what is an IP Address

An IP address (or Internet Protocol address) is a unique address that certain electronic
devices use in order to identify and communicate with each other on a computer network
using Internet protocol. It is a logical address assigned to a device in the network. Current
version of IP address is Ipversion6. it is a 128 bit address. But it is not largely
implemented. Current popular version in Ipv4. it is a 32 bit address. For example
61.11.124.160. IP addresses are managed and created by the Internet Assigned Numbers
Authority (IANA). The IANA generally allocates super-blocks to Regional Internet
Registries, who in turn allocate smaller blocks to Internet Service Providers (ISP) and
enterprises

• What is a subnet mask?

A mask used to determine what subnet an IP address belongs to. An IP address

has two components, the network address and the host address. For example,
consider the IP address 150.215.017.009. Assuming this is part of a Class B
network

What is ARP?

Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) is a network protocol, which maps a network layer
protocol address to a data link layer hardware address. For example, ARP is used to
resolve IP address to the corresponding Ethernet address

• What is the ANDing process?

When a source host attempts to communicate with a destination host, the source
host uses its subnet mask to determine whether the destination host is on the
local network or a remote network. This is known as the ANDing process.
The AND function has the following properties:
• If the two compared values are both 1, the result is 1.
• If one of the values is 0 and the other is 1, the result is 0.
• If both of the compared values are 0, the result is 0.
The source and destination IP addresses are compared to the source's subnet
mask using the ANDing process. An AND result is created for each of the
addresses. If the result is the same, the hosts are on the same network. If the
result is different, the destination host is on a remote network. All traffic destined
for that remote host should be directed to the router indicated in the source host's
routing table. If no explicit route is defined in the routing table, the traffic is
directed to the source host's default gateway.
For example two hosts that want to communicate. Host A (with IP address
172.16.2.4) wants to communicate with Host B (with IP address 172.16.3.5). If
the subnet mask for Host A is 255.255.0.0, will the hosts communicate using
local transmissions or will they send information to the default gateway?
Using the ANDing process.
When converted to binary, the address 172.16.2.4 is as follows:
10101100 00010000 00000010 00000100
When converted to binary, the address 172.16.3.5 is as follows:
10101100 00010000 00000011 00000101
If the ANDing process is performed, the result for Host A using its subnet mask of
255.255.0.0 is
HOST A's IP Address 10101100 00010000 00000010 00000100
Host A's Subnet Mask 11111111 11111111 00000000 00000000
ANDING Result 10101100 00010000 00000000 00000000
The result for Host B is
HOST B's IP Address 10101100 00010000 00000011 00000101
Host A's Subnet Mask 11111111 11111111 00000000 00000000
ANDing Result 10101100 00010000 00000000 00000000
As you can see, the two results match. This indicates that, as far as Host A is
concerned, the two hosts are on the same physical network. Communication can
occur directly between the two hosts. In fact, the same holds true because host B
would have the same subnet mask since the hosts are on the same network.
Day 5, "The Art of Subnet Masking," further examines the art of subnet masking.
It also examines the use of nonstandard subnet masking to further segment a
group of IP addresses into smaller segments. This process, which ignores the
default subnet masks used by address classes, is commonly referred to as
Classless Internet Domain Routing (CIDR).

What is an ARP cache?

ARP maintains the mapping between IP address and MAC address in a table in memory
called ARP cache. The entries in this table are dynamically

What is a default gateway? What happens if I don't have one?

In general, a gateway is a device on a network that acts as an entrance to another

network. In more technical terms, a gateway is a routing device that knows how to pass
traffic between different subnets and networks. A computer will know some routes (a
route is the address of each node a packet must go through on the Internet to reach a
specific destination), but not the routes to every address on the Internet. It won't even
know all the routes on the nearest subnets. A gateway will not have this information
either, but will at least know the addresses of other gateways it can hand the traffic off to.
Your default gateway is on the same subnet as your computer, and is the gateway your
computer relies on when it doesn't know how to route traffic.
If you don’t have a gateway your network communication have no problem. But you
cannot communicate with other networks. That means your packet will not reach other
networks.

Can a workstation computer be configured to browse the Internet and

yet NOT have a default gateway?

No. Never. A work station computer can brows the Internet only if it
has a default gateway.

What is a subnet?

A subnet is a portion of a network that is logically isolated from other parts of the network. Usually it’s
divided by a router.

What is APIPA?

APIPA stands for Automatic Private IP Addressing. When you configure your computer
to obtain IP Address automatically and a DHCP server cannot be contacted, then the
computer will automatically assign an IP address from a specific range (169.254.0.1 to
169.254.255.254). Then this network will be

What is an RFC?

Short for Request for Comments, a series of notes about the Internet, started in 1969
(when the Internet was the ARPANET). An Internet Document can be submitted to the
IETF by anyone, but the IETF decides if the document becomes an RFC. Eventually, if it
gains enough interest, it may evolve into an Internet standard.

What is RFC 1918?

RFC 1918, published in 1996, describe the reservation of Private IP address. .

Private networks are
segments of IP address space reserved by IANA for use within an organization. These
addresses can be used by anyone without being officially assigned by a registry or an ISP.
The three most popular blocks among RFC1918 addresses are 192.168/16, 10/8 and
172.16/12. That is 10.0.0.0 – 10.255.25.255, 172.16.0.0 – 172.31.255.255 and
192.168.0.0. – 192.168.255.255 The addresses in these blocks are called "private IP
addresses" in the Internet vernacular.

. What is CIDR?

Classless Inter Domain Routing (CIDR) is a method for assigning IP addresses without
using the standard IP address classes like Class A, Class B or Class C. In CIDR,
depending on the number of hosts present in a network, IP addresses are assigned.
.You have the following Network ID: 192.115.103.64/27. What
is the IP range for your network?

It ranges from 192.115.103.64 - 192.115.103.96

But the usable address are from 192.115.103.64 -

192.115.103.94

192.115.103.95 - it is the broadcast address

192.115.103.96 - will be the ip address of next range

we can use 30 hostes in this network