Bit & Hydrolic

Bits and Holemaking
IPM
IPM IDPT
Bits and Holemaking
Bits and Holemaking
IPM
Introduction
Drilling bits selection is crucial to the performance of all drilling
projects.
Understanding the different types of bits and their respective
applications is a pre-requisite to bit selection.
Holemaking involves not only the right bit in the right application but
also running it with the right operating parameters.
Given that bit technology continues to improve at a rapid pace, well
engineers must stay abreast of the latest developments to ensure
optimum bit selection.
Bits and Holemaking
IPM
Session Objectives
At the end of this training session, you will be able to:
List the different type of bits
Describe the different rock failure mechanism
Describe the IADC (International Association of
Drilling Contractors) bit classification and dull bit
evaluation code
Describe the effect of change in weight on bit, rpm,
hole size, mud weight and solids content on bit
performance
Perform bit economics
Select bits based on offset well data
Interpret Drill-Off Tests
Bits and Holemaking
IPM
Bit Types
Bits and Holemaking
IPM
Bit Types
Drill Bits
Fixed
Cutter
Roller
Cone
Insert
Mill
Tooth
Diamond P D C
Natural
Diamond
Impregnated
Diamond
T S P
Roller
Bearing
Journal
Bearing
Courtesy of
Bits and Holemaking
IPM
PDC (Polycrystalline Diamond Compact)
Drill Bits
Fixed
Cutter
Roller
Cone
Insert
Mill
Tooth
Diamond P D C
Natural
Diamond
Impregnated
Diamond
T S P
Roller
Bearing
Journal
Bearing
Courtesy of
Bits and Holemaking
IPM
8 mm
11 mm
13 mm
16 mm
19 mm
Cutting Elements - PDC
Courtesy of
Bits and Holemaking
IPM
Natural Diamond
Drill Bits
Fixed
Cutter
Roller
Cone
Insert
Mill
Tooth
Diamond P D C
Natural
Diamond
Impregnated
Diamond
T S P
Roller
Bearing
Journal
Bearing
IPM
Courtesy of
Bits and Holemaking
IPM
Cutting Elements Natural Diamond
Natural Diamonds
Size
Shape
Quality
Courtesy of
Bits and Holemaking
IPM
TSP (Thermally Stable Polycrystalline)
IPM
Courtesy of
Drill Bits
Fixed
Cutter
Roller
Cone
Insert
Mill
Tooth
Diamond P D C
Natural
Diamond
Impregnated
Diamond
T S P
Roller
Bearing
Journal
Bearing
Bits and Holemaking
IPM
Cutting Elements - TSP
Courtesy of
TSP
Bits and Holemaking
IPM
Impregnated Diamond
IPM
Courtesy of
Drill Bits
Fixed
Cutter
Roller
Cone
Insert
Mill
Tooth
Diamond P D C
Natural
Diamond
Impregnated
Diamond
T S P
Roller
Bearing
Journal
Bearing
Bits and Holemaking
IPM
Cutting Elements - Impregnated
Impregnated Diamond Blades
Courtesy of
Bits and Holemaking
IPM
Bit Types
Alternative Names
Rock Bit
Tri-Cone
Drill Bits
Fixed
Cutter
Roller
Cone
Insert
Mill
Tooth
Diamond P D C
Natural
Diamond
Impregnated
Diamond
T S P
Roller
Bearing
Journal
Bearing
Courtesy of
Bits and Holemaking
IPM
Mill Tooth Bits
Drill Bits
Fixed
Cutter
Roller
Cone
Insert
Mill
Tooth
Diamond P D C
Natural
Diamond
Impregnated
Diamond
T S P
Roller
Bearing
Journal
Bearing
IPM
Courtesy of
Bits and Holemaking
IPM
Cutting Elements Mill Tooth
Teeth and Hardfacing
Courtesy of
Bits and Holemaking
IPM
Insert Bits
Drill Bits
Fixed
Cutter
Roller
Cone
Insert
Mill
Tooth
Diamond P D C
Natural
Diamond
Impregnated
Diamond
T S P
Roller
Bearing
Journal
Bearing
IPM
Courtesy of
Bits and Holemaking
IPM
Cutting Elements - Insert
Tungsten Carbide Inserts
Courtesy of
Bits and Holemaking
IPM
Mill Tooth - Roller Bearing
Drill Bits
Fixed
Cutter
Roller
Cone
Insert
Mill
Tooth
Diamond P D C
Natural
Diamond
Impregnated
Diamond
T S P
Roller
Bearing
Journal
Bearing
Courtesy of
Bits and Holemaking
IPM
Mill Tooth/Insert Journal Bearing
Drill Bits
Fixed
Cutter
Roller
Cone
Insert
Mill
Tooth
Diamond P D C
Natural
Diamond
Impregnated
Diamond
T S P
Roller
Bearing
Journal
Bearing
Courtesy of
Bits and Holemaking
IPM
Rock Failure Mechanisms
Bits and Holemaking
IPM
Failure Mechanisms
PDC BIT PDC BIT
CONTINUOUS CONTINUOUS
SHEARING SHEARING
ROLLER CONE BIT
CYCLIC COMPRESSION
Compressive
Failure
Failure Mechanisms
Shear Failure
Courtesy of
Bits and Holemaking
IPM
Rock Strength
Shear Strength
Compressive Strength
Courtesy of
Bits and Holemaking
IPM
Drilling Mechanisms
Compressive
Failure
Courtesy of
Bits and Holemaking
IPM
Drilling Mechanisms
Shear Failure
PDC BIT PDC BIT
CONTINUOUS CONTINUOUS
SHEARING SHEARING
Courtesy of
Bits and Holemaking
IPM
Drilling Mechanisms
Shear/Compressive
Failure
NATURAL DIAMOND
OR IMPREG BIT
CONTINUOUS
CRUSHING
& ABRASION
Courtesy of
Bits and Holemaking
IPM
Drilling Mechanisms vs Bit Type
Impregnated Diamond Grinding
Natural Diamond Ploughing
PDC Shearing
Insert Chipping and Crushing
Mill Tooth Gouging & Scraping
Courtesy of
Bits and Holemaking
IPM
IADC Bit Classification
Bits and Holemaking
IPM
IADC Classification Roller Cone
517G
Soft Formations with
Low Compressive
Strength and High
Drillability
1
Medium to Medium
Hard Formations with
High Compressive
Strength
2
Hard Semi-Abrasive
and Abrasive
Formations
3
Soft Formations with
Low Compressive
Strength and High
Drillability
4
Sof t to Medium
Formations with Low
5
Medium Hard
Formations with High
6
Hard Semi-Abrasive
and Abrasive
Formations
7
Extremely Hard and
Abrasive Formations
8
INSERT
BITS
STEEL
TOOTH
BITS
Cutting Structure Series Cutting Structure
Type (1 to 4)
1 refers to the softest
formation in a
particular Series and
4 refers to the
hardest formation
within the Series
Bearing/Gauge
Description
Standard
Roller
Bearing
1
Roller
Bearing Air
Cooled
2
Roller
Bearing
Gauge
Protected
3
Sealed
Roller
Bearing
4
Sealed
Roller Brg -
Gauge
Protected
5
Sealed
Friction
Bearing
6
Sealed
Frction Brg
Gauge
Protected
7
Features
Available
(Optional)
A - Air Application
B - Special Bearing Seal
C - Center Jet
D - Deviation Control
E - Extended Nozzles
G - Gauge/Body
Protection
H - Horizontal Steering
Appl.
J - Jet Deflection
L - Lug Pads
M - Motor Application
S - Standard Steel Tooth
T - Two Cone Bit
W - Enhanced Cutting
Structure
X - Predominantly Chisel
Tooth Insert
Y - Conical Tooth Insert
Z - Other Shape Insert
8-1/2 EHP 51
Ref: SPE 23937 The IADC Roller Bit Classification System
Bits and Holemaking
IPM
IADC Classification Fixed Cutter
M432
Body Material Steel or Matrix.
Cutter Density PDC: 1 to 4, diamond bits: 6 to 8
(the lower the number, the lighter set the bit).
Cutter Size/Type For PDC cutter, 1 indicates >24 mm, 2
12-1/4 DS66H
is between 14 and 24 mm, 3 is between 8 and 14 mm
and 4 is smaller than 8. For diamond bits, 1 represents
natural diamond, 2 is for TSP, 3 is a combination of
natural diamond and TSP and 4 is for impregnated.
Profile The final digit indicates the general body style
and varies from 1 (flat profile) to 4 (long flanked
turbine style).
Fixed cutter IADC codes are intended only to provide a means for characterizing the general
physical appearance of fixed cutter drill bits. Unlike the IADC classification for roller bits, these
codes do not represent an application guideline.
Ref: SPE 23940 Development of a New IADC Fixed Cutter Drill Bit Classification System
Bits and Holemaking
IPM
IADC Codes
Tooth
2
1
3
1-1
IPM
Soft
1-3
2-1
Hard
Bits and Holemaking
IPM
IADC Codes
1
4-1
IPM
Tooth
Soft
Insert
2
4
3
5
6
7
8-3
Hard
8
Bits and Holemaking
IPM
IADC Codes
Soft
Hard
Tooth
PDC
IPM
1
8
7
6
4
5
Insert
2
1
3
Bits and Holemaking
IPM
IADC Codes
Diamond
PDC Tooth
IPM
Soft
Hard
8
7
6
4
5
Insert
1
2
3
Bits and Holemaking
IPM
IADC Codes
Soft
Hard
Tooth
Impregnated
Diamond
Diamond
PDC
IPM
1
8
7
6
4
5
Insert
2
1
3
Bits and Holemaking
IPM
IADC Bit Dull Grading Code
Bits and Holemaking
IPM
The International Association of Drilling Contractors has
developed a standard methodology for describing used
bits. This information is essential for detailed bit
performance analysis.
The methodology is composed of an 8 character code
that describes bit wear and the reason why the bit was
pulled.
INNER
ROWS
OUTER
ROWS
DULL
CHAR
LOCA-
TION
BRNG/
SEALS
GAUGE
1/16
OTHER
CHAR
Cutting Structure B G Remarks
REASON
PULLED
Bits and Holemaking
IPM
INNER
ROWS
OUTER
ROWS
DULL
CHAR
LOCA-
TION
BRNG/
SEALS
GAUGE
1/16
OTHER
CHAR
REASON
PULLED
The cutting structure is graded from 0 to 8 depending on the proportion of
cutting structure lost (0 = Intact, 8 = 100% worn).
Fixed Cutter Bits Roller Cone Bits
Inner Cutting
Structure (All Inner
Rows)
Outer Cutting
Structure (Gauge
Row Only)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Cone 2
Cone 3
Cone 1
IPM
Ref : Reed Hycalog PDC & Roller Cone Product Technology Reference Information
Bits and Holemaking
IPM
INNER
ROWS
OUTER
ROWS
DULL
CHAR
LOCA-
TION
BRNG/
SEALS
GAUGE
1/16
OTHER
CHAR
REASON
PULLED
Fixed Cutter Bits
Roller Cone Bits
BF - Bond Failure
BT - Broken Cutters
BU - Balled Up
CT - Chipped Cutters
ER - Erosion
HC - Heat Checking
JD - Junk Damage
LN - Lost Nozzle
LT - Lost Cutter
NR - Not Rerunable
PN - Plugged Nozzle
RG - Rounded Gauge
RO - Ring Out
RR - Rerunable
SS - Self Sharpening Wear
TR - Tracking
WO - Washed Out Bit
WT - Worn Cutters
NO - No Dull Characteristics
*BC - Broken Cone
BF - Bone Failure
BT - Broken Teeth/Cutters
BU - Balled Up Bit
*CC - Cracked Cone
*CD - Cone Dragged
CI - Cone Interference
CR - Cored
CT - Chipped Teeth/Cutters SS -
ER - Erosion
FC - Flat Crested Wear
HC - Heat Checking
JD - Junk Damage
*LC - Lost Cone
LN - Lost Nozzle
LT - Lost Teeth/Cutters
OC - Off-Center Wear
PB - Pinched Bit
PN - Plugged Nozzle/Flow Passage
RG - Rounded Gauge
RO - Ring Out
SD - Shirttail Damage
Self Sharpening Wear
TR - Tracking
WO - Washed Out Bit
WT - Worn Teeth/Cutters
NO - No Dull Characteristic
* Show Cone under Location 4
Note that this is for the Primary dull characteristics.
Bits and Holemaking
IPM
Fixed Cutter Main Wear Characteristics
NO WEAR
(NO)
WORN
CUTTER
(WT)
BROKEN
CUTTER
(BT)
LOST
CUTTER
(LT)
EROSION
(ER)
POST OR STUD
CUTTERS
BOND
FAILURE
(BF)
NO WEAR
(NO)
WORN
CUTTER
(WT)
BROKEN
CUTTER
(BT)
LOST
CUTTER
(LT)
CYLINDER
CUTTERS
BOND
FAILURE
(BF)
Courtesy of
Bits and Holemaking
IPM
Dull Characteristics Some Examples
Fixed Cutter Bits
BF - Bond Failure
BT - Broken Cutters
BU - Balled Up
ER - Erosion
HC - Heat Checking
JD - Junk Damage
LN - Lost Nozzle
LT - Lost Cutter
NR - Not Rerunable
PN - Plugged Nozzle
RG - Rounded Gauge
RO - Ring Out
RR - Rerunable
TR - Tracking
WO - Washed Out Bit
WT - Worn Cutters
BU - Balled Up
Bits and Holemaking
IPM
Roller Cone Bits
*BC - Broken Cone
BF - Bone Failure
BU - Balled Up Bit
*CC - Cracked Cone
*CD - Cone Dragged
CR - Cored
ER - Erosion
HC - Heat Checking
JD - Junk Damage
*LC - Lost Cone
LN - Lost Nozzle
PB - Pinched Bit
RG - Rounded Gauge
RO - Ring Out
TR - Tracking
WO - Washed Out Bit
BU Balled Up Bit
(primary)
CD Cone Dragged
(secondary)
Ref : IADC Drilling Manual Eleventh Edition
Bits and Holemaking
IPM
Fixed Cutter Bits
BF - Bond Failure
BT - Broken Cutters
BU - Balled Up
ER - Erosion
HC - Heat Checking
JD - Junk Damage
LN - Lost Nozzle
LT - Lost Cutter
NR - Not Rerunable
PN - Plugged Nozzle
RG - Rounded Gauge
RO - Ring Out
RR - Rerunable
TR - Tracking
WO - Washed Out Bit
WT - Worn Cutters
CT Chipped Cutter
Bits and Holemaking
IPM
Fixed Cutter Bits
BF - Bond Failure
BT - Broken Cutters
BU - Balled Up
ER - Erosion
HC - Heat Checking
JD - Junk Damage
LN - Lost Nozzle
LT - Lost Cutter
NR - Not Rerunable
PN - Plugged Nozzle
RG - Rounded Gauge
RO - Ring Out
RR - Rerunable
TR - Tracking
WO - Washed Out Bit
WT - Worn Cutters
LT Lost Cutter
Bits and Holemaking
IPM
Roller Cone Bits
*BC - Broken Cone
BF - Bone Failure
BU - Balled Up Bit
*CC - Cracked Cone
*CD - Cone Dragged
CR - Cored
ER - Erosion
HC - Heat Checking
JD - Junk Damage
*LC - Lost Cone
LN - Lost Nozzle
PB - Pinched Bit
RG - Rounded Gauge
RO - Ring Out
TR - Tracking
WO - Washed Out Bit
BT Broken Teeth/Cutters
Bits and Holemaking
IPM
Fixed Cutter Bits
BF - Bond Failure
BT - Broken Cutters
BU - Balled Up
ER - Erosion
HC - Heat Checking
JD - Junk Damage
LN - Lost Nozzle
LT - Lost Cutter
NR - Not Rerunable
PN - Plugged Nozzle
RG - Rounded Gauge
RO - Ring Out
RR - Rerunable
TR - Tracking
WO - Washed Out Bit
WT - Worn Cutters
L
a
RO Ring Out
Bits and Holemaking
IPM
Roller Cone Bits
*BC - Broken Cone
BF - Bone Failure
BU - Balled Up Bit
*CC - Cracked Cone
*CD - Cone Dragged
CR - Cored
ER - Erosion
HC - Heat Checking
JD - Junk Damage
*LC - Lost Cone
LN - Lost Nozzle
PB - Pinched Bit
RG - Rounded Gauge
RO - Ring Out
TR - Tracking
WO - Washed Out Bit
JD Junk Damage
Bits and Holemaking
IPM
Fixed Cutter Bits
BF - Bond Failure
BT - Broken Cutters
BU - Balled Up
ER - Erosion
HC - Heat Checking
JD - Junk Damage
LN - Lost Nozzle
LT - Lost Cutter
NR - Not Rerunable
PN - Plugged Nozzle
RG - Rounded Gauge
RO - Ring Out
RR - Rerunable
TR - Tracking
WO - Washed Out Bit
WT - Worn Cutters
WT Worn Cutters
Bits and Holemaking
IPM
Roller Cone Bits
*BC - Broken Cone
BF - Bone Failure
BU - Balled Up Bit
*CC - Cracked Cone
*CD - Cone Dragged
CR - Cored
ER - Erosion
HC - Heat Checking
JD - Junk Damage
*LC - Lost Cone
LN - Lost Nozzle
PB - Pinched Bit
RG - Rounded Gauge
RO - Ring Out
TR - Tracking
WO - Washed Out Bit
Bits and Holemaking
IPM
TR - Tracking
Roller Cone Bits
*BC - Broken Cone
BF - Bone Failure
BU - Balled Up Bit
*CC - Cracked Cone
*CD - Cone Dragged
CR - Cored
ER - Erosion
HC - Heat Checking
JD - Junk Damage
*LC - Lost Cone
LN - Lost Nozzle
PB - Pinched Bit
RG - Rounded Gauge
RO - Ring Out
TR - Tracking
WO - Washed Out Bit
Bits and Holemaking
IPM
Roller Cone Bits
*BC - Broken Cone
BF - Bone Failure
BU - Balled Up Bit
*CC - Cracked Cone
*CD - Cone Dragged
CR - Cored
ER - Erosion
HC - Heat Checking
JD - Junk Damage
*LC - Lost Cone
LN - Lost Nozzle
PB - Pinched Bit
RG - Rounded Gauge
RO - Ring Out
TR - Tracking
WO - Washed Out Bit
SS Self Sharpening Wear
Bits and Holemaking
IPM
Roller Cone Bits
*BC - Broken Cone
BF - Bone Failure
BU - Balled Up Bit
*CC - Cracked Cone
*CD - Cone Dragged
CR - Cored
ER - Erosion
HC - Heat Checking
JD - Junk Damage
*LC - Lost Cone
LN - Lost Nozzle
PB - Pinched Bit
RG - Rounded Gauge
RO - Ring Out
TR - Tracking
WO - Washed Out Bit
ER Erosion
Bits and Holemaking
IPM
INNER
ROWS
OUTER
ROWS
DULL
CHAR
LOCA-
TION
BRNG/
SEALS
GAUGE
1/16
OTHER
CHAR
REASON
PULLED
Cutting Structure Remarks B G
Fixed Cutter Bits
Roller Cone Bits
C - Cone
N - Nose
T - Taper
S - Shoulder
G - Gauge
N - Nose Row
M - Middle Row
G - Gauge Row
A - All Rows
Cone 1, 2 or 3
Bits and Holemaking
IPM
INNER
ROWS
OUTER
ROWS
DULL
CHAR
LOCA-
TION
BRNG/
SEALS
GAUGE
1/16
OTHER
CHAR
REASON
PULLED
Fixed Cutter Bits
Roller Cone Bits
This box is for roller cone
bits. Fixed cutter bits will
always be designated by "X".
Non Sealed Bearings
A linear scale estimating
bearing life used. (0 -No life
used, 8 - All life used, i.e., no
bearing life remaining.)
Sealed Bearings
E - Seals Effective
F - Seals Failed
N - Not Able to Grade
Bits and Holemaking
IPM
INNER
ROWS
OUTER
ROWS
DULL
CHAR
LOCA-
TION
BRNG/
SEALS
GAUGE
1/16
OTHER
CHAR
REASON
PULLED
For all Bits
The letter I is used to designate bits that are in gauge.
If the bit is under gauge, the amount is recorded to the nearest 1/16 of
an inch. For example, if the bit is 1/8 under gauge, this is reported as
2/16 or often only as 2.
Bits and Holemaking
IPM
INNER
ROWS
OUTER
ROWS
DULL
CHAR
LOCA-
TION
BRNG/
SEALS
GAUGE
1/16
OTHER
CHAR
REASON
PULLED
BF - Bond Failure
BT - Broken Cutters
BU - Balled Up
ER - Erosion
HC - Heat Checking
JD - Junk Damage
LN - Lost Nozzle
LT - Lost Cutter
NR - Not Rerunable
PN - Plugged Nozzle
RG - Rounded Gauge
RO - Ring Out
RR - Rerunable
TR - Tracking
WO - Washed Out Bit
WT - Worn Cutters
Fixed Cutter Bits Roller Cone Bits
This is for the Secondary dull char. and it uses the same codes as for the Primary dull char.
*BC - Broken Cone
BF - Bone Failure
BU - Balled Up Bit
*CC - Cracked Cone
*CD - Cone Dragged
CR - Cored
ER - Erosion
HC - Heat Checking
JD - Junk Damage
*LC - Lost Cone
LN - Lost Nozzle
PB - Pinched Bit
RG - Rounded Gauge
RO - Ring Out
TR - Tracking
WO - Washed Out Bit
Bits and Holemaking
IPM
INNER
ROWS
OUTER
ROWS
DULL
CHAR
LOCA-
TION
BRNG/
SEALS
GAUGE
1/16
OTHER
CHAR
REASON
PULLED
For All Bits
HP - Hole Problems
HR - Hours
PP - Pump Pressure
PR - Penetration Rate
TD - Total Depth/Casing Point
TQ - Torque
TW - Twist Off
WC - Weather Conditions
WO - Washout -DrillString
BHA - Change Bottom Hole Assembly
DMF - Down hole Motor Failure
DSF - Drill String Failure
DST - Drill Stem Test
DTF - Down hole Tool Failure
RIG - Rig Repair
CM - Condition Mud
CP - Core Point
DP - Drill Plug
FM - Formation Change
Bits and Holemaking
IPM
Key to Dull Bit Grading: Grade a Lot of Dulls !
Photo courtesy of
Bits and Holemaking
IPM
Drilling Parameters vs Bit Performance
Bits and Holemaking
IPM
Chip Formation
Tooth load overcomes rock compressive strength,
generates crater
Scraping helps to remove chips from craters.
Cutter
Cutter
Formation
Formation
Borehole pressure causes
chip hold down effect
Courtesy of
Bits and Holemaking
IPM
Chip Removal
Formation
Formation
Cutter
Cutter
61
Courtesy of
Removal of chips is required to
allow for new chip formation
Hydraulics help to remove chips
Bits and Holemaking
IPM
WOB (Weight on Bit) Response
CHIP CREATION CHIP REMOVAL
R
O
P
0
0
WEIGHT on BIT
Courtesy of
Bits and Holemaking
IPM
RPM Response
CHIP CREATION CHIP REMOVAL
R
O
P
0
0
RPM
Courtesy of
Bits and Holemaking
IPM
Effects of Offset or Skew
0 - 2
Reduced Gage Scraping
More Durable
Slower Drilling
Abrasive / Hard Formations
Reduced Offset
3 - 5
Increased Gage Scraping
Less Durable
Faster Drilling
Soft / Sticky Formations
Increased Offset
Courtesy of
Bits and Holemaking
IPM
Courtesy of
ROP vs Overbalance
Data based on 7-7/8 bit with 30 klbs at 60 RPM
IPM
Bits and Holemaking
IPM
Bit Economics
Bits and Holemaking
IPM
Drilling Bit Economics - Cost per Foot
D
t t t C C
C
t c b r b
f
+ + +
=
) (
f
C
b
C
r
C
b
t
c
t
t
t
D
Cost per foot ($/ft)
Cost of the bit ($)
Where:
If a mud motor is being
used, the cost can be
added to the operation
spread rate
Operation spread rate ($/day)
Time rotating (hrs)
Time for connections(hrs)
Round trip time (hrs)
Footage drilled
Ref: SPE Applied Drilling Engineering, 1986 Edition
Bits and Holemaking
IPM
Drilling Bit Economics - Cost per Foot
f
C
b
C
r
C
t
t
D
Cost per foot ($/ft)
Cost of the bit ($)
Where:
D
t t C C
C
t d r b
f
+ +
=
) (
d
t
Operation spread rate ($/day)
Time drilling (hrs) Combining rotating and circulating time
Round trip time (hrs)
Footage drilled
Bits and Holemaking
IPM
Bit Selection
Bits and Holemaking
IPM
Bit Application Spectrum
Formation Compressive Strength
P
e
n
e
t
r
a
t
i
o
n

R
a
t
e
PDC
Mill Tooth
Insert
Impreg
& Natural
Diamond
Courtesy of
DP
Bits and Holemaking
IPM
Bit Selection Process
Which
Which
One ?
One ?
Courtesy of
Bits and Holemaking
IPM
Bit Selection - PDC
Advantages
Very Fast ROP
Long Life Potential
Considerations
Impact Damage
Abrasiveness
Stability
Courtesy of
Bits and Holemaking
IPM
Bit Selection Tooth Bit
Advantages
Fast ROP
Good Stability
Economic
Considerations
Tooth Wear Rate
Bearing Life
Courtesy of
Bits and Holemaking
IPM
Bit Selection Insert Bits
Advantages
Cutting Structure Durability
Range of Formations
Interbed Tolerance
Steerability and Stability
Considerations
Slower ROP
Bearing Life
Courtesy of
Bits and Holemaking
IPM
Bit Selection Natural & Impreg Diamond Bits
Advantages
Very Durable
Hard Rock Capability
Low Junk-in-Hole Risk
Considerations
Slower ROP
RPM Sensitivity
High Cost Applications
Courtesy of
Bits and Holemaking
IPM
The Bit Selection Process
Courtesy of
Bits and Holemaking
IPM
What Do We Look At?
Geology
Limitations
Limitations
Offset Data
Objectives
Other
Courtesy of
Bits and Holemaking
IPM
Geology - Lithological Analysis
Courtesy of
Bits and Holemaking
IPM
Vibration in Grid Sandstone
Balling in Horda and Balder
Pyrite in Balder and below
Stringers (40k psi)
Abrasive sands
Hard Ekofisk Limestone
Courtesy of
Lithological Analysis
Potential Difficulties
Bits and Holemaking
IPM
Structural Geology
Courtesy of
Bits and Holemaking
IPM
Structural Geology
Faults
In the Cusiana/Cupiagua
fields of Colombia, the
same formation is much
harder & abrasive
below the fault.
Courtesy of
Bits and Holemaking
IPM
Geology Example of Local Feature
Bunter Sandstone (UK southern North Sea)
Locally within Block 48 there is a hard, baked
crust on the top of this formation which makes
PDC application extremely risky. In adjacent
Blocks this feature is not present and the interval
can be effectively drilled with light-set, aggressive
PDC bits.
Courtesy of
Bits and Holemaking
IPM
What Do We Look At?
Geology
Limitations
Limitations
Offset Data
Objectives
Other
Courtesy of
Bits and Holemaking
IPM
Anadrill MWD/LWD BIT RUN SUMMARY
PAGE 1 OF 4
JOB NUMBER COMPANY REP. DATE IN DATE OUT MWD RUN NO. LWD RUN NO. RIG BIT RUN NO. CELLMGR.
01-Nov-00
COMPANY HOLE DEPTH- FROM TO COLLAR SIZE SONIC
MWD CDR
RIG NAME DRIFT - FROM TO LAST CASING
SIZE DEPTH
WELLNAME AZIMUTH- FROM TO BIT MFG / MODEL/ IADC CODE
LOCATION HOLE SIZE WATER DEPTH DOWNHOLE MOTOR TYPE / SIZE / SN
FRAME FORMAT USED / DTL MAG DEC / GRID T/ F ARC T/ F ANGLE BENT HOUSING ANGLE PUMPING HOURS FT/ M DRILLED
BIT-TO-SURVEY MODULATOR GAP BENT SUB ANGLE TRANS FAIL RT TRANS HOURS RT TRANS FT/ M
YES NO
BIT-TO-M10 ROP B DEPTHTO GR-RES DEN-POR SON VALT / FLOW-MIN. VALT / FLOW-MAX LWD REAM HOURS LWD REAM FT/ M
BIT GRADING-MEL CONE LOCK PUMP OUTPUT / TYPE JETS / TFA LWD DRILLHOURS LWD DRILLFT/ M
TEETH YES NO GAUGE
IADC CUTTING STRUCTURE B G REMARKS EQUIV. DRILLING
INNER
ROW N/A
OUTER
ROW N/A
DULL
CHAR N/A LOCATION N/A
BRNG/
SEALS N/A
GAUGE
1/ 16 N/A
OTHER
CHAR N/A
REASON
PULLED TD TIME
SOFTWARE VERSION BOT LWD BELOW ROTARY
IDEAL ADVISOR SPM Isonic M-10 CDR ADN HRS. HRS.
MWD PUMPING HOURS LWD PUMPING HOURS REAL TIME RECORDEDTIME
CODE S/ N START CUM CODE S/ N START CUM HRS Fail Y/ N FT/ M HRS Fail Y/ N FT/ M
MMA TEMP
MTA DWOB
MEA DTOR
BHA/
MDI MAG
ACC
SHK
GRA CDEA TRAN
TAA
RGEH/
CDEH SUR
PRS
RGAS/
CDAS CDRES 1338
DFS CDLDS CDRGR 1338
DFS RGCS CDR TEMP 1338
MD
C RGLS CDR ECD 1338
SLK RNGS CDR S HK 1338
SZR NDDC LWD S ON 1338
RES NDPC FLS DSS DLS CDR ADN SONIC
NDPH FLW DSW DLW CDW CDW
ISS NDSE CDR RECORDED ONLY CDN RECORDED ONLY
MSB NDSS READ-OUT PORT TO BIT:
BSS NDPS CDR# # ADN M-10
XOS NDLX CHECKSHOT TYPE:
CSB ISONIC DC&E DEPTH: INCL: AZI:
OPERATING CONDITIONS
AVG ROP (m/ hr) AVG RPM AVG PP (bar) AVG LPM END VIS END MUD WT. (sg) END MUD RES MUD ADDITIVES LCM
LCM HEMATITE TYPE
BIT/ SEC / CARRIER MAX CIRC TEMP (C) AVG WOB (T) AVG TORQ (kNm) MAX MWD SHOCK MAX SHOCKDUR. TDHSHOCK BEADS BARITE SIZE
3bps / 12Hz NONE GILSONITE CONC lb/ BBL
MUD TYPE MUD CLEAN SAND % SOLID % BHA TYPE
F-FRESHH20 L-LIGNO O-OIL%__ 80 S-SALT H2O B-BUILD M-MOTOR S- STEERABLE
K-KCL M-LIME MURREX P-POLYMER X-________ YES NO H-PACKED HOLE P-PENDULUM X-OTHER
TURBINE JAMMING TOOLJAMMING SYNC TIME BIT TYPE MOD TYPE
ROTOR PRT. NO. STATOR PRT. NO. D-DIAMOND P-PDC A-PDC A N-NORMAL M3
YES NO TIME MINS. I-INSERT M-MILLTOOTH X-________ S-SINUSOIDAL M10
COLLAR NOISE PROBLEMS PRES INCR AT FAIL FLOAT SUB LOST RIG TIME SURF. SYS FAIL TRIP TERM DUE CLIENT SURFACE BHA VIBRATION SURFACE
NORMAL SURFACE NONE DUE TO MWD DIRECTLY TO MWD INCONVENIENCE VIBRATION SCREEN
OTHER DOWNHOLE YES NO YES NO HRS YES NO YES NO YES NO YES NO YES NO YES NO
SUMMARY
1338
M10
2
85 4 12 - - 203
33 150 200 3500 28 1.45 OBM
827 0 70
SON 33.45 10.85
ENP 001 0 70
IWOB
N
70 N ENP 001 0 70
N
70
0 70 11779 70
70
70 N
1338
70 N
-
70 N
387 0 70 023 0 70
0 70 N 1338 70 RGM 8989 MSSC JC 304063-3 0
70 MSSC GB 77715-4 0
-
- 626 0 70
N
70 -
5.0C05 6.0x05 30
865 0 70 70
ID6_1x_12r N/A 6.1C-05 5.0B10
1312m
N/A N/A 13.2 LPS / TRIPLEX 8*13 / 1.037
2578 / 3550 2734 / 3566 1 26m
-3.60 / -1.380
0.12 N/A 70
15/6-A-2-H 179.89 336.47
111.4m
Statoil 1277m 2589m ADN
B. Ribesen
8 1/4" 8 1/4" 8 1/4"
3 06-Nov-00 3 1
N/A N/A N/A
6.0B42
1.5 20
N
100
1270 m
40
1312m
PowerDrive900 / 9 1/4" / 90004
1312m
13 3/8"
70
Reed-Hycalog/DS130B1DF+NSUV/24510
Glitne
13.24m
40
411 0
-
12 1/4"
20078 Hans J. Rusnes
70
Byford Dolphin 32.15 41.77
2012-2014
10.85m 22.21/18.86/34.74/35.97/28
Wireline Logs and Mud
Logs
Morning Reports and
BHA Reports
Courtesy of
Bits and Holemaking
IPM
Offset Data Bit Records
WELL NAME : 15/5-5
Run Bit Type Size Mnf Bit Name IADC TFA In Out Meters Hours ROP RPM WOB Flow SPP Bit
No inch in2 m m m m/hr ton ton l/min l/min bar bar I O DC
1 Mill Tooth 17.5 SEC SS44GLTJ 135M 0.838 210 210 74 7.4 10.0 19 88 0 14 1750 4150 16 95
HO 36 GRNT 6980 0.920 210 210 74 7.4 10.0 19 88 0 14 1750 4150 16 95
2 Mill Tooth 24 HTC ATX-CG1 115 1.595 210 210 0 1.2 0.0 11 50 5 11 3542 3600 51 55
3 Mill Tooth 17.5 STC MSDGHC 135 1.181 210 1000 790 16.5 47.9 45 95 0 22 3522 4432 100 180 2 3 NO
4 PDC 12.25 HYC DS70HFG S424 0.752 1000 1549 549 19.4 28.3 122 165 0 20 2110 2560 157 190 8 6 RO
5 Insert 8.5 HTC ATMGT-P09D 437 0.518 1549 2158 609 17.4 35.0 90 132 1 15 2500 2600 236 305 5 4 BT
6 Core 8.5 DBS CD93 M626 0.700 2158 2176 18 1.0 18.0 80 107 2 10 1300 1300 62 98
7 Core 8.5 DBS CD93 M626 0.700 2176 2182 6 0.5 12.0 50 83 2 11 1300 1300 58 95 1 2 CT
8 Core 8.5 DBS CD93 M626 0.700 2182 2200 18 1.3 13.8 80 104 1 2 832 832 50 76 1 4 CT
9 Insert 8.5 HTC ATMGT-P09D 437 0.518 2200 2645 445 22.3 20.0 70 123 0 18 1360 1590 219 268 6 6 BT
WELL NAME : 15/5-6
Run Bit Type Size Mnf Bit Name IADC TFA In Out Meters Hours ROP RPM WOB Flow SPP Bit
No inch in2 m m m m/hr ton ton l/min l/min bar bar I O DC
1 Mill Tooth 17.5 SEC SS33SGJ4 115M 1.117 134 196 62 7.9 7.8 70 90 2 5 4900 145 2 2 WT
HO 26 Darrot HO 114 0.746 134 196 62 7.9 7.8 70 90 2 5 4900 145
2 Mill Tooth 17.5 SEC SS33SGJ4 115M 1.117 196 200 4 1.0 4.0 70 70 4 7 4100 106
3 Mill Tooth 17.5 RTC MS11GC 115 1.117 200 1002 802 21.9 36.6 120 140 1 9 4150 210 2 2 WT
4 Mill Tooth 12.25 STC MSDGH 135 2.111 982 1005 23 3.0 7.7 70 80 3 10 2585 69 3 3 CD
5 PDC 8.5 HYC DS56DGJV M432 0.720 1005 2180 1175 23.7 49.6 165 177 1 6 2562 210 1 1 CT
6 Core 8.5 DBS CD93 M626 0.700 2180 2205 25 1.8 13.9 80 120 2 4 941 53 1 1 NO
7 PDC 8.5 HYC DS56DGJV RR M432 0.720 2205 2725 520 17.1 30.4 114 176 1 12 2550 240 2 2 WT
Courtesy of
Bits and Holemaking
IPM
1983
1986 1990
Courtesy of
Bits and Holemaking
IPM
Offset Data - Analysis
Bit Depth Out Interval Hours R.O.P. Dull Condition
ATX11H 2253 1311 69 19 2 2 BT M E I No HR
ATM22 2729 0 0 0 0 0 A E 0 TD
ATM22 2729 476 77 6.2 8 7 BT A E 2 BT PR
ATM22 2816 87 19 4.6 4 4 CT H E 1 JD TD

1st Run: Pulled too early
2nd Run: No footage
3rd Run: Major cutting structure damage
4th Run: Junk damage?
Almost
Almost a two bit section
Courtesy of
Bits and Holemaking
IPM
Offset Data - Parameters Analysis
ROP v Average Torque v Depth
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
1
2
4
7
0
1
2
5
2
5
1
2
5
8
0
1
2
6
3
5
1
2
6
9
0
1
2
7
4
5
1
2
8
0
0
1
2
8
5
5
1
2
9
1
0
1
2
9
6
5
1
3
0
2
0
1
3
0
7
5
1
3
1
3
0
1
3
1
8
5
1
3
2
4
0
1
3
2
9
5
1
3
3
5
0
1
3
4
0
5
1
3
4
6
0
1
3
5
1
5
1
3
5
7
0
1
3
6
2
5
1
3
6
8
0
1
3
7
3
5
1
3
7
9
0
1
3
8
4
5
1
3
9
0
0
1
3
9
5
5
1
4
0
1
0
R
O
P

(
f
p
h
)
0
5
10
15
20
25
T
o
r
q
u
e

(
K
f
t
/
l
b
s
)
ROP Average Torque
Courtesy of
Bits and Holemaking
IPM
Offset Data Benchmarking
Average well performance
Average interval performance
Average single run performance
Selected Averages (Best or most recent)
Selected Averages (by other data)
Courtesy of
Bits and Holemaking
IPM
What Do We Look At?
Objectives
Other
Geology
Offset Data
Limitations
Limitations
Courtesy of
Bits and Holemaking
IPM
Defining the Objective
Ask the customer(s) what they want!!!
Durability, ROP, Directional, Cost,
Dull Condition, Hours, (usually all)
Determine the feasibility
Finalize and agree upon objectives
Courtesy of
Bits and Holemaking
IPM
What Do We Look At?
Geology
Limitations
Limitations
Offset Data
Courtesy of
Objectives
Other
Bits and Holemaking
IPM
Recognizing the Limitations
Operational restrictions (rig specs, etc)
Contractual restrictions
Economic restrictions
Changing the mindset
Courtesy of
Bits and Holemaking
IPM
What Do We Look At?
Offset Data
Other
Objectives
Geology
Limitations
Limitations
Courtesy of
Bits and Holemaking
IPM
Other Factors (Mud)
Mud Properties (base fluid, density, additives, etc)
Bit Hydraulics (especially critical in WBM)
Maximum/Minimum Flowrates
Mud lubricity (effects on vibration & Impreg Bits)
Courtesy of
Bits and Holemaking
IPM
Other Factors

ROP & Mud Weight vs Well
0.00

2.00

4.00

6.00

8.00

10.00

12.00

14.00

16.00

18.00

20.00

D10

D11

D12

D13 D14 D15 D16 D17 D18

D19 D20 D21 D22 D24 D24
st

Well Number
R
O
P

(
f
t
/
h
r
)
ave rop
mud wt
-2.00
-1.80
-1.40
-0.40
-0.20
-1.60
-1.20
-0.80
-1.00
-0.60
-0.00
M
u
d

W
e
i
g
h
t

Courtesy of
Bits and Holemaking
IPM
Other Factors
Logistics
Remote locations require large inventory load out
Contingency Planning
Need to cover all potential possibilities
Can only be achieved by effective communications
Economics
Potential impact on TOTAL revenue
Courtesy of
Bits and Holemaking
IPM
Drill-off Tests
Bits and Holemaking
IPM
Drill-off Test
The drill-off test is a simple and
practical procedure proposed by
Lubinski (1).
It has little or no impact on the rig time
and the results are immediately
apparent.
The objective is to find the combination
of WOB and RPM which will yield the
highest ROP.
All it requires is a watch with a seconds
hand, a tally book and a pencil.
(1) Proposal for Future Tests, A Lubinski - The Petroleum Engineer, Jan 1958
Bits and Holemaking
IPM
Drill-off Test Procedure
1. Determine the max WOB which can be applied given your bit
size/type & BHA.
2. Select three RPMs at which you will conduct the test.
3. Ask the driller to apply the first RPM and to gradually bring
the WOB up to the maximum recommended. If the maximum
WOB is not achieved before high torque levels or vibrations
occur, then settle for a lower WOB.
4. Ask the driller to chain the break down and allow the WOB to
drill off. Write down the time taken to drill off each 2 Klb. The
least time taken in seconds to drill off gives the WOB that will
give the highest ROP at that RPM.
Bits and Holemaking
IPM
Drill-off Test Procedure (cont.)
5. Test the other two RPMs the same way.
6. Once the tests are completed, check with time based MWD
shock data (if available) to see if unstable drilling conditions
existed at particular WOB and RPM combinations see InTouch
Best Practice: Shocks and Drilling Optimization.
http://intouchsupport.com/intouch/MethodInvokerpage.cfm?caseid=
3287483
7. Select on the basis of the drill off test and shock data the
optimum WOB and RPM.
Bits and Holemaking
IPM
Drill-off Test Example
Need to be completed.
Bits and Holemaking
IPM
Session Objectives
At the end of this training session, you will be able to:
List the different type of bits
Describe the different rock failure mechanism
Describe the IADC (International Association of
Drilling Contractors) bit classification and dull bit
evaluation code
Describe the effect of change in weight on bit, rpm,
hole size, mud weight and solids content on bit
performance
Perform bit economics
Select bits based on offset well data
Interpret Drill-Off Tests

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