Rules of Grammer

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EASY ENGLISH GRAMMAR
Easy Way To Learn English Tenses
Tenses >> Present simple
Structure of present simple
I work in a
bank.
I don't (do
not) work in
a bank.
Do you work
in a bank?
He works in a
bank.
He doesn't
(does not)
work in a
bank.
Does he
work in a
bank?
Present simple - common mistakes
Common
mistakes
Correct
version
Why?
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I working in
London.
I work in
London.
The gerund
ing form is
not used in
the present
simple.
He work in
London.
He works in
London.
The third
person he
she it adds
the letter s.
He work in
London?
Does he work
in London?
!uestions "
third person#
does $
sub%e&t $
infiniti'e.
(ll other
persons#
do $ sub%e&t
$ infiniti'e.
)ork he in
London?
Does he work
in London?
He not work
in London.
He doesn't
work in
London.
*egati'es "
third person#
sub%e&t $
doesn't $
infiniti'e.
(ll other
persons#
sub%e&t $
don't $
infiniti'e.
Tenses >> Past simple
Structure of past simple
I saw him
yesterday.
I didn't (did
not) see him
yesterday.
Did you see
him?
Past simple - common mistakes
Common
mistakes
Correct
version
Why?
I was work in
London.
I worked in
London.
In positi'e
senten&es a
helping 'erb
su&h as 'was'
or 'did' is not
used.
He worked in
London?
Did he work
in London?
The helping
'erb 'did' is
used in past
simple
+uestions.
)orked he in
London?
Did he work
in London?
The helping
'erb 'did' is
used in past
simple
+uestions.
Did he wrote
a letter?
Did he write
a letter?
The main
'erb is used
in the
infiniti'e form
in +uestions
and
negati'es.
He didn't
wrote a
letter.
He didn't
write a letter.
The main
'erb is used
in the
infiniti'e form
in +uestions
and
negati'es.
Tenses >> Present perfect tense
Structure of present perfect
I''e (I ha'e)
seen him.
I ha'en't
(ha'e not)
seen him.
Ha'e you
seen him?
He's (he has)
gone.
He hasn't
(has not)
gone.
Has he gone?
Present perfect simple - common
mistakes
Common
mistakes
Correct
version
Why?
,te'en has
wrote a new
book.
,te'en has
written a new
book.
The past
parti&iple of
the 'erb
must be used
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" wrote is
past simple
written is the
past
parti&iple.
Did you ha'e
seen him
before?
Ha'e you
seen him
before?
The helping
'erb 'ha'e' is
used in the
present
perfe&t" it is
in'erted with
the person
(you have
be&omes
have you).
I didn't ha'e
seen him
before.
I ha'en't
seen him
before.
The helping
'erb 'ha'e' is
used in the
present
perfe&t" to
make it
negati'e we
simply add
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not (n't).
I am here
sin&e last
week.
I ha'e been
here sin&e
last week.
The present
perfe&t is
used to show
an a&tion
whi&h
&ontinues to
the present
(an
unfinished
a&tion).
I''e been
knowing him
for - years.
I''e known
him for -
years.
.erbs su&h as
know want
like et&.
(stati'e
'erbs)
suggest
permanent
states not
a&tions so
are used in
the simple
form */T
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the "ing form.
Tenses >> Past perfect tense
Structure of past perfect
I'd (I had)
seen him.
0ou hadn't
(had not)
seen him.
Had you seen
him?
Past perfect - common mistakes
Common
mistakes
Correct
version
Why?
I didn't been
to London.
I hadn't been
to London.
The helping
'erb had 1
hadn't is used
in the past
perfe&t.
)hen I saw
him I
noti&ed that
)hen I saw
him I noti&ed
that he had
The a&tion
(hair&ut)
whi&h
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he had a
hair&ut.
had a
hair&ut.
happened
before
another past
a&tion must
be put into
the past
perfe&t to
make the
time order
&lear to the
listener.
He told me
has been to
London.
He told me
he had been
to London.
His original
words were#
''I ha'e been
to London.''
Howe'er in
reported
spee&h we
mo'e the
tense ba&k "
present
perfe&t (have
been)
be&omes past
perfe&t (had
been).
Tenses >> Future simple tense
Structure of future simple
I'll (I will) be
there
tomorrow.
I won't (will
not) be there
tomorrow.

)ill you be
there
tomorrow?
Future simple - common mistakes
Common
mistakes
Correct
version
Why?
" The phone's
ringing.
" /2 I'm
going to
answer it.
/k "I'll
answer it.
If the a&tion
is de&ided at
the moment
of speaking
we use will /
will not
(wont!"
I'm sure he is
going to help
you.
I'm sure he
will help you.
)hen we say
what we think
or e3pe&t we
use will
(wont!"
I promise I'm
going to
help.
I promise I'll
help.
(fter promise
we usually
use will"
I'll &all you
when I'll
&ome to my
offi&e.
I'll &all you
when I &ome
to my offi&e.
)hen we
refer to the
future in
ad'erbial
&lauses we
normally use
present
simple (after
when as
soon as,
until).
If you will
gi'e me your
address I'll
If you gi'e
me your
address I'll
)hen we
refer to the
future in
send you a
post&ard.
send you a
post&ard.
&onditional
&lauses we
normally use
the present
simple.
I &an't see
you ne3t
week. I will
return to
4aris.
I &an't see
you ne3t
week. I am
returning1am
going to
return to
4aris.
To show that
the de&ision
was made in
the past we
use the
present
&ontinuous or
the 'going to'
future.
Tenses >> #oin$ to future tense
Structure of $oin$ to future
I'm (I am)
going to take
my holidays
in (ugust.
I'm (I am)
not going to
take a
holiday this
year.
(re you going
to take a
holiday?
He's (he is)
going to
wat&h T. this
e'ening.
He isn't (is
not) going to
wat&h T. this
e'ening.
Is he going to
wat&h T. this
e'ening?
$oin$ to for future- common
mistakes
Common
mistakes
Correct
version
Why?
0ou know
that I'll buy a
0ou know
that I am
)e use $oin$
to for a
new &ar
don't you?
going to buy
a new &ar
don't you?
future a&tion
that has been
de&ided
before the
time of
speaking.
Look5 0ou will
drop your
books.
Look5 0ou are
going to drop
your books.
)e use $oin$
to if we see
(and are
sure) that the
a&tion will
happen.
Tenses >> Future perfect simple
tense
Structure of future perfect simple
The film will
ha'e started
by the time
we get there.
The film will
not (won't)
ha'e started
by the time
we get there.
Will the film
have started
by the time
we get there?
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Tenses >> Present continuous
Structure of present continuous
I'm (I am)
reading a
book.
I'm (I am)
not
reading.
(re you
reading?
He's (he is)
reading a
book.
He is not (he's
not1he isn't)
reading a
book.
Is he
reading a
book?
Present continuous - common
mistakes
Common
mistakes
Correct
version
Why?
They still
waiting for
They are still
waiting for
to form a
&ontinuous
you. you.
tense we use
%e & -in$"
They are still
waiting for
you?
(re they still
waiting for
you? In +uestions
the sub%e&t
(they) and
the au3iliary
'erb (be)
&hange
pla&es.
Do they still
waiting for
you?
(re they still
waiting for
you?
)here they
are waiting
for you?
)here are
they waiting
for you?
,he doesn't
wat&hing T..
,he isn't
wat&hing T..
To form the
negati'e we
put not after
the 'erb %e
(am not is
not 6 isn't
are not 6
aren't).
I'm belie'ing I belie'e you. ,ome 'erbs
you.
are not used
in &ontinuous
tenses "
these are
&alled stati'e
'erbs (e.g.
believe,
come from,
cost, depend,
exist, feel,
hate, like).
Tenses >> Past continuous
Structure of past continuous
I was
reading a
book.
I wasn't (was not)
reading.
)as I
reading?
0ou were
reading a
book.
0ou weren't (were not)
reading a book.
)ere
you
reading
a book?
Past continuous - common mistakes
Common
mistakes
Correct
version
Why?
I waiting for
him almost
two hours.
I was waiting
for him
almost two
hours.
To form the
past
&ontinuous
we use
was/were &
in$"
)hat did he
doing when
you saw him?
)hat was he
doing when
you saw him?
)e were
playing
tennis e'ery
morning.
)e played
tennis e'ery
morning.
)e use the
past simple
for repeated
a&tions in the
past.
They wat&hed
T. when I
&ame.
They were
wat&hing T.
when I &ame.
)e use the
past
&ontinuous
when we
want to say
what was
happening
(what was in
progress) at
a parti&ular
time in the
past.
Tenses >> Present perfect continuous
tense (present perfect
pro$ressive!
Structure of present perfect
continuous
They''e
(They ha'e)
been li'ing in
this flat for
more than
fi'e years.
Ha'e they
been li'ing
here for a
long time?
They ha'en't
(ha'e not)
been li'ing in
this flat for
'ery long.
Present perfect continuous - common
mistakes
Common
mistakes
Correct
version
Why?
It has been
rain hea'ily
It has been
raining
The stru&ture
of present
all day.
hea'ily all
day.
perfe&t
&ontinuous is
have/has
%een -in$"
I ha'e sat
here for two
hours.
I ha'e been
sitting here
for two
hours.
.erbs su&h as
sit wait
speak et&.
(non"stati'e
'erbs)
suggest
&ontinuity
and so are
mostly used
in the
&ontinuous ("
ing) form.
)hi&h?
I ha'e worked here for fi'e
years.
I ha'e been working here
for - years.
)hen 7/TH
the simple
and
&ontinuous
form are
possible
nati'e
speakers
prefer to use
the
&ontinuous.
Tenses >> Past perfect continuous
tense
Structure of past perfect continuous
I'd (I had)
been working
hard.
I hadn't (had
not) been
working hard.
Had you been
working
hard?
Past perfect continuous - common
mistakes
Common
mistakes
Correct
version
Why?
I had working
hard so I felt
'ery tired.
I had been
working hard
so I felt 'ery
tired.
The form of
the past
perfe&t
&ontinuous is
ha' & %een
& ver%-in$.
I had been
worked hard
so I felt 'ery
tired.
I had been
hearing the
song many
times before.
I had heard
the song
many times
before.
,ome 'erbs
are not
normally
used in the
&ontinuous
form e.g.
stati'e 'erbs
su&h as
know like
understand
believe hear
et&.
Tenses >> Future simple continuous
(pro$ressive! tense
Structure of future simple continuous
I'll (I will) be
waiting there
at fi'e
o'&lo&k.
I won't (will
not) be
waiting there
at fi'e
o'&lo&k.
)ill you be
waiting there
at fi'e
o'&lo&k?
Tenses >> Present tenses use' for
the future
Present tenses use' for the future
)e use the present
simple when we
talk about timetables
and programmes.
The train leaves at
12!!
What time does the
film begin?
)e use the present "'m going to the
continuous when
we talk about things
we ha'e already
arranged to do.
cinema this evening
"'m not working
tomorrow
Tenses >> Future perfect continuous
(pro$ressive! tense
Structure of future perfect continuous
*e3t year I'll
(I will) ha'e
been working
in the
&ompany for
89 years
*e3t year I
won't (will
not) ha'e
been working
in the
&ompany for
89 years
)ill you ha'e
been working
in the
&ompany for
89 years ne3t
year?
Con'itionals >> (ero con'itional
sentences
Structure of )ero con'itional
If1when you
heat water to
899 degrees
it boils.
If1when you
don't heat
water to 899
degrees it
doesn't boil.
)hat
happens
if1when you
heat water to
899 degrees?
(ero con'itional - common mistakes
Common
mistakes
Correct
version
Why?
If1when you
eat too
mu&h you
will get fat.
)ater boils
when it will
If1when you
eat too
mu&h you
get fat.
)ater boils
when it
)e use the
present
simple in
both &lauses
and it means
that the
rea&h 899:;.
rea&hes
899:;.
&ondition &an
be true at
any time
(it is a fa&t).
"f means the
same as
when in a
<ero
&onditional
senten&e.
Con'itionals >> First con'itional
Structure of first con'itional
If I see him
I'll (I will) tell
him.
If you don't
hurry you'll
miss the bus.
)hat will you
do if there is
a problem?
First con'itional - common mistakes
Common
mistakes
Correct
version
Why?
If you will go
to =ngland
you will
impro'e your
=nglish.
If you go to
=ngland you
will impro'e
your =nglish.
)e use
present
simple in the
if"&lause.
If I find his
address I
send him the
If I find his
address I
will send him
The main
&lause has
will* whi&h
letter. the letter.
e3presses
&ertainty in
the future.
I'll tell him as
soon as I will
see him.
I'll tell him as
soon as I see
him.
)e use
present
simple in the
if"&lause.
Con'itionals >> Secon' con'itional
Structure of secon' con'itional
If I had more
time I'd (I
would) tra'el
more.
I wouldn't
(would not)
refuse if you
offered me
>89999.
)hat would
you say if you
met !ueen
=li<abeth?
Secon' con'itional - common
mistakes
Common
mistakes
Correct
version
Why?
If I would
ha'e enough
money I
would buy a
new
&omputer.
If I had
enough
money I
would buy a
new
&omputer.
)e use the
past simple
(" had) in the
if"&lause
when we are
talking about
something
whi&h is
unlikely to
happen or an
imaginary
situation.
If you didn't
hurry so
mu&h you
will feel more
rela3ed.
If you didn't
hurry so
mu&h you
would feel
more
rela3ed.
The main
&lause has
woul' &
infinitive"
Con'itionals >> Thir' con'itional
Structure of thir' con'itional
If I'd (I had)
known you
were &oming
I would''e
(would ha'e)
waited for
you.
If she hadn't
been ill she
would ha'e
gone to the
&inema.
)ould you
ha'e done it
if you'd (you
had) known
earlier?
Thir' con'itional - common mistakes
Common
mistakes
Correct
version
Why?
If I would
ha'e asked
him he
would ha'e
helped me.
If I had
asked him
he would
ha'e helped
me.
In the if"
&lause we use
the past
perfe&t (ha'
$ past
participle).
If you had
spoken to my
mother she
would tell
you where I
was.
If you had
spoken to my
mother she
would ha'e
told you
where I was.
The main
&lause has
woul' &
have & past
participle"
+er% structures >> +er% & %are
infinitive
+er% & %are infinitive
The %are infinitive
(infiniti'e without
'to') is used after
&ertain 'erbs whi&h
are followed by an
ob%e&t# let, make,
see, hear, feel
#y parents didn't let
me watch T$ at
night
%id you see anyone
enter the building
&e made me laugh
The %are infinitive
is used after modal
'erbs can, should,
could, might, may,
et&.
&e can't sing
"t might be a good
idea
+er% structures >> +er% & -in$
($erun'!
+er% & -in$
The $erun' form ("
ing) is used after
&ertain 'erbs# avoid,
admit, can't stand,
deny, dislike, en'oy,
hate, like, love,
mind, practise
" enjoy going to the
cinema
" don't like living in
a city
The $erun' form ("
ing) is used after
ver% &
preposition# insist
on, look forward to,
et&.
"'m looking forward
to seeing you
&e insisted on
seeing the shop
manager
+er% structures >> +er% & to &
infinitive
+er% & to infinitive
To infinitive is
used after su&h
" have decided to
lend him the car
'erbs as# agree,
arrange, decide,
offer, seem, plan,
want, need,
promise, hope,
refuse, start, stop
&e offered to help
me
&e promised not
say anything
To infinitive is
used after &ertain
'erbs whi&h are
followed by an
ob%e&t# ask, tell,
want, need
&e asked me to go
there with him
(he told me to
help her
+er% structures >> +er% & o%,ect &
to-infinitive structure
+er% & o%,ect & to-infinitive structure
(fter some 'erbs we
need to in&lude an
ob%e&t before to-
infinitive.
They considered
him to be the best
person for the
position
,ome of these 'erbs
are# advise, ask,
allow, expect,
encourage, force,
help, invite, order,
persuade, teach,
tell
(he asked me to
give her some
advice
" told my assistant
to send the letter
Modal verbs
-o'al ver%s >> -o'al ver%s an' their
ne$atives
-o'al ver%s an' their ne$atives
positi'e negati'e
must (used for a
personal opinion)
&e must be cra)y
cant
&e can't be cra)y
must / have to /
has to (used for
obligation)
*ou must arrive by
'ont have to /
nee'nt 6
something is not
ne&essary
+ o'clock
*ou have to arrive
by + o'clock
*ou don't have to
arrive by + o'clock
*ou needn't arrive
by + o'clock
can (used for
ability)
" can play the
guitar
cant / cannot
" can't play the
guitar
can (used for
possibility)
*ou can smoke
here
cant / cannot /
mustnt
*ou can't smoke
here
*ou mustn't smoke
here

-o'al ver%s >> -o'al ver%s in the
past
-o'al ver%s in the past
present past
should be should ha'e been
&ould be &ould ha'e been
will be would be
may be may ha'e been
might be might ha'e been
would be would ha'e been
-o'al ver%s >> Shoul' (to e.press
o%li$ation!
Shoul' - to e.press o%li$ation
,tru&ture# should $
infiniti'e
)e use shoul' for
the present and the
future.
)e use shoul' to
gi'e ad'i&e to
someone and to say
that something is a
good idea.
Shoul' is weaker
than have to or
must"
*ou should tell
them the truth
*ou shouldn't
smoke, it's bad for
you
" don't think you
should do it
-o'al ver%s >> Shoul' have (to
e.press past o%li$ation!
Shoul' have - to e.press unfulfille'
past o%li$ation
,tru&ture# should $
ha'e $ past
parti&iple
)e use shoul'
have for the past.
)e use shoul'
have to say that
someone didn't do
something but it
would ha'e been
better to do it.
*ou should have
told them the truth
*ou shouldn't have
gone there , it was
a mistake
" don't think you
should have done
it
-o'al ver%s >> -ust / have to
-ust / have to
present past
I must go. 1 I ha'e
to go.
(when we want to
e3press obligation)
" had to go
He must be here.
It must be great.
(when we want to
e3press a personal
opinion)
&e must have been
here
"t must have been
great
-o'al ver%s >> Present pro%a%ility -
must / cant / may / mi$ht /
coul'
-ust / cant - to e.press pro%a%ility
,tru&ture# modal $ infiniti'e without to
must be must ha'e &an't go et&.
)e use must to
e3press that we feel
sure that something
is true.
They are really
good, they must
win
They must be very
rich -ook at the
house
)e use cant to say
we are sure that
something is
impossible.
(he can't be ill "'ve
'ust seen her in the
shop and she looked
fine
"t can't be true "
don't believe it
-ay / mi$ht / coul' - to e.press
pro%a%ility
,tru&ture# modal $ infiniti'e without to
may be might do &ould go et&.
)e use may or
coul' or mi$ht to
say that it is possible
that something will
happen or is
happening.
They may be
arriving tomorrow
&e might be away
on holiday
&e could be away
on holiday
&e might be offered
the 'ob
The negati'e of may
is may not"
The negati'e of
mi$ht is mi$ht not"
They both mean that
it is possible that
something will not
happen or is not
happening.
&e might not be
offered the 'ob
I may not pass the
exam
" might not go to
the match
tomorrow
)e D/ */T use
coul' not to
e3press probability.
-o'al ver%s >> Past pro%a%ility -
must have / cant have / mi$ht
have / may have
-ust / cant / coul'nt have - to
e.press pro%a%ility in the past
,tru&ture# modal $ ha'e $ past parti&iple
must ha'e been &an't ha'e gone et&.
)e use must have
to e3press that we
feel sure that
something was true.
They must have
left early
&e must have
already gone
)e use cant have 1
coul'nt have to
say that we belie'e
something was
impossible.
&e can't have
escaped through
this window "t is too
small
(he can't have
said that
(he couldn't have
said that
-ay / mi$ht / coul' have - to e.press
pro%a%ility in the past
,tru&ture# modal $ ha'e $ past parti&iple
may ha'e been &ould ha'e gone might
ha'e lost et&.
)e use may /
coul' / mi$ht
have to say that it
was possible that
something happened
in the past (but we
are not 899? sure).
&e may have
missed the bus
The road might
have been blocked
The negati'es are
may not have and
mi$ht not have"
&e may not have
left yet
The assistant might
not have received
his message
Prepositions
Prepositions >> Prepositions of place
Prepositions of place
I* /* (T
inside an
area or spa&e
in the city, in
the sky, in
bed
in &onta&t
with a
surfa&e
on the wall,
on the table
&lose to
at the table,
at the bus
stop

on a line
on the river,
on the
e.uator
before nouns
referring to a
pla&e or
position
at the top, at
the front, at
the end
but in the
middle
arri'e in a
&ity
arrive in
-ondon, in
/msterdam

arri'e at a
small pla&e
arrive at the
station, at
the meeting

when
e3pressing
'towards'
point at
something,
smile at
someone
Prepositions >> Prepositions of time
Prepositions of time
I* /* (T
years (in
100+)
days of the
week (on
Thursday)
hours of the
&lo&k (at
12!)
months (in
3anuary)
dates (on 4
/ugust)
religious
festi'als (at
5aster)
seasons (in
summer)
on #onday
morning
points in time
(at the end
of the week)
parts of the
day (in the
afternoon in
the morning
7@T at night)

Prepositions of time (during, for,
over, or, by, until!
)e use 'urin$ to
talk about something
that happens within
a parti&ular period of
time to say when
something takes
pla&e.
)e use 'urin$ to
that happens within
the same time as
another e'ent.
During my time in
-ondon " visited a
lot of interesting
places
&e came to work
during the morning
meeting
)e use over or in to
that has been
happening
&ontinuously up until
We've had a lot of
problems over 6 in
the last few months
We expect a rise in
sales over 6 in the
the present or will
happen &ontinuously
next few months
)e use for to say
how long something
&ontinues.
" can only come for
a few minutes
" was waiting for
him for two hours
)e use %y to say
that something will
happen or be
a&hie'ed before a
parti&ular time.
"t has to be finished
by two o'clock
&e should return by
the end of #arch
)e use until to say
that something will
&ontinue up to a
parti&ular time.
We have to stay
here until he
comes
The concert went on
until eleven o'clock
Prepositions >> /.amples of some
prepositional ver%s
Prepositional ver%s
to agree to
something
to a&&ept
" don't think he will
ever agree to such a
plan
to apologise for
something
to say you are sorry
for something
" apologi)e for not
replying to your
letter sooner
to apply for
something
to formally ask
someone for
something su&h as a
%ob or permission to
do something
Why didn't you
apply for a bank
loan?
to &omplain to
somebody about
something1somebody
to say you are
annoyed about
something
"f the service is not
satisfactory, you
should complain to
the customer
service about it
to &onform to
something
to be in a&&ordan&e
with something
This signal system
doesn't conform to
the official safety
standards
to &onsist of
something
to mention all of the
things that
something &ontains
The delegation
consists of over 2!!
people, including
interpreters and
'ournalists
to hear from
somebody
when someone
espe&ially someone
you know well
writes to you or
telephones you
When was the last
time you heard from
him?
to insist on
something
to say that
something must
happen or
somebody must do
something
" insist on speaking
to the head of the
office
to refer to something to talk about
somebody or
something in a
&on'ersation
spee&h or a pie&e of
writing
5veryone knows
http://www.allonlinefree.com # of 129
who she was
referring to in her
speech
Prepositions >> Prepositions after
a',ectives (0!
Prepositions after a',ectives
afraid of something
afraid of doing
something
(he is afraid of
driving on
motorways
/re you afraid of the
dark?
angry a%out
something
angry with
somebody
" am really angry
about what she did
Why did she do it? "
am really angry with
her
&on&erned a%out
something
"'m concerned about
his exam results
pleased with
someone 1
something
" was very pleased
with his
performance
sorry a%out Was she sorry about
something
sorry for doing
something
the mistake?
"'m sorry for being
late
good at something
&e is good at
languages
Prepositions >> Prepositions after
a',ectives (1!
Prepositions after a',ectives
(un)aware of
something
"s he aware of the
problem?
dependent on
something
(he is still
dependent on her
parents
famous for
something
&e is famous for his
sporting
achievements
impressed %y/with
something
" was very
impressed by his
performance
similar to something
&is interests are
similar to those of
his brother
upset a%out
something
" was really upset
about it
2',ectives / a'ver%s
2',ectives / a'ver%s >> 3se of
a',ectives
2',ectives
)e use an ad%e&ti'e
to des&ribe the
+ualities of people
things pla&es et&.
7an you see the
young woman at
the end of the
street?
)e use an ad%e&ti'e
(not an ad'erb) after
'linking' 'erbs su&h
as be, become, feel,
seem, smell, sound,
look, et&.
"t looks interesting.
&is ideas are
interesting
)e use an ad%e&ti'e
to des&ribe the
ob%e&t.
&is answer made his
boss angry
2',ectives - common mistakes
Common
mistakes
Correct
version
Why?
,he was too
frighten to
say a word.
,he was too
frightened to
say a word.
Aany
ad%e&ti'es are
parti&iple
forms of
'erbs.
The -e' form
des&ribes
how someone
feels (bored).
The -in$
form
des&ribes the
person or
thing that
&auses the
feeling
(boring).
I am 'ery
interesting in
this problem.
I am 'ery
interested in
this problem.
It was a
bored film.
It was a
boring film.
The &amera
works
The &amera
works
)e use
ad'erbs to
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perfe&t. perfe&tly.
say how we
do
something.
,he married
a Berman
young tall
lawyer.
,he married
a tall young
Berman
lawyer.
(d%e&ti'es
normally go
in the
following
se+uen&e#
si)e-a$e-
shape-
colour-
ori$in-
material-
purpose"
2',ectives / a'ver%s >> 3se of
a'ver%s
2'ver%s
)e use an ad'erb to
say how an a&tion is
performed.
&e speaks 5nglish
fluently
(he answered
correctly
)e use an ad'erb to
add information
about the
time1pla&e1manner.
&ow long have you
lived here?
)e &an use an
ad'erb to add
information to an
ad%e&ti'e.
(he was extremely
happy to see him
again
" really hate
travelling by train
Forms of a'ver%s
The ma%ority of
ad'erbs are formed
by adding ly to an
ad%e&ti'e.
There are some
e3&eptions "
irregular ad'erbs.
nicely, .uickly,
beautifully, happily,
economically
If the ad%e&ti'e ends
in ic we add ally"
basic , basically,
dramatic ,
dramatically
,ome ad'erbs ha'e
the same form as
ad%e&ti'es.
fast, daily, late,
early, hard
2'ver%s - common mistakes
Common
mistakes
Correct
version
Why?
The &amera
works
perfe&t.
The &amera
works
perfe&tly.
)e use an
ad'erb
(perfect "
ad%e&ti'e
perfectly "
ad'erb) when
we want to
say how we
do
something.
Did you work
hardly today?
Did you work
hard today?
,ee the list of
irregular
ad'erbs.
,he beha'ed
rather silly.
Her
beha'iour
was silly.
,ome words
ending in "ly
are ad%e&ti'es
http://www.allonlinefree.com !# of 129
,he beha'ed
rather
stupidly.
(friendly
likely lonely
ugly) and
&annot be
used as
ad'erbs.
His answer
sounded
&orre&tly.
He looks
happily
His answer
sounded
&orre&t.
He looks
happy.
(fter 'linking'
'erbs we use
ad%e&ti'es not
ad'erbs.
2',ectives / a'ver%s >> 2'ver%s of
fre4uency
Wor' or'er - a'ver%s of fre4uency
(n ad'erb of
fre+uen&y &an go#
before the main 'erb
&e always goes to
work by bus
They never go on
holiday in winter
after the 'erb be 3ohn is often absent
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from lessons
They were usually
on time
after modal 'erbs
should can could
et&.
*ou should always
turn the electricity
off
#y boss can never
remember my
name
(ometimes and
occasionally &an go
in the front middle
or end position in
the senten&e.
Sometimes she is
late
(he is sometimes
late
(he is late
sometimes
2',ectives / a'ver%s >>
Comparatives an' superlatives of
a',ectives
Comparative an' superlative of a',ectives
2',ective Comparative Superlative
/ne"
syllable
ad%e&ti'es

old
long
older
longer
the oldest
the longest
(d%e&ti'es
ending in
one 'owel
and one
&onsonant
big
hot
big$er
hotter
the big$est
the hottest
(d%e&ti'es
ending in
"y
ugly
noisy
uglier
noisier
the ugliest
the noisiest
(d%e&ti'es
with two
e3pensi'e
beautiful
more
e3pensi'e
the most
e3pensi'e
or more
syllables
more
beautiful
the most
beautiful
/.ceptions
good better the best
bad worse the worst
far farther1further
the
farthest1furthest
2',ectives / a'ver%s >> 5rre$ular
a'ver%s
5rre$ular a'ver%s
Aost ad'erbs are formed by adding -ly to
an ad%e&ti'e (e.g. slow " slowly). Howe'er
there are some irregular ad'erbs.
a',ective a'ver%
good well
fast fast
hard hard
late late
early early
daily daily
6eporte' speech
6eporte' speech >> Structure of
reporte' speech
Structures of reporte' speech
dire&t spee&h
reported spee&h
(he said, 8"t is
better to wait8
(he said 9that: it
was better to wait
dire&t spee&h
reported spee&h
&e said, 8" have
never been to
(pain8
&e said 9that: he
had never been to
(pain
6eporte' speech >> Structure of
reporte' 4uestions
Structures of reporte' 4uestions
dire&t spee&h
reported +uestion
(he asked, 8Is it
better to wait?8
(he asked if it was
better to wait
dire&t spee&h
reported +uestion
&e asked, 8ave
you been to
(pain?8
&e asked if I had
been to (pain
6eporte' 4uestions - common
mistakes
Common
mistakes
Correct
version
Why?
,he asked ,he asked The word
http://www.allonlinefree.com !! of 129
me why did I
work so
mu&h.
me why I
worked so
mu&h.
order in
reported
+uestions is#
,@7C=;T $
.=D7.
,he asked
me it was
raining.
,he asked
me if it was
raining.
0es1no
+uestions
(&losed
+uestions)
begin with if
when they
be&ome
reported
+uestions.
,he asked
me if I ha'e
been to
7ristol?
,he asked
me if I had
been to
7ristol.
If the
reporting
'erb (in this
&ase ask) is
in the past
tense the
tenses used
in the original
senten&e
,he asked
me what I do
for a li'ing.
,he asked
me what I
did for a
li'ing.
http://www.allonlinefree.com !" of 129
ha'e to be
&hanged#
" am
be&omes "
was
" can
Questions
7uestions >> Formin$ 4uestions
Structures of 4uestions
If there is an
au3iliary (helping)
'erb (be, have, can,
will, et&.) we put it
%efore the su%,ect
(he, she, ", et&.)
Is anybody in the
office?
ave you ever
visited -ondon?
What time !ill they
be here?
If there is no
au3iliary (helping)
'erb we put do,
does or did %efore
the su%,ect"
Do you know my
older brother?
Did he come in
time?
)e put wh" words
(when, where, why,
who, how, et&.) at
the beginning of the
+uestion.
&ow long have you
been waiting for me?
Where is their
office?
Which colour do you
like best?
http://www.allonlinefree.com "# of 129
)e don't use do,
does or did when we
use what, which,
who or whose as the
sub%e&t.
What happened to
you?
Who told you about
it?
http://www.allonlinefree.com "1 of 129
7uestions - common mistakes
Common
mistakes
Correct
version
Why?
)hat meant
you by saying
that?
)hat did you
mean by
saying that?
If there is no
au3iliary
(helping)
'erb we put
do, does or
did %efore
the su%,ect"
0ou like this
film?
Do you like
this film?
)here you
are going this
afternoon?
)here are
you going
this
afternoon?
)e put an
au3iliary 'erb
before the
sub%e&t.
0ou did read
the letter?
Did you read
the letter?
)ho did gi'e
you the
)ho ga'e
you the
)e don't use
do, does or
information? information?
did when we
use what,
which, who
or whose as
the sub%e&t.
Does he
knows your
sister?
Does he
know your
sister?
)hen there is
an au3iliary
'erb the
main 'erb is
in the
infiniti'e
form.
)here will
she studies?
)here will
she study?
;an you tell
me where
&an I buy a
good
&amera?
;an you tell
me where I
&an buy a
good
&amera?
)ord order in
indire&t
+uestion is
the same as
in a normal
senten&e#
,@7C=;T $
.=D7 $...
7uestions >> Formin$ in'irect
4uestions
Structures of in'irect 4uestions
)ord order in indire&t +uestion is the same
as in a normal senten&e#
,@7C=;T $ .=D7 $ ...
8irect 4uestion 5n'irect 4uestion
)here can 5 %uy
ink for the printer?
;an you tell me
where 5 can %uy ink
for the printer?
Why 'o you want
to work for our
&ompany?
He asked me why 5
wante' to work for
their &ompany.
)hat is the
num%er of the last
in'oi&e?
I am &alling to ask
you what the
num%er of the last
in'oi&e is.
How mu&h 'i' it Do you know how
cost? mu&h it cost?
How 'i' it happen?
Did she tell you how
it happene'?
+arious $rammar rules >> 2ll* the
whole
2ll
2ll (of! we use to
e3press total
number or amount
of something
all (of) my friends
all (of) the time
/ll 9of: my friends
visited me in the
hospital
2ll (of! we usually
use with
un&ountable nouns
all (of) the money
all (of) the oil
(he has spent all
9of: the money on
cosmetics
2ll of we usually use
with personal
pronouns it, them,
et&.
all of them all of it
&ave you invited all
of them?
2ll is usually pla&ed
after the personal
pronoun we, they,
we all they all
We all en'oyed the
concert
them, us
The whole
)e usually use The
whole (of) with
singular &ountable
nouns.
The &an be repla&ed
by a possessi'e
pronoun our, my
et&.
the whole meeting
my whole life
(he lived in the
same house her
whole life
2ll or the whole
2ll or the whole
&an be used with
time e3pressions
all day 1 the whole
day
all morning 1 the
whole morning
http://www.allonlinefree.com "! of 129
+arious $rammar rules >> 2lrea'y*
yet
2lrea'y* yet
)e use alrea'y to
say that something
happened sooner
than e3pe&ted.
" am sorry, she has
already gone home
The film has
already started
(he's only four years
old and she is
already reading
2lrea'y usually
&omes before the
main 'erb or
between an au3iliary
or modal 'erb and
the main 'erb.
)e use yet in
+uestions or
negati'e statements
to talk about things
that we e3pe&ted to
happen before now.
&ave you finished
the work yet?
" haven't seen the
film yet
"# &ave you met
him? $# ;ot yet
http://www.allonlinefree.com "" of 129
9et usually &omes at
the end of the
senten&e.
)e usually use the present perfe&t with
alrea'y and yet"
+arious $rammar rules >> :e use' to*
$et use' to* use' to
:e use' to
:e use' to & noun
phrase or ver%-in$
(in this pattern use'
is an ad%e&ti'e and
to is a preposition).
" am used to
getting up early in
the morning " don't
mind it
&e didn't complain
about the noise
nextdoor , he was
used to it
If you are use' to
something you ha'e
often done or
e3perien&ed it so
it's not strange new
or diffi&ult for you.
The opposite of %e
use' to is %e not
use' to"
" am not used to
the new system yet
#et use' to
#et use' to &
noun phrase or
ver%-in$ (in this
pattern use' is an
ad%e&ti'e and to is a
preposition).
" got used to
getting up early in
the morning
/fter a while he
didn't mind the
noise in the office ,
he got used to it.
If you $et use' to
something you
be&ome a&&ustomed
to it.
It is the pro&ess of
be&oming used to
something.
3se' to
3se' to & ver% refers
to a state or habit in
We used to live
there when " was
the past.
It is used only in the
past simple. a child
" used to walk
to work everyday
when " was
younger
If you use' to 'o
something you did it
for a period of time in
the past but you don't
do it any more.
The form of the
+uestion is 'i'(nt!
&su%,ect&use to %e"
The form of the
negati'e is
'i'nt use to %e"
Did%n't& he use
to work in your
office?
We didn't use to
be vegetarians
+arious $rammar rules >> 2lthou$h*
even thou$h
Con,unctions - althou$h* even thou$h
)e use althou$h to
make the main
statement surprising
or unlikely.
"lthough he is
much older than the
others, he won the
race
/ven thou$h is the
same as 'espite
the fact that"
" en'oyed the race,
even though my
results weren't very
good
+arious $rammar rules >> /ver*
never
/ver* never
/ver 6 'at any
time'E it is the
opposite of never
)e generally use
ever in +uestions.
"t was the best wine
" have ever tested
&ave you ever been
to <aris?
/ver goes
immediately before
the main 'erb.
;ever 6 'at no time'
&e has never visited
me
"'ll never forget how
kind he has been
;ever goes
immediately before
the main 'erb.
)e usually use the present perfe&t with
ever and never
+arious $rammar rules >> <ust
<ust
<ust means a short
time ago.
" have just seen
him in the corridor
" had just finished it
when he came
+arious $rammar rules >> Structure
of phrasal ver%s
Structure of phrasal ver%s
( phrasal
'erb &an be
made up of#

a 'erb $
ad'erb
throw away
a 'erb $
preposition
look into
a 'erb $
ad'erb $
preposition
put up with
+arious $rammar rules >> 6elative
clauses
6elative clauses
8efinin$ relati'e
&lauses are used to
spe&ify whi&h person
" have a friend who
speaks five
languages
or thing we mean.
)e don't put
&ommas between
the noun and a
defining relati'e
&lause.
Who or that are
used for people.
Which or that are
used for things.
" have a friend that
speaks five
languages
(he showed me the
coat which she had
bought
(he showed me the
coat that she had
bought
;on-'efinin$
relati'e &lauses
(e3tra information
&lauses) are used to
add e3tra
information whi&h is
not ne&essary. )e
put &ommas
between the noun
and a non"defining
relati'e &lause.
Who is used for
people.
Which is used for
#r =ry, who speaks
five languages,
works as a translator
for the 5>
The area, which has
very high
unemployment, is in
the north of the
country
things.
6elative clauses - common mistakes
Common
mistakes
Correct
version
Why?
The man who
was sitting
ne3t to me
he had a
brown %a&ket.
The man who
was sitting
ne3t to me
had a brown
%a&ket.
(fter a
relati'e
&lause we do
not repeat
the sub%e&t.
The book
what I
bought was
by =dward
Lear.
The book that
I bought was
by =dward
Lear.
/nly that or
which are
possible not
what
He lent me
the book
whi&h I found
He lent me
the book
whi&h I found
( relati'e
&lause &an
ha'e only
it 'ery useful. 'ery useful.
one dire&t
ob%e&t.
The winner
that was F-
will re&ei'e
>8F999.
The winner
who was F-
will re&ei'e
>8F999.
That &annot
be used in a
non"defining
(e3tra
information)
&lause.
/ur offi&e is
about two
kilometres
from the
&entre whi&h
I share with
my two
&olleagues.
/ur offi&e
whi&h I share
with my two
&ollegues is
about two
kilometres
from the &ity
&entre.
( relati'e
&lause follows
the noun to
whi&h it
refers"
+arious $rammar rules >> Some* any
Some
Some# a pen, some pens
is used with the
plural form of
nouns and with
un&ountable nouns
some water
9uncountable:
is used in positi'e
senten&es
There is some milk
in the fridge
" did some
exercises
is used in offers
Would you like
some tea?
is used in re+uests
7ould you give me
some tea, please?
2ny
2ny=
is used with the
plural form of
nouns and with
un&ountable nouns
a pen, any pens
any water
9uncountable:
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is used in +uestions
"s there any milk in
the fridge?
is used in negati'e
senten&es
There isn't any milk
in the fridge
+arious $rammar rules >> 7uestion
ta$s / ta$ 4uestions
Ta$ 4uestions
( tag +uestion is a +uestion whi&h we add
to the end of a statement be&ause we
would like to get an answer to our
statement.
The tag &ontains a sub%e&t pronoun (it,
he, she, et&.) whi&h mat&hes the sub%e&t
of the statement and a 'erb whi&h
mat&hes the 'erb in the statement.
If the statement is positive the tag is
ne$ative.
If the statement is ne$ative the tag is
positive.
http://www.allonlinefree.com 1#1 of 129
It's 'ery ni&e
weather today isnt
it?
It isn't a 'ery ni&e
weather today is
it?
,he &an speak
=nglish cant she?
,he &an't speak
=nglish can she?
0ou ha'e finished
the work havent
you?
0ou ha'en't finished
the work have
you?
He will arri'e on
time wont he?
He won't arri'e on
time will he?
0ou know him
'ont you?
0ou don't know him
'o you?
He earned a lot of
money 'i'nt he?
He didn't earned
mu&h money 'i'
he?
There is enough
time isnt there?
There isn't enough
time is there?
>ess usual ta$ 4uestions
Imperati'e
7e &areful wont
you?
Don't be late will
you?
(fter let's
Let's go to the
&inema shall we?
+arious $rammar rules >> Within
Within
Within means#
'inside of the limit'.
Within 2? hours
means 'in FG hours
or maybe sooner'.
!ithin a week
everything should be
done
"'ll be back within a
hour
+arious $rammar rules >>
2lways* still
2lways* still
)e use always to
say that something
happens all the time
(or 'ery often).
" always go
swimming on
#onday evenings
(he has always
wanted to visit
=inland
)e use always to
say that something
happens all the time
(in an annoying
way).
&e is always
forgetting things
&e's always
complaining
)e use always to
say that something
e3ists for e'er.
"'ll always
remember the first
time " met her
2lways is usually
before the main
'erbE
after an au3iliary or
modal 'erbE
" always have
" can always
&e is always
after the 'erb 'to
be'.
Still means
'&ontinuing later
than e3pe&ted.'
It e3presses that
someting started in
the past and is the
same now.
(he is still living
with her parents
Why are you still
talking about it?
They still haven't
mended my car
9They haven't
mended my car yet:
Still usually &omes
before the main
'erb.
Still usually &omes
after the main 'erb
if the main 'erb is
'be'.
" still like her
%oes he still live in
7ambridge?
&e is still here
" can still run 1!!
metres in less than
12 seconds
+arious $rammar rules >> 2s lon$ as
2s lon$ as
)e use as lon$ as
to say that
something will
happen only on
&ondition that
something else
happens.
"'ll lend you the
book, as long as
you promise to give
it back to me in a
week
+arious $rammar rules >> 8espite* in
spite of
Prepositions - 'espite* in spite of
)e use
'espite in
one half of a
senten&e to
make the
despite
something
despite $
"ing
despite the
Despite the
heavy traffic,
we got there
on time
Despite
rest of the
senten&e
surprising.
fa&t that
being much
older than
the others,
he won the
race
5n spite of
has the same
meaning as
'espite"
in spite of
something
in spite of $
"ing
in spite of the
fa&t that
In spite of
the heavy
traffic, we
got there on
time
In spite of
the fact that
he is much
older than
the others,
he won the
race
http://www.allonlinefree.com 1#! of 129
+arious $rammar rules >> /ach*
every
/ach* every
/ach is used if we
mean an indi'idual
member of a group.
/very &an also be
used.
We have send the
invitation to each 6
every business
partner
/ach of is used if
we mean e'ery
member of a group
and we in&lude a
possessi'e pronoun
our, their et&.
/very &annot be
used in this &ase.
We have sent the
invitation to each of
our business
partners
/very is used with a
plural noun when it
is followed by
number.
/ach &annot be used
" visit my mother
every two
months 6 every
other day 6every
second week
http://www.allonlinefree.com 1#" of 129
in this &ase.
+arious $rammar rules >> 5n case* in
case of
5n case
)e use in case to
e3press that we are
doing something in
preparation for
something whi&h
might happen.
Take an umbrella in
case it rains@
"'ll buy two bottles
of wine in case one
is not enough
5n case of
)e use in case of
to say what we
should do if or when
something happens.
"n case of burglary,
don't touch anything
and call the police
immediately
+arious $rammar rules >> >ittle* a
little* few* a few
>ittle / a little
" little is more than little.
little $ un&ountable
noun
little 6 nearly none
nearly nothing
little time little
food little money
a little $
unountable noun
a little 6 some but
not mu&h
a little time a little
food a little money
>ittle is a negati'e
idea.
)e &an also use
very little"

" can't help you "
speak little 5nglish
" can't help you "
speak very little
5nglish
(Ay =nglish is bad "
I would like to know
=nglish better.)
>ittle has irregular
&omparati'e and
superlati'e forms.
little " less " the
least
a little " more " the
most
2 little is a positi'e
idea.
" can help youA "
speak a little
5nglish
Few / a few
" few is more than few.
few $ plural
&ountable noun
few 6 nearly none
few people, few
books, few letters
2 few is a positi'e
idea.
=ortunately, our
finances are ok We
still have a few
good customers
Few is a negati'e
idea.
)e &an also use
very few.

"'m very sad " have
few good friends
"'m very sad " have
very few good
friends
(I don't ha'e many
good friends " I
would like to ha'e
more.)
Few has irregular
&omparati'e and
superlati'e forms.
few " fewer " the
fewest
a few " more " the
most
+arious $rammar rules >> 6elative
pronouns
6elative pronouns
)e use who when
we talk about
people.
" don't know who
told you that
)e use which or
that when we talk
about things.
Which is more
formal than that
Which and that &an
be left out of a
defining relati'e
&lause.
"t's the watch which
my husband bought
me for my birthday
"t's the watch that
my husband bought
me for my birthday
"t's the watch my
husband bought me
for my birthday
)e use whose to
show possession.
3ohn, whose
brother was also a
musician, plays over
1!! concerts every
year
)e use where 6
when when we talk
about pla&e or time.
#y wife and " went
to the bar where we
first met
"t was when " was
living in -ondon
+arious $rammar rules >> Say* tell
Say / tell
)e use# tell $ somebody.
" told David
about it
%id you tell
him?
&e told me
that he was
ill
)e use#say $ something.
&e said hello
&e said he
was ill
)e use# say $ something $
to somebody.
" said hello
to him
)e use tell when we are
gi'ing fa&ts or information#
tell somebody (that)...
tell somebody something
tell somebody about
(he told me
9that: she
was ill
(he told me
something
tell somebody
who1when1where.
the news
Tell me
about your
new 'ob
&e told me
where it was
+arious $rammar rules >> Speak* talk
Speak / talk
Speak and talk
ha'e similar
meanings. They
suggest that
someone is using his
'oi&e or that two or
more people are
ha'ing a dis&ussion.
)e &an say#
speak to
some%o'y
talk to some%o'y
speak to
some%o'y a%out
somethin$
talk to some%o'y
a%out somethin$
&ow old were you
when you learned to
speak'
What are you
talking about?
Who were you
speaking to on the
phone?
Who were you
talking to on the
phone?
" was speaking to
#ark about cricket
7ut we say#
speak a lan$ua$e
*/T talk a language
talk nonsense */T
speak nonsense.
Speak to and talk
to are used more
often than speak
with and talk with.
&e speaks four
languages
(top talking
nonsense@
" was talking to
Tom yesterday
+arious $rammar rules >> 3nless
3nless
)e use unless to
say that something
will happen if
something else
doesn't stop it
happening.
*ou won't get the
'ob unless you
prepare for the
interview
6 0ou will only get
the %ob if you
prepare well for the
inter'iew.
Don't do it unles he
tells you to.
6 /nly do it if he
tells you to do it.
Writing $%siness letters & 'sef%l phrases:
(o%rs faithf%lly or (o%rs sincerely)
0ou already know how important it is to
speak good =nglish in an international
working en'ironment. If you work for a
&ompany whi&h does business abroad you
probably read and write a lot of =nglish
too. )riting %ust like speaking is
&ommuni&ation. In our letters and emails
we need to e3press many things#
authority gratitude dissatisfa&tion et&.
=3pressing oursel'es well and with the
&orre&t le'el of formality is an important
skill.
Do you ha'e that skill? (sk yourself these
+uestions#
8o you present yourself in a
professional manner when you write?
What ima$e 'o you $ive to the people
who rea' your letters an' emails?
In short you want to gi'e a professional
image when you write to your &ustomers
and business partners. To get you started
we''e prepared some lists of standard
phrases. Take a look at#
?penin$
>ines
Closin$
>ines
8ear Sir an'
9ours
Faithfully

Opening lines
Why 'o we nee' an openin$ line in a
%usiness letter or formal email?
- to make reference to previous
correspon'ence
- to say how you foun' the recipients
name/a''ress
- to say why you are writin$ to the
recipient"
0@ #oo' ?penin$ >ines=
)ith referen&e to your letter of H Cune
I ...
I am writing to en+uire about ...
(fter ha'ing seen your ad'ertisement
in ... I would like ...
(fter ha'ing re&ei'ed your address
from ... I ...
I re&ei'ed your address from ... and would
like ...
)e1I re&ently wrote to you about ...
Thank you for your letter of H Aay.
Thank you for your letter regarding ...
Thank you for your letter1e"mail about ...
In reply to your letter of H Aay ...
Closing lines
Why 'o we nee' a closin$ line in a
%usiness letter or email?
- to make a reference to a future
event
- to repeat an apolo$y
- to offer help
0@ #oo' Closin$ >ines=
If you re+uire any further information feel
free to &onta&t me.
I look forward to your reply.
I look forward to hearing from you.
I look forward to seeing you.
4lease ad'ise as ne&essary.
)e look forward to a su&&essful working
relationship in the future.
,hould you need any further information
please do not hesitate to &onta&t me.
/n&e again I apologise for any
in&on'enien&e.
)e hope that we may &ontinue to rely on
your 'alued &ustom.
I would appre&iate your immediate
attention to this matter.

When 'Yours faithfully' and when 'Yours
sincerely' in a business letter?
When the recipients name is
unknown to you=
Dear ,ir ... 0ours faithfully
Dear Aadam ... 0ours faithfully
Dear ,ir or Aadam ... 0ours faithfully

When you know the recipients name=
Dear Ar Hanson ... 0ours sin&erely
Dear Ars Hanson ... 0ours sin&erely
Dear Aiss Hanson ... 0ours sin&erely
Dear As Hanson ... 0ours sin&erely

)hen a''ressin$ a $oo' frien' or
collea$ue=
Dear Ca&k ... 7est wishes17est regards

2''ressin$ whole 'epartments=
Dear ,irs ... 0ours faithfully
Telephone lang%age an* phrases in English
+ow to answer an* spea, on the phone
2nswerin$ the phone
Bood
morning1afternoon1e'ening
0ork =nterprises
=li<abeth Cones speaking.
)ho's &alling please?
5ntro'ucin$ yourself
This is 4aul ,mith
speaking.
Hello this is 4aul ,mith
from ,peakspeak
International.
2skin$ for someone
;ould I speak to Cohn
Aartin please?
I'd like to speak to Cohn
Aartin please.
;ould you put me
Pro%lems
I'm
sorry I
don't
understand
. ;ould you
repeat
that
please?
I'm
sorry I
&an't hear
you 'ery
well. ;ould
you speak
up a little
please?
I'm
afraid
you''e got
the wrong
number.
through to Cohn Aartin
please?
;ould I speak to
someone who I
/.plainin$
I'm afraid Ar Aartin isn't
in at the moment.
I'm sorry he's in a
meeting at the moment.
I'm afraid he's on
another line at the
moment.
Puttin$ someone on hol'
Cust a moment please.
;ould you hold the line
please?
Hold the line please.
I''e tried
to get
through
se'eral
times but
it's always
engaged.
;ould
you spell
that
please?
Puttin$
someone
throu$h
/ne
moment
please. I'll
see if Ar
Cones is
a'ailable.
I'll put
you
through.
I'll
&onne&t
you.
I'm
&onne&ting
you now.
Takin$ a
messa$e
;an I
take a
message?
)ould
you like to
lea'e a
message?
;an I
gi'e
him1her a
message?
I'll tell
Ar Cones
that you
&alled
I'll ask
him1her to
&all you as
soon as
possible.

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