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Concept mapping is a general method that can be used to help any individual or group to

describe their ideas about some topic in a pictorial form. It is a structured process, focused on a topic or
construct of interest, involving input from one or more participants, that produces an interpretable
pictorial view (concept map) of their ideas and concepts and how these are interrelated. Concept
mapping helps people to think more effectively as a group without losing their individuality. It helps
groups to manage the complexity of their ideas without trivializing them or losing detail.
Advantages of Concept Mapping
Generally speaking, concept mapping is a general method, it is particularly useful for helping
social researchers and research teams develop and detail ideas for research. And, it is especially valuable
when researchers want to involve relevant stakeholder groups in the act of creating the research
project. Although concept mapping is used for many purposes -- strategic planning, product
development, market analysis, decision making, and measurement development -- we concentrate here
on its potential for helping researchers formulate their projects
Disadvantages of Concept Mapping
Concept maps, according to the Center for Applied Special Technology (CAST), visually illustrate
relationships among words, concepts and facts. The term concept map may assume other names,
such as graphic organizer, knowledge map and advance organizer. Although instructors often use
concept maps to promote learning, these visuals have potential disadvantages if they muddle
relationships and discourage critical thinking. In addition, they may be ineffective at certain learning
stages and for some learning styles.
Kinds of Concept Maps





SPIDER
CONCEPT MAP
SPIDER
HIERARCHY
CONCEPT MAP
FLOW CHART
CONCEPT MAP
SYSTEMS CONCEPT
MAP





SPIDER CONCEPT MAP
The"spider" concept map is organized by placing the central theme or unifying factor
in the center of the map. Outwardly radiating sub-themes surround the center of the
map.
HIERARCHY CONCEPT MAP
The hierarchy concept map presents information in a descending order of
importance. The most important information is placed on the top. Distinguishing
factors determine the placement of the information.
FLOWCHART CONCEPT MAP
The flowchart concept map organizes information in a linear format.
SYSTEMS CONCEPT MAP
The systems concept map organizes information in a format which is similar to a
flowchart with the addition of 'INPUTS' and 'OUTPUTS'.









Modular Approach

Modular teaching is one of the most widespread and recognizes teaching learning techniques in
United States, Australia and many other Western countries including Asian region. Modular is used in
almost all subjects like natural science, especially in in biology and medical education and even in
social sciences as well as in computers education.

Module is a unit of work in a course of instruction that is virtually self-contained
and a method of teaching that is based on the building up skills and knowledge
in discrete units
Characteristics of Module
It should be independent.
Self-contained.
Self instructional.
Well defined.
Clearly defined objectives.
Concern individual differences.
Association, structure sequence of knowledge.
Systematically organized learning. opportunities.
Utilization of a variety of media.
Active participation by learner.
Immediate reinforcement of responses.
Mastery of evaluation strategy.
Evaluation of the work.
Components of Module

Rationale: An overview of the content of module and explanation of why the learner should study it.

Objectives: What is expected outcome of module? This is stated in behavioral/performance terms.

Entry Test: To determine if the learner has prerequisite skills needed to enter the module and check.

Multi Media Materials: A wide variety of media is used so learners can involve actively and utilize their
senses.

Learning Activities: Presentation, demonstration, drill, simulation, discovery problem solving etc. may be
useful. A wide variety of learning activities increase student interest and cater student needs.

Self-Test: This provides a chance to review and check ones own progress.

Post Test: To check whether the objectives attained.
Structure of Module
The title
The Introduction.
The overview.
The instruction to the users.
The pre-test evaluation and feedback.
The objectives
The learning activities.
The formative test, evaluation and feedback
The summative evaluation and feedback.

Principles underlying the Planning of Learning Activities
Plan learning activities on the basis of entry behavior of the learners.
Base learning activities on the terminal behavior.
Base learning activities on the needs of learner.
Make careful gradation
Provide adequate for individual differences.
Provide adequate with his progress.


Advantages of Module
Learning became more effective.
It establish a system of assessment other than marks or grade
Users study the modules in their own working environment.
Users can study without disturbing the normal duties and responsibilities
Modules can be administered to single use, small group or large group.
Modules are flexible so that implementation can be made by a variety of patterns.
It is more appropriate to mature students
It enables the learner to have a control over his learning and
Accept greater responsibility for learning.
It already got wider accessibility in the present educational scenario.

Disadvantages of Module

Modules are economical in their use.
Appropriate only for matured students.
This methods demands smart classrooms.




Prepared by: JUNARD R. Miranda - BEEd-IV

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