d $i* c*a!!el )ei!g "ree& sars
ra!s'issio!( 9aio! 2 de"er ra!s'issio! a!d $ais "or DI29 a"er c*a!!el )#s, +eriod( B, *is i'e
saio!2 a!d saio! @ )eco'e read, o ra!s'i( 9aio! 1&2&@ $ai "or DI29 +eriod a"er )#s, +eriod
a!d ge!erae )ac%o"" i'e( 9aio! 2 *avi!g s*ores )ac%o"" i'e& accesses *e 'edi#' "irs a!d
saio! 1 a!d @ e!er *e co!e!io! +*ase i! *e c,cle $i* *e resid#al )ac% o"" i'er( B, *is i'e
saio! 4 Koi!s a!d ge!eraes )ac%o"" i'e e-#al o *a o" saio! @( A"er DI29 saio! 2&4&@ sars
co#!i!g )ac%o"" i'er a!d as saio!4& @ *ave sa'e )ac% o"" i'er& *e ra!s'issio! clas*es( O!ce
agai! i! *e !e/ c,cle& saio!1 co'+lees *e )ac%o"" i'er s#ccess"#ll, a!d occ#+ies *e 'edi#'(
9aio! 4&@ e!er *e co!e!io! +*ase o!ce agai!(
11
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I! case o" U!icas ra!s'issio!& receiver a!s$ers direcl, $i* ACC a"er 9I29 +eriod $*ic* *as *e
s*ores d#raio!( T*is ACC e!s#res correc rece+io! =correc c*ec%s#' a *e receiver>( T*is is
i'+ora! i! *e error +ro!e e!viro!'e!( I" !o ACC is received a"er 9I29& *e se!der rese!ds *e
daa a"er goi!g *e *ro#g* co!e!io! c,cle(
$$77Content$on =ased -TS.CTS to ao$d ($dden node /ro4*e&
;idde! !ode +ro)le' arises i! case o" WLAN& $*e! $o !odes *a are !o $i*i! *e radio ra!ge
o" eac* o*er r, o co''#!icae $i* a !ode *a is $i*i! radio ra!ge o" eac* o" *e'( To avoid
collisio! a *e receiver& <T9 0 CT9 )ased co!e!io! 'ec*a!is' is #sed(
I! *is& a"er $aii!g "or DI29 +l#s ra!do' )ac%o"" i'e& *e se!der ca! iss#e a <T9 co!rol +ac%e(
<T9 is !o give! *ig*er +riori,( <T9 $ill co!ai! *e address of t(e rece$er and t(e durat$on of
data( All saio! receivi!g *is i!"or'aio! $ill set t(e Net A**ocat$on %ector- NA% i! accorda!ce
$i* d#raio! "ield ( NAA is *e earlies i'e $*e! *e saio! ca! access *e 'edi#'( T*e receiver
receivi!g *e <T9& se!ds CT9 a"er 9I29( T*e CT9 co!rol +ac%e co!ai!s d#raio! "ield a!d *e
address o" *e !ode "ro' $*ic* i $ill receive *e daa( All !odes lise!i!g o *is ra!s'issio! $ill
se *eir NAA ill *e ac%!o$ledge'e! is received( As all *e !odes closer o )o* ra!s'ier a!d
receiver are se o NAA& *is $ill avoid *e *idde! !ode +ro)le'(
$$$7)C+ Access ,ec(an$s&
PC2 =Poi! Coordi!aio! 2#!cio!> 'ec*a!is' sis over DC2 o s#++or co!e!io! "ree i'e
ra!s'issio! o+eraio!( =As *e o+eraio! is co'+licaed& 'os 'a!#"ac#re *ave !o o+ed "or i>(
PC2 o+eraio! is availa)le o!l, "or i!"rasr#c#re !e$or%( AP +la,i!g *e +oi! o" coordi!aor& so+s
all o*er er'i!als a!d +olls o*er saio!s i! se'i +eriodic 'a!!er as s*o$! )elo$
12
P;D
DC2 =C9MA-CA>
PC2
IT 2402\MOBILE COMMUNITCATION \ U-2 \Page
Co!e!io! )ased 'e*ods do !o g#ara!ee 'i!i'#' )a!d$id* o all !odes( T*e 'edi#' access is
!o "air( I! order o +rovide e-#al o++or#!i, o all !odes& IEEE 502(11 s+eci"ies a! o+io!al
'e*ods called PC2( PC2 +rovides i'e )o#!ded service( Ad ;oc !e$or% ca!!o #se *is +rovisio!(
Poi! Coordi!aor s+lis *e access i'e - s#+er "ra'e +eriod - i!o co!e!io! "ree +eriod a!d
co!e!io! )ased +eriod( I! *e co!e!io! "ree +eriod& *e +oi! coordi!aor =Access Poi!> $ais "or
PC2 I29 +eriod =i!sead o" DI29> a!d access *e 'edi#' a!d sars *e +olli!g $i* eac* saio!(
T*is is s*o$! i! *e "ollo$i!g "ig#re(
Access Poi! se!ds daa1 o "irs saio!( 9aio! 1 se!ds ACC a"er 9I29( A"er 9I29 d#raio!& PC
se!ds daa o saio!2( I! case *ere is !o daa o )e se! ), *e AP o a !ode& *e AP $ais "or a
d#raio! e-#al o 9I29 a!d +olls *e !e/ saio! as s*o$! )elo$( T*is +rocess co!i!#es& *#s
+rovidi!g e-#al i'e o all *e saio!( A *e e!d& i ge!eraes C2e!d =Co!e!io! "ree +eriod E!d>
co!rol +#lse a $*ic* i'e& co!e!io! )ased 'edi#' access a%es +lace( A *e e!d o" co!e!io!
)ased +eriod& *e s#+er "ra'e re+eas isel"(
1B
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T*is e!s#res 'i!i d#raio! "or eac* !ode i! *e s,se' o access *e Access Poi!(
2.>.> ,AC +-A,E +O-,AT5
T*e "ra'e ra!s'issio! i! case o" WLAN ca! )e caegorised i!o *ree ,+es. Daa& Ma!age'e! a!d
Co!rol( T*ese are i!dicaed i! *e MAC "ra'e( 2ollo$i!g "ig#re s*o$s *e MAC "ra'e "or'a(
T*is is a ge!eral "or'a . =a> i! oces $*ile =)> i! )is
Overall "ra'e sr#c#re is s*o$! i! *e=a>( Deails are as "ollo$s.
+C 5 +ra&e Contro* i!dicaes *e ,+e o" "ra'e . Daa7Ma!age'e! 7 co!rol
#.I 5 #urat$on . connect$on I#5 W*e! #sed as a d#raio! "ield& i!dicaes *e i'e i! 'icroseco!ds
*e c*a!!el $ill )e #sed ), *e so#rce( I! so'e cases& i 'a, i!dicae co!!ecio! ide!i"ier(
Addresses5 T*ese are 9o#rce7 Desi!aio!7 9e!der a!d <eceiver addresses(
SC5 Se:uence Contro*5 2o#r )is are #sed "or !#')eri!g "rag'e!aio! o" a 'essage $*ile *e 12
)is are #sed se-#e!ce !#')er se! )e$ee! a ra!s'ier a!d a receiver(
+ra&e =od'. T*ese are MAC 9DU li'ied o a le!g* o" 2B12 ),es(
+ra&e C(eck Se:uence5 a B2 )i C,clical <ed#!da!c, C*ec%(
Deails o" *e "ra'e co!rol "ields are s*o$! i! +ar =)> o" *e a)ove "ig#re(.
)rotoco* %ers$on5 502(11 versio!( C#rre!l, i is se o 0
T'/e5 Ide!i"ies *e "ra'e as co!rol& 'a!age'e! or daa "ra'e(
Su4 T'/e. 2#r*er ide!i"ies vario#s "#!cio! #!der eac* ,+e( Deails o" T,+e a!d 9#) ,+e are
s*o$! )elo$.
1( Ma!age'e! T,+e =00>
0000 7 0001 . 9aio! re-#esi!g associaio! $i* a AP =B99> a!d AP4s res+o!se
0010 7 0011 . <e associaio! re-#es a!d res+o!se( 9e! ), a saio! $*e! 'oves o# o" a
B99 a!d 'oves i!o a di""ere! B99(
0100 7 0101 . Pro)e <e-#es a!d <es+o!se Used o o)ai! i!"or'aio! "ro' a!o*er
saio! or AP
1000 . Beaco!
1001 . A!!o#!ce'e! Tra""ic I!dicaio! Ma+ . ATIM. A saio! 'a%i!g a! a!!o#!ce'e!
o o*er saio! *a i *as )#""ered daa o ra!s'i a!d is +o$er lo$(
Disassociaio!. Used ), a saio! o er'i!ae Associaio!(
1011 7 1100 . A#*e!icaio! a!d De a#*e!icaio!( I!dicaes #si!g sec#re
co''#!icaio!(
2( Co!rol T,+e . 01
1010 . Po$er 9ave Poll. <e-#es *e AP or o*er saio! o ra!s'i a!, )#""ered daa as
*e saio! is i! +o$er savi!g 'ode(
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1011 7 1100 . <T9 a!d CT9?
1101 . ACC
1110 7 1111 . C2 E!d 7 C2 e!d $i* ACC(. A!!o#!ces *e e!d o" co!e!io! "ree +eriod
=PC2> 7 ACC *e C2 e!d(
B( Daa 2ra'es . 10.
0000 7 0001 . Daa 7 Daa $i* C2 ACC( 9i'+le daa ra!s"er 7 9e!ds ACC "or +revio#sl,
received daa alo!g $i* Daa
0010 7 0011 . Daa I C2 0 Poll . Used ), PC2 o deliver daa a 'o)ile saio! a!d also o
re-#es *a *e 'o)ile saio! se!d a daa "ra'e *a i 'a, *ave )#""ered(
0100 7 0101 . No daa 7 C2 ACC !o Daa i!dicaes *a *e "ra'e carries !o daa& +olls or
ACC& )# #sed o carr, +o$er 'a!age'e! )i i! *e "ra'e "ields o *e AP o i!dicae
*e AP *a is c*a!gi!g o lo$ +o$er o+eraio! 'ode(
0110 7 0111 . C2 Poll =!o daa>7 C2 Poll ACC =!o daa> . T*ese "a'es $i* !o daa(
1@
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2.>.D ,AC ,ana!e&ent Su4 La'er5
T*is s#) la,er *a!dles vario#s 'a!age'e! "#!cio!s s#c* as S'nc(ron$1at$on" -e!$strat$on"
Handoff" )ower &ana!e&ent" roa&$n! and secur$t'. T*ese are e/+lai!ed )rie"l,.
a7 S'nc(ron$1at$on5
To s,!c*ro!i8e all saio!s& IEEE 502(11 s+eci"ies a TC2 =Ti'e 9,!c*ro!i8aio! 2#!cio!>(
9,!c*ro!i8ed cloc%s are !eeded "or +o$er 'a!age'e!& "or coordi!aed PC2 a!d =9#+er "ra'e& C2
a!d Co!e!io! )ased +eriod s,!c*ro!i8aio!> a!d "or s,!c*ro!i8aio! o" 2;99 *o++i!g se-#e!ce(
A )eaco! is ra!s'ied +eriodicall, $*ic* co!ai!s *e "ollo$i!g i!"or'aio!.
i'e sa'+ =2or 9,!c*ro!i8aio!>
B99 ID
Tra""ic I!dicaio! Ma+ =TIM>
Po$er Ma!age'e!
<oa'i!g
$7Infrastructure =ased Network
Beaco! ra!s'issio! is !o +eriodic( Is ra!s'issio! is de"erred& i" *e 'edi#' is )#s,( As i ca! )e
see! i! *e "ollo$i!g "ig#re& seco!d )eaco! is de"erred ill *e 'edi#' is "ree( I! I!"rasr#c#re
)ased !e$or%& access +oi! +er"or's *e s,!c "#!cio!( All o*er !odes& adK#s *eir local i'er o
*e i'e sa'+(
$$7Ad Hoc Network
I! case o" ad *oc !e$or%& )eaco! is ra!s'ied $*ic*ever saio! access *e 'edi#' "irs #si!g
ra!do' )ac%o"" algori*'( I" *e 'edi#' is )#s, a *e sc*ed#led i!erval& is ra!s'issio! is
de"erred ), *e !ode( Laer& o!ce agai! eac* !ode co!e!ds "or access o *e 'edi#' a!d $*ic* ever
!ode access *e 'edi#' "irs& i se!ds *e )eaco!( T*is ca! )e see! i! *e "ollo$i!g "ig#re( I! *e "irs
case& saio! access *e 'edi#' "irs a!d ra!s'is *e )eaco!( ;o$ever& a *e sc*ed#led re+eiio!&
*e 'edi#' )eco'es )#s, a!d as *e 'edi#' )eco'es "ree& all !odes co!e!d "or access a!d *is
i'e !ode 2 access *e 'edi#' "irs a!d ra!s'is *e )eaco! "ra'e( All o*er !odes s,!c*ro!i8e $i*
*e seco!d !ode !o$(
1F
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47 -e!$strat$on5 ( T*e 4eacon is a 'a!age'e! "ra'e *a is ra!s'ied -#asi +eriodicall, ), *e
AP o esa)lis* *e i'i!g s,!c*ro!isaio! "#!cio! =T92>( I co!ai!s i!"or'aio! s#c* as *e B99 0
ID& Ti'e sa'+ ="or s,!c*ro!isaio!>& +o$er 'a!age'e! & a!d roa'i!g( <eceived 9ig!al 9re!g*
=<99> 'eas#re'e!s are 'ade o! *e )eaco! 'essage( A!, !ode receivi!g *e )eaco!& i" i decides o
regiser $i* *e AP& $ill a Associaio! <e-#es "ra'e( T*e AP receivi!g *e sa'e& $ill se!d )ac%
Associaio! <es+o!se "ra'e )ac%( Wi* *is & *e regisraio! $ill co'+lee a!d *e !ode $ill "or'
*e +ar o" *e AP( O!l, o! regisraio!& *e disri)#io! s,se' $ill %!o$ o $*ic* B99 a! M9 is
aac*ed(
c7 Hand Off5 T*ere are *ree ,+es o" 'o)ili, i! WLAN (
- No ra!siio! . I'+lies *e M9 is $i*i! or is 'ovi!g $i*i! a B9A(
- B99 Tra!siio!. I!dicaes *a *e M9 'oves "ro' o!e B99 o a!o*er i! *e sa'e E99(
- E99 Tra!siio!. T*is is *e 'ove'e! o" M9 "ro' o!e B99 o a!o*er B99 *a is +ar o" !e$
E99( I! *is case co!!ecio! 'a, )rea% #!less i *as *ig*er la,er IP co!!ecio!(
T*e *a!do"" +roced#re is a WLAN is s*o$! i! *e "ollo$i!g "ig#re.
T*e AP )roadcas a )eaco! sig!al +eriodicall, =,+icall, o!ce i! 100 's>( A! M9 *a sca!s *e
)eaco! sig!al a!d associaes isel" $i* *e AP $i* *e sro!ges )eaco!( T*e )eaco! co!ai!s
i!"or'aio! corres+o!di!g o *e AP s#c* as Ti'e 9a'+& )eaco! i!erval& ca+a)ili,& E99 Id a!d
1E
IT 2402\MOBILE COMMUNITCATION \ U-2 \Page
ra""ic i!dicaio! Ma+ =TIM>( T*e M9 #ses *is i!"or'aio! i! *e )eaco! o disi!g#is* )e$ee!
di""ere! APs(
T*e M9 %ee+s ac% o" *e <99 o" *e )eaco! o" *e AP $i* $*ic* is i is associaed& a!d $*e! *e
<99 )eco'es $ea%& i sars o sca! "or sro!ger )eaco!s "ro' *e !eig*)o#ri!g APs( T*e
sca!!i!g +rocess ca! )e ei*er acive or +assive( I! +assive sca!!i!g& *e M9 si'+l, lise!s o
availa)le )eaco!s( I! acive sca!!i!g& *e M9 se!ds a +ro)e re-#es o a argeed se o" APs *a
are ca+a)le o" receivi!g is +ro)e( Eac* AP *a receives *e +ro)es res+o!ds $i* a +ro)e
res+o!se *a co!ai!s *e sa'e i!"or'aio! *a is availa)le i! *e )eaco! e/ce+ "or *e TIM(
T*e +ro)e res+o!se *#s serves *e M9 o selec *e AP $i* sro!ges )eaco! a!d se!ds re-
associaio! re-#ess o *e !e$ AP( I! res+o!se& *e !e$ AP se!ds re associaio! $*ic* co!ai!s
i!"or'aio! o" M9 a!d *a o" old AP( I! <es+o!se *e !e$ AP se!ds *e re associaio!
res+o!se *a *as *e i!"or'aio! a)o# *e s#++ored )i raes& saio! ID a!d so o! !eeded "or
co''#!icaio!( T*e old AP is !o i!"or'ed ), *e M9 a)o# *e c*a!ge o" locaio!( T*e *a!d
o"" is i!i'aed ), #si!g IAPP =I!er Access +oi! +roocol> sa!dard *a i!i'aes *e old AP
a)o# *a!do"" *ro#g* $ired !e$or%(
d7 )ower ,ana!e&ent5
Po$er Ma!age'e! is carried o# $*e! *e saio! is i! 3a$a%e4 +osiio! d#ri!g rece+io! o" i!)o#!d
daa a!d 3slee+4 +osiio! d#ri!g idle +eriod( T*ro#g*+# is raded "or )aer, li"e( Lo!ger o"" +eriod&
lo$ *ro#g*+# a!d vice versa(
9aes o" a saio!. s*ee/ a!d awake a!d )#""eri!g o" daa i! se!ders( 9lee+i!g saio! $a%es
+eriodicall, a!d sa,s a$a%e "or cerai! d#raio!( I" i deecs *a i *as o receive daa& i %ee+s
a$a%e( Wa%i!g #+ a rig* i'e re-#ires T92=Ti'i!g 9,!c*ro!i8aio! 2#!cio!(
A receiver !ode %!o$s $*e! o ra!s'i daa )# does !o %!o$ $*e! i receive daa or $*e!
o $a%e #+(
9,se' s*o#ld )e s,!c*ro!i8ed o slee+ a!d $a%e #+ ra!s+are!l,( =C!o$! o o*er !odes>
Lo!ger o"" +eriod saves )aer, )# *ro#g*+# is red#ced a!d vice versa(
$7Infrastructure =ased Network
AP )#""ers daa "or slee+i!g !odes a!d se!ds TI, 6Traff$c Ind$cat$on ,a/> $*ic* co!ai!s lis o"
address "or $*ic* #!i-cas daa are )#""ered i! AP( AP se!ds '#licas or )roadcas daa
+eriodicall, a eac* #TI, 6#e*$er' Traff$c Ind$cat$on ,a/7 #TI, $s &u*t$/*e t$&e of TI,.
15
IT 2402\MOBILE COMMUNITCATION \ U-2 \Page
O!ce *e !odes are s,!c*ro!i8ed& *e AP se!ds Tra""ic i!dicaio! 'a+ =TIM>& +eriodicall, i! $*ic* i
ra!s'is *e address o" *e !odes "or $*ic* i *as *e daa )#""ered( A!, !ode *a *as a daa o
receive $ill co!i!#e o $a%e #+ ill *e i'e *e daa is ra!s'ied ), AP a!d received ), *e
!ode( A *e e!d& *e !ode $ill go o slee+ 'ode( I! case o" '#li cas a!d )road cas o" daa "or
a !#')er o" !odes or o all !odes& *e DTIM is ra!s'ied ), *e AP a reg#lar i!ervals $*ic* is
'#li+les o" TIM i!erval as s*o$! i! *e a)ove "ig#re(
$$7 Ad-(oc Network5 I! case o" Ad ;oc Ne$or%s& Tra""ic I!dicaio! 'a+ is a!!o#!ced ), *e !ode
*a *as a daa o ra!s'i( T*e !ode =address> o $*ic* *is TIM is a++lica)le& se!ds a
Ac%!o$ledge'e! TIM( O! recei+ o" *is& *e !ode ra!s'is daa a!d receives
ac%!o$ledg'e! "ro' *e receiver( As *ere is !o ce!ral age!c, li%e AP o co!rol i& i is 'ore
co'+licaed( I! *is *ere is collisio! o" ATIMs are +ossi)le(
e7 -oa&$n!5
No or 4ad connect$onE T(en /erfor&5
$7 Scann$n!
scan t(e en$ron&ent" $.e." *$sten $nto t(e &ed$u& for 4eacon s$!na*s or send
/ro4es $nto t(e &ed$u& and wa$t for an answer
9ca!!i!g i!volves *e acive searc* "or a B99( IEEE 502(11 di""ere!iaes )e$ee! +assive
a!d acive sca!!i!g(
)ass$e scann$n! - lise!i!g i!o *e 'edi#' o "i!d o*er !e$or%s& i(e(& receivi!g *e )eaco!
o" a!o*er !e$or% iss#ed ), access +oi!(

1:
IT 2402\MOBILE COMMUNITCATION \ U-2 \Page
Act$e scann$n! - se!di!g a +ro)e o! eac* c*a!!el a!d $aii!g "or a res+o!se( Beaco! a!d
+ro)e res+o!ses co!ai! *e i!"or'aio! !ecessar, o Koi! *e !e$ B99(
$$7-eassoc$at$on -e:uest
stat$on sends a re:uest to one or seera* A)6s7
$$$7-eassoc$at$on -es/onse
success5 A) (as answered" stat$on can now /art$c$/ate
fa$*ure5 cont$nue scann$n!
$7A) acce/ts -eassoc$at$on -e:uest
s$!na* t(e new stat$on to t(e d$str$4ut$on s'ste&
t(e d$str$4ut$on s'ste& u/dates $ts data 4ase 6$.e." *ocat$on $nfor&at$on7
t'/$ca**'" t(e d$str$4ut$on s'ste& now $nfor&s t(e o*d A) so $t can re*ease
resources
f7Secur$t'5
IEEE 502(11 +rovides )o* +rivac, a!d a#*e!icaio! 'ec*a!is'( T*e 'ec*a!is' is %!o$! as
Wired E-#ivale! Privac, =WEP>( To +rovide +rivac, a!d daa i!egri,& WEP #ses a! e!cr,+io!
algori*' )ased o! *e <C4 algori*'( 2ollo$i!g "ig#re s*o$s *e e!cr,+io! +rocess(
20
IT 2402\MOBILE COMMUNITCATION \ U-2 \Page
A)ove "ig#re s*o$s *e e!cr,+io! +rocess( T*e i!egri, algori*' is *e B2 )i C<C *a is
a++e!ded o *e e!d o" MAC "ra'e( 2or e!cr,+io! +rocess& a 40 )i secre %e, is s*ared ), $o
+arici+a!s i! *e e/c*a!ge( A! I!iialisaio! Aecor I=IA > is I co!cae!aed o *e secre %e,(
T*e res#li!g )loc% "or' *e seed *a is i!+# o *e +se#dora!do' !#')er ge!eraor =P<N6>
de"i!ed i! <C4( T*e P<N6 ge!eraes a )i se-#e!ce o" *e sa'e le!g* as *a o" MAC "ra'e
+l#s is C<C( A )i ), )i e/cl#sive O< )e$ee! *e MAC "ra'e a!d *e P<N6 se-#e!ce
+rod#ces *e ci+*er e/( T*e IA is c*a!ged +eriodicall, =as o"e! as ever, ra!s'issio!>( Ever,
i'e *e IA is c*a!ged& *e P<N6 se-#e!ce is c*a!ged& $*ic* +rovides +roecio! agai!s
eavesdro++er(
A *e receivi!g e!d& *e receiver rerieves *e IA "ro' *e daa )loc% a!d co!cae!aes *is $i* *e
s*ared secre %e, o ge!erae *e sa'e %e, se-#e!ce #sed ), se!der( T*is %e, se-#e!ce is *e!
3O-ed $i* *e i!co'i!g )loc% o recover *e +lai!e/( T*is ec*!i-#e 'a%es #se o" *e
+ro+er, A= = F A. 2i!all, *e receiver co'+ares *e i!co'i!g C<C $i* *e C<C
calc#laed a *e receiver o validae i!egri,(
Aut(ent$cat$on5
T*ere are $o ,+es o" a#*e!icaio! . O/en S'ste& and S(ared Ae'.
O/en s'ste& aut(ent$cat$on si'+l, +rovides a $a, "or $o +aries o agree o e/c*a!ge daa a!d
+rovides !o sec#ri, )e!e"is( IN *is o!e +ar, se!ds a MAC co!rol "ra'e& %!o$! as
aut(ent$cat$on fra&e o o*er +ar,( T*e "ra'e i!dicaes *a *is is a! o+e! s,se'
a#*e!icaio! ,+e( T*e o*er +ar, res+o!ds $i* is o$! a#*e!icaio! "ra'e a!d *e +rocess
is co'+lee(
S(ared Ae' Aut(ent$cat$on. T*is re-#ires *a *e $o +aries s*are a secre %e, !o s*ared ), a!,
o*er +ar,( T*is %e, is #sed o ass#re *a )o* sides are a#*e!icaed o eac* o*er( T*e
+roced#re is as "ollo$s.
a( A se!ds a MAC a#*e!icaio! "ra'e $i* a! a#*e!icaio! algori*' ide!i"icaio! o"
O9*ared Ce,P a!d $i* saio! ide!i"ier *a ide!i"ies *e se!di!g saio!
)( B res+o!ds $i* a! a#*e!icaio! "ra'e *a i!cl#des a 125 oce c*alle!ge e/ $*ic* is
ge!eraed #si!g WEP P<N6(
c( A ra!s'is a! a#*e!icaio! "ra'e *a i!cl#des *e c*alle!ge e/ K#s received "ro' B( T*e
e!ire "ra'e is e!cr,+ed #si!g WEP(
21
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d( B <eceives *e e!cr,+ed "ra'e a!d decr,+s i #si!g WEP a!d *e secre %e, s*ared $i* A(
I" decr,+io! is s#ccess"#l ='ac*i!g C<C>& *e! B co'+ares *e i!%li!g c*alle!ge e/ $i*
*e c*alle!ge e/ *a i se! i! *e seco!d 'essage( B *e! se!ds a! a#*e!icaio! 'essage
o A $i* a sa#s code i!dicai!g s#ccess or "ail#re(
>.W$re*ess Loca* Loo/
>.1 Introduct$on
Wired ec*!ologies res+o!d o relia)le& *ig*-s+eed access ), reside!ial& )#si!ess& a!d gover!'e!
s#)scri)ers re-#ire'e!s 2or e/a'+le& I9DN& /D9L& ca)le 'ode's ec( ;o$ever& i!creasi!g i!eres
s*o$! i! co'+ei!g $ireless ec*!ologies "or s#)scri)er access %!o$! as WLL or 2i/ed Wireless
Access( I!iiall, *e, $ere co!sidered "or +rovidi!g -#ic% ele+*o!e co!!ecio! o reside!s& o""ice
ec )ased o! -#ic% de+lo,'e! o" WLL ec*!olog,(
W$re*ess *oca* *oo/ 6WLL7
Narro$)a!d 0 o""ers a re+lace'e! "or e/isi!g ele+*o!, services =MMD9- M#lic*a!!el
M#li+oi! Disri)#io! 9ervices>
Broad)a!d 0 +rovides *ig*-s+eed $o-$a, voice a!d daa service=LMD9- Local M#li+oi!
Disri)#io! 9ervices>
So&e of t(e adanta!es of WLL are *$sted 4e*ow5
Cost 0 $ireless s,se's are less e/+e!sive d#e o cos o" ca)le i!sallaio! *a4s avoided
Insta**at$on t$&e 0 WLL s,se's ca! )e i!salled i! a s'all "racio! o" *e i'e re-#ired "or a
!e$ $ired s,se'
Se*ect$e $nsta**at$on 0 radio #!is i!salled "or s#)scri)ers $*o $a! service a a give! i'e
Wi* a $ired s,se'& ca)le is laid o# i! a!ici+aio! o" servi!g ever, s#)scri)er i! a give!
area
>.2 W$re*ess Loca* Loo/ Tec(no*o!$es
N9aellie-Based 9,se's
0Provide Tele+*o!, services "or r#ral co''#!iies a!d isolaed areas
NCell#lar-Based 9,se's
0Provide *ig*-+o$er& $ide-ra!ge& 'edia! s#)scri)er de!si, a!d 'edia! circ#i--#ali, WLL
services
0O""ers )o* 'o)ili, a!d "i/ed $ireless access via *e sa'e +la"or' as cell#lar
NLo$-ier PC9 or Microcell#lar-Based 9,se's
0Provide lo$-+o$er& !arro$-ra!ge& *ig* s#)scri)er de!si, a!d *ig* circ#i--#ali, WLL services
N2i/ed Wireless Access =2WA> 9,se's
0Pro+riear, radio s,se's
0Disadva!age o" *e cell#lar a++roac*
NLi'iaio! o! oll--#ali, voice a!d sig!ali!g ra!s+are!c,
0Disadva!age o" lo$-ier PC9 a!d 'icrocell#lar a++roac*es
NNarro$ radio coverage ra!ge
02WA addresses *ese iss#es
>.> WLL Conf$!urat$on5
22
IT 2402\MOBILE COMMUNITCATION \ U-2 \Page
A si'+le co!"ig#raio! o" WLL is s*o$! )elo$. WLL a!e!!as are 'o#!ed o! *e o+ a alles
)#ildi!g a!d *e, are co!!eced *ro#g* 'edi#' o receiver a!e!!as *a are 'o#!ed o! o+ o"
reside!ial )#ildi!gs& +rivae a!d +#)lic o""ices as s*o$! )elo$(
2B
IT 2402\MOBILE COMMUNITCATION \ U-2 \Page
WLL w$t( #ECT5
>.D W$re*ess Loca* Loo/ Arc($tecture
W$re*ess Access Network <n$t 6WAN<7
0 Co'+o!e!s
QBT9s or <adio Pors =<Ps>
QA <adio Por Co!rol U!i =<PCU>
24
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QAccess Ma!ager =AM> a!d ;L<
0+unct$ons /ro$ded 4' WAN<
QA#*e!icaio!& Air I!er"ace Privac,
QOver-*e-Air <egisraio! o" 9#)scri)er U!is
Q<adio <eso#rce Ma!age'e!
QI!er$or%i!g2#!cio! =IW2>
QO+eraio! a!d Mai!e!a!ce =OAM>
Q<o#i!g& Billi!g& a!d 9$ic*i!g
QProocol co!versio! a!d ra!scodi!g o" voice a!d daa
W$re*ess Access Su4scr$4er <n$t 6WAS<7
0+unct$ons /ro$ded 4' WAS<
QAir I!er"ace UWLLo$ard *e !e$or%
QA radiio!al i!er"ace TWLLo$ard *e s#)scri)er
QT*is I!er"aces i!cl#de
0Proocol co!versio!
0Tra!scodi!g
0A#*e!icaio! 2#!cio!
0OAM
09ig!ali!g 2#!cio!s
QMode' 2#!cio! o s#++or voice-)a!d daa
Q9$ic*i!g 2#!cio! =92>
>.B )ro/a!at$on Cons$derat$ons for WLL
Mos *ig*-s+eed WLL sc*e'es #se 'illi'eer $ave "re-#e!cies =10 6;8 o a)o# B00 6;8> as *ere
are $ide #!#sed "re-#e!c, )a!ds availa)le a)ove 2@ 6;8 )a!d( A *ese *ig* "re-#e!cies& $ide
c*a!!el )a!d$id*s ca! )e #sed& +rovidi!g *ig* daa raes( Also& *ig* "re-#e!cies& s'all si8e
ra!sceivers a!d ada+ive a!e!!a arra,s ca! )e #sed
Milli'eer $ave s,se's *ave so'e #!desira)le +ro+agaio! c*aracerisics( T*ese are lised )elo$.
2ree s+ace loss i!creases $i* *e s-#are o" *e "re-#e!c,? losses are '#c* *ig*er i!
'illi'eer $ave ra!ge
A)ove 10 6;8& ae!#aio! e""ecs d#e o rai!"all a!d a'os+*eric or gaseo#s a)sor+io! are
large
M#li+a* losses ca! )e -#ie *ig*
Beca#se o" *ese li'iaio!s& WLL serves cells o" li'ied radi#s( O)sr#cio!s i!cl#di!g "oliage
'#s )e avoided alo!g or !ear *e li!e o" sig*( <ai!"all a!d *#'idi, li'i *e ra!ge a!d
availa)ili, o" WLL s,se'(
+resne* Gone
U!li%e *e case "or 'o)ile co''#!icaio!& i! case o" WLL& direc li!e o" sig* )e$ee! *e
ra!s'ier a!d receiver a!e!!a '#s )e "ree o" a!, o)sr#cio! A *ese *ig* "re-#e!cies& radio
sig!als are los d#e o a!, o)sr#cio!( U!dersa!di!g o" 2res!el4s 8o!e gives i'+ora!ce o"
3o)sr#cio! "ree4 li!e o" sig* )e$ee! ra!s'ier a!d receiver a!e!!a( I s )ased o! *e *eor,
*a a!, s'all ele'e! o" s+ace i! *e +a* o" a! EM $ave 'a, )e co!sidered *e so#rces o"
seco!dar, $avele a!d radiaio! ca! )e )#il #+ o" s#+er +osiio! o" all *ese $aveles( O! *e )asis
o" *is *eor,& i ca! )e s*o$! *a o)Kecs l,i!g $i*i! a series o" co!ce!ric circles aro#!d *e
direc li!e o" sig* )e$ee! $o ra!s receivers *ave co!sr#cive or desr#cive e""ecs o!
2@
IT 2402\MOBILE COMMUNITCATION \ U-2 \Page
co''#!icaio!( T*ese are called 2res!el4s Ro!e( O# o" *is& *ose *a "all $i*i! *e "irs circle& *a
is *e "irs 2res!el Ro!e& *ave *e 'os serio#s e""ecs(
Co!sider a +oi! alo!g *e +a* )e$ee! a ra!s'ier a!d receiver& *a is a disa!ce 9 "ro' *e
ra!s'ier a!d a disa!ce D "ro' *e receiver& $i* *e oal disa!ce alo!g *e +a* e-#al o S H # (
T*e radi#s o" *e "irs 2res!el 8o!e a *e +oi! is
W*ere <& 9& D are i! *e sa'e #!is a!d S is *e $avele!g* o" *e sig!al alo!g *e +a*( 2or
co!ve!ie!ce& i ca! )e resaed as "ollo$s.
W*ere is < is e/+ressed i! 'eers a!d *e $o disa!ce are i! %ilo'eer a!d *e "re-#e!c, i!
giga*er8(

2or 9 T D H 10 CM a!d "or "H 2(@ 6;8& <'H1E(B M
9 T D H 10 CM a!d "or "H 25 6;8& <'H@(1E M
9 T D H 1 CM a!d "or "H 25 6;8& <'HB(1 M
I" *ere is !o o)sr#cio! $i*i! 0(F i'es *e radi#s o" *e "irs 2res!el4s 8o!e& a a!, +oi! )e$ee!
*e $o ra!s-receivers& *e! ae!#aio! d#e o o)sr#cio! is !egligi)le( Also& *eig* o" *e $o
a!e!!a '#s )e s#c* *a a !o +oi! alo!g *e +a* a $*ic* *e gro#!d is $i*i! 0(F i'es *e
radi#s o" *e "irs 2res!el4s 8o!e(
At&os/(er$c A4sor/t$on
<adio $aves a "re-#e!cies a)ove 10 6;8 are s#)Kec o 'olec#lar a)sor+io!( Pea% o" $aer va+or
a)sor+io! a%e s +lace a 22 6;8 a!d +ea% o" o/,ge! a)sor+io! is !ear F0 6;8( T*ere are
"avora)le "re-#e!c, slos *a are #se"#l "or WLL co''#!icaio!( T*ese are give! )elo$.
2ro' 25 6;8 o 42 6;8
2ro' E@ 6;8 o :@ 6;8
T*ese deails ca! )e see! i! *e "ig#re s*o$! )elo$.
2F
D S
SD
R
+
=

< H 1E(B
IT 2402\MOBILE COMMUNITCATION \ U-2 \Page
T*ese e""ecs are di""ere! "or di""ere! e'+era#re& relaive *#'idi, a!d a'os+*eric +ress#re(
Effect of -a$n 5
<adio $aves a *ig* "re-#e!cies are severel, ae!#aed d#e o rai!( Prese!ce o" rai!dro+s
ca! severel, degrade *e relia)ili, a!d +er"or'a!ce o" co''#!icaio! li!%s =We can observe this
phenomenon in our DTH operated TV sets. As they operate at above 10 GHz these si!na"s are
sub#ected to severe absorption durin! rainy period and si!na"s are "ost>( T*e e""ec o" rai! de+e!ds
o! dro+ s*a+e& dro+ si8e& rai! rae& a!d "re-#e!c,(
Esi'aed ae!#aio! d#e o rai!.
W*ere A H ae!#aio! =dB7%'>? < H rai! rae =''7*r> ? a a!d ) de+e!d o! dro+ si8es a!d "re-#e!c,
Effects of %e!etat$on 5
Trees !ear s#)scri)er sies ca! lead o '#li+a* "adi!g( M#li+a* e""ecs "ro' *e ree
ca!o+, are di""racio! a!d scaeri!g( Meas#re'e!s i! orc*ards "o#!d co!sidera)le ae!#aio!
val#es $*e! *e "oliage is $i*i! F0U o" *e "irs 2res!el 8o!e( M#li+a* e""ecs *ig*l, varia)le d#e
o $i!d
D. W$,A3
D.1 W$,A3 - W(at $s W$,A3 E
WiMAV $o#ld o+erae si'ilar o Wi2i )# a *ig*er s+eeds over greaer disa!ces a!d "or a greaer
!#')er o" #sers( WiMAV $as "or'ed i! A+ril 2001& i! a!ici+aio! o" *e +#)licaio! o" *e origi!al
10-FF 6;8 IEEE 502(1F s+eci"icaio!s( WiMAV is o 502(1F as *e Wi2i Allia!ce is o 502(11(
W$,A3 $s5
Acro!,' "or World$ide I!ero+era)ili, "or Micro$ave Access(
Based o! Wireless MAN ec*!olog,(
A $ireless ec*!olog, o+i'i8ed "or *e deliver, o" IP ce!ric services over a $ide area(
A scala)le $ireless +la"or' "or co!sr#ci!g aler!aive a!d co'+le'e!ar, )road)a!d
!e$or%s(
A ceri"icaio! *a de!oes i!ero+era)ili, o" e-#i+'e! )#il o *e IEEE 502(1F or
co'+ai)le sa!dard( T*e IEEE 502(1F Wor%i!g 6ro#+ develo+s sa!dards *a address $o
,+es o" #sage 'odels.
o A "i/ed #sage 'odel =IEEE 502(1F-2004>(
o A +ora)le #sage 'odel =IEEE 502(1Fe>(
o
4.2 WiMax Speed and Range:
WiMAV is e/+eced o o""er i!iiall, #+ o a)o# 40 M)+s ca+aci, +er $ireless c*a!!el "or )o*
"i/ed a!d +ora)le a++licaio!s& de+e!di!g o! *e +aric#lar ec*!ical co!"ig#raio! c*ose!& e!o#g* o
s#++or *#!dreds o" )#si!esses $i* T-1 s+eed co!!ecivi, a!d *o#sa!ds o" reside!ces $i* D9L
s+eed co!!ecivi,( WiMAV ca! s#++or voice a!d video as $ell as I!er!e daa(WiMAV co#ld
+oe!iall, )e de+lo,ed i! a varie, o" s+ecr#' )a!ds. 2(B6;8& 2(@6;8& B(@6;8& a!d @(56;8
2E
b
aR A =
IT 2402\MOBILE COMMUNITCATION \ U-2 \Page
D.>W$,A3 - Sa*$ent +eatures
WiMAV is a $ireless )road)a!d sol#io! *a o""ers a ric* se o" "ea#res $i* a lo o" "le/i)ili, i!
er's o" de+lo,'e! o+io!s a!d +oe!ial service o""eri!gs( 9o'e o" *e 'ore salie! "ea#res *a
deserve *ig*lig*i!g are as "ollo$s.
Two Type of Services:
WiMAV ca! +rovide $o "or's o" $ireless service.
Non-*$ne-of-s$!(t5 service is a Wi2i sor o" service( ;ere a s'all a!e!!a o! ,o#r co'+#er
co!!ecs o *e WiMAV o$er( I! *is 'ode& WiMAV #ses a lo$er "re-#e!c, ra!ge -- 2 6;8
o 11 6;8 =si'ilar o Wi2i>(
L$ne-of-s$!(t5 service& $*ere a "i/ed dis* a!e!!a +oi!s sraig* a *e WiMAV o$er "ro' a
roo"o+ or +ole( T*e li!e-o"-sig* co!!ecio! is sro!ger a!d 'ore sa)le& so iWs a)le o se!d a
lo o" daa $i* "e$er errors( Li!e-o"-sig* ra!s'issio!s #se *ig*er "re-#e!cies& $i* ra!ges
reac*i!g a +ossi)le FF 6;8(
OFDM-based pysica! !ayer:
T*e WiMAV +*,sical la,er =P;D> is )ased o! or*ogo!al "re-#e!c, divisio! '#li+le/i!g& a sc*e'e
*a o""ers good resisa!ce o '#li+a*& a!d allo$s WiMAV o o+erae i! NLO9 co!diio!s(
"ery ig pea# da$a ra$es:
WiMAV is ca+a)le o" s#++ori!g ver, *ig* +ea% daa raes( I! "ac& *e +ea% P;D daa rae ca! )e as
*ig* as E4M)+s $*e! o+erai!g #si!g a 20M;8 $ide s+ecr#'(More ,+icall,& #si!g a 10M;8
s+ecr#' o+erai!g #si!g TDD sc*e'e $i* a B.1 do$!li!%-o-#+li!% raio& *e +ea% P;D daa rae is
a)o# 2@M)+s a!d F(EM)+s "or *e do$!li!% a!d *e #+li!%& res+ecivel,(
Sca!ab!e bandwid$ and da$a ra$e s%ppor$:
WiMAV *as a scala)le +*,sical-la,er arc*iec#re *a allo$s "or *e daa rae o scale easil, $i*
availa)le c*a!!el )a!d$id*(2or e/a'+le& a WiMAV s,se' 'a, #se 125& @12& or 1&045-)i 22Ts
="as "o#rier ra!s"or's> )ased o! $*e*er *e c*a!!el )a!d$id* is 1(2@M;8& @M;8& or 10M;8&
res+ecivel,( T*is scali!g 'a, )e do!e d,!a'icall, o s#++or #ser roa'i!g across di""ere! !e$or%s
*a 'a, *ave di""ere! )a!d$id* allocaio!s(
&dap$ive 'od%!a$ion and coding (&M)*:
WiMAV s#++ors a !#')er o" 'od#laio! a!d "or$ard error correcio! =2EC> codi!g sc*e'es a!d
allo$s *e sc*e'e o )e c*a!ged o! a +er #ser a!d +er "ra'e )asis& )ased o! c*a!!el
co!diio!s(AMC is a! e""ecive 'ec*a!is' o 'a/i'i8e *ro#g*+# i! a i'e-var,i!g c*a!!el(
+in#-!ayer re$rans'issions:
WiMAV s#++ors a#o'aic rera!s'issio! re-#ess =A<G> a *e li!% la,er "or co!!ecio!s *a
re-#ire e!*a!ced relia)ili,( A<G-e!a)led co!!ecio!s re-#ire eac* ra!s'ied +ac%e o )e
ac%!o$ledged ), *e receiver? #!ac%!o$ledged +ac%es are ass#'ed o )e los a!d are rera!s'ied(
S%ppor$ for TDD and FDD:
IEEE 502(1F-2004 a!d IEEE 502(1Fe-200@ s#++ors )o* i'e divisio! d#+le/i!g a!d "re-#e!c,
divisio! d#+le/i!g& as $ell as a *al"-d#+le/ 2DD& $*ic* allo$s "or a lo$-cos s,se'
i'+le'e!aio!(
WiM&, %ses OFDM:
Mo)ile WiMAV #ses Or*ogo!al "re-#e!c, divisio! '#li+le access =O2DM> as a '#li+le-access
ec*!i-#e& $*ere), di""ere! #sers ca! )e allocaed di""ere! s#)ses o" *e O2DM o!es(
F!exib!e and dyna'ic per %ser reso%rce a!!oca$ion:
Bo* #+li!% a!d do$!li!% reso#rce allocaio! are co!rolled ), a sc*ed#ler i! *e )ase saio!(
Ca+aci, is s*ared a'o!g '#li+le #sers o! a de'a!d )asis& #si!g a )#rs TDM sc*e'e(
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S%ppor$ for advanced an$enna $ecni-%es:
T*e WiMAV sol#io! *as a !#')er o" *oo%s )#il i!o *e +*,sical-la,er desig!& $*ic* allo$s "or
*e #se o" '#li+le-a!e!!a ec*!i-#es& s#c* as )ea'"or'i!g& s+ace-i'e codi!g& a!d s+aial
'#li+le/i!g(
.%a!i$y-of-service s%ppor$:
T*e WiMAV MAC la,er *as a co!!ecio!-orie!ed arc*iec#re *a is desig!ed o s#++or a varie,
o" a++licaio!s& i!cl#di!g voice a!d '#li'edia services(
WiMAV s,se' o""ers s#++or "or co!sa! )i rae& varia)le )i rae& real-i'e& a!d !o!-real-i'e
ra""ic "lo$s& i! addiio! o )es-e""or daa ra""ic(
WiMAV MAC is desig!ed o s#++or a large !#')er o" #sers& $i* '#li+le co!!ecio!s +er
er'i!al& eac* $i* is o$! Go9 re-#ire'e!(
Rob%s$ sec%ri$y:
WiMAV s#++ors sro!g e!cr,+io!& #si!g Adva!ced E!cr,+io! 9a!dard =AE9>& a!d *as a ro)#s
+rivac, a!d %e,-'a!age'e! +roocol(
T*e s,se' also o""ers a ver, "le/i)le a#*e!icaio! arc*iec#re )ased o! E/e!si)le A#*e!icaio!
Proocol =EAP>& $*ic* allo$s "or a varie, o" #ser crede!ials& i!cl#di!g #ser!a'e7+ass$ord& digial
ceri"icaes& a!d s'ar cards(
S%ppor$ for 'obi!i$y:
T*e 'o)ile WiMAV varia! o" *e s,se' *as 'ec*a!is's o s#++or sec#re sea'less *a!dovers "or
dela,-olera! "#ll-'o)ili, a++licaio!s& s#c* as AoIP(
/0-based arci$ec$%re:
T*e WiMAV 2or#' *as de"i!ed a re"ere!ce !e$or% arc*iec#re *a is )ased o! a! all-IP +la"or'(
All e!d-o-e!d services are delivered over a! IP arc*iec#re rel,i!g o! IP-)ased +roocols "or e!d-o-
e!d ra!s+or& Go9& sessio! 'a!age'e!& sec#ri,& a!d 'o)ili,(
D.D W$,A3 - -eference Network ,ode*
D.D.1 W$,A3 - =u$*d$n! =*ocks
A WiMAV s,se' co!siss o" $o 'aKor +ars.
A WiMAV )ase saio!(
A WiMAV receiver(
WiM&, 1ase S$a$ion:
A WiMAV )ase saio! co!siss o" i!door elecro!ics a!d a WiMAV o$er si'ilar i! co!ce+ o a
cell-+*o!e o$er( A WiMAV )ase saio! ca! +rovide coverage o a ver, large area #+ o a radi#s o" F
'iles( A!, $ireless device $i*i! *e coverage area $o#ld )e a)le o access *e I!er!e(T*e WiMAV
)ase saio!s $o#ld #se *e MAC la,er de"i!ed i! *e sa!dard& a co''o! i!er"ace *a 'a%es *e
!e$or%s i!ero+era)le a!d $o#ld allocae #+li!% a!d do$!li!% )a!d$id* o s#)scri)ers accordi!g
o *eir !eeds& o! a! esse!iall, real-i'e )asis(
Eac* )ase saio! +rovides $ireless coverage over a! area called a cell( T*eoreicall,& *e 'a/i'#'
radi#s o" a cell is @0 %' or B0 'iles *o$ever& +racical co!sideraio!s li'i i o a)o# 10 %' or F
'iles(
WiM&, Receiver:
A WiMAV receiver 'a, *ave a se+arae a!e!!a or co#ld )e a sa!d-alo!e )o/ or a PCMCIA card
sii!g i! ,o#r la+o+ or co'+#er or a!, o*er device( T*is is also re"erred as c#so'er +re'ise
e-#i+'e! =CPE>(WiMAV )ase saio! is si'ilar o accessi!g a $ireless access +oi! i! a Wi2i
!e$or%& )# *e coverage is greaer(
1ac#a%!:
A WiMAV o$er saio! ca! co!!ec direcl, o *e I!er!e #si!g a *ig*-)a!d$id*& $ired
co!!ecio! ="or e/a'+le& a TB li!e>( I ca! also co!!ec o a!o*er WiMAV o$er #si!g a li!e-o"-
2:
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sig* 'icro$ave li!%(Bac%*a#l re"ers )o* o *e co!!ecio! "ro' *e access +oi! )ac% o *e )ase
saio! a!d o *e co!!ecio! "ro' *e )ase saio! o *e core !e$or%(I is +ossi)le o co!!ec several
)ase saio!s o o!e a!o*er #si!g *ig*-s+eed )ac%*a#l 'icro$ave li!%s( T*is $o#ld also allo$ "or
roa'i!g ), a WiMAV s#)scri)er "ro' o!e )ase saio! coverage area o a!o*er& si'ilar o *e
roa'i!g e!a)led ), cell +*o!es(
D.D.2 S'ste& -eference Arc($tecture
IEEE502(1F +rovides a co''#!icaio! +a* )e$ee! a s#)scri)er sie $*ic* 'a, ei*er )e a
si!gle s#)scri)er device or a !e$or% o" *e s#)scri)er4s +re'ises =eg LAN& PBV& IP )ased !e$or%>
a!d a core !e$or%& eg( P#)lic Tele+*o!e !e$or% a!d *e i!er!e(
T*e IEEE 502(1Fe-200@ sa!dard +rovides *e air i!er"ace "or WiMAV )# does !o de"i!e *e "#ll
e!d-o-e!d WiMAV !e$or%( T*e WiMAV 2or#'Ws Ne$or% Wor%i!g 6ro#+ =NW6> is res+o!si)le
"or develo+i!g *e e!d-o-e!d !e$or% re-#ire'e!s& arc*iec#re& a!d +roocols "or WiMAV& #si!g
IEEE 502(1Fe-200@ as *e air i!er"ace( T*e WiMAV NW6 *as develo+ed a !e$or% re"ere!ce 'odel
o serve as a! arc*iec#re "ra'e$or% "or WiMAV de+lo,'e!s a!d o e!s#re i!ero+era)ili, a'o!g
vario#s WiMAV e-#i+'e! a!d o+eraors(
T*e !e$or% re"ere!ce 'odel e!visio!s a #!i"ied !e$or% arc*iec#re "or s#++ori!g "i/ed& !o'adic&
a!d 'o)ile de+lo,'e!s a!d is )ased o! a! IP service 'odel( Belo$ is si'+li"ied ill#sraio! o" a!
IP-)ased WiMAV !e$or% arc*iec#re( T*e overall !e$or% 'a, )e logicall, divided i!o *ree
+ars.
Mo)ile 9aio!s =M9> #sed ), *e e!d #ser o access *e !e$or%(
T*e access service !e$or% =A9N>& $*ic* co'+rises o!e or 'ore )ase saio!s a!d o!e or
'ore A9N gae$a,s *a "or' *e radio access !e$or% a *e edge(
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Co!!ecivi, service !e$or% =C9N>& $*ic* +rovides IP co!!ecivi, a!d all *e IP core
!e$or% "#!cio!s(
T*e !e$or% re"ere!ce 'odel develo+ed ), *e WiMAV 2or#' NW6 de"i!es a !#')er o" "#!cio!al
e!iies a!d i!er"aces )e$ee! *ose e!iies( 2ig )elo$ s*o$s so'e o" *e 'ore i'+ora! "#!cio!al
e!iies(
=ase stat$on 6=S75 T*e B9 is res+o!si)le "or +rovidi!g *e air i!er"ace o *e M9( Addiio!al
"#!cio!s *a 'a, )e +ar o" *e B9 are 'icro'o)ili, 'a!age'e! "#!cio!s& s#c* as
*a!do"" riggeri!g a!d #!!el esa)lis*'e!& radio reso#rce 'a!age'e!& Go9 +olic,
e!"orce'e!& ra""ic classi"icaio!& D;CP =D,!a'ic ;os Co!rol Proocol> +ro/,& %e,
'a!age'e!& sessio! 'a!age'e!& a!d '#licas gro#+ 'a!age'e!(
Access ser$ce network !atewa' 6ASN-;W75 T*e A9N gae$a, ,+icall, acs as a la,er 2
ra""ic aggregaio! +oi! $i*i! a! A9N( Addiio!al "#!cio!s *a 'a, )e +ar o" *e A9N
gae$a, i!cl#de i!ra-A9N locaio! 'a!age'e! a!d +agi!g& radio reso#rce 'a!age'e!&
a!d ad'issio! co!rol& cac*i!g o" s#)scri)er +ro"iles& a!d e!cr,+io! %e,s& AAA clie!
"#!cio!ali,& esa)lis*'e!& a!d 'a!age'e! o" 'o)ili, #!!el $i* )ase saio!s& Go9 a!d
+olic, e!"orce'e!& "oreig! age! "#!cio!ali, "or 'o)ile IP& a!d ro#i!g o *e seleced
C9N(
Connect$$t' ser$ce network 6CSN75 T*e C9N +rovides co!!ecivi, o *e I!er!e& A9P&
o*er +#)lic !e$or%s& a!d cor+orae !e$or%s( T*e C9N is o$!ed ), *e N9P a!d i!cl#des
AAA servers *a s#++or a#*e!icaio! "or *e devices& #sers& a!d s+eci"ic services( T*e C9N
also +rovides +er #ser +olic, 'a!age'e! o" Go9 a!d sec#ri,( T*e C9N is also res+o!si)le
"or IP address 'a!age'e!& s#++or "or roa'i!g )e$ee! di""ere! N9Ps& locaio!
'a!age'e! )e$ee! A9Ns& a!d 'o)ili, a!d roa'i!g )e$ee! A9Ns(
T*e WiMAV arc*iec#re "ra'e$or% allo$s "or *e "le/i)le deco'+osiio! a!d7or
co')i!aio! o" "#!cio!al e!iies $*e! )#ildi!g *e +*,sical e!iies( 2or e/a'+le& *e A9N
'a, )e deco'+osed i!o )ase saio! ra!sceivers =B9T>& )ase saio! co!rollers =B9C>& a!d
a! A9N6W a!alogo#s o *e 69M 'odel o" BT9& B9C& a!d 9ervi!g 6P<9 9#++or Node
=969N>(
D.B IEEE 802.12 )rotoco* Arc($tecture
Proocol Arc*iec#re
P*,sical a!d ra!s'issio! la,er "#!cio!s.
E!codi!g7decodi!g o" sig!als
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Prea')le ge!eraio!7re'oval =9,!c*ro!i8aio!>
Bi ra!s'issio!7rece+io!
Medi#' access co!rol la,er "#!cio!s.
O! ra!s'issio!& asse')le daa i!o a "ra'e $i* address a!d error deecio! "ields
O! rece+io!& disasse')le "ra'e& a!d +er"or' address recog!iio! a!d error deecio!
6over! access o *e $ireless ra!s'issio! 'edi#'
Co!verge!ce la,er "#!cio!s.
E!ca+s#lae PDU "ra'i!g o" #++er la,ers i!o !aive 502(1F MAC7P;D "ra'es
Ma+ #++er la,er4s addresses i!o 502(1F addresses
Tra!slae #++er la,er Go9 +ara'eers i!o !aive 502(1F MAC "or'a
Ada+ i'e de+e!de!cies o" #++er la,er ra""ic i!o e-#ivale! MAC service
D.B.1 W$,A3 - )('s$ca* La'er
T*e WiMAV +*,sical la,er is )ased o! or*ogo!al "re-#e!c, divisio! '#li+le/i!g( O2DM is *e
ra!s'issio! sc*e'e o" c*oice o e!a)le *ig*-s+eed daa& video& a!d '#li'edia co''#!icaio!s a!d
is #sed ), a varie, o" co''ercial )road)a!d s,se's& i!cl#di!g D9L& Wi-2i& Digial Aideo
Broadcas-;a!d*eld =DAB-;>& a!d Media2LO& )esides WiMAV(
O2DM is a! elega! a!d e""icie! sc*e'e "or *ig* daa rae ra!s'issio! i! a !o!-li!e-o"-sig* or
'#li+a* radio e!viro!'e!(
&dap$ive Mod%!a$ion and )oding in WiM&,:
WiMAV s#++ors a varie, o" 'od#laio! a!d codi!g sc*e'es a!d allo$s "or *e sc*e'e o c*a!ge
o! a )#rs-),-)#rs )asis +er li!%& de+e!di!g o! c*a!!el co!diio!s( Usi!g *e c*a!!el -#ali,
"eed)ac% i!dicaor& *e 'o)ile ca! +rovide *e )ase saio! $i* "eed)ac% o! *e do$!li!% c*a!!el
-#ali,( 2or *e #+li!%& *e )ase saio! ca! esi'ae *e c*a!!el -#ali,& )ased o! *e received sig!al
-#ali,(
2ollo$i!g is a lis o" *e vario#s 'od#laio! a!d codi!g sc*e'es s#++ored ), WiMAV(
#own*$nk </*$nk
,odu*at$on
BP9C& GP9C& 1F GAM& F4 GAM? BP9C
o+io!al "or O2DMA-P;D
BP9C& GP9C& 1F GAM? F4 GAM
o+io!al
Cod$n!
,andator'5 co!vol#io!al codes a rae 172&
27B& B74& @7F
O/t$ona*5 co!vol#io!al #r)o codes a rae
172& 27B& B74& @7F? re+eiio! codes a rae 172&
17B& 17F& LDPC& <9-Codes "or O2DM-P;D
,andator'5 co!vol#io!al codes a
rae 172& 27B& B74& @7F
O/t$ona*5 co!vol#io!al #r)o codes a
rae 172& 27B& B74& @7F? re+eiio! codes
a rae 172& 17B& 17F& LDPC
023-+ayer Da$a Ra$es:
Beca#se *e +*,sical la,er o" WiMAV is -#ie "le/i)le& daa rae +er"or'a!ce varies )ased o! *e
o+erai!g +ara'eers( Para'eers *a *ave a sig!i"ica! i'+ac o! *e +*,sical-la,er daa rae are
c*a!!el )a!d$id* a!d *e 'od#laio! a!d codi!g sc*e'e #sed( O*er +ara'eers& s#c* as !#')er o"
s#)c*a!!els& O2DM g#ard i'e& a!d oversa'+li!g rae& also *ave a! i'+ac(
2ollo$i!g is *e P;D-la,er daa rae a vario#s c*a!!el )a!d$id*s& as $ell as 'od#laio! a!d
codi!g sc*e'es(
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W$,A3 - O+#, =as$cs
O2DM )elo!gs o a "a'il, o" ra!s'issio! sc*e'es called '#licarrier 'od#laio!& $*ic* is )ased
o! *e idea o" dividi!g a give! *ig*-)i-rae daa srea' i!o several +arallel lo$er )i-rae srea's
a!d 'od#lai!g eac* srea' o! se+arae carriers& o"e! called s#)carriers or o!es( M#licarrier
'od#laio! sc*e'es eli'i!ae or 'i!i'i8e i!ers,')ol i!er"ere!ce =I9I> ), 'a%i!g *e s,')ol i'e
large e!o#g* so *a *e c*a!!el-i!d#ced dela,s dela, s+read )ei!g a good 'eas#re o" *is i! $ireless
c*a!!els are a! i!sig!i"ica! =,+icall,& X 10 +erce!> "racio! o" *e s,')ol d#raio!(T*ere"ore& i!
*ig*-daa-rae s,se's i! $*ic* *e s,')ol d#raio! is s'all& )ei!g i!versel, +ro+orio!al o *e daa
rae s+lii!g *e daa srea' i!o 'a!, +arallel srea's i!creases *e s,')ol d#raio! o" eac* srea'
s#c* *a *e dela, s+read is o!l, a s'all "racio! o" *e s,')ol d#raio!(
O+#, is a s+ecrall, e""icie! versio! o" '#licarrier 'od#laio!& $*ere *e s#)carriers are seleced
s#c* *a *e, are all or*ogo!al o o!e a!o*er over *e s,')ol d#raio!& *ere), avoidi!g *e !eed
o *ave !o!overla++i!g s#)carrier c*a!!els o eli'i!ae i!ercarrier i!er"ere!ce(I! order o
co'+leel, eli'i!ae I9I& g#ard i!ervals are #sed )e$ee! O2DM s,')ols( B, 'a%i!g *e g#ard
i!erval larger *a! *e e/+eced '#li+a* dela, s+read& I9I ca! )e co'+leel, eli'i!aed( Addi!g a
g#ard i!erval& *o$ever& i'+lies +o$er $asage a!d a decrease i! )a!d$id* e""icie!c,(
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D.B.2 W$,A3 - ,AC La'er
T*e IEEE 502(1F MAC $as desig!ed "or +oi!-o-'#li+oi! )road)a!d $ireless access a++licaio!s(
T*e +ri'ar, as% o" *e WiMAV MAC la,er is o +rovide a! i!er"ace )e$ee! *e *ig*er ra!s+or
la,ers a!d *e +*,sical la,er(T*e MAC la,er a%es +ac%es "ro' *e #++er la,er& *ese +ac%es are
called MAC service daa #!is =M9DUs> a!d orga!i8es *e' i!o MAC +roocol daa #!is =MPDUs>
"or ra!s'issio! over *e air( 2or received ra!s'issio!s& *e MAC la,er does *e reverse(T*e IEEE
502(1F-2004 a!d IEEE 502(1Fe-200@ MAC desig! i!cl#des a co!verge!ce s#)la,er *a ca! i!er"ace
$i* a varie, o" *ig*er-la,er +roocols& s#c* as ATM TDM Aoice& E*er!e& IP& a!d a!, #!%!o$!
"##re +roocol(T*e 502(1F MAC is desig!ed "or +oi!-o-'#li+oi! =PMP> a++licaio!s a!d is )ased
o! collisio! se!se '#li+le access $i* collisio! avoida!ce =C9MA7CA>(
T*e MAC i!cor+oraes several "ea#res s#ia)le "or a )road ra!ge o" a++licaio!s a di""ere! 'o)ili,
raes& s#c* as *e "ollo$i!g.
Privac, %e, 'a!age'e! =PCM> "or MAC la,er sec#ri,( PCM versio! 2 i!cor+oraes s#++or
"or e/e!si)le a#*e!icaio! +roocol =EAP>(
Broadcas a!d '#licas s#++or(
Ma!agea)ili, +ri'iives(
;ig*-s+eed *a!dover a!d 'o)ili, 'a!age'e! +ri'iives(
T*ree +o$er 'a!age'e! levels& !or'al o+eraio!& slee+& a!d idle(
;eader s#++ressio!& +ac%i!g a!d "rag'e!aio! "or e""icie! #se o" s+ecr#'(
2ive service classes& #!solicied gra! service =U69>& real-i'e +olli!g service =rP9>& !o!-
real-i'e +olli!g service =!rP9>& )es e""or =BE>& a!d E/e!ded real-i'e varia)le rae =E<T-
A<> service(

T*ese "ea#res co')i!ed $i* *e i!*ere! )e!e"is o" scala)le O2DMA 'a%e 502(1F s#ia)le "or
*ig*-s+eed daa a!d )#rs, or isoc*ro!o#s IP '#li'edia a++licaio!s(9#++or "or Go9 is a
"#!da'e!al +ar o" *e WiMAV MAC-la,er desig!( WiMAV )orro$s so'e o" *e )asic ideas )e*i!d
is Go9 desig! "ro' *e DOC9I9 ca)le 'ode' sa!dard(9ro!g Go9 co!rol is ac*ieved ), #si!g a
co!!ecio!-orie!ed MAC arc*iec#re& $*ere all do$!li!% a!d #+li!% co!!ecio!s are co!rolled ),
*e servi!g B9(WiMAV also de"i!es a co!ce+ o" a service "lo$( A service "lo$ is a #!idirecio!al
B4
IT 2402\MOBILE COMMUNITCATION \ U-2 \Page
"lo$ o" +ac%es $i* a +aric#lar se o" Go9 +ara'eers a!d is ide!i"ied ), a service $"o% identi$ier
=92ID>(
D.2 Su&&ar'5
WiMAV is )ased o! a ver, "le/i)le a!d ro)#s air i!er"ace de"i!ed ), *e IEEE 502(1F gro#+(
WiMAV is si'ilar o *e $ireless sa!dard %!o$! as Wi-2i& )# o! a '#c* larger scale a!d a
"aser s+eeds(
T*e WiMAV +*,sical la,er is )ased o! O2DM& $*ic* is a! elega! a!d e""ecive ec*!i-#e "or
overco'i!g '#li+a* disorio!(
T*e +*,sical la,er s#++ors several adva!ced ec*!i-#es "or i!creasi!g *e relia)ili, o" *e li!%
la,er( T*ese ec*!i-#es i!cl#de +o$er"#l error correcio! codi!g& i!cl#di!g #r)o codi!g a!d LDPC&
*,)rid-A<G& a!d a!e!!a arra,s(
WiMAV s#++ors a !#')er o" adva!ced sig!al-+rocessi!g ec*!i-#es o i'+rove overall s,se'
ca+aci,( T*ese ec*!i-#es i!cl#de ada+ive 'od#laio! a!d codi!g& s+aial '#li+le/i!g& a!d
'#li#ser diversi,(
WiMAV *as a ver, "le/i)le MAC la,er *a ca! acco''odae a varie, o" ra""ic ,+es& i!cl#di!g
voice& video& a!d '#li'edia& a!d +rovide sro!g Go9(
<o)#s sec#ri, "#!cio!s& s#c* as sro!g e!cr,+io! a!d '##al a#*e!icaio!& are )#il i!o *e
WiMAV sa!dard(
WiMAV de"i!es a "le/i)le all-IP-)ased !e$or% arc*iec#re *a allo$s "or *e e/+loiaio! o" all
*e )e!e"is o" IP(
WiMAV o""ers ver, *ig* s+ecral e""icie!c,& +aric#larl, $*e! #si!g *ig*er-order MIMO
sol#io!s
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IT 2402\MOBILE COMMUNITCATION \ U-2 \Page
D.I W$,A3 and W$-+$ Co&/ar$son
+eature W$,a8
6802.12a7
W$-+$
6802.1147
W$-+$
6802.11a.!7
)r$&ar'
A//*$cat$on
Broad)a!d Wireless
Access
Wireless LAN Wireless LAN
+re:uenc' =and Lice!sed7U!lice!sed
2 6 o 11 6;8
2(4 6;8 I9M 2(4 6;8 I9M =g>
@ 6;8 U-NII =a>
C(anne*
=andw$dt(
AdK#sa)le
1(2@ M o 20 M;8
2@ M;8 20 M;8
Ha*f.+u** #u/*e8 2#ll ;al" ;al"
-ad$o Tec(no*o!' O2DM
=2@F-c*a!!els>
Direc 9e-#e!ce
9+read 9+ecr#'
O2DM
=F4-c*a!!els>
=andw$dt(
Eff$c$enc'
XH@ )+s7;8 XH0(44 )+s7;8 XH2(E )+s7;8
,odu*at$on BP9C& GP9C&
1F-& F4-& 2@F-GAM
GP9C BP9C& GP9C&
1F-& F4-GAM
+EC Co!vol#io!al Code
<eed-9olo'o!
No!e Co!vol#io!al Code
Encr'/t$on Ma!daor,- BDE9
O+io!al- AE9
O+io!al- <C4
=AE9 i! 502(11i>
O+io!al- <C4
=AE9 i! 502(11i>
,o4$*$t' Mo)ile WiMa/
=502(1Fe>
I! develo+'e! I! develo+'e!
,es( Des Ae!dor
Pro+riear,
Ae!dor Pro+riear,
Access )rotoco* <e-#es76ra! C9MA7CA C9MA7CA
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