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ISU EE C.Y.

Lee
Chapter 12
RL Circuits
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ISU EE C.Y. Lee
Objectives
Describe the relationship between current and
voltagein an RL circuit
Determine impedanceand phase anglein a series
RL circuit
Analyze a seriesRL circuit
Determine impedanceand phase anglein a parallel
RL circuit
Analyze a parallel RL circuit
Analyze series-parallel RL circuits
Determine power in RL circuits
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ISU EE C.Y. Lee
Sinusoidal Response of
RL Circuits
The inductor voltage leads the source voltage
Inductance causes a phase shift between voltage
and current that depends on the relative values of
the resistance and the inductive reactance
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ISU EE C.Y. Lee
Impedance and Phase Angle of
Series RL Circuits
The phase angle is the phase difference between
the total current and the source voltage
The impedance of a series RL circuit is
determined by the resistance (R) and the inductive
reactance (X
L
)
(Z = R + jX
L
)
(Z
L
= j L= jX
L
)
(Z= R+Z
L
= R+jX
L
)
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ISU EE C.Y. Lee
Impedance and Phase Angle of
Series RL Circuits
In the series RL circuit, the total impedance is the
phasor sum of R and jX
L
Impedance magnitude: Z = R
2
+ X
2
L
Phase angle: = tan
-1
(X
L
/R)
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ISU EE C.Y. Lee
Impedance and Phase Angle of
Series RL Circuits
Z = (5.6)
2
+ (10)
2
= 11.5 k
= tan
-1
(10/5.6) = tan
-1
(1.786) = 60.8
Example: Determine the impedance and the phase angle
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ISU EE C.Y. Lee
Analysis of Series RL Circuits
Application of Ohms Law to series RL circuits
involves the use of the quantities Z, V, and I as:
IZ V =
Z
V
I =
I
V
Z =
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ISU EE C.Y. Lee
Analysis of Series RL Circuits
Example: If the current is 0.2 mA, determine the source
voltage and the phase angle
X
L
= 2(1010
3
)(10010
-3
) = 6.28 k
Z = (1010
3
)
2
+ (6.2810
3
)
2
= 11.8 k
V
S
= IZ = (200A)(11.8k) = 2.36 V
= tan
-1
(6.28k/10k) = 34.2
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ISU EE C.Y. Lee
Relationships of I and V in a
Series RL Circuit
In a series circuit, the current is the same through
both the resistor and the inductor
The resistor voltage is in phase with the current, and
the inductor voltage leads the current by 90
I
V
R
V
L
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ISU EE C.Y. Lee
KVL in a Series RL Circuit
From KVL, the sum of the
voltage drops must equal
the source voltage (V
S
)
Since V
R
and V
L
are 90
out of phase with each
other, they must be added
as phasor quantities
V
S
= V
2
R
+ V
2
L
= tan
-1
(V
L
/V
R
)
I
V
R
V
L
I
V
R
= IR
V
S
= IZ = I(R+jX
L
)
V
L
= I(jX
L
)
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ISU EE C.Y. Lee
KVL in a Series RL Circuit
Example: Determine the source voltage and the phase angle
V
S
= (50)
2
+ (35)
2
= 61 V
= tan
-1
(35/50) = tan
-1
(0.7) = 35
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ISU EE C.Y. Lee
Variation of Impedance and
Phase Angle with Frequency
Z
f
For a series RL circuit;
as frequency increases:
R remains constant
X
L
increases
Z increases
increases
R
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ISU EE C.Y. Lee
Impedance and Phase Angle of
Parallel RL Circuits
Total impedance in parallel RL circuit:
Z = (RX
L
) / ( R
2
+X
2
L
)
Phase angle between the applied V and the total I:
= tan
-1
(R/X
L
)
( )
jR X
RX
Z
jX R
R jX
Z
jX R Z
L
L
L
L
L

=
+
=
+ =
1
1 1 1

= =
jR X
RX
I IZ V
L
L
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ISU EE C.Y. Lee
Conductance, Susceptance and
Admittance
Conductance is the reciprocal of resistance:
G = 1/R
Inductive susceptance is the reciprocal of
inductive reactance:
B
C
= 1/X
L
Admittance is the reciprocal of impedance:
Y = 1/Z
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ISU EE C.Y. Lee
Ohms Law
Application of Ohms Law to parallel RL circuits
using impedance can be rewritten for admittance
(Y=1/Z):
Y
I
V =
VY I =
V
I
Y =
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ISU EE C.Y. Lee
Relationships of the I and V in a
Parallel RL Circuit
The applied voltage, V
S
, appears across both the
resistive and the inductive branches
Total current, I
tot
, divides at the junction into the
two branch current, I
R
and I
L
I
R
= V/R
I
tot
= V/Z
= V((X
L
jR)/RX
L
)
I
L
= V/(jX
L
)
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ISU EE C.Y. Lee
KCL in a Parallel RL Circuit
From KCL, Total current
(I
S
) is the phasor sum of the
two branch currents
Since I
R
and I
L
are 90
out of phase with each
other, they must be added
as phasor quantities
I
tot
= I
2
R
+ I
2
L
= tan
-1
(I
L
/I
R
)
I
R
= V/R
I
tot
= V/Z
= V((X
L
jR)/RX
L
)
I
L
= V/(jX
L
)
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ISU EE C.Y. Lee
KCL in a Parallel RL Circuit
Example: Determine the value of each current, and describe
the phase relationship of each with the source voltage
I
R
= 12/220 = 54.5 mA
I
C
= 12/150 = 80 mA
I
tot
= (54.5)
2
+ (80)
2
= 96.8 mA
= tan
-1
(80/54.5) = 55.7
V
s
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ISU EE C.Y. Lee
Series-Parallel RL Circuits
An approach to analyzing circuits with combinations
of both series and parallel R and L elements is to:
Calculate the magnitudes of capacitive reactances (X
L
)
Find the impedance (Z) of the series portion and the
impedance of the parallel portion and combine them to get
the total impedance

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ISU EE C.Y. Lee
RL Circuit as a Low-Pass Filter
An inductor acts as a short to dc
As the frequency is increased, so
does the inductive reactance
As inductive reactance increases,
the output voltage across the
resistor decreases
A series RL circuit, where output
is taken across the resistor, finds
application as a low-pass filter
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ISU EE C.Y. Lee
RL Circuit as a Low-Pass Filter
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ISU EE C.Y. Lee
RL Circuit as a High-Pass Filter
For the case when output voltage
is measured across the inductor
At dc, the inductor acts a short,
so the output voltage is zero
As frequency increases, so does
inductive reactance, resulting in
more voltage being dropped
across the inductor
The result is a high-pass filter
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ISU EE C.Y. Lee
RL Circuit as a High-Pass Filter
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ISU EE C.Y. Lee
Summary
When a sinusoidal voltage is applied to an RL
circuit, the current and all the voltage drops are
also sine waves
Total current in an RL circuit always lags the
source voltage
The resistor voltage is always in phase with the
current
In an ideal inductor, the voltage always leads the
current by 90
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ISU EE C.Y. Lee
Summary
In an RL circuit, the impedance is determined by
both the resistance and the inductive reactance
combined
The impedance of an RL circuit varies directly with
frequency
The phase angle () if a series RL circuit varies
directly with frequency
In an RL lag network, the output voltage lags the
input voltage in phase
In an RL lead network, the output voltage leads the
input voltage in phase

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