paper 2 (2000)

Paper 2
1 (a) Define density and pressure.
density ..
pressure.. [2]
(b) Use the definitions which you have given in (a) to derive the equation
p = gh
for the pressure p at a depth h in a fluid of density .

.[3]
(c) Use your answer to (b) and Fig. 1.1 to eplain why any o!"ect su!#erged in water is easier to lift
than when not su!#erged.

..[3]
1
paper 2 (2000)
2 Fig. 2.1 shows an electrical circuit in which the internal resistance of the !attery is negligi!le.
$o#plete Fig. 2.2 !y giving the electrical quantities for each of the co#ponents in the circuit. %ou are
advised to start !y co#pleting the colu#n for co#ponent A.
[9]
circuit co#ponent & ' $ whole circuit
potential
difference()
12
current(& *.0
power(+
resistance(, -.0 *.0
Fig.2.2
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paper 2 (2000)
3 &n aircraft flies with its wings tilted as shown in Fig. ..1 in order to fly in a hori/ontal circle of radius r.
0he aircraft has #ass -.00 10
-
1g and has a constant speed of 2*0 #s
21
.
+ith the aircraft flying in this way3 two forces acting on the aircraft in the vertical plane are the force P
acting at an angle of .*
o
to the vertical and the weight W.
(a) 4tate the vertical co#ponent of P for hori/ontal flight.
vertical co#ponent of P 5 ..6 [1]
(b) $alculate P.
P 5 6 [2]
(c) $alculate the hori/ontal co#ponent of P.
hori/ontal co#ponent of P =6 [1]
.
paper 2 (2000)
(d) Use 6ewton7s second law to deter#ine the acceleration of the aircraft towards the centre of the
circle.
acceleration 5 # s
22
[2]
(e) $alculate the radius r of the path of the aircraft7s flight.
r 5 ..# [2]
4 (a) 0he waves of different frequency pass through the sa#e point. Figs. -.1 and -.2 show the
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paper 2 (2000)
displace#ent2ti#e graphs for the waves. 8n Fig. -..3 s1etch the resultant displace#ent showing
the superposition of these two waves. [2]
(b) 41etch on Figs. -.-(i) and -.-(ii) the diffraction of waves through gaps which are
(i) large co#pared with the wavelength3
(ii) s#all co#pared with the wavelength.
[3]
*
paper 2 (2000)
(c) 0wo #icrowave sources & and ' are in phase with one another. 0hey e#it waves of equal
a#plitude and of wavelength .0.0 ##. 0hey are placed 1-0 ## apart and at a distance of
910 ## fro# a line OP along which a detector is #oved3 as shown in Fig. -.*.
(i) Using :ythagoras7 theore#3 it can !e shown that the distance &: is ;2..< ##. $alculate
the nu#!er of wavelengths !etween source A and point P.
nu#!er of wavelengths !etween & and : 5 ..[1]
(ii) 4how that there are .... wavelengths !etween source B and point P.
[2]
(iii) 1. 4tate what intensity of #icrowaves will !e received !y the detector when it is at
P.
..

2. Descri!e how the intensity of reception varies as the detector is #oved fro# : to
the point 8 on the central ais.

..[3]
5 0he pri#ary coil of a transfor#er has 1000 turns and is connected to a 2.0) r.#.s. supply. 0he
=
paper 2 (2000)
secondary coil has -0 turns and #ay !e connected3 through a switch and a diode3 to a ;.0 ) rechargea!le
!attery3 as illustrated in Fig. *.1.
(a) >nitially the switch is open. $onsidering !oth the transfor#er and the diode to !e ideal3 calculate
(i) the r.#.s. potential difference across the secondary3
r.#.s. potential difference 5 ..)
(ii) the pea1 potential difference across the secondary.
pea1 potential difference 5 .)
[4]
(b) 0he switch is now closed so that the !attery is !eing recharged.
(i) 4uggest why the diode is necessary in the secondary circuit.

(ii) 4uggest why the resistor is necessary in the circuit.

[4]
6 (a) Descri!e the pheno#enon of photoelectric e#ission.
<
paper 2 (2000)

.[3]
(b) ?ive the #eaning of the following ter#s3 as used in descri!ing the photoelectric effect.
(i) photon

(ii) wor1 function energy

(iii) threshold frequency

[4]
(c) $alculate the energy of a photon of light of wavelength *.9; 10
2<
#.
energy5@ [3]
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paper 2 (2000)
7 & speci#en fi!er of glass has the sa#e di#ensions as a speci#en of copper wire.
0he length of each speci#en is 1.=0 # and the radius of each is 0.19 ##. Force2etension graphs for
!oth speci#ens are shown in Fig. <.1.
(a) (i) 4tate which of the two #aterials is !rittle..
(ii) Aplain which feature of Fig. <.1 leads you to your answer in (i).

...
[2]
(b) Using the graphs and the data given3 deter#ine
(i) the area of cross2section of each speci#en3
;
paper 2 (2000)
area of cross2section 5 ..#
2
[1]
(ii) the %oung #odulus of the glass3
%oung #odulus 5 :a [4]
(iii) the ulti#ate tensile stress for copper3
ulti#ate tensile stress 5 .. [2]
(iv) an approi#ate value for the wor1 done to stretch the copper wire to its !rea1ing point.
wor1 done5 ..@ [3]
10
paper 2 (2000)
8 Bead the passage !elow and then answer the questions that follow.
+hen a structural engineer is designing a !uilding there will !e occasions when a !ea# has to !e used to
!ridge a gap. 0he width of the gap is called the span. 0he engineer #a1es calculations to ensure that the
!ea# is strong enough to withstand any forces applied to it3 and to ensure that there is not too #uch sag
in the !ea#. 0his question concerns how the choice of !ea# is #ade.
4o#eti#es3 when the loading is s#all3 a plain wooden
!ea# is sufficient3 as shown in Fig. 9.1. & !ea# such as
this3 loaded at its centre3 will undergo a #ai#u#
depression x given !y
3
3
kab
Wl
x =
where W is the load at the centre3 a is the width and b is
the depth of the !ea# and k is a constant.
+hen greater loads or greater spans are required3 a steel
!ea# #ay !e used. >n order to #ini#i/e the a#ount of
steel required the shape of the !ea# used is as shown in
Fig.9.2.
4o#eti#es3 the loading of the !ea# is unifor# along its
length3 as shown in Fig.9...
4o#eti#es3 with co#ple loading (Fig. 9.-)3 the
#o#ents of the forces have to !e calculated.
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paper 2 (2000)
(a) (i) 4tate t! reasons why the structural engineer has to #a1e calculations when using a
!ea# to !ridge a gap.
1.
2..

(ii) +rite down the reason given in the passage for #a1ing the steel !ea# the shape shown in
Fig. 9.2.

(iii) 0he cross2sectional area of the !ea#s shown in Fig. 9.* are the sa#e.
4uggest why3 for !ea#s of the sa#e length3 one would sag #ore than the other.

[5]
(b) & wooden !ea# has width 0.0* #3 depth 0.10 # and spans ..0#. $alculate the #ai#u# load
which it can support at its centre for a #ai#u# depression of 0.010 #. 0a1e k to !e ..= 10
10
:a for this wood.
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paper 2 (2000)
#ai#u# load 5 .6 [3]
(c) & steel !ea#3 loaded unifor#ly as in Fig. 9..3 is allowed to sag !y a #ai#u# of 1(.=0 of the
gap it is spanning. & particular !ea# is used to carry a load of ..000 6 and to span a gap of -.20
#. & quantity B, 1nown as the !ending #o#ent for this loading pattern is given !y
B
WL
B =
and the depression x at the centre is given !y
c
BL
x
3
= where c has the value ...*10
9
6#
.
.
$alculate
(i) the a#ount x#a !y which the !ea# is allowed to sag3
x#a " #
(ii) the !ending #o#ent B,
B = .
(iii) the actual a#ount x of sag.
x 5 m
[5]
1.
paper 2 (2000)
(d) & !ea# across a gap is shown in Fig.9.=3 together with values of the forces acting and their
distances fro# #.
$alculate the total #o#ent of the forces shown a!out point #.
total #o#ent 5 . [4]
1-
paper 2 (2000)
(e) 0he final chec1 on the suita!ility of any !ea# is to ensure that it is strong enough. 0his is done3
using a ta!le of values3 to find the allowa!le !ending stress
(i) For the !ea# in (c)3 two constants P and Q3 without units3 are found fro# the di#ensions
of the !ea# and the gap it is spanning. For this !ea# P 5 21 and Q 5 1<0. Use Fig. 9.< to
find the allowa!le !ending stress.
allowa!le !ending stress 5 . C:a
(ii) 0he !ea# is safe to use if
$tre$$ be%di%g a&&!ab&e
'!'e%t be%di%g
D 2.0 10
2-
#
.
Use this relationship to deter#ine whether the !ea# is safe under these conditions.
=
$te$$ be%di%g a&&!ab&e
'!'e%t be%di%g
>s the !ea# safeE F.G
()a&it* !+ &a%g)age [4]
1*