GLOSSARY.

13C7
of tho light room, which was entirely of stone, was thirty-one feet from the light room
floor to the ball on the top of the spire. The fuel first used for the light was oak, after
which pit coal was introduced
;
but in modern times lamps and reflectors have succeeded
tho last, and the light is now seen at a proper distance.
The attempt to make lighthouses resemble columns is intolerable; they should
possess, according to the different situations, a character peculiar to themselves : hence
the application of a column for the purpose is the worst of abuses. The ISorth Foreland
liglithouse, whose plan is polygonal, would be a good example had the details been pro-
perly attended to in the design.
LiGKTixQ. The quantity of daylight admitted by windows and skylights into an apart-
ment. The superficial area of light may be equal to one-half the area of one wall of
the room, if the room is lighted on one side only, and does not exceed more than one
and one-half times its height in depth. A room more than twice its height in depth,
i.e. in distance back from the side from which it receives the light, cannot be efficiently
lighted from one side only. The aspect of a window makes very considerable difference
in the amount of light, as also the presence of buildings or trees in the vicinity. It
should be remembered that the higher the top of the window is in the room tho better
will be the light at the back of the room. A line at an angle with the wall of
60
from the top of the window to the floor will cut off all the depth than can be freely
lighted. The quantitj- of light admitted by a skylight is considered to bo equal to
about thirty times that by a window thus, if one foot square of vertical light placed
centrally be sufficient for 100 cubic feet of room, one foot of horizontal light will suffice
for upwards of 3,000 cubic feet, as proved by the Pantheon at Eome; see sec/. 2747.
Lightning Conductor. A metal rod fixed to the highest part of a building, carried
down the ftice of it, and into the earth, for the purpose of attracting the fork of li^iht-
ning, and carrying it away from tho other metal-work of the structure. Newall sup-
plies copper rope of
|, ,
and
f
inch diameter, with copper points and fittings. A con-
ductor requires fixing with proper isolators and attachments, to pi event the interruption
of the electric current. Hart and Son supply a sort of wire chain under Spratt's patent.
Lights. A term sometimes used to denote the openings whether of doors, gates, or win-
dows, or unenclosed places, and through which air and light have passage.
Like Akcs. In the projection of the sphere, the parts of lesser circles containing an
equal number of degrees with tho corresponding arcs of greater circles.
Like Figures. In geometry, such as have their angles equal, and the sides about the
equal angles proportional.
Like Solids. Those which are contained under like planes.
Li.wr. (Germ. Leim, glue.) A most useful earth, obtained by exposing chalk, and other
kinds of limestones or carbonates of lime, to a red heat, an operation generdly con-
ducted in kilns constructed for the purpose, by which tlie carbonic acid is expelled,
and lime, more or less pure, according to the original quality of the limestone, remains,
in which state it is called quicklime.
Limekiln. One for the purpose of burning lime. They are constructed in a variety of
ways, to save expense, or to answer to the particular nature of the fuel.
Limestone. A generic term for those varieties of stone containing carbonate of limo,
which are neither crystallised nor earthy, the former being calcareous spar, the latter
chalk. When burned they yield quicklime.
Line. (Lat. Linea.) In geometry, a magnitude having only one dimension, and defined
by Euclid to be that which has length without breadth. The term is also used to
denote a measure of length used formerly in France, namely, the twelfth part of an inch,
or
^
of a foot.
Line of Dieection. In mechanics, the line in which motion is communicated.
Line of Station. Tho intersection of a plane passing though the eye, perpendicular to
the picture, and to the geometrical or primary plane with tho plane itself.
Line,
Geometrical. In perspective, any straight line in the geometrical or primary line.
Line,'
Horizontal. A line parallel to the horizon. In perspective it is tho vanishing
line of horizontal planes.
Line,
Vertical. The intersection of a vertical plane with tho picture passing along tho
station line.
Line,
Visual. A ray of light reflected from tho object to the eye.
Lines of Light and Shade. Those in which the light and shade of a body are sepa-
rated.
Thus, on a curved surface, it is the line determined by a tangent to tho surface
in the
direction of the rays of light.
, ,
. ,
mi. i
Lining
The covering of the surface of any body with another thin substance, i hns the
linin'<^ of a wall is a wooden boarding, whose edges are either rebated or grooved and
tongued.
Lining is distinguished from casmg, the first being a covering in the interior
of a building,
whilst the latter is tho covering of the exterior part of a buildnig.
Lining
out Stuff.
(Participle.) Tho drawing lines on a piece of board or phiuk so as
to cut it into thinner pieces.