Design of Auto-Compensating Nozzle For Gated Irrigation Pipes.

DESIGN OF AUTO-COMPENSATING NOZZLE FOR GATED 113
IRRIGATION PIPES.

Mohamed E. El-Hagarey
1
, A. M. Al-kot
1
and G. M. El-Gindy
2

Email: *elhagarey@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
Gated irrigation pipe is an important tool for improving surface
irrigation, it's development on depends on replacing the gates by designed
auto-compensating nozzle (poppet nozzle). The main objective of this study
was to improve the distribution uniformity of water discharge along the gated
pipe length, by developing a newly designed and locally manufactured auto-
compensating nozzles (poppet nozzles), to take the place of the gates.
Poppet nozzle was tested and evaluated the hydraulic characteristics of a
auto-compensating nozzle (poppet nozzle). Three disc diameters (25, 27 and
29mm) were selected for testing under pressure head ranged between 0.33-
3.4 m. The poppet nozzle (25mm diameter) was evaluated under operating
pressure head 50, 100 and 150cm.

The main results of this study showed the following: Under operating
pressure head ranged between 33cm to 340cm (3.3 to34 kPa), the mean
discharge of poppet nozzle with disc diameters of 25, 27 and 29 mm were
0.63, 0.46 and 0.28 l/s, and the mean corresponding discharge coefficients
(Cd) were 0.75, 0.79 and 0.9 respectively. Mean water discharge for 25mm
disc diameter was constant (0.81l/s) in spite of pressure increasing as a next
10, 30 and 34kPa (100, 300 and 340cm) with mean flow (0.81l/s). While mean
discharge for 27mm disc diameters was constant (0.48l/s) in spite of pressure
increasing from 6.8, 30 to 33kPa (68, 300and 330cm). Water flow through
poppet nozzle with 29mm diameter was shutting at operating pressure 12kPa
(120cm). The mean discharge of poppet nozzles along the pipes with initial
pressure head (0.5m, 1.0m and 1.5m) were 0.5, 0.56 and 0.64l/s, with mean
coefficient of discharge (Cd) 0.77, 0.75 and 0.72 respectively, For initial
pressure of 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5m the uniformity coefficient were 99, 91.7 and
90.2%, and the manufacture coefficient of variation is 0.094, 0.12 and 0.065
respectively.
Keywords: Surface Irrigation, Gated pipes, Poppet Nozzle, Pressure,
Uniformity.

1 = Researcher of irrigation and drainage unit, Desert Research Center.
1 = Assistant Researcher of Soil conservation, Desert Research Center.
2 = Prof. of Agricultural Engineering Ain-Shams University
El-HAGAREY, M. E., et al. 114

INTRODUCTION
Water resources are the critical factor for all production process and
sustainable development in Egypt. Land and water recourses are considered as the
most key elements in the agriculture strategy which require improvement and
enhancement in this use and management. Non-pressurized surface irrigation is the
most utilized existing irrigation methods. Improving this method is still less expensive
than the pressurized methods. Precise land leveling using laser technology and
gated pipes are technologies for increasing water applied and use efficiency.
Gated irrigation pipes history was recorded by Green (1973), it were
invented in 1945 by a machinist named Pau Hohnstein, at Nebraska, he made his
system of aluminum pipes with evenly spaced gates to control the flow of water.
Within a few years, the invention was successful and gated pipes were being used
around the world.
gated irrigation pipes need many operators with an experience in the
operation process. It needs calibration process of gated flow and insurance of gates
location; furthermore, with the lack of accuracy in terms of water distribution
uniformity, the flow area of gate has no flexibility (auto-compensating) to face the
change of pressure head along the pipe. Finally, the user must touch the irrigation
water during the gates calibration which he was exposed for diseases.
The main objectives of this study are as follows: 1) modification of gated
irrigation pipes systems to obtain high uniformity of water distribution pattern along
the pipe, 2) avoidance of exhaustive calibration process and 3) stability of nozzle
position reaching stability of flow performance during seasons.
To realize these objectives, the researcher:
1. Designed a modified auto-compensating nozzle for gated irrigation pipes and
studied the hydraulic parameters that would affect its performance.
2. Evaluated the hydraulic and engineering characteristics of auto-compensating
nozzle along the pipes.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Experimental site (Hydraulic laboratory):
Laboratory experiments were conducted at Hydraulic Laboratory of
Agricultural Engineering Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, to
test and evaluate the hydraulic characteristics of a auto-compensating nozzle (poppet
IRRIGATION PIPES.

nozzle) with three disc diameters (25, 27 and 29mm) testing under pressure head
ranged between 0.33- 3.4 m.
- Experimental apparatus:
The laboratory testing equipments contained an electrical centrifugal pump 1
/1.5 Inches (25-56 m pressure head, 6.6 m
3
/h discharge, 1.5kW, and 2860 rpm),
pressure gauges (10cm smallest reading), Manometer, control valves, and water
container.
Hydraulic measurements include nozzle discharge, operating pressure head,
and helical compression spring deflection measurements for various types of
designed nozzles were conducted. The development and modification of gated pipes
primarily depends on replacing the moving slid gates by auto-compensating nozzles
(PN) which can be operated with high uniformity, stability, and efficiency.
Auto-compensating nozzle design:
Form of discharge through orifice:
Q = C
d
(a*V) ---- --------------- (1)
C
d
= [actual discharge/theory discharge]
Where:
Q = Water flow through flow area (m
3
/sec.)
C
d
= Discharge coefficient
a = Cross section of flow area (m
2
)
V = Velocity of water flow (m /sec.)
From dynamic energy of water the main velocity (V) could be determined
from the following equation:
V = (2gh)
0.5
----------------------------------- (2)
Where:
g = Gravitational acceleration, 9.81, (m/sec
2
).
h = Pressure head (m). From equation (1) and
equation (2),
A = (Q / C
d
V). Where: A = D
2
/4.

D
2
/4 = (Q / C
d
V) .
To get the flow area for desired flow rate (l/sec.) at a designed pressure, by using
continuity relationship
A = ( /4) [d
n
2
- d
d
2
] -------------------------- (3)
Where:
d
n
= Inside diameter for nozzle body,( mm),
d
d
= Disc outside diameter,(mm),
From equation (3), maximum flow area (maximum nozzle diameter (d
n
))- fixed
disc diameter (d
d
) ) could be obtained at first poppet nozzle on the irrigation pipe at
operating pressure head 0.00 bar. While minimum flow area could be obtained at
maximum operation pressure head for the same first poppet nozzle.
From figs. (2, and 3). the maximum nozzle diameter (d
n
) equals 35 mm when
operated under pressure head equals zero on the disc, and the minimum nozzle
diameter equals (25 mm) at maximum pressure head.
By using disc diameters (d
d
) 25, 27, and 29 mm with equation (3), it is easy to
obtain (inside nozzle diameter d
n
) which is versus the operating pressure head.

Fig.(1): Isometric view for auto-compensating nozzle body (poppet nozzle)(no scale).
4.5cm
8cm
2cm
2cm
2.5cm
4cm
IRRIGATION PIPES.

Fig.(2): Side view for auto-compensating nozzle body (poppet nozzle).
Changeable radius equals the half of difference for disc diameter (d
d
) and the
nozzle inside diameter (d
n
) with 6
o
slope angle Fig.(4)
Disc diameters (25, 27, and 29 mm) were tested and evaluated to obtain the
most appropriate auto- compensating nozzle design.
r
x
= 0.5 (d
n
- d
d
) ------------------------------------------- (4)
r
x
= r
o
(Tan * ) = r
o
0.105 ------------------ (5)
Tan = tan 6= -0.105
Where:
r
x
= Space from disc edge to inside body nozzle at
second site (mm)
r
o
= Space from disc edge to inside body nozzle at first
site (mm)
= Slope angel (6)
= Spring deflection (mm)

2cm 3.5c 4.5c 2cm
2c 1cm
2cm 3.5cm 4.5cm 2cm

2c 1cm

Fig.(3): Relationship between spring deflection and the change of the flow area
reduction.
Disc diameters (25, 27, and 29mm) were taken to carry out the auto-
compensating nozzle design. So, spring design was built according to the force
which faces the disc.
2-2-2- Helical compression spring design:
Since the spring design was built according to the force facing the disc
(Force (N) = operating pressure (Pa) * disc area (m
2
)), so, to design helical
compression spring, according to Vallance et al (1951), the following relationship
should be applied:
----------------------------------------- (6)
Where:
D
w
= Spring wire diameter (mm)
F = Force at disk and spring (N)
C
i
= Spring index
N
a
= Active coils
= Spring deflection (mm)
G = Factor of Shearing (80*10
3
N/mm
2
)

G
N C F
D
a
w
3
) (
=
w
m
D
D
r
d
d
Nozzle body
First site for
disc
Flow
Second site for
disc
r
x

Nozzle body
IRRIGATION PIPES.

|
|
\
|
=

m
D
p
1
tan
Spring Index C
i
= ---------------------------------------------- (7)
Mean Diameter D
m
= D
i
+ D
w
-----------------------------------------------

(8)
----------------------------------------------------------(9)
L
o
= N
a
p + 4D
w
-----------------------------------------------------------------(10)
L
s
= (Na+4) D
w
+ [10 % L
o
(as a clash allow)] --------------------------(11)
Where:
D
m
= Mean diameter of spring coil (mm)
D
i
= Inside diameter of spring coil (mm)
= Pitch angle, i.e. the angle between the coils and the base of the
spring ().
p = Pitch, which is the distance from center to center of the wire in
adjacent active coils (mm).
L
o
= Free length, i.e. the length of the unloaded spring (mm).
L
s
= Solid length, the minimum length of the spring (mm).
Basic components of auto-compensating nozzle:
There were two materials of plastic to be used:
A) Transparent acrylic plastic material is used to watch the mechanism of
water flow with poppet nozzle and measuring of the spring deflection. (for
experimental purpose only)
B) Delrin plastic is used to carry out field experiments.

Fig.(4): Basic inside components of auto-compensating nozzle.
Guide ring
Guide ring
Helical
compression
spring
Disc/stem
assembly

Measurements and calculations:
Hydraulic measurements and calculations include (outlet discharge, pump
discharge, control head pressure, outlets pressure, the friction head losess,
the superimpose head and helical compression spring deflection).
Uniformity efficiency was calculated according to (Bralts et al, 1987)
.
---------------------------- (12)

Where:
UE% = Uniformity efficiency (%)
Q
d
= Absolute deviation of each sample from
the mean (l/s).
Q
aver
= The mean of outlets discharge (l/s).
- Flow rate through the poppet nozzle was calculated to be a power
function of the head in the followng form according to Jensen (1980).
q = b h
x
--------------------------------------(13)
Where:
q

= Flow rate along the pipe (l/s)
b

=
Factor of the orifice dimensions
H

=
Operating pressure head (m)
x =
Orifice exponent

- Manufacture coeffiecient of variation for desigend PN (poppet
nozzle) was calculated as follows:
MCV =(Q
d
/ Q
aver
) --------------------------------------(14)
Where:
MCV = Manufacture coefficient of variation for nozzles
discharge (%).
(
=
aver
d
Q
Q
UE 1 100 %
IRRIGATION PIPES.

Q
d
= Standard deviation of poppet nozzles
discharge (l/s).
Q
aver
= The mean of nozzles discharge (l/s).
Numerous guidelines have been suggested, and given in the AENRI-LOFTI-
MASE Standard (dr\em\test\2002).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Laboratory experiments.
Flow rate for poppet nozzle with various operating pressure.
Under low operating pressure, for PN (disc diameter 25mm), the flow rate
increased from 0.37, 0.44 and 0.53l/s with increasing pressure from 3.5, 5.2 and 6.5
kPa ( 33, 52 and 65cm ), while the coefficient of discharge decreased from 0.87, 0.80
and 0.76, respectively; Reynolds number for last values is (3395, 4262, and 4933),
respectively. But at higher operating pressure, the nozzle discharges were
approximately constant, which means that compensating the increase of operating
pressure by reducing the flow area was activated., Accordingly, nozzle discharge
values were 0.79, 0.82 and 0.836 l/s with operating pressure head 100, 300 and
340cm (10, 30 and 34 kPa), while the coefficient of discharge values were 0.69, 0.68
and 0.67, and Reynolds numbers were (6684, 8360 and 9253) respectively.
increased from, 0.35, 0.49 to 0.51 l/s with increasing operating head from 2.7, 4.9 to
6.8 kPa ( 27, 49 to 68cm ), while the coefficient of discharge values were 0.90, 0.84
and 0.78. and Reynolds number for last values were (3179, 3987 and 4592)
respectively. On other side, for disc diameter 27 mm under higher pressure, flow rate
takes a disproportionate behavior wherein; the flow rate close to constant with the
increase in operating pressure due to the flow area's decrease according to the
operational theory of poppet nozzle, which depends on control of flow area due to
operating pressure to strike a balance between them along pipe.
So, with higher operating pressure the flow rates were semi constant 0.52,
0.49 and 0.48 l/s with increasing operating head 50, 300 and 330cm (5 , 30 and 33
kPa), while the coefficient of discharge values were 0.77, 0.73 and 0.74, respectively.
Its be clear that the constant flow rate for PN (disc diameter 25mm) was
higher than constant flow rate for (disc diameter 27mm) with 38.9%, because of flow
area of PN (disc diameter 25mm) is bigger.

increased from 0.23 0.45 l/s , with increasing operating head from 25 74 cm (2.5
7.4 kPa), while the coefficient of discharge ranged between (0.99, and 0.80) and
Reynolds number for last values ranged between (2547, and 4707) respectively. But
with the higher operating pressure head of 120 cm (12 kPa) the nozzle discharge
was completely stopped. This PN shutdown was due to closing the flow area by the
29 mm disc movement which reached a point of contact with inside body of poppet
nozzle resulting in zero flow area.
For poppet nozzles, the values of Reynolds number ranged from 2921 to
9253. This means the flow type of poppet nozzles may be transitional or turbulent
according to the equivalent diameter and water flow velocity.
Regarding the maximum value of Reynolds number which is more than 4000,
this indicates that the type of flow of poppet nozzle may be turbulence for PN (disc
diameter 25mm) because of the increase of flow area and flow rate,
Fig.(5) shows the flow rate for the three designed poppet nozzles with discs
diameter (25, 27 and 29mm) under different operating pressure, it is crystal clear
that, the flow rate increases with the decrease in disc diameter due to the increase
of flow area, according to the disproportionate relationship between flow area and
disc diameter, as shown in Fig. (7)

Fig. (5): PN flow rate for disc diameters (25, 27 and 29mm) under operating pressure
head.
Under low operating pressure head, the poppet nozzles (25, 27 and 29mm)
disc diameter flow rate were behaved a linear relationship, the poppet nozzle flow
rate increased from 0.17 to 0.44l/s with operating pressure head from 10 to 50cm,
IRRIGATION PIPES.

0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Operation pressure head (cm)
F
l
o
w

r
a
t
e

(
l
/
s
)
1/4 opening 1/5 opening 3/4 opening Full opening
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Operation pressure head (cm)
F
l
o
w

r
a
t
e

(
l
/
s
)
PN 25mm PN 27mm PN 29mm
beside the poppet nozzle flow rate increased from 0.3 to 0.44l/s under operating
pressure head 50cm due to flow area increasing from PN 29mm to 25mm disc
diameter, the range of poppet nozzles flow is agreement with El-Sayed (1997).
Measurements of gates flow rates were shown in Table.(7) and Fig. (7)
versus operating pressure head, at many various cases of gates opening. It's clear
with operating pressure head increasing from 10 to 50cm, the flow rate increased
from 0.42 to 2 l/s, beside it can be note the flow rate increasing with gate opening
increasing at constant operating pressure head 30cm. Cited from El-Gindy et al
(2003).

Fig. (6): Gates flow rate under various operating pressure head and Poppet nozzle
flow rate under various operating pressure head.
Finally, it could be concluded that, according to the work theory of poppet
nozzle, uniformity of water flow discharged from the nozzles along irrigation gated
pipe depends on the balance between the operating pressure head and flow area of
the poppet nozzle. This balance takes place because of regulator helical
compression spring which absorbs and resists operating pressure with changing of
flow area (slope of inside nozzle body versus disc outer diameter) to realize a
balance between operating pressure and flow area. This causes a constant flow rate
along pipe with exponent of pressure head about zero in the flow equation. Jensen
(1980).


Table.(1): Hydraulic parameters for poppet nozzle under laboratory experiments.
No. V
(m/se)
H
(m)
Q
(l/sec)
A
(m
2
)
d
(m)
R
e
Cd
25mm poppet disc diameter.
1 2.54 0.33 0.37 14E-5 0.013 3395 0.87
2 3.19 0.52 0.44 14E-5 0.013 4262 0.80
3 3.57 0.65 0.53 15E-5 0.014 4933 0.76
4 4.43 1 0.79 18E-5 0.015 6684 0.69
5 7.6 3 0.82 10E-5 0.011 8360 0.68
6 8.2 3.4 0.83 10E-5 0.011 9253 0.67
1 2.30 0.27 0.35 15E-5 0.014 3179 0.90
2 3.10 0.49 0.49 13E-5 0.013 3987 0.84
3 3.13 0.5 0.52 17E-5 0.014 4536 0.77
4 3.6 0.68 0.51 13E-5 0.013 4592 0.79
5 7.67 3 0.49 6E-5 0.009 6943 0.73
6 8.00 3.3 0.48 6E-5 0.009 7021 0.74
1 2.21 0.25 0.23 10E-5 0.012 2547 0.99
2 2.73 0.38 0.25 9E-5 0.011 2921 0.97
3 3.31 0.56 0.33 10E-5 0.011 3738 0.88
4 3.43 0.6 0.36 10E-5 0.012 3965 0.84
5 3.81 0.74 0.45 12E-5 0.012 4707 0.80
6 - 1.2 - - - - -
V : Velocity of water flow. d: diameter of flow area (m).
IRRIGATION PIPES.

H: Operating pressure. A: Flow area (m
2
).
Q: Water flow (m
3
/s). Re: Reynolds number.
Cd: Coefficient of discharge.

Spring deflection for three disc diameter under operating pressure.
Data in Fig.(7) illustrates that the spring rate is 117, 128 and 169 gm/mm for
25, 27 and 29 disc diameter respectively. The spring rate increases with the increase
in the characteristic frontal area of the disc due to drag force increase. Whenever the
area of disc increases the operating pressure head must be increased to reach the
balance between pressure head and flow area reaching a steady flow rate.

Fig.(7): Spring deflection for three disc diameter under operating pressure head
Flow rate for poppet nozzle with various operating pressure (Field
experiments) :
Poppet nozzle (25mm disc diameter) irrigation system was selected to
evaluation, due to the wide extent of spring deflection and flow area change.
Data showed the deviation of poppet nozzles discharge from the mean
discharge along irrigation pipe at three different initial operating pressure 5, 10
and 15kPa (50, 100 and 150cm). The uniformity coefficient was high; 99, 91.7
and 90.2 for the three initial operating head respectively, which is considered
excellent as regard to the data obtained by Merriam and Keller (1978), and
good according to IRYDA (1983).

0
1
2
3
4
5
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
pressure head (Kpa)
S
p
r
i
n
g

d
e
f
l
e
c
t
i
o
n

(
m
m
)

disc 25 mm disc 27 mm disc 29 mm

Flow rate for poppet nozzle irrigation pipes
For operating pressure head 5kPa (50cm), the flow rates for poppet
number(1, 9, 18, 27, 36 and 45) were 0.5, 0.5, 0.5 and 0.56l/s with pressure 6, 6, 6
and 8kPa (60, 60, 60 and 80cm), while the coefficient of discharge value were 0.78,
0.78, 0.78 and 0.76 respectively. Reynolds number for last values is (4676, 4676,
4676 and 5305) respectively. Table.(2).
Table (2): Hydraulic parameters for poppet nozzle under field experiments.

number(1, 9, 18, 27, 36 and 45) were 0.5, 0.6, 0.56 and 0.6l/s with pressure head
10, 11, 11 and 14kPa (100, 110, 110 and 140cm), while the coefficient of discharge
is 0.77, 0.74, 0.75 and 0.73 respectively. Reynolds number for last values is (5310,
5951, 5763 and 6338) respectively.
number were (1, 9, 18, 27, 36 and 45)0.63, 0.63, 0.66 and 0.63l/s with pressure
head 15, 18, 18 and 18kPa (150, 180, 180 and 180cm), while the coefficient of
discharge is 0.72, 0.72, 0.71 and 0.72 respectively. Reynolds number for last values
is (6590, 6900, 7061 and 6900) respectively.
The head exponent was close to zero (compensating flow) according to
Jensen (1980). Table(2).
Items PN
1
PN
2
PN
3
PN
4
0.5m Q(l/s) 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.56
H (m) 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.8
Cd 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.76
R
e
4675.5 4675.5 4675.5 5305.2
q= 0.6115h
0.3939

1m Q(l/s) 0.5 0.6 0.56 0.6
H (m) 1 1.1 1.1 1.4
Cd 0.77 0.74 0.75 0.73
R
e
5310.3 5950.8 5763.2 6338.3
q = 0.5262h
0.45

1.5m Q(l/s) 0.63 0.63 0.66 0.63
H (m) 1.5 1.8 1.8 1.8
Cd 0.72 0.72 0.71 0.72
R
e
6589.5 6900 7061 6900
q = 0.6086 h
0.0851

IRRIGATION PIPES.

Regarding the data shown, the mean discharge of poppet nozzles was 0.59,
0.69 and 0.81l/s. (2.11, 2.49 and 2.93 m
3
/h), which were obtained for mean operating
head pressure 8.9, 11.8 and 14.8kPa (89, 118 and 148cm), the total discharge was
92.84, 109.6 and 129 m
3
/h with total dynamic head 1, 2 and 3 m, respectively for 44
poppet nozzle.
MCV values (0.09, 0.12 and 0.06) which are within "good" for first and
third value with initial pressure head 50, and 150cm but for initial pressure
head 100cm MCV is medium according to AENRI-LOFTI-MASE Standard
(dr\em\test\2002), due to flow type progress to turblence phase parallel to the
increase in the operatng pressure head whenever, Reynolds number is
around 5305, 6338 and 7061 for three intial pressure respectively.
Table (3): Hydraulic parameters for poppet nozzle are under field experiments.
PN
No.
H
(m)
Q
l/sec
A
m
2

d
(m)
R
e
H
sn
(m)
h
f

(m)
At field with initial operating head (50cm)
1 0.6 0.5

15E-5 0.014 4676 0.3 0.22
11 0.6 0.5

15E-5 0.014 4676 0.3 0.44
22 0.6 0.5

15E-5 0.014 4676 0.3 0.65
44 0.8 0.56 14E-5 0.013 5305 0.1 1.03
1 1 0.5

11E-5 0.012 5310 0.7 0.32
11 1.1 0.6

13E-5 0.013 5951 0.6 0.63
22 1.1 0.56

12E-5 0.012 5763 0.6 0.97
44 1.4 0.6

11E-5 0.012 6338 0.3 1.50
1 1.5 0.63 12E-5 0.012 6590 0.5 0.39
11 1.8 0.63 11E-5 0.012 6900 0.2 0.89
22 1.8 0.66 11E-5 0.012 7061 0.2 1.30
44 1.8 0.63 11E-5 0.012 6900 0.2 1.77
H: Operating pressure head Re: Reynolds number.
Q: Discharge of PN. H
sn
: Super-impose head
A: Flow area h
f
: Friction head losses
d: Equivalent diameter of flow
area.


0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Poppet nozzle No.
F
l
o
w

r
a
t
e

(
l
/
s
)
Flow L/s & Hm = 0.5 m Flow L/s & Hm =1 m Flow L/s & Hm =1.5 m
For initial pressure head 50cm, the minimum discharge of poppet nozzle was
0.45l/s (1.62m
3
/h) while the maximum discharge was 0.60l/s (2.16m
3
/h);, for initial
pressure head 100cm the minimum discharge of poppet nozzle was 0.53l/s (1.9m
3
/h)
while the maximum discharge was 0.83l/s (3.0m
3
/h) and for initial pressure head
150cm the minimum discharge of poppet nozzle was 0.67l/s (2.4m
3
/h) while the
maximum discharge is 1.0l/s (3.6m
3
/h). Table (1).

Fig.(8): Poppet nozzle irrigation pipes during irrigation operation.
322 Flow rate for poppet nozzle under various operation pressure head.
PN irrigation pipe flow rate was increasing with operating pressure head
increasing along the pipe, but coefficient of uniformity was increased with the
operating pressure head decrease. The uniformity coefficient for poppet nozzle
irrigation pipe was 99.25, 91.7 and 90.19% with operating pressure head 50, 100 and
150cm. The mean discharge of poppet nozzles was increased due to operation
pressure head increasing, so the poppet nozzle was adjustable with operating
pressure head as shown at Fig. (9).

Fig. (9): Flow rate distribution pattern for nozzle on irrigation pipes under various
Operating pressure head increases gradually along pipe due to the gradual
increase of the superimpose pressure head that overcomes the effects of the
IRRIGATION PIPES.

0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Poppet nozzle No.
P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e

H
e
a
d

(
m
)
Operating pressure head (0.5m) Operating pressure head (1m)
Operating pressure head (1.5m)
cumulative friction head losses as a result to flow compensating according to El-
Awady et al (2002). Fig. (10). Table(3).

Fig.(10): Operating pressure head along PN pipes.
Flow rate versus pressure, spring deflection and flow area
The disproportionate relationship between operating pressure head
and the flow area along pipes is manifest. Whatever, it's be supposed that the
operating pressure head was decreased according to friction losses and then
flow area must be increase to have a compensate flow, but at this case, the
superimpose pressure head can overcome the effects of the cumulative
friction head losses This is due to poppet nozzle mechanism which clear with
helical spring deflection as a result to absorb operating pressure head and
resistant makes compensating to flow area with pressure increasing reaching
stability of flow rate along pipes. Flow area decrease slightly along pipes. Fig.
(11).

Fig.(11): Flow rate versus pressure, spring deflection and flow area.
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0 2 3
Reading number
F
l
o
w

r
a
t
e

(
l
/
s
)

&

S
p
r
i
n
g

d
e
f
l
e
c
t
i
o
n

(
m
m
)
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e

h
e
a
d

(
m
)

&

F
l
o
w

a
r
e
a

c
h
a
n
g
e

(
m
m
)
Spring deflection (mm) Flow rate (l/s)
Flow area change (mm) Operating pressure head (m)
1
2 4
Poppet number
Flow area reduction

CONCLUSIONS
Based on the testing and experiments results, can be summarized as a
follow:

1) There is no flow rate change with constant value (0.81l/s) with pressure
head increased from 10-34 kPa (100-340) when 25 mm diameter disc is
used
2) Flow performance for discs with diameters 27mm was constant in spite
of pressure increasing as a next 6.8, 30and 33kPa (68, 300and 330cm)
with lower mean flow (0.48 l/s) and poppet nozzle with diameter 29mm
shut down under operating pressure 12kPa (120cm).

3) The mean discharge of poppet nozzle with initial pressure along pipes
for prssure head (50, 100 and 150cm) was 0.5, 0.56 and 0.64l/s, mean
coefficient discharge was 0.77, 0.75 and 0.72 respectively,

4) Uniformity efficiency is 99, 91.7 and 90.2% for initial pressure (50, 100
and 150cm) respectively, and manufacture coefficient of variation is
0.094, 0.12 and 0.065 respectively and Poppet nozzle compensating the
pressure head along irrigation pipes and flow performance was regulator
along pipes.
REFERENCES
AENRI-LOFTI-MASE, (2002), Standard for irrigation dripper testing, Code No;
ir/dr/em/test/2002, Ag. Eng. Res. Inst. Irrig. Proj. Misr Soc. Ag. Eng. Stanrad:
5p.
Bralts S. V.; D. M., Edwards; and Par-Wu (1987).Drip Irrigation Des -ign and
evaluation based on statical uniformity concept, In a duncein Irrigation ed.
D.Hillel, New York Academic Press Inc.,67-117
El-Awady, M. N.; M. T. El-Tantawy; S. S. Hassan and A. O. El-Ashhab (2002).
Water flow uniformity through irrigation gated pipes. Misr J. Agric. Eng., 19
(3): 677-690.
El-Gindy, A. M.; M. F. Abd el-Salam; A. A. Abdel-Aziz and E. A. El-Sahar
(2003).Some engineering properties of maize plants, ears and kernels under
different irrigation system.,J. Agric., Sci., Mansura Univ., 28(6):4339-4360
El-Sayed, G. H. (1997). Hydraulic studies for gated pipes distribution system. Egypt
J. Agric. Res., 76 (1): 387-403.
Green, D. E. (1973). Land of the Underground Rain: Irrigation on the Texas High
Plains, 1910-1970, University of Texas Press, Austin, TX, 1973.
http://www.livinghistoryfarm.org/farminginthe40s/ water 07.html. pp1-2.
IRYDA (Instituo de Reforma Ydesarrollo Agrario ),(1983). Normas parala
redaccin de proyectos deriego Localizado.Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca Y
Aimenta-Cin, Madrid,Spain.
Jensen, M. E., (1980): Design and operation of farm irrigation systems. ASAE
Monograph No. 3, St. Joseph, MI, p 829.
Merriam, J.L. and Keller, J.(1978). Farm irrigation systems evaluation. A guide for
management. UTAH Sates University, Logan, Utah, USA. Pp102-150.
Vallance, L., Venton , L, and W. Doughtie. (1951) Design of machine members, 3rd
edition, p. 292, McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., New York.

IRRIGATION PIPES.

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Design of Auto-Compensating Nozzle For Gated Irrigation Pipes.

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