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Nonlocality:
Details of sample out of direct current path matter!!
See: Washburn and Webb,
Phys. Today 88
Sample-Specicity:
Nonlocality + Sample Specicity:
%Breakdown of Ohms Law
G = ! W/L
%Look at conductance, not conductivity
Same samples, i.e. with same material
& same fabrication, exhibit discrepancies
in transport properties
Mesoscopic Physics : Novel Anomalous Properties II
Dependence on
sample geometry
From: Ford et al., PRL 89
Anomalous Hall Effect
due to underlying
classical dynamics
Mesoscopic Physics : Novel Anomalous Properties III
Mesoscopic Physics : Novel Anomalous Properties IV
Violation of macroscopic/classical symmetries
E.g. Onsager 31:
G(H)=G(-H)
Dependence on measurement set-up
From: Benoit et al., PRL 86
Mesoscopic Physics : Novel Anomalous Properties IV
Kobayashi et al., J. Phys. Soc. Jpn !02
! !
I I I
I
V V V
V
=
Main Novel Fundamental Effects
in
Quantum Coherent Transport
Quantum Corrections to Transport I:
Weak localization
Coherent Mesoscopic Corrections to Transport I:
Weak Localization
Th. : Gorkov, Larkin, Khmelnitskii, JETP Lett. 79
Abrahams, Anderson, Ramakrishnan, PRL 79
Rev.: Bergmann, Phys. Rep. 83; Lee and Ramakrishnan, RMP 85
QM destructive interferences
induce negative corrections
to Drude conductivity
Expansion in # /l
In 2D :
F
Fig. From : van den Dries et al., PRL 81
Coherent Mesoscopic Corrections to Transport I:
Weak Localization - Quasiclassical Picture
A
B
C
!
Break TRS - magnetic eld
!
Probability to be at C:
P(C) ~ |P+P| =2 |P| (1+cos[2&$/$
0
])
2 2
QM interferences disappear = positive magnetoconductance
$
Weak Localization - Quasiclassical Picture
A
B
C
!
Break TRS - magnetic eld
!
Probability to be at C:
P(C) ~ |P+P| =2 |P| (1+cos[2&$/$
0
])
!
Averaging over loop length/ux distribution
2 2
$
(Chang et al., PRL 94)
(Chan et al., PRL 95)
Trademark of Weak Localization - Magnetoresistance
Quantum Corrections to Transport II:
Universal Conductance Fluctuations
Searching for Aharonov-Bohm
oscillations in ring with L<L but...
...about as much flux piercing the
metal than the inside of the ring
Small ring r=140 nm W=45 nm
$
Conductance fluctuations
~reproducible noise
Larger at lower T
Quantum Corrections to Transport III:
Aharonov-Bohm effects
Sharvin and Sharvin 81
~Aharonov-Bohm oscillations
Magnetoresistance
~Aharonov-Bohm oscillations
Measurement sample
diam ~1m, width ~0.04m
Amplitude of oscillations decreases
with increasing temperature
~decoherence/dephasing
Quantum Corrections to Transport III:
Conductance Quantization
[001]
[100]
[010]
two-dimensional
electron gas
(2DEG)
quantum point contact
(QPC)
Quantization plateaux at
multiples of G
0
=2e
2
/h
Gate voltage ~ tunes width of QPC
van Wees et al./Wharam et al. 88
Quantum Corrections to Transport IV:
Coulomb Blockade
Electrons are vertically
Confined to 2DEG
Electrons are laterally
Confined by gates
Average conductance controlled
by tuning opening of contacts
[001]
[100]
[010]
two-dimensional
electron gas
(2DEG)
What is a quantum dot ?
(Marcus lab.,
Harvard)
(Alhassid, RMP 01)
Coherence vs. Complexity:
The Essence of Mesoscopic
Transport
The two-slit experiment (textbook version)
|'|
2
=|'
1
+'
2
|
2
1
2
The two-slit experiment (non-textbook version)
?
The two-slit experiment (non-textbook version)
Regular cavity
Chaotic cavity
"
IS THIS DECOHERENCE ?
"
DO CHAOTIC / COMPLEX SYSTEMS DECOHERE
WHEREAS REGULAR / INTEGRABLE SYSTEMS
DO NOT ?
NO!
It is multiple random scattering
The two-slit experiment (non-textbook version)
Regular cavity
Chaotic cavity
Despite multiple chaotic scattering
the Gaussian envelope still exhibits
(small) modulations !
A.k.a. weak localization