LGS Vol2 North America Geo

page 478 The Linguasphere Register
1999 / 2000 edition

6=NORTH-AMERICA geosector
This geosector covers 63 sets of languages (= 336 outer languages, comprising 978 inner languages) spoken or
formerly spoken by traditional "Amerindian" (plus Inuit-Aleut) communities across North America and northern Meso-
America (since before the arrival of speakers of Indo-European languages, principally [52] English, and [51] Espaol
and Franais).
The first six zones of this sector (4 phylozones and 2 geozones) cover the northern and central regions of North
America, which have been characterised in recent centuries by the wide geographic distribution of a relatively small
number of sets of languages. These six zones together comprise a total of only 13 sets (including a southward
extension as far as Honduras of related languages in zone 65=).
60= ARCTIC phylozone 61= NADENIC phylozone 62= ALGIC phylozone
63= SAINT-LAWRENCE geozone 64= MISSISSIPPI geozone 65= AZTECIC phylozone
The last four zones of this sector (all geozones) cover the linguistically more complex western and southern regions
of North America, including northern Central America. They together comprise a total of 50 sets. Geozone
66=Farwest covers 26 sets of languages spoken on the west-coast and hinterland regions of Canada and the USA,
from Alaska to California. Geozone 67=Desert covers 5 sets of languages spoken in the area between New Mexico
and the Bay of California (in Mexico). Geozone 68=Gulf covers 8 sets of languages spoken around the periphery of
the Gulf of Mexico, from Mexico (Tamaulipas) to USA (Florida); and geozone 69=Mesoamerica covers 11 sets of
languages spoken between northern Mexico and northern Costa Rica.
66= FARWEST geozone 67= DESERT geozone 68= GULF geozone
69= MESO-AMERICA geozone
The greatest impact on the geography of the linguasphere has resulted during the last 500 years from the ethnic
clearance and repopulation of two continents (North America and Australia) by sea-borne invaders from Europe,
predominantly speakers of [52] English together with speakers of [51] Espaol and Franais in the case of North
America. In North America, these invaders were accompanied by forced immigrants transported from among hundreds
of speech communities in Africa, who were themselves impelled to create new speech communities under conditions of
slavery and segregation based on pigmentation of the skin. The variety of their own African languages (from sectors
0=, 1= and 9=) was abandoned in favour of new (creolised) forms of European languages (from zones 51= and 52=),
but there were also some linguistic contacts and influences between African immigrants and speakers of American
"Indian" languages: cf. [51] Louisianais (Houma) and perhaps [62] Lumbee. Lands "reserved" by the invaders for the
use of indigenous American speech communities, sometimes far from their original homelands, are referred to in USA
as "reservations" or "agencies" or "nations", and in Canada as "reserves" (see column 3, below).
Before consulting the following tables, please see Guide to the Register in Volume One
Additional or improved data on languages and communities covered by this sector will be welcomed
by e-mail at: REGISTER@LINGUASPHERE.ORG, or by letter-post at: LINGUASPHERE PRESS, HEBRON SA34 0XT, WALES (UK).
COLUMN 1 & 2
layers of reference
codes and reference-names
COLUMN 3
other nomenclature and notes
COLUMNS 4 & 5
nation-states scale of
(+ provinces) and speakers
60= ARCTIC
phylozone
covers the "West Arctic", Inuit+Aleut ("Eskimo"+Aleut) or
Attu+ Kalaallisut set; comprising 1 set of languages (= 14
outer languages) spoken by scattered hunting & fishing
communities in northern North America and adjacent tip of
Siberia, from Bering Straits to Greenland:
60-A ATTU+ KALAALLISUT
Canada; Greenland; Russia
(Siberia); USA/Alaska
5
60-A ATTU+
KALAALLISUT set
INUIT+ ALEUT, 'eskimo'+ aleut, 'eskaleutic' -bilingual in [52] English
or (in Greenland) [52] Dansk or (in Siberia) [53] Russkiy Inuit; Latin;
Cyrillic scripts
60-AA ATTU+ UNALASKA
chain
ALEUT
60-AAA ATTU+ ATKA net ALEUT-WEST, "attuan+ atkan"
6= NORTH-AMERICA geosector Observatoire Linguistique

Linguasphere Observatory page 479
60-AAA-a Attu "attuan", unangany, unangan, unanghan Aleutian islands Russia (Siberia); USA (Alaska) 1
60-AAA-aa attu "vestigial attuan" Attu island, evacuated during World War 2,
transported to Atka island after 1945 virtually extinct (1970's)
+submerged by [52] English
(Alaska) 0*
60-AAA-ab mednov "creolised attuan" #mednov in [53] Russkiy =copper +heavily
influenced by [53] Russkiy largely displaced in 19
th
century from Attu
island (now USA) to Commander islands (Mednyj, Copper island), then
displaced to Beringa, Bering island in 1970
(Siberia) 1
60-AAA-b Atka "atkan" Aleutian islands USA (Alaska) 2*
60-AAA-ba atka beringo, bering Atka island USA (Alaska) 2*
60-AAB UNALASKA+
KODIAK net
ALEUT-EAST
60-AAB-a Unalaska+ Kodiak aleut-W., aleutian-W. USA (Alaska) 2
60-AAB-aa pribilof pribilof-aleut Pribilof islands USA (Alaska)
60-AAB-ab umnak nikolski Umnak island: Nikolski USA (Alaska)
60-AAB-ac unalaska unalaskan Unalaska island USA (Alaska)
60-AAB-ad alaska Alaska peninsula USA (Alaska)
60-AAB-ae kodiak-aleut Kodiak island USA (Alaska)
60-AB KALAALLISUT+
YUPIK chain
'inupik'
60-ABA YUPIK+ SIRENIK net
60-ABA-a Sirenik Sireniki virtually extinct (2 elderly speakers in 1991) +submerged
by [60] Yupik-SW. (Chaplin) & [53] Russkiy
Russia (Siberia) 1*
60-ABA-aa sirenik "old" sirenik, vuteen, part of 'asiatic eskimo', in [53] Russkiy: sirenikski Russia (Siberia) 1*
60-ABA-b Yupik-W. central-siberian yupik, chaplino-naukanski, yuuk, yu-it, yo-it Russia (Siberia: Chuchotka)
USA (Alaska)
3
60-ABA-ba yupik-SW. yup'ik Chukchi peninsula St. Lawrence island (Chukotka) (Alaska) 2
60-ABA-baa 'chaplin' yupik-siberia "proper", part of 'asiatic eskimo', including aiwanat
noohalit peekit wooteelit "new" sireni +submerged by [53]
Russkiy but reinforced in late 20
th
century by contact with Saint-
Lawrence island speakers Chukchi peninsula
(Siberia: Chukotka) 2
60-ABA-bab 'saint-lawrence' 'st.lawrence island eskimo' St. Lawrence island (Alaska) 3
60-ABA-bb naukan yup'ik-N., in [53] Russkiy: naukanski Mys Dezhneva, East cape:
Naukan; dispersed in 1958 > Laurence Lorino Whalen villages
Russia (Siberia: Chukotka) 2
60-ABA-c Yupik-C. yup'ik-C., yuk, central-alaskan yupik, 'alaska eskimo'-W. USA (Alaska) 4
60-ABA-ca yukon+ kuskokwim "standard" central-alaskan yupik, "lower" kuskokwim, 'kuskokwim
eskimo' Norton sound Yukon lower valley Kuskokwim bay
Bristol bay
USA (Alaska)
60-ABA-caa kotlik (Alaska)
60-ABA-cab kwigpak (Alaska)
60-ABA-cac yut-kanneriarait (Alaska)
60-ABA-cad kuskokfigamiut Kuskokwim bay (Alaska)
60-ABA-cb kashunuk hooper-bay+ chevak Kashunuk valley & delta: Hooper-Bay Chevak USA (Alaska)
60-ABA-cc nunivak chux #chux =person Nunivak island USA (Alaska)
60-ABA-d Suxtstun sugcestun, suk, yupik-E., pacific-coast yupik, pacific yupik, 'alaska-S.
eskimo'; alutiq, alutiiq, aleut-E., aleutian-E. #sugcestun < suk
=person submerged by [52] English
USA (Alaska) 3*
60-ABA-da koniag including several dialects Alaska peninsula USA (Alaska)
60-ABA-db kodiak* including several dialects Kodiak island USA (Alaska)
60-ABA-dc chugach Kenai-S. peninsula USA (Alaska)
60-ABA-dd tatitlek Prince William Sound coast & islands: Tatitlek USA (Alaska)
60-ABB KALAALLISUT+
INUPIAT net
INUKTITUT; inuit, 'eskimo' community
60-ABB-a Inupiat-W. inuppiat, inupiaq, inuktitut-NW.; 'northwest' alaskan inuit community
including dialects within each language
USA (Alaska); also Russia
(Siberia)
3
60-ABB-aa qawiaraq seward peninsula inuit Seward-S. peninsula (Nome coast) USA (Alaska)
60-ABB-ab shishmaref+ 'wales' bering strait inuit Bering strait: King Diomede islands + Seward-W.
peninsula (Wales Shishmaref coast)
USA (Alaska); Russia (Siberia)
60-ABB-aba 'king' King island (Alaska)
60-ABB-abb 'diomede'-E. Little Diomede island (Alaska)
60-ABB-abc 'diomede'-W. Ratmanova, Big Diomede island (Siberia)
60-ABB-abd 'clarence' Port Clarence bay (Alaska)
60-ABB-abe 'wales'-A. Wales coast (Alaska)
60-ABB-abf shishmaref Shishmaref inlet & coast (Alaska)
60-ABB-b Inupiat-N. inuktitut-NW.; north alaskan inuit, inuit-NW. community Norton
sound Kotzebue sound Barrow point Mackenzie-W. bay (coasts
& hinterland)
USA (Alaska); Canada (Yukon;
Northwest Terr.)
3
60-ABB-ba malimiut malimiut inuit Norton sound: Unalakleet Kotzebue sound USA (Alaska)
60-ABB-bb kobuk kobuk river inuit Kobuk lower valley Selawik lake Holtham inlet USA (Alaska)

1999 / 2000 edition
60-ABB-bc noatak noatak river inuit Noatak lower valley USA (Alaska)
60-ABB-bd kivalina+ kaktovik including 'west arctic eskimo' Kivalina Barrow Mackenzie-W.
arctic coast and hinterland
USA (Alaska); Canada (Yukon)
60-ABB-bda kivalina Kivalina coast & hinterland (Alaska)
60-ABB-bdb 'point-barrow' Point Barrow coast & hinterland (Alaska)
60-ABB-bdc 'north-slope' Brooks Range north slope Colville basin (Alaska)
60-ABB-bdd 'mackenzie'-W. +having submerged Mackenzie-E. Kaktovik Mackenzie delta
(coasts & hinterland)
(Yukon)
60-ABB-c Inuktitut-C. inuit-C. including siglit aivilik; 'canadian' inuit, 'eskimo'-C. community,
in [61] Chipewyan: hotl-ena =flatland-enemy
Canada (Yukon; Northwest Terr.;
Nunavut); Greenland
4
60-ABB-ca 'mackenzie'-E. "vestigial mackenzie" inuit +submerged in Mackenzie delta by
Mackenzie-W. Inuvik Dalhousie peninsula (Tuktovaktuk)
Darnley bay (Paulatuk)
(Northwest Terr.) 2*
60-ABB-cb 'copper' Banks island Coronation Gulf coast Victoria island Canada (Northwest Terr.) 3*
60-ABB-cba 'banks' Banks island: Sachs Harbour (Northwest Terr.)
60-ABB-cbb 'holman' Victoria island: Holman Island (Northwest Terr.)
60-ABB-cbc 'coppermine' Coronation Gulf coast: Coppermine (Nunavut)
60-ABB-cbd 'bathurst' Bathurst Inlet coast & islands (Nunavut)
60-ABB-cbe 'cambridge' Victoria island: Cambridge Bay (Nunavut)
60-ABB-cc netsilik netsilingmiut community Boothia peninsula: Spence Bay Netsilik,
Seal lake Pelly Bay
Canada (Nunavut)
60-ABB-cd keewatin "vestigial" caribou inuit Keewatin region (Hudson Bay-W. coast):
Whale Cove Baker Lake Rankin Inlet Eskimo Point
Canada (Nunavut)
60-ABB-ce iglulik igloolik; igluligmiut community Hudson Bay-NW. coast Baffin-N.
island
Canada (Nunavut) 3
60-ABB-cea 'chesterfield' Chesterfield inlet (Nunavut)
60-ABB-ceb iglulik-A. Melville peninsula: Igloolik (Nunavut)
60-ABB-cec baffin-N. baffin-inuit-N. Baffin-N. island: Arctic Bay Baffin Bay-W. (Pond
Inlet) coast
(Nunavut)
60-ABB-ced baffin-S. baffin-inuit-S. Baffin-S. island: Frobisher Bay (Iqaluit) coast (Nunavut)
60-ABB-cf ngsuaq "greenlandic"-NW., 'polar eskimo', 'thule eskimo' Baffin Bay-E.
(Ngssuaq) coast transition to [60] Kalaallisut ("Greenlandic")
Greenland 3*
60-ABB-d Inuktitut-SE. inuit-E., "canadian"-E. inuit, 'eskimo'-E. community Canada (Quebec; Labrador-N.) 4
60-ABB-da ungava quebec-inuit Ungava peninsula & bay Canada (Quebec; also Labrador-
N.)
60-ABB-daa baleine Poste-de-la-Baleine coast (Quebec)
60-ABB-dab belcher Belcher islands (Quebec)
60-ABB-dac inukjuac Inoucdjouac coast & islands (Quebec)
60-ABB-dad povungnituk Povungnituk coast (Quebec)
60-ABB-dae ivujivik Ivujivik Saglouc coast (Quebec)
60-ABB-daf 'maricourt' Maricourt coast & islands (Quebec)
60-ABB-dag koksoak Baie-aux-Feuilles bay Koksoak estuary Port-Nouveau-Qubec (Quebec)
60-ABB-dah chidley Cape Chidley coast Canada (Quebec; Labrador-N.)
60-ABB-e Tunungayualok labrador-inuit Tunungayualok island Groswater bay Canada (Labrador) 3*
60-ABB-ea tunungayualok Canada (Labrador)
60-ABB-f 'Baffin'-S. baffin-inuit-S. Baffin-S. island: Cape Dorset Lake Harbour
Frobisher Bay Pangnirtung Broughton Island Clyde River
Canada (Northwest Terr.) 3
60-ABB-fa 'baffin'-S. Canada (Northwest Terr.)
60-ABB-g Kalaallisut katladlit, inuktitut-NE., inuit-NE., 'eskimo'-NE., "greenlandic" Greenland; migration> Denmark
4
60-ABB-ga kalaallisut-F. "standard greenlandic" West Greenlandic standard Greenland 4
60-ABB-gb kalaallisut-W. "greenlandic"-W. Upernavik Godthb Nanortalik coast Greenland-SW. 4
60-ABB-gc kalaallisut-E. "greenlandic"-E. Angmagssalik coast Greenland-SE. 3

61= NADENIC
phylozone
covers the "Nadene" grouping (part of a "wider Na-Dene"
hypothesis, with [66] Haida); comprising 3 sets of languages
(= 23 outer languages) spoken by communities in western
North America, over a wide area of Alaska and western
Canada, and in the Rio Grande basin:
61-A EYAK 61-B TANAINA+ NAVAJO
61-C TLINGIT+ TONGASS
Canada; USA; Mexico
5
61-A EYAK set part of eyak+ "athabaskan" grouping
61-AA EYAK chain
61-AAA EYAK net
61-AAA-a Eyak Copper river-mouth USA (Alaska) 1*
61-AAA-aa eyak perhaps extinct (3 speakers in 1970's, in ethnic community reduced to
around 20) +submerged by [52] English
(Alaska) 1*
61-B TANAINA+ NAVAJO
set
ATHABASKAN, part of eyak+ athabaskan grouping -bilingual in [52]
English Latin script
61-BA TANAINA+
CHILCOTIN chain
ATHABASKAN-NORTH
61-BAA TANAINA+ AHTENA
net
61-BAA-a Tanaina only 10 child speakers in 1970's Cook inlet & hinterland: last
speakers at Lime Village
USA (Alaska) 2
61-BAA-aa kachemak Kachemak Bay (Alaska)
61-BAA-ab kenai Kenai (Alaska)
61-BAA-ac tyonee Tyonee (Alaska)
61-BAA-ad upper-inlet Upper Inlet (Alaska)
61-BAA-ae susitna Susitna (Alaska)
61-BAA-af iliamma Iliamma (Alaska)
61-BAA-b Ahtena Copper river & hinterland, including Chitina Glennallen no child
learners since 1950's
USA (Alaska) 2
61-BAA-ba ahtena atna, ahtna, copper-river (Alaska) 2
61-BAB DEGEXITAN+
KOYUKON net
61-BAB-a Degexitan+
Koyukon
no child learners since 1950's USA (Alaska) 2
61-BAB-aa degexitan degexit'an, 'ingalik', 'ingalit' Yukon lower valley inland (Alaska) 2*
61-BAB-ab holikachuk innoko Yukon lower valley: formerly Innoko river Holikachuk
moved> Grayling valley
(Alaska) 1
61-BAB-ac koyukon ten'a Koyukuk Yukon middle valleys (Alaska) 2
61-BAC TUTCHONE net
61-BAC-a Tutchone-N. Mayo Canada (Yukon) 2
61-BAC-aa 'mayo' (Yukon)
61-BAC-ab 'selkirk' (Yukon)
61-BAC-b Tutchone-S. Aishihik Canada (Yukon; British Columbia) 2*
61-BAC-ba tutchone-S. Aishihik (Yukon; also British Columbia) 2*
61-BAD TAHLTAN+ KASKA*
net
61-BAD-a Tahltan+ Kaska Canada (Yukon; British Columbia) 2
61-BAD-aa tagish 5 or less elderly speakers in 1982 (Yukon) 1*
61-BAD-ab kaska caska, nahane, nahani, nahanni (Yukon; British Columbia) 2
61-BAD-ac tsetsaut formerly east of Stikine river; migration> Pacific coast: Portland Canal
extinct since c.1935
(British Columbia) 0
61-BAD-ad tahltan Telegraph Creek including dialects (British Columbia) 2*
61-BAE CHILCOTIN+
TANANA* net
ATHABASKAN-NORTHEAST*
61-BAE-a Tanana+ Nabesna USA (Alaska) 2
61-BAE-aa kolchan "upper" kuskokwim, mcgrath 'ingalik' Kuskokwim upper valley USA (Alaska)
61-BAE-ab tana-na "lower" tanana, tanana-N. Tanana lower valley Tanana middle
valley
USA (Alaska) 2*
61-BAE-aba tanana-A. (Alaska) 2*
61-BAE-abb chena extinct since 1975 +submerged by [52] English (Alaska) 0
61-BAE-abc salcha 2 speakers in 1970's (Alaska) 1*
61-BAE-abd 'goodpaster' 1 speaker in 1970's (Alaska) 1*
61-BAE-ac tanacross Tanacross USA (Alaska) 2*

1999 / 2000 edition
61-BAE-ad minto-nena-na USA (Alaska)
61-BAE-ada minto-tanacross* tanacross+ minto-nenana "transitional" (Alaska)
61-BAE-adb minto-nenana-A. (Alaska)
61-BAE-ae nabes-na "upper" tanana, tanana-S. Tanana upper valley USA (Alaska); Canada (Yukon)
61-BAE-b Han+ Gwich'in USA (Alaska); Canada (Yukon;
Northwest Terr.)
3
61-BAE-ba han Yukon upper Klondike valleys USA (Alaska); Canada (Yukon) 1
61-BAE-baa han-W. moosehide Yukon upper valley (Alaska); (Yukon) 1
61-BAE-bab han-E. klondike-han, dawson Klondike valley: Dawson upstream (Yukon) 1
61-BAE-bb gwich'in kutchin, takudh, tukudh, in [51] Franais (common name in Canada):
loucheux Yukon middle basin: Richardson mountains Peel valley
USA (Alaska); Canada (Yukon;
Northwest Terr.)
3
61-BAE-bba gwich'in-NW. "arctic-village" kutchin Arctic Village (Alaska) 2
61-BAE-bbb gwich'in-SW. "fort-yukon" kutchin Fort Yukon Venetie (Alaska) 2
61-BAE-bbc gwich'in-C.* "west-canada" kutchin Porcupine upper valley (Yukon) 2*
61-BAE-bbd gwich'in-E. "fort-mcpherson" kutchin Peel+ Mackenzie confluence: Fort
McPherson Arctic Red River
(Northwest Terr.) 2
61-BAE-c Dene+ Done spoken by traditionally nomadic, now semi-settled communities
#known to-day largely by English-derived names but with own names
sometimes derived from dene, done, etc. =people, community
Mackenzie mountains Hudson Bay-W. coast
Canada (Northwest Terr.; also
British Columbia; Alberta;
Saskatchewan; Manitoba)
3
61-BAE-ca 'mountain' including "goat", nahani Mackenzie mountains Mackenzie valley:
now based at Fort Nelson
Canada (British Columbia) 2*
61-BAE-cb 'hare' Fort Good Hope Colville Lake Canada (Northwest Terr.) 2
61-BAE-cc 'bearlake' Great Bear lake: Fort Franklin +social and linguistic coalition formed
from Mountain, Hare, Dogrib & Slavey bands around all-year fishing
waters near Fort Franklin trading-post
61-BAE-cd done dogrib, including edzo #done =people, community; alternative
name derived from English 'dog's rib' Great Bear lake La Martre
lake Great Slave lake (semi-nomadic, with permanent centre at Rae-
Edzo)
61-BAE-ce 'yellowknife' formerly Yellowknife Coppermine valleys extinct during early 20
th
cent. or merged into Dogrib & Chipewyan
61-BAE-cf 'slavey' slavi, slave, including lynx Fort Nelson Hay lake Great Slave
lakes
Canada (British Columbia; Alberta;
Northwest Terr.)
3
61-BAE-cg dene chipewyan #dene =people, community #in [62] Cree:
chipewyan=pointed skins Baker lake Great Slave lake
Athabasca lake La Ronge lake Indian lakes Hudson-W. bay
Canada (Northwest Terr.; Alberta-
NE.; Saskatchewan-N.; Manitoba-
NE.)
3
61-BAE-d Dunneza+ Sekani Canada (British Columbia; Alberta) 2
61-BAE-da dunne-za beaver, tsa-dunne #dunne-za =our community including dialects
+in probable transition to [61] Dene+ Done Peace river-basin
reserves
Canada (British Columbia; Alberta) 2
61-BAE-db sekani #sekani =community of the rocks/mountains probably an offshoot
of "Beaver" community Peace river-basin: present permanent centres
in Ingenika valley & at Mackenzie
Canada (British Columbia) 2
61-BAE-dc sarsi sarcee, tsuu-tina =many people traditionally from the north,
probably an offshoot of "Beaver" community; no child learners since at
least 1950's Calgary-SW. reserve
Canada (Alberta) 2*
61-BAE-e Chilcotin+ 'Carrier' Canada (British Columbia) 2
61-BAE-ea babine+ hagwilgate "carrier"-N., "upper carrier" Canada (British Columbia) 3
61-BAE-eaa babine "carrier"-W., babine-"carrier" Bulkley valley Babine lake (British Columbia)
61-BAE-eab hagwilgate (British Columbia)
61-BAE-eb 'carrier'-C. in [51] Franais: porteur central including dialects Stuart lake
Fraser lake basins
61-BAE-ec 'carrier'-S. "lower carrier", nazko+ kluklus, in [51] Franais: porteur mridional
Blackwater valley Nazko Klusklus
61-BAE-ed chilcotin Chilcotin valley Canada (British Columbia) 3
61-BAE-ee 'nicola'* Nicola extinct in early 20
th
cent. Canada (British Columbia) 0
61-BB KWALHIOQUA+
TLATSKANAI*
notional chain
61-BBA KWALHIOQUA+
TLATSKANAI net

61-BBA-a Kwalhioqua+
Tlatskanai
Columbia river-mouth extinct c.1910 USA (Washington; Oregon) 0
61-BBA-aa kwalhioqua USA (Washington; Oregon) 0
61-BBA-ab tlatskanai clatskanie Clatskanie valley USA (Oregon) 0

61-BC TOLOWA+ GALICE
chain
ATHABASCAN-CENTRAL, "pacific-coast athabaskan"
61-BCA TOLOWA+ GALICE
net
OREGON-ATHABASKAN, athabaskan-C.
61-BCA-a Tolowa+ Galice USA (Oregon; also California) 1
61-BCA-aa mishikhwutmetunee coquille, "upper" coquille probably extinct by 1970's Coquille upper
valley
USA (Oregon) 0
61-BCA-ab umpqua-S. "upper" umpqua now extinct distinct from [66] Umpqua-N.
Umpqua upper valley
USA (Oregon) 0
61-BCA-ac galice now extinct Rogue middle valley: Galice USA (Oregon) 0
61-BCA-ad tututni including rogue-river perhaps extinct Rogue lower river USA (Oregon) 1*
61-BCA-ada tututni-A. (Oregon)
61-BCA-adb euchre-creek (Oregon)
61-BCA-adc chasta-costa (Oregon)
61-BCA-ae tolowa+ chetco USA (Oregon; California) 1
61-BCA-aea chetco north of Smith river 5 speakers or less in the 1960's (Oregon) 1*
61-BCA-aeb tolowa smith-river Smith valley 3 speakers in the 1970's (Oregon; California) 1*
61-BCA-af applegate Applegate valley now extinct USA (Oregon) 0
61-BCB HUPA+ MATTOLE
net
CALIFORNIA-ATHABASKAN
61-BCB-a Hupa+ Chilula Klamath mountains USA (California) 1
61-BCB-aa hupa hoopa Hoopa valley reservation 50 or fewer elderly speakers in
1970's
USA (California)
61-BCB-ab chilula USA (California) 0
61-BCB-ac whilkut USA (California) 0
61-BCB-b Nongatl+ Lassik* now extinct USA (California) 0
61-BCB-ba nongatl USA (California) 0
61-BCB-bb lassik USA (California) 0
61-BCB-c Mattole+ Wailaki USA (California) 1*
61-BCB-ca mattole Mattole valley now extinct USA (California) 0
61-BCB-cb sinkyone formerly in area of present-day Sinkyone Wilderness state-park
extinct
USA (California) 0
61-BCB-cc wailaki USA (California) 0
61-BCB-cd kato cahto, batem-da-kai-ee, kai-po-mo, tlokeang 10 speakers or less in
1960's Laytonville reservation
USA (California) 1*
61-BD NAVAJO+ KIOWA-
APACHE chain
APACHEAN, athabascan-S.
61-BDA NAVAJO+
JICARILLA net
APACHE+ NAVAHO
61-BDA-a Navajo+ Apache-W. #apache< [67] Zui: apachu=enemy (own name = tinde, n'de, see
Apache-W. and Apache-E. below)
USA (Arizona; Utah; New Mexico) 5
61-BDA-aa navajo navaho, din-bizaad Navaho, Navajo reservations settlements on
Colorado lower river
USA (Arizona; Utah; New Mexico) 5
61-BDA-ab apache-W. coyotero, part of n'de, inde, tinde #tinde, etc.< tinneh =people
Cibecue Salt River upper canyon (including asbestos mines)
San Carlos reservation
USA (Arizona; also New Mexico);
formerly also Mexico
4
61-BDA-aba 'white-mountain' White Mountain Lakes (Arizona)
61-BDA-abb cibecue cibicue Fort Apache reservation: Cibicue (Arizona)
61-BDA-abc 'san-carlos' San Carlos reservation (Arizona)
61-BDA-abd tonto-N. Tonto Creek valley (Arizona)
61-BDA-abe tonto-S. Tonto Creek valley (Arizona)
61-BDA-b 'Jicarilla'+ Lipan Apache-E., part of n'de, inde, tinde #tinde, etc.< tinneh =people USA (New Mexico) 3
61-BDA-ba 'jicarilla' jicarilla-apache Jicarilla reservation: Dulce USA (formerly New Mexico) 2
61-BDA-bb 'mescalero'+
chiricahua
#chiricahua =mountain (people) USA (New Mexico); formerly also
Mexico
2
61-BDA-bba 'mescalero' mescalero-apache Mescalero reservation (New Mexico) 2*
61-BDA-bbb chiricahua-W. part of chiricahua-apache Mescalero reservation (New Mexico) 2
61-BDA-bbc chiricahua-E. part of chiricahua-apache Fort Sill (Oklahoma) 1
61-BDA-bc lipan lipan-apache, tcicihi, part of mescalero-apache Mescalero
reservation 10 speakers or less in 1970's #tcicihi =forest people
USA (New Mexico; formerly Texas) 1
61-BDA-c Toboso Sierra del Carmen mountains Rio Grande valley (Big Bend) formerly Mexico (Coahuila); also
USA (Texas)
0
61-BDA-ca toboso now extinct formerly USA (Coahuila); (Texas) 0
61-BDB KIOWA-APACHE net
61-BDB-a Kiowa-Apache Caddo county USA (Oklahoma; formerly also
Texas; Kansas)
1*
61-BDB-aa kiowa-apache 10 speakers or less in 1970's distinct from neighbouring [64] Kiowa USA (Oklahoma; formerly also
Texas; Kansas)
1*

1999 / 2000 edition
61-C TLINGIT+ TONGASS
set
61-CA TLINGIT+ TONGASS
chain
61-CAA TLINGIT+ TONGASS
net
thlinget, tlinkit -bilingual in [52] English Latin script
61-CAA-a Tlingit-A. including chilkat-tlingit "inland" tlingit Panhandle coast & inland USA (Alaska-SE.); also Canada
(British Columbia; Yukon)
2
61-CAA-aa tlingit-A. "standard" tlingit, "tonal" tlingit, tlingit-N., tlingit "proper" USA (Alaska-SE.); (British
Columbia; Yukon)
2
61-CAA-b Tongass Ketchikan USA (Alaska) 1*
61-CAA-ba tongass tongass-tlingit, tlingit-S., "glottal" tlingit perhaps extinct (2 elderly
speakers in 1970's)
USA (Alaska) 1*

62= ALGIC
phylozone
covers the "Algic" or "Algonkian+ Ritwan" grouping;
comprising 3 sets of languages (= 22 outer languages)
spoken by communities scattered across North America, from
the Alberta plains to the Atlantic coast (between Labrador and
the Carolinas), including outying communities on the Pacific
coast (in north California):
62-A SIKSIKA+ MICMAC 62-B YUROK
62-C WIYOT
Canada; USA
5
62-A SIKSIKA+ MICMAC
set
ALGONKIAN, "algonqian" -bilingual in [52] English or (in Qubec)
[51] French Latin script
62-AA SIKSIKA+ PIKANII
chain
BLACKFOOT
62-AAA SIKSIKA+ PIKANII
net
62-AAA-a Siksika+ Pikanii soyi-tapix, "buffalo" nation #soyi-tapix =prairie-community buffalo-
hunting and hunting-communities transformed and extended by
acquisition of the horse and firearms from around 1725 Calgary
Browning Fort Hall (formerly extending frorm northern Saskatchewan
to Missouri southernmost headwaters)
Canada (Alberta); USA (Montana;
also Idaho)
3
62-AAA-aa siksi-ka sikasi-ka, blackfoot "proper", blackfeet, in [51] Franais: pieds-noirs
#siksika, sikasi-ka, siksikaw, pieds-noir(s)=blackfoot/feet Bow
river: Blackfoot Crossing reserve Browning: Blackfeet reservation
Canada (Alberta); USA (Montana)
62-AAA-ab kaina blood, kainah, blood, blood-blackfoot, in [51] Franais: gens du sang
=blood-community #kaina, kainah derived from a-kainaw=many
chiefs between St. Mary & Belly rivers: Blood reserve
Canada (Alberta); USA (Montana)
62-AAA-ac pikanii piegan, peigan, pigan, pikuni, piegan-blackfoot, peigan-blackfoot
Peigan reserves Blackfeet reservation
USA (Montana); Canada (Alberta)
62-AB HINANA'EINA+
ATSINA chain
62-ABA HINANA'EINA+
ATSINA net
62-ABA-a Atsina in [51] Franais: gros-ventre, gros-ventre de la prairie #gros ventre de
la prairie =big belly of the prairie (contrast [64] Hidatsa) 10
speakers or less in 1970's Milk river: Fort Belknap reservation
USA (North Dakota; also
Montana); formerly Canada
(Saskatchewan)
1
62-ABA-aa hito-wunena hitowunena, atsina, ahahnelin, ahe, "fall indians", gros-ventre "proper",
"white-clay" community
USA (North Dakota) 1
62-ABA-ab besa-wunena* extinct (100 speakers in 1900) formerly Canada (Saskatchewan) 0
62-ABA-b Hinana'eina Arapaho, arrapahoe, invna-ina #invna-ina =people, community of
our own kind
USA (Wyoming; Oklahoma) 3
62-ABA-ba hinana'eina-N. Wind River reservation alongside [65] Shoshoni-E. community USA (Wyoming)
62-ABA-bb hinana'eina-S. Cheyenne-Arapaho reservation USA (Oklahoma)
62-AC CHEYENNE chain
62-ACA CHEYENNE net
62-ACA-a Cheyenne USA (Montana; Oklahoma;
formerly Dakotas)
3
62-ACA-aa cheyenne-N. Tongue river: Northern Cheyenne reservation USA (Montana) 3
62-ACA-ab cheyenne-S. Cheyenne-Arapaho reservation USA (Oklahoma) 2*
62-AD CREE+ SHAWNEE
chain
ALGONKIC-CENTRAL
62-ADA CREE+ OJIBWA net languages listed in a circular sequence of linguistic proximity, from
Plains-Cree in Alberta via Montagnais+ Naskapi in Labrador to Ojibwa-
N. in Saskatchewan
62-ADA-a Cree kri from 1840: Cree syllabic script Canada (Alberta; Saskatchewan;
Manitoba; Ontario; Qubec); also
USA (Montana)
5
62-ADA-aa 'plains'-cree part of cree-W. Canada (Alberta; Saskatchewan);
USA (Montana)
62-ADA-ab 'woods'-cree part of cree-W. Canada (Saskatchewan; Manitoba)
62-ADA-ac 'swampy'-cree-W. part of cree-W. Canada (Manitoba; Ontario;
Qubec)
62-ADA-ad 'swampy'-cree-E. part of cree-C., "york" cree, "west-shore" cree Hudson Bay west
coast & hinterland
Canada (Manitoba; Ontario) 3
62-ADA-ae 'moose'-cree part of cree-C. James-S. bay: Moosonee Canada (Ontario)
62-ADA-af cree-E. "east-shore" cree, "coastal" cree +transition to [62] Montagnais
(Mushau-Innuts) James Bay east coast & hinterland
Canada (Qubec) 3
62-ADA-ag cree-SE. "inland" cree +transition to [62] Montagnais James bay
Mistassini lake
Canada (Qubec) 3

1999 / 2000 edition
62-ADA-b Innu Montagnais+ Naskapi, montagnard #innu =person #in [51]
Franais: montagnard, montagnais =mountain-dweller former
nomadic hunting communities
Canada (Qubec; Labrador) 3
62-ADA-ba mushau-innuts naskapi, nascopi, scoffie, skoffi, "barren-ground" community
#mushau-innuts= barren-land community
Canada (Labrador; Qubec) 3*
62-ADA-baa koksoak Labrador-N. coast: Koksoak river (Fort Chimo) > resettled (in 1950's)
at Schefferville
(Labrador; Qubec)
62-ADA-bab 'davis inlet' Labrador-E. coast: Davis Inlet coast North-West estuary (Labrador)
62-ADA-bb uashau-innuts+
bersimis
montagnais, including "lower north-shore" community Gulf of St.
Lawrence north shore & hinterland
Canada (Qubec) 3
62-ADA-bba mingan Mingan La Romaine (Qubec)
62-ADA-bbb uashaui-innuts moisie, sept-les community Sept-les Moisie (Qubec)
62-ADA-bbc bersimis 'bersimis' community St.Lawrence north-shore: Betsiamites river (Qubec)
62-ADA-bbd escoumains "escoumains" community St.Lawrence north-shore: Les Escoumins (Qubec)
62-ADA-bbe 'pointe-bleue' "pointe-bleue" community St.Jean lake: Pointe-Bleue Seguenay
valley
(Qubec)
62-ADA-c Atikamek atikamekw, atihkamekw, attimewk, attikameg, attikamke, in [51]
Franais: tte-de-boule #tte-de-boule =ball head Montral-N.
Canada (Qubec) 3
62-ADA-ca manawan manuane Manuane reservation Canada (Qubec)
62-ADA-cb wemotaci weymontachie, weymontachingue Weymontachie reservation Canada (Qubec)
62-ADA-cc opitciwan obedjiwan, formerly kikendatch Obedjiwan reservation Canada (Qubec)
62-ADA-d Ojibwa+
Anissinapek
including ojibwa, ojibway, ochipwa, ojibwe, chippewa from 1836:
Ojibwa syllabic script
Canada (Qubec; Ontario;
Manitoba; Saskatchewan); USA
(Michigan. Wisconsin; North
Dakota; also Minnesota; Montana;
Kansas; Oklahoma)
4
62-ADA-da algonquin-V. algonkin "vehicular" vehicular extension through much of central
Canada and Great Lakes until 19
th
cent.
Canada (Quebec; Ontario
westwards); USA (Michigan
westwards)
62-ADA-db anissinapek anishinabeg, weskarini; amikwa-ninni, makwa-ninni community,
including maniwaki; part of algonquin, algonkin Victoria lake Notre-
Dame-du-Nord Tmiskaming Golden Lake Maniwaki including
dialects
Canada (Qubec; Ontario) 3
62-ADA-dc potawatomi around Huron & Michigan lakes #name overlapping with Ojibwa Canada (Ontario); USA (Michigan;
Wisconsin; also Kansas;
Oklahoma)
2
62-ADA-dd odawa ottawa Manitoulin-E. island: Wikwemikong #name overlapping with
Ojibwa
Canada (Ontario; also Manitoba;
Saskatchewan)
2*
62-ADA-de ojibwa-E. chippewa-E., part of algonquin, algonkin around Huron lake
(scattered), including Manitoulin island
Canada (Ontario); USA (Michigan) 3
62-ADA-df ojibwa-S. "lake-of-the-woods" ojibwa Lake-of-the-Woods lake Canada (Ontario)
62-ADA-dg ojibwa-SW. saulteaux, 'western' ojibwa, 'south' ojibway Superior lake westwards Canada (Ontario; Manitoba;
Saskatchewan); USA (Michigan;
North Dakota; also Minnesota;
Montana)
4
62-ADA-dh ojibwa-N. cree-saulteaux, cree-ojibwa +transition to [62] Cree Canada (Ontario; Manitoba) 3
62-ADA-dha ojibwa-NE. "severn" ojibwa Severn upper river Sandy lake (Ontario)
62-ADA-dhb ojibwa-NW. "island lake" ojibwa Island lake (Manitoba)
62-ADB MITCHIF net
62-ADB-a Mitchif in [51] Franais: mtchif +mixed-language based on [62] Cree (esp.
verbal system) & [51] Franais (esp. nominal system), including
elements from [52] English Turtle Mountain reservation (North
Dakota) Mtis settlements (Alberta-N.): Paddle Prairie Fishing
Lake
USA (North Dakota); Canada
(Alberta)
2*
62-ADB-aa mitchif "french"-cree, "cree-french creole", in [51] Franais: mtis #mtis
=halfbreed, mixed blood
USA (North Dakota); Canada
(Alberta)
2*
62-ADC MENOMINI+
MESQUAKI net
62-ADC-a Menomini 50 speakers in 1970's former Menomini reservation USA (Wisconsin) 1
62-ADC-aa menomini menominee USA (Wisconsin) 1
62-ADC-b Kikapoo+ Mesquaki USA; Mexico 3
62-ADC-ba mesquaki+ sauk fox, mesquakie, muskwaki, incorporating sauk, sac USA (formerly Michigan; migration
via Illinois > Iowa; Kansas;
Oklahoma)
2
62-ADC-baa mesquaki-N. Tama (Iowa) 2
62-ADC-bab sauk+ 'fox'-A. sac+ fox "proper", mesquaki-S. Stroud (Oklahoma; also Kansas) 2
62-ADC-bb kikapoo kickapoo, kikapu USA (formerly Wisconsin;
migration> Kansas; Oklahoma;
Texas); migration> Mexico
(Coahuila)
3
62-ADC-bba kikapoo-N. (Kansas) 2
62-ADC-bbb kikapoo-S. "mexican" kikapoo (Coahuila); partially returned>
(Oklahoma; Texas)
2

62-ADC-c Miami extinct USA (formerly Wisconsin & Illinois;
migration via Ohio & Kansas >
Oklahoma)
0
62-ADC-ca miami-N. USA (Indiana) 0
62-ADC-cb miami-S. including peoria, peouaria, formerly part of illinois USA (Oklahoma) 0
62-ADD SHAWNEE net
62-ADD-a Shawnee Quapaw & Shawnee agencies USA (formerly Ohio; migration via
Indiana & Kansas > Oklahoma)
2
62-ADD-aa shawnee-E. Quapaw agency USA (Oklahoma)
62-ADD-ab 'absentee'-shawnee Shawnee agency USA (Oklahoma)
62-AE MICMAC+
POWHATAN chain
ALGONKIAN-EAST
62-AEA MICMAC+
MALISEET net
62-AEA-a Micmac Canada (Qubec; New Brunswick;
Prince Edward Island; Nova
Scotia; also migration>
Newfoundland); migration> USA
(New England; especially Boston)
3
62-AEA-aa restigouche micmac-NW. Gasp peninsula coast Canada (Qubec) 3*
62-AEA-ab micmac-SE. including dialects Canada (New Brunswick; Prince
Edward Island; Nova Scotia; also
migration> Newfoundland)
3
62-AEA-b Maliseet+
Passamaquoddy
Canada (New Brunswick); USA
(Maine)
3
62-AEA-ba maliseet malecite, welustuk, including houlton St. John valley Houlton
#welustuk =of the beautiful river,
Canada (New Brunswick); also
USA (Maine)
3*
62-AEA-bb passamaquoddy Pleasant Point reservation Indian Township USA (Maine) 2
62-AEA-c Abenaki abnaki, abneki, abenaqui, wabanaki, wabunaki, abnaki-penobscot
#abenaki=dawn-land community, easterners, applied also in wider
sense to [62] Maliseet & [62] Passamaquoddy
USA (Maine); Canada (Qubec)
1
62-AEA-ca abenaki-W. abnaki-W., saint-francis, sokooki, penacook St. Francis Bcancour
less than 20 speakers in 1990's
Canada (Qubec) 1
62-AEA-cb penobscot abenaki-E., abnaki-E. one speaker in 1990's Canada (Maine) 1*
62-AEB MASSACHUSET+
DELAWARE*
notional net
62-AEB-a Massachuset+
Narraganset
extinct by early 19
th
cent. USA (Massachusetts; Rhode
Island)

62-AEB-aa massachu-set massachusett, massachusetts preserved in 17
th
cent. bible
formerly Massachusetts bay extinct in 17
th
cent.
USA (Massachusetts)
62-AEB-ab nau-set formerly Cape Cod peninsula USA (Massachusetts)
62-AEB-ac wampanoag wamponoag, pokanoket formerly Narragansett bay welcomed
English-speaking Pilgrim communities from 1620; after defeat by
colonists in 1676 (at end of King Philip's War) the remnants of
Wampanoag community joined the related Narragan-set community
USA (Massachusetts; Rhode
Island)
62-AEB-ad housetonic stockbridge, incorporated with munsee-S. USA (formerly Massachusetts;
migration to Wisconsin)
62-AEB-ae nipmuc nipmuck USA (Massachusetts)
62-AEB-af pocomtuc pocomtuck formerly Connecticut valley USA (formerly Connecticut;
Massachusetts; Vermont);
migration to Canada (Qubec)
62-AEB-ag mahican mohican-N. Hudson upper valley USA (New York)
62-AEB-ah narragan-set narragansett, narangansett, narraganchaint formerly Narragansett
bay in 17
th
century, dominated coast from Massachusetts to Long
Island; absorbed remnants of Wampanoag community from 1676
extinct by early 19
th
cent.
USA (Rhode Island;
Massachusetts; also Connecticut;
New York-S.)
62-AEB-ai natick niantick USA (Rhode Island)
62-AEB-aj pequot+ mohegan pequot+ mohican-S. USA (Connecticut)
62-AEB-ak montauk shinnecock+ poosepatuck formerly Long island USA (New York)
62-AEB-b Delaware formerly Hudson+ Delaware lower valleys USA (formerly New York; New
Jersey; Pennsylvania; migration to
Wisconsin and via Ohio & Kansas
to Oklahoma); migration to Canada
(Ontario)
1
62-AEB-ba munsee formerly Hudson+ Delaware lower valleys USA (formerly New York; New
Jersey; Pennsylvania; now
Wisconsin); Canada (Ontario)
1
62-AEB-baa munsee-N. Moraviantown reserve less than 15 speakers in 1990's (Ontario) 1
62-AEB-bab munsee-S. incorporating "housetonic", "stockbridge" Stockbridge-Munsee
reservation
(Wisconsin) 0

1999 / 2000 edition
62-AEB-bb unami lenni-lenape, lenape formerly Delaware lower valley USA (formerly New Jersey;
Pennsylvania; now Oklahoma)
1
62-AEB-bc nanti-coke #nanti-coke=tidewater community USA (Delaware; Maryland) 0
62-AEB-bd conoy piscataway formerly Potomac valley Chesapeake bay USA (Maryland) 0
62-AEC POWHATAN+
PAMLICO*
notional net
ALGONKIAN-SOUTHEAST
62-AEC-a Powhatan "virginia algonkian" a notional outer-language, representing only a
fraction of probably 30 or more-languages spoken by a similar number
of communities in Tidewater Virginia (perhaps extending to southern
Maryland) these communities together formed a confederacy from
around 1600, under the leadership of chief Wahunsonacock (known
also as Powhatan, father of princess Pocahantas); languages probably
extinct by early 19
th
cent. at latest
USA (Virginia)
62-AEC-aa powhatan #descendants of former speech-communities are still known by the
name of chief Powhatan
(Virginia)
62-AEC-b Pamlico "carolina algonkian" a notional outer-language, representing perhaps
a fraction of the languages formerly spoken by the sedentary
agricultural communities which once occupied the Pamlico & Neuse
valleys; largely wiped out by smallpox in 1696 (survivors massacred or
enslaved in 1713)
USA (North Carolina)
62-AEC-ba pamlico-A. pampticough, pampticoe Pamlico valley Neuse valley (North Carolina)
62-AEC-bb lumbee* croatan, "afro-pamlico" Roanoke island: Pamlico +possible mixed
language of Amerindian+ African-American community
USA (North Carolina; also South
Carolina; Virginia; Maryland)
62-B YUROK set part of "ritwan" hypothesis
62-BA YUROK chain
62-BAA YUROK net
62-BAA-a Yurok 10 speakers or less in 1980's Lower Klamath River reservation USA (California) 1
62-BAA-aa yurok (California) 1
62-C WIYOT set part of "ritwan" hypothesis
62-CA WIYOT chain
62-CAA WIYOT net
62-CAA-a Wiyot extinct in 1962 Blue lake USA (California) 0
62-CAA-aa wiyot (California) 0

63= SAINT-
LAWRENCE
geozone
covers the "Saint-Lawrence" reference area, composed of
sets not covered by any phylozone; comprising 2 sets of
languages (= 7 outer languages) spoken by communities or
former communities in North America, extending (63-A) from
the Great Lakes (Huron, Eerie & Ontario) to the mouth of the
St.Lawrence river, with outliers to the south as far as Georgia
(whence transported to Oklahoma); and situated formerly
(63-B) on the island of Newfoundland at the entrance to the
St.Lawrence:
63-A MOHAWK+ TSALAGI 63-B BEOTHUK
Canada; USA
4
63-A MOHAWK+
TSALAGI set
IROQUOIAN, part of macro-siouan hypothesis -bilingual in [52]
63-AA MOHAWK+ SENECA
chain
IROQUOIAN-NORTH
63-AAA MOHAWK+ SENECA
net
63-AAA-a 'Laurentian'* St. Lawrence lower river Canada (Qubec)
63-AAA-aa 'laurentian' "saint-lawrence iroquoian" Canada (Qubec)
63-AAA-b Huron+ Petun* "interlacustrine iroquoian" between Huron, Erie, Ontario lakes Canada (Ontario; Qubec); USA
(Oklahoma)

63-AAA-ba wyandot in [51] Franais: huron formerly between Huron & Ontario lakes,
moved to near Qubec city
Canada (Qubec; formerly
Ontario); also migration to USA
(Oklahoma)
63-AAA-bb petun tobacco, tionontati formerly Huron-SE. lake-shore USA (Ontario)
63-AAA-bc 'neutral' formerly between Huron & Erie lakes USA (Ontario)
63-AAA-bd wenrohronon wenro #wenrohronon=community of the floating scum +remnants
absorbed into [63] Wyandot & "Neutral" Cuba lake Niagara
USA (New York)
63-AAA-c Mohawk+ Oneida USA (New York; Wisconsin);
migration> Canada (Ontario;
Qubec)
3
63-AAA-ca mohawk part of "five-nations" originally Mohawk valley, now St. Regis
reservation Six Nations reserve
USA (New York); Canada (Ontario;
Qubec)
3
63-AAA-cb oneida part of "five-nations" originally Oneida lake (NY), moved partly to
Oneida reservation (Wisconsin) & near London (Ontario)
USA (New York; Wisconsin);
Canada (Ontario)
2
63-AAA-d Seneca+ Onondaga USA (New York; also moved to
Oklahoma); migration> Canada
(Ontario)
2
63-AAA-da seneca part of "five-nations" Tonawanda, Cattaraugus & Allegheny
reservations Six Nations reserve
USA (New York; Oklahoma-NE.);
Canada (Ontario)
2
63-AAA-db cayuga part of "five-nations" Cattaraugus reservation Six Nations reserve USA (New York; Oklahoma-NE.);
Canada (Ontario)
2
63-AAA-dc onondaga onandaga, part of "five-nations" originally near Syracuse (NY),
moved partly to Six Nations reserve
USA (New York; formerly
Oklahoma-NE.); Canada (Ontario)
2*
63-AAA-e Tuscarora+
Susquehannock*
USA (New York; Pennsylvania;
Maryland; Virginia; North Carolina)
1
63-AAA-ea susquehannock susquehanna, conestoga, including meherin last 20 speakers
massacred in 1763 Susquehanna valley
USA (New York; Pennsylvania;
Maryland)

63-AAA-eb tuscarora part of "five-nations" (as additional 6
th
member) #tuscarora=hemp-
gatherers 30 elderly speakers in 1970's Tuscarora reservation
(NY) Six Nations reserve
USA (formerly North Carolina;
moved to New York); migration>
Canada (Ontario)
1
63-AAA-ec nottoway nottaway USA (Virginia; North Carolina)
63-AB TSALAGI chain IROQUOIAN-SOUTH
63-ABA TSALAGI net
63-ABA-a Tsalagi Cherokee, tslagi, cherokee, chalakki #cherokee is derived from the
[68] Choctaw exonym chalakki from 1821: Cherokee syllabic script
Latin script
USA (North Carolina; formerly also
South Carolina; Georgia; majority
deported to Oklahoma)
4
63-ABA-aa tsalagi-E. Great Smokey mountains: Cherokee reservation USA (North Carolina)
63-ABA-ab tsalagi-W. deported to Cherokee nation USA (Oklahoma)
63-B BEOTHUK set
63-BA BEOTHUK chain
63-BAA BEOTHUK net
63-BAA-a Beothuk no record of constituent idioms Canada (Newfoundland)
63-BAA-aa beothuk Newfoundland island coasts former hunting & fishing community;
last speaker (Shawnandithit) died in 1829 #beothuk=the people, the
true people
USA (Newfoundland)

1999 / 2000 edition
64= MISSISSIPPI
geozone
covers the "Mississippi Basin" reference area; comprising 3
sets of languages (= 21 outer languages) spoken by
communities in central North America, occupying or originally
occupying much of the Mississippi+ Missouri basin, with some
distant outliers:
64-A DAKOTA+ CATAWBA 64-B CADDO+ PAWNEE
64-C KIOWA+ TEWA
USA; also Canada
4
64-A DAKOTA+
CATAWBA set
"wider siouan", part of "macro-siouan" hypothesis -bilingual in [52]
64-AAA DAKOTA+ CROW
chain
SIOUAN, "dakotan"
64-AAA HIDATSA+ CROW
net
"missouri-river siouan", "northern plains siouan"
64-AAA-a Hidatsa in [51] Franais: gros-ventre du missourie #gros ventre (du missourie)
=big belly (of the Missouri); contrast [62] Atsina Fort Berthold
reservation
USA (North Dakota) 2*
64-AAA-aa hidatsa minitari USA (North Dakota) 2*
64-AAA-b Crow Yellowstone upper river drainage: Crow reservation USA (Montana) 3
64-AAA-ba absaroka absaruke #=children of the large-beaked bird USA (Montana) 3
64-AAB MANDAN net
64-AAB-a Mandan 8 speakers in 1980's Fort Berthold reservation USA (North Dakota) 1
64-AAB-aa mandan USA (North Dakota) 1
64-AAC DAKOTA+
WINNEBAGO net
"mississippi-valley siouan"
64-AAC-a Dakota Sioux, lakota, nakota, #dakota etc.=allies; sioux= abbreviation in
[51] Franais of name in [62] Ojibwa: nadouessioux
USA (North Dakota; South Dakota;
Montana; also Nebraska;
Minnesota); Canada (Manitoba;
Saskatchewan)
4
64-AAC-aa assiniboine assiniboin Carry-the-Kettle, Mosquito-Grizzly Bear's Head & White
Bear reserves, Fort Belknap & Fort Peck reservations
Canada (Saskatchewan; also
Alberta); USA (Montana)
2
64-AAC-ab iyarhe-nakodabi "stoney", "stony", "rocky-mountain sioux" Morley, Bighorn, Eden
Valley, Alexis & Paul reserves, Fort Belknap & Fort Peck reservations
Canada (Alberta; Saskatchewan);
USA (Montana)
3*
64-AAC-ac nakota dakota-C., yankton, including yanktonai, "little" yankton Crow Creek
& Yankton reservations
USA (North Dakota; South Dakota) 3
64-AAC-ad lakota dakota-W., teton, including "blackfoot" sioux brul hunkpapa
miuneconjou oglala sans-arc "two-kettle" # brul =[51] Franais:
burned; sans-arc =[51] Franais: without bow Pine ridge,
Rosebud, Standing Rock & Lower Brul reservations Cheyenne
River agency
USA (North Dakota; South Dakota;
formerly Minnesota); migration to
Canada (Manitoba; Saskatchewan)
64-AAC-ae dakota-E. dakota "proper", santee, including m'dewakanton sisseton
wahpekute wahpeton Sisseton reservation
USA (Minnesota); migration to
Canada (Manitoba; Saskatchewan)
64-AAC-b Dhegiha USA (Oklahoma; also Nebraska) 3
64-AAC-ba omaha Omaha reservation USA (Nebraska) 3
64-AAC-bb ponca ponka, panka, punka 25 elderly speakers in 1980's USA (Oklahoma; also Nebraska) 1
64-AAC-bc osage ozazh, wazhazhe Osageagency USA (Oklahoma) 1
64-AAC-bd quapaw arkansas perhaps extinct USA (Oklahoma) 0*
64-AAC-be kansa kaw perhaps extinct USA (Oklahoma) 0*
64-AAC-c Oto+ Iowa chiwere USA (Oklahoma; Kansas;
Nebraska)
0
64-AAC-ca oto otoe, chiwere, chiewere 50 speakers in 1980's USA (formerly Iowa; moved to
Oklahoma)
1
64-AAC-cb missouri +remnants absorbed into [64] Oto+ Iowa in 19
th
cent. USA (formerly South Dakota)
64-AAC-cc iowa ioway, ai'yuwe =marrow 5 speakers in 1990's Shawnee agency
Iowa reservation
USA (Oklahoma; Kansas;
Nebraska)
1
64-AAC-d Winnebago USA (Wisconsin; Nebraska) 3
64-AAC-da winnebago-E. USA (Wisconsin) 3*
64-AAC-db winnebago-W. Winnebago reservation USA (Nebraska) 2
64-AB CATAWBA+
WOCCON chain
64-ABA CATAWBA+
WOCCON net
64-ABA-a Catawba+ Woccon 5 speakers in 1990's York+ Lancaster counties: Rock Hill environs USA (South Carolina) 1
64-ABA-aa woccon* community destroyed or dispersed in 1713 USA (North Carolina)
64-ABA-ab catawba iswa, isa, issa, ysa, kataba, katahba, ushery USA (South Carolina; formerly also
North Carolina; Tennessee
adjacent)
1

64-B CADDO+ PAWNEE
set
CADDOAN, part of "macro-siouan" hypothesis -bilingual in [52]
64-BA PAWNEE+ WICHITA
chain
CADDOAN-NORTH
64-BAA PAWNEE+
ARIKARA net
64-BAA-a Arikara Fort Berthold reservation USA (formerly Nebraska; moved to
North Dakota)
2
64-BAA-aa arikara arikaree USA (North Dakota) 2
64-BAA-b Pawnee Fort Berthold reservation USA (Oklahoma) 2
64-BAA-ba pawnee-A. pawnee "proper" USA (Oklahoma) 2
64-BAA-bb skidi skiri, skedee, skidi-pawnee USA (Oklahoma)
64-BAB KITSAI net
64-BAB-a Kitsai Caddo county extinct USA (Oklahoma) 0
64-BAB-aa kitsai kichai, kitsash, keechi, quichai, quidehai USA (Oklahoma; originally Texas) 0
64-BAC WICHITA+ WACO
net
64-BAC-a Wichita+ Tawakoni USA (originally Texas; Arkansas;
displaced to Oklahoma)
1
64-BAC-aa wichita ousita, wusita 50 speakers in 1970's originally Brazos Red rivers USA (Oklahoma) 1
64-BAC-ab tawakoni tawehash, towiache extinct USA (Oklahoma) 0
64-BAC-b Waco originally Arkansas river, moved to Brazos river (Waco), displaced to
Wichita-Caddo reservation
USA (originally Arkansas; Texas;
displaced to Oklahoma)
0
64-BAC-ba waco honeche, houeche, huanchane extinct by early 20
th
cent USA (Oklahoma) 0
64-BB CADDO chain CADDOAN-SOUTH
64-BBA CADDO net
64-BBA-a Caddo Caddo county: Andarko agency USA (Oklahoma; formerly Texas;
Arkansas; Louisiana)
2
64-BBA-aa caddo kado, caddoe, kadohadacho, incorporating andarko USA (Oklahoma) 2
64-BC ADAI* notional chain
64-BCA ADAI net classification uncertain, due to inadequate (19
th
cent.) documentation
64-BCA-a Adai extinct west of Mississippi valley USA (Louisiana)
64-BCA-aa adai adahi, adage, adaihe, adaize, addaise, yatasi* USA (Louisiana)
64-C KIOWA+ TEWA set KIOWA+ TANOAN -bilingual in [52] English Latin script
64-CA TEWA+ TIWA chain "tanoan"
64-CAA TIWA+ PIRO net
64-CAA-a Tiwa-N. USA (New Mexico) 3*
64-CAA-aa taos Taos pueblo (Northern Pueblos agency) USA (New Mexico) 2
64-CAA-ab picuris Picuris pueblo (Northern Pueblos agency) USA (New Mexico) 2
64-CAA-b Tiwa-S. Albuquerque>N.& S. (also fled to El Paso in 17
th
cent.) USA (New Mexico; also Texas) 3
64-CAA-ba isleta Albuquerque-N.: Isleta pueblo (Southern Pueblos agency) USA (New Mexico) 3
64-CAA-bb sandia Albuquerque-S.: Sandia pueblo (Southern Pueblos agency) USA (New Mexico) 2
64-CAA-bc ysleta-S. El Paso: Ysleta del Sur suburb USA (Texas) 1*
64-CAA-c Piro* probably including tompiro (fled to El Paso in 17
th
cent.) Saline
pueblos classification with Tiwa to be reviewed
USA (New Mexico; also Texas)
64-CAA-ca piro extinct in 19
th
cent. USA (New Mexico; also Texas)
64-CAB TEWA net
64-CAB-a Tewa USA (New Mexico) 3
64-CAB-aa hano Hopi reservation: Hano USA (New Mexico)
64-CAB-ab san-juan San Juan pueblo (Northern Pueblos agency) USA (New Mexico) 2
64-CAB-ac nambe Nambe pueblo (Northern Pueblos agency) USA (New Mexico) 1
64-CAB-ad pojoaque Pojaque pueblo (Northern Pueblos agency) USA (New Mexico) 1
64-CAB-ae santa-clara Santa Clara pueblo (Northern Pueblos agency) USA (New Mexico) 2
64-CAB-af san-ildefonso San Ildefonso pueblo (Northern Pueblos agency) USA (New Mexico) 2
64-CAB-ag tesuque Tesuque pueblo (Northern Pueblos agency) USA (New Mexico) 2
64-CB KIOWA+ TOWA
chain
64-CBA TOWA net
64-CBA-a Towa Jemez pueblo (Southern Pueblos agency) USA (New Mexico) 2
64-CBA-aa jemez USA (New Mexico)
64-CBA-ab pecos USA (New Mexico)
64-CBB KIOWA net
64-CBB-a Kiowa Andarko agency distinct from neighbouring [61] Kiowa-Apache USA (Oklahoma) 2
64-CBB-aa kiowa USA (Oklahoma) 2

1999 / 2000 edition
65= AZTECIC
phylozone
covers the "Uto-Aztecan", Ute+ Nahuatl set of languages;
comprising 1 set of languages (= 44 outer languages) spoken
or formerly spoken by communities over a wide area of North
America and northern Central America (Wyoming and
Nebraska to El Salvador and Honduras):
65-A UTE+ NAHUATL
USA; Mexico; El Salvador;
Honduras
4
65-A UTE+ NAHUATL set UTO-AZTECAN Latin script
65-AA UTE+ SHOSHONI
chain
NUMIC, "numanic", "wider" ute, "shoshonean" -bilingual in [52]
English (USA) far-ranging hunter-gatherer shamanistic communities,
frequently intermarrying, and sometimes becoming equestrian nomads
after acquistion of the horse from [51] Spanish-speaking settlers in
early 18
th
cent. a network of closely inter-related nomadic idioms
formerly covering a wide area from the Sierra Nevada northwards &
eastwards across the Great Basin #"numic, numanic" <numa, numu
=people, human beings; the names ute and/or pai-ute have been
associated with communities and their idioms in each of the 3 nets
within this chain.
65-AAA MONACHI+
BANNOCK net
NUMIC-WEST
65-AAA-a Monachi+ Paiute-W. Mono, including monachi-W. monachi-E. list of former constituent
bands (and idioms) to be completed; but total of only 20 elderly
speakers or less remaining in 1970's formerly Mojave desert
Sierra Nevada range Snake River basin Yellowstone valley
USA (California) 1*
65-AAA-aa 'northfork' part of monachi, monache Los Angeles>N.: North Fork valley USA (California)
65-AAA-ab wobonuch part of monachi, monache USA (California)
65-AAA-ac entimbich part of monachi, monache USA (California)
65-AAA-ad waksachi part of monachi USA (California)
65-AAA-ae 'owens-valley' "owens valley" paiute Owens Valley valley USA (California) 1
65-AAA-b Bannock+ Paiute-N. scattered on around 20 reservations with nearly 20 idioms USA (Nevada; Oregon; California) 3
65-AAA-ba 'mc-dermitt' "mc-dermitt" paiute, 'paviotso'-N. Fort McDermitt reservation USA (Nevada; Oregon) 3
65-AAA-bb 'walker-river' "walker-river" paiute, 'paviotso'-S. Walker River valley: Yerington-
Schurz colony
USA (Nevada; Oregon) 2
65-AAA-bc bannock bannack, shoshoni-bannock, part of "wider" shoshoni, part of "diggers"
formerly Snake River basin, with seasonal migration between
Shoshone Falls and Yellowstone valleys massacred by US forces in
1878, extinguished as a community by early 20
th
century
USA (Idaho; Montana; Wyoming) 0
65-AAB SHOSHONI+
PANAMINT chain
NUMIC-CENTRAL
65-AAB-a Panamint Death Valley Panamint mountains USA (California) 1
65-AAB-aa panamint-A. part of "wider" shoshoni less than 50 elderly speakers in 1980's #the
name shoshoni is sometimes used also for Panamint
USA (California) 1
65-AAB-ab koso kose, ke-at, panamint-SW. #the name koso is sometimes used for all
Panamint
USA (California)
65-AAB-b Shoshoni+
Comanche
shoshone, tosauwihi, wihinasht, including sherry-dika, tosawi, tukadka,
pohogue, part of "wider" shoshoni formerly from Rocky mountains to
Great Plains #the name shoshoni is sometimes used also for Panamint
and Bannock (parts of "Wider" Shoshoni)
USA (Nevada; Utah; Wyoming;
formerly also Oregon; Idaho;
Colorado; plus former extension of
Comanche to Nebraska; Kansas;
Texas; and subsequent settlement
in Oklahoma)
3
65-AAB-ba shoshoni-W. "unmounted" shoshoni, including "duckwater"-shoshoni, part of
"diggers" Duckwater reservation former nomadic hunter-
gatherers, moving as independent family-units
USA (Nevada) 3
65-AAB-bb gosi-ute kusiuta, goshute, part of shoshoni USA (Utah; Nevada) 3*
65-AAB-bc 'weber' ute Great Salt lake eastwards USA (Utah) 0*
65-AAB-bd shoshoni-N. "mounted" shoshoni USA (Idaho)
65-AAB-bda 'boise' Boise valley (Idaho) 0*
65-AAB-bdb 'bruneau' Bruneau valley (Idaho) 0*
65-AAB-be tukuarika "sheep-eater" shoshoni Yellowstone headwaters USA (Wyoming; Utah) 0*
65-AAB-bf agaiduka lemhi shoshoni Lemhi valley USA (Idaho) 0*
65-AAB-bg shoshoni-E. "wind-river" shoshoni Wind River reservation settled alongside
[62] Hinana'eina (Arapaho community)
USA (Wyoming) 3*
65-AAB-bga kogohue "snake", "green-river snake" Green River Snake headwaters (Wyoming; Utah) 0*
65-AAB-bgb 'box-elder' Boxelder (Wyoming) 0*
65-AAB-bh comanche komanche, allebome, hietan, jetan, llanero, meco, numi, nma,
paduca, including quahadi #comanche < [51] Espaol: camino ancho
=wide trail divided from Shohoni-E. in 18
th
cent., after acquisition
of horses, to become equestrian buffalo-hunters migrated in 18
th
cent. from Wyoming to Great Plains; settled from 19
th
cent. in Washita
valley: Andarko agency Lawton former vehicular language for
much of the Great Plains, still inter-intelligible with Shoshoni-E.
USA (migrated from Wyoming to
Nebraska; Kansas; Texas; now
settled in Oklahoma)
2

65-AAC UTE+ KAWAIISU net NUMIC-SOUTH USA (California)
65-AAC-a Kawaiisu Sierra Nevada range Mojave desert; now confined to Tehachapi+
Bakersfield environs
USA (California) 1*
65-AAC-aa kawaiisu 10 speakers or less (over 50 years old) reported in 1960's; about 20
speakers (all old) reported in 1981 Sierra Nevada range Mojave
desert >now confined to Tehachapi
USA (California) 1*
65-AAC-b Ute+ Paiute-S. USA (California; Nevada;
Colorado; Utah; Arizona; Nevada)
3
65-AAC-ba chemehuevi chemegue, tantawaits, part of paiute Colorado lower river USA (California; Nevada;
Colorado)
2
65-AAC-bb pai-ute-S. "unmounted" pai-ute USA (Utah; Arizona; Nevada)
65-AAC-bba 'las vegas'-paiute Las Vegas (Nevada)
65-AAC-bbb moapa-paiute Moapa River reservation (Nevada)
65-AAC-bbc uinkaret-paiute Uinkaret plateau (Arizona)
65-AAC-bbd kaibab-paiute Kaibab reservation (Arizona)
65-AAC-bbe shivwits-paiute Beaver Dam mountains: Shivwits (Utah)
65-AAC-bc ute-C. #uta, utah, yuta, yutah #name of Utah state derived < ute, uta USA (Utah) 3*
65-AAC-bca pahvant-ute pavant Pavant range (Utah)
65-AAC-bcb 'fish-lake'-ute (Utah)
65-AAC-bcc 'red-lake'-ute Red Lake, Hualapai valley (Utah)
65-AAC-bcd tupanogots-ute timpanogos Timpanogos mountain (Utah)
65-AAC-bd ute-S. San Juan valley>N.: Ute Mountain Southern Ute reservations USA (Colorado; Utah; Arizona
border; New Mexico border)
2
65-AAC-bda 'ute-mountain'-ute Ute Mountain reservation (Colorado)
65-AAC-bdb mouache-ute Southern Ute reservation (Colorado)
65-AAC-bdc capote-ute Southern Ute reservation (Colorado)
65-AAC-bdd weeminuche-ute Southern Ute reservation (Colorado)
65-AAC-be ute-N. Green valley Uinta mountains: Uintah & Ouray reservation
several bands to be distinguished
USA (Utah; Colorado) 2
65-AAC-bea 'white-river'-ute (Utah; Colorado)
65-AAC-beb tabeguache-ute (Utah; Colorado)
65-AB TUBATULABAL
chain
65-ABA TUBATULABAL net
65-ABA-a Tubatulabal Sierra Nevada range: Kern River south fork (formerly also north fork)
6 or less elderly speakers in the 1970's
USA (California) 1*
65-ABA-aa tubatulabal tbatulabal USA (California) 1*
65-AC HOPI chain
65-ACA HOPI net
65-ACA-a Hopi Colorado plateau Painted desert: Hopi reservation USA (Arizona; also Utah;
Colorado; New Mexico)
3
65-ACA-aa hopi hopitu, moqui, shinumo #hopi derived from hopitu =the peaceful
ones over 5,000 speakers in 1990 (almost 1,000 aged 17 or less)
USA (Arizona) 3
65-AD SERRAN+
'GABRIELEO' chain
TAKIC-NORTH, part of takic
65-ADA SERRAN+
KITANEMUK net
65-ADA-a Serran Morongo reservation USA (California) 0*
65-ADA-aa serran serrao, serrano, meco, takhatn, alliklik, vanyume 3 elderly speakers
or less reported in 1960's; presumed extinct
USA (California) 0*
65-ADA-b Kitanemuk extinct Tehachapi mountains USA (California) 0
65-ADA-ba kitanemuk kikitamar, kikitanum (California) 0
65-ADB 'GABRIELEO' net
65-ADB-a 'Gabrieleo' Los Angles county USA (California)
65-ADB-aa 'gabrieleo'-A. gabrielino, kij, kizh, tobikhar San-Gabriel-Mission USA (California)
65-ADB-ab 'fernandeo' fernandino USA (California)
65-ADB-ac 'nicoleo' san-nicoleo San Nicolas island USA (California)
65-AE KUPA+ 'LUISEO' CUPAN, takic-S., part of takic
65-AEA KUPA+ KAVIA net cahuilla+ cupeno, part of "cupan"
65-AEA-a Kupa Colorado desert: Salton Sea lake USA (California) 0*
65-AEA-aa kupa cupeo 3 elderly speakers or less in 1960's; probably extinct USA (California) 0*
65-AEA-b Kavia Palm Springs environs USA (California) 1
65-AEA-ba kavia kahweya, kauvuya, cahuilla, cahuillo 50 elderly speakers in 1970's USA (California) 1
65-AEB 'LUISEO+
JUANEO' net
65-AEB-a 'Luiseo+ Juaneo' USA (California) 2
65-AEB-aa 'luiseo' reyano San-Luis mission USA (California)
65-AEB-ab 'juaneo' netela, gaitchim San-Juan-Capistrano mission USA (California)

1999 / 2000 edition
65-AF PIMA+ CORA chain SONORAN, part of "southern uto-aztecan" perhaps to be reclassified
as several chains
65-AFA PIMA+ TEPEHUN
net
TEPIMAN, "pimic"
65-AFA-a Pima+ Papago o'odham USA (Arizona); also Mexico
(Sonora)
4
65-AFA-aa pima "upper" pima, pima-N. Ak-Chin & Gila Bend reservations (Pima
agency)
USA (Arizona) 3
65-AFA-ab papago San Xavier & Gila Bend reservations USA (Arizona) 3
65-AFA-b Nevome part of "lower" pima Mexico (Sonora; Chihuahua) 3
65-AFA-ba nevome nebome, nevoma, "mountain" pima, pima-SW., in [51] Espaol: pima-
bajo de sonora
Mexico (Sonora; Chihuahua) 3*
65-AFA-c Pima-SE. part of "lower" pima, in [51] Espaol: pima-bajo de chihuahua Mexico (Chihuahua) 3
65-AFA-ca pima-SE. Mexico (Chihuahua) 3
65-AFA-d Tepehun-N. Sierra Madre Occidental highlands: Baborigame environs Mexico (Chihuahua) 3
65-AFA-da tepehun-N. Mexico (Chihuahua) 3
65-AFA-e Tepehun-S. between Sierra Madre Occidental highlands Nayarit highlands Mexico (Durango; Jalisco) 4
65-AFA-ea tepehun-SW. Mexico (Durango) 3
65-AFA-eb tepehun-SE. Mexico (Durango) 3
65-AFA-ec tepecano extinct Mexico (Jalisco) 0
65-AFB TARAHUMARA+
VAROHIO net
"tarahumaran", part of "taracahitic", "taracahitan" nets
65-AFB-a Tarahumara Mexico (Chihuahua) 4
65-AFB-aa ariseachi tarahumara-N., ariseachi-tarahumara Santa Rosa Ariseachi Agua
Caliente Ariseachi
Mexico (Chihuahua) 2
65-AFB-ab rocoroibo tarahumara-W., ralmuli, rocoroibo-tarahumara, "lower" tarahumara, in
[51] Espaol: tarahumara-baja
Mexico (Chihuahua) 4*
65-AFB-ac panalachi Conchos valley: Panalachic Mexico (Chihuahua)
65-AFB-ad samachique part of tarahumara-C., samachique-tarahumara Samachique Mexico (Chihuahua) 4
65-AFB-ae chinat part of tarahumara-C. San Juan de Chinat Chinat Arroyo
Chinat
Mexico (Chihuahua)
65-AFB-af tubare tarahumara-SW. Tubare (Chihuahua) 2*
65-AFB-b Varoho huarijo, guarijo, variho, voroho, wariho Sierra Madre Occidentale
mountains
Mexico (Chihuahua; Sonora) 3
65-AFB-ba varoho-W. "highland" varoho highlands west of Chnipas valley Mexico (Chihuahua; Sonora)
65-AFB-bb varoho-E. "lowland" varoho Chnipas valley Mexico (Chihuahua)
65-AFB-bc maculai Mexico (Chihuahua and/or Sonora)
65-AFC PATA+ EUDEVE*
net
opatan, part of "taracahitic", "taracahitan" nets
65-AFC-a pata opataice, ore, ure, sorora, tegima, tequima extinct Mexico (Sonora)
65-AFC-aa pata-A. Mexico (Sonora)
65-AFC-ab batuc Yaqui valley: Batuc Mexico (Sonora)
65-AFC-ac nacosura Mexico (Sonora)
65-AFC-b Eudeve extinct Mexico (Sonora; Chihuahua*)
65-AFC-ba heve egue Mexico (Sonora)
65-AFC-bb dohema Mexico (Sonora)
65-AFC-c Jova* extinct Mexico (Chihuahua*)
65-AFC-ca jova* java, jobal, ova Mexico (Chihuahua*)
65-AFD CHITA+ MAYO* net "cahitic", "cahitan", part of "taracahitic", "taracahitan" nets perhaps
closely related to languages of [65] Concho+ Chiso notional net
65-AFD-a Mayo+ Yaqui between Sierra Madre Occidental highlands & California Gulf east
coast
Mexico (Sonora; Sinaloa); USA
(Arizona)
4
65-AFD-aa yaqui Yaqui lower valley Mexico (Sonora); also USA
(Arizona)
4
65-AFD-ab mayo California Gulf east coast: Navojoa Los Mochis Mexico (Sonora; Sinaloa) 4
65-AFD-b Chita* caita including many poorly documented languages, mostly extinct or
moribund, in some cases classified notionally
Mexico (Sinaloa; Sonora;
Chihuahua; Durango)
3*
65-AFD-ba bamoa Bamoa Mexico (Sinaloa)
65-AFD-bb sinaloa cinaloa Sinaloa Mexico (Sinaloa)
65-AFD-bc guasave* including comopori ahome vacoregue achire Guasave
inadequate data for certain classification
Mexico (Sinaloa)
65-AFD-bd ocoroni Ocoroni Mexico (Sinaloa)
65-AFD-be huite* Huitis Mexico (Sinaloa)
65-AFD-bf zoe* Mexico (Sinaloa)
65-AFD-bg tahue tahueco, zuaque, including comanito mocorito zoe Tahueco Mexico (Sinaloa)
65-AFD-bh nio* Mexico

65-AFD-bi chnipa Chnipas-W. Chnipas-E. Mexico (Sonora; Chihuahua)
65-AFD-bj tapahue tepahue, topahue Topahue Mexico (Sonora)
65-AFD-bk macoyahui Macoyahui Mexico (Sonora)
65-AFD-bl conicari Mexico
65-AFD-bm baciroa Mexico
65-AFD-bn temori* Temores Mexico (Chihuahua)
65-AFD-bo acaxee aiage, including topia, topiame tebaca sabaibo etc.
Tamazula
Mexico (Durango)
65-AFD-bp xixime* jijime, including hine hune Mexico
65-AFE TUBAR* net
65-AFE-a Tubar extinct Mexico (Chihuahua) 0*
65-AFE-aa tubar tubare (Chihuahua) 0*
65-AFF CORA+ HUICHOL
net
'corachol'
65-AFF-a Huichol hichola, cuachichil Mexico (Durango; Nayarit;
Jalisco )
4
65-AFF-aa huichol-W. "san-andrs"-cohamiata San-Andrs-Cohamiata Mexico (Jalisco)
65-AFF-ab huichol-E. "san-sebastin+ santa-catarina" San-Sebastin Santa-Catarina Mexico (Jalisco)
65-AFF-ac coyultita Coyultita Mexico (Nayarit)
65-AFF-ad tecual Tecuala Mexico (Nayarit)
65-AFF-b Cora chora, chota, coraice, nayit, nayiti, teacuacitzia, teacuaeitzica,
ateanaca, muutzicat Sierra Madre Occidental-SW. highlands
Mexico (Nayarit; Jalisco;
Aguascalientes; also Durango;
Zacatecas)
4
65-AFF-ba 'teresa' "santa-teresa" cora Santa-Teresa Mexico (Nayarit)
65-AFF-bb 'jess-mara' Jess-Mara Mexico (Aguascalientes)
65-AFF-bc corapan San Juan Corapan Mexico (Nayarit)
65-AFF-bd 'mesa-del-nayar' Mexico (Nayarit)
65-AFF-c Coano+ Totorame
(notional)
a series of extinct and little known languages, classified provisionally
within a notional outer-language
Mexico (Jalisco ) 0
65-AFF-ca coano* Mexico (Jalisco ) 0
65-AFF-cb huaynamota* huaynamoto Mexico (Jalisco ) 0
65-AFF-cc zayahueco* Mexico (Jalisco ) 0
65-AFF-cd totorame* pinome, totrame Mexico (Jalisco ) 0
65-AG NAHUATL+
POCHUTEC chain
AZTECAN, part of "southern uto-aztecan"
65-AGA POCHUTEC net
65-AGA-a Pochutec Oaxaca coast Mexico (Oaxaca) 0
65-AGA-aa pochutec pochuteco, pochutla Mexico (Oaxaca) 0
65-AGB NAHUATL+ PIPIL
net
'nawa', 'nahuan'
65-AGB-a Nahuatl "wider" nahuatl, nahuatl+ nahual+ nahuat, "general" aztec, mexicano
#component idioms are grouped by the relevant form of the language-
name (nahuatl "proper" = central aztec or 'nahuatlan' nahual =
western "peripheral" aztec nahuat = eastern "peripheral" aztec)
(Mxico; Tlaxcala; Puebla; San
Luis Potos; Hidalgo; Veracruz;
Morelos; Guerrero)
6
65-AGB-aa nahuatl-L. "old" nahuatl, "classical" nahuatl, "classical" aztec, "classical"
mexicano from 16
th
to 19
th
cent. Nahuatl pictographic-ideographic
system; Latin script
Mexico 0
65-AGB-ab nahuatl-A. nahuatl "proper", aztec-C., "nahuatlan" (Mxico; Tlaxcala; Puebla; San
Luis Potos; Hidalgo; Veracruz;
Morelos; Guerrero)
6
65-AGB-aba nahuatl-C. tlaxala-aztec (Tlaxcala; Puebla) 4
65-AGB-abb tamazunchale Huestecas country: Tamazunchale (San Luis Potos; Hidalgo) 5
65-AGB-abc huesteca-C. part of hidalgo-aztec Huestecas country (Hidalgo) 5
65-AGB-abd huautla part of hidalgo-aztec, huasteca-E., including huazalinguillo
cuatenahuatl Huestecas country: Huautla
(Hidalgo; Veracruz; Puebla) 5
65-AGB-abe puebla-N. Naupan Ahuacatln Tlaxpanaloya (Puebla-N.) 4
65-AGB-abf zongolica Orizaba (Veracruz)
65-AGB-abg coatepec Coatepec-Harinas (Mxico state) 3
65-AGB-abh amanalco San Jernimo Amanalco (Mxico state)
65-AGB-abi san-jernimo Coatepec-Harinas San Jernimo Amanalco (Mxico state)
65-AGB-abj morelos including amilcingo* (Morelos) 5*
65-AGB-abk tetelcingo Tetelcingo (Morelos) 3
65-AGB-abl guerrero including san-augustn ixcatepec Balsas valley (Guerrero) 5
65-AGB-abm ometepec Ometepec (Guerrero) 3
65-AGB-ac nahual nahuatl-W., "peripheral" aztec-W. Mexico (Michoacn; Durango) 3
65-AGB-aca durango durango-aztec, huicot-aztec, mexicanero San Pedro de las Jicoras
San Buenaventura
(Durango) 2
65-AGB-acb michoacn Pmaro coast (Michoacn) 3

1999 / 2000 edition
65-AGB-ad nahuat nahuatl-E., eastern "peripheral" aztec Mexico (Puebla; Veracruz;
Tabasco)
5
65-AGB-ada zacapoaxtla zacapoaxtla-aztec, sierra aztec, sierra-de-puebla nahuat, "highland"
puebla-nahuat, nahuat-puebla-NE., including xalacapn
(Puebla) 5
65-AGB-adb chilac chilac aztec, nahuat-puebla-SE. Chilac San Sebastin Zinacatepec (Puebla) 5
65-AGB-adc orizaba orizaba-aztec, in [51] Spanish: nahuatl de la sierra-de-zongolica
Orizaba
(Veracruz) 5
65-AGB-add pajapan pajapan-aztec Tehuantepec isthmus: Pajapan (Veracruz) 4
65-AGB-ade mecayapn mecayapn-aztec, part of nahuat-istmo, isthmus-aztec Tehuantepec
isthmus: Mecayapan
(Veracruz) 4
65-AGB-adf tabasco tabasco-aztec Cupilco Tecominoacan nearly extinct (Tabasco) 1*
65-AGB-b Pipil Sonsonate>NW. (El Salvador); Nueva Ocotopeque>W.: El Guisayote
highlands (Honduras) transition to [65] Nahuatl-Tabasco almost
extinct
El Salvador; Honduras; also
Guatemala
1
65-AGB-ba alagilac El Salvador; Honduras
65-AGB-bb bagaces El Salvador; Honduras
65-AGB-bc chuchures El Salvador; Honduras
65-AGB-bd toltec toltec-chichimec, chichimec El Salvador; Honduras
65-AGB-be nicarao* classification to be confirmed Nicaragua
65-AH JANO+ GUAMAR*
notional chain
SOUTHERN-PERIPHERY-EAST notional classification (of a
geographic sequence of extinct and largely unrecorded languages in
north central Mexico and adjacent USA, at least some of which were
probably Uto-Aztecan) for purposes of reference, and to help
complete the picture of North America's extreme linguistic complexity
prior to ethnic clearance, these languages have been treated below as
successive components - from north to south of a notional chain,
forming a geographic (and possible linguistic) link between the 2
previous chains. The following represent only the principal or best
known communities among several hundreds named in this area by
early European invaders, prior to their being destroyed, dispersed or
linguistically submerged by [51] Espaol and/or [52] English spoken
principally by nomadic hunter-gatherer bands
65-AHA JANO+ JOCOME*
notional net
65-AHA-a Jano+ Jocome centered around Dos Cabezas mountains San Bernadino valley
Rio de Casas Grandes valley territory invaded by speakers of [61]
Navajo+ Jicarilla (Apache) in 18
th
cent.
USA (New Mexico; Arizona);
Mexico (Sonora; Chihuahua)

65-AHA-aa jocome probably ranging northward as fas as Gila valley disappeared as a
community in early 18
th
cent.; last survivors in Chihuahua in around
1750
USA (New Mexico; Arizona)
65-AHA-ab jano ranging over Sonora-NE. & Chihuahua-NW. & -CW. states, as
evidenced by at least 6 placenames Janos, Los Janos, Casa de Janos
USA (New Mexico); Mexico
(Sonora; Chihuahua)
65-AHB MANSO* notional net
65-AHB-a Manso centered on Rio Grande valley: El Paso environs territory invaded
by speakers of [61] Navajo+ Jicarilla (Apache) in 18
th
cent.
USA (Texas; New Mexico); Mexico
(Chihuahua)

65-AHB-aa manso disappeared as a community in early 18
th
cent USA (Texas; New Mexico); Mexico
(Chihuahua)
65-AHC SUMA+ JUMANO*
notional net
65-AHC-a Suma centered on Rio Grande valley, from around El Paso downstream Mexico (Chihuahua); USA (Texas;
also New Mexico)

65-AHC-aa suma disappeared as a community in 18
th
cent
65-AHC-b Jumano centered on Rio Grande valley, from around Conchos confluence
upstream
Mexico (Chihuahua); USA (Texas)
65-AHC-ba jumano
65-AHD CONCHO+ CHISO*
notional net
perhaps closely related to [65] Chita+ Mayo
65-AHD-a Concho+ Chiso centered on Conchos river-basin Rio Grande bend (Chisos
mountains)
Mexico (Chihuahua; also
Coahuila); USA (Texas)

65-AHD-aa concho Conchos river-basin riverine community, dispossessed, enslaved
and destroyed after arrival of speakers of [51] Espaol from 16
th
century
Mexico (Chihuahua)
65-AHD-ab chinarra Chihuahua-CN. desert desert community Mexico (Chihuahua)
65-AHD-ac chiso chizo Big Bend country, including Chisos mountains desert
community
USA (Texas); perhaps also Mexico
(Chihuahua)
65-AHE TOBOSO* notional
net
65-AHE-a Toboso centered on Bolsn de Mapimi desert Mexico (Coahuila)
65-AHE-aa toboso Mexico (Coahuila)
65-AHF LAGUNERO*
notional net
65-AHF-a Lagunero centered on Ro Nazas basin, including Laguna de San Pedro, de
Mayrn lake
Mexico (Coahuila; adjacent
Durango; Zacatecas)

65-AHF-aa lagunero Mexico (Coahuila)

65-AHG ZACATEC* notional
net
65-AHG-a Zacatec Sierra Madre Occidental eastern slopes Sierra Madre Oriental
western slopes
Mexico (Zacatecas; adjacent
Durango; Coahuila)

65-AHG-aa zacatec Mexico (Zacatecas)
65-AHH CUACHICHIL*
notional net
65-AHH-a Cuachichil Anhuac country: Parras+ Saltillo Rio Verde valley Mexico (Coahuila; Zacatecas; San
Luis Potos)

65-AHH-aa cuachichil Mexico (Coahuila; Zacatecas; San
Luis Potos)
65-AHI BOCALO+
'NEGRITO'* notional
net
65-AHI-a Bocalo+ 'Negrito' Sierra Madre Oriental highlands Mexico (Nuevo Len; San Luis
Potos; Tamaulipas)

65-AHI-aa bocalo Doctor Arroyo environs Mexico (Nuevo Len)
65-AHI-ab 'negrito' Negritas>N. Mexico (Nuevo Len; San Luis
Potos; Tamaulipas)
65-AHJ GUAMAR* notional
net
65-AHJ-a Guamar Len Mexico (Guanajuato; Jalisco)
65-AHJ-aa guamar Mexico (Guanajuato; Jalisco)

1999 / 2000 edition
66= FARWEST
geozone
covers the "Far-West American" reference area; comprising
26 sets of languages (= 80 outer languages) spoken by
communities in North America along the Pacific coast and its
hinterland, from Alaska to California:
66-A HAIDA 66-B TSIMSHIAN+ NISGHA
66-C KWAKWALA+ NOOTKA 66-D CHIMAKUM+ QUILEUTE
66-E NUXALK 66-F LUSHOOTSEED+ LILLOOET
66-G KUTENAI 66-H YAKIMA+ MOLALA*
66-I WASCO+ CLACKAMA 66-J KALAPUYA+ TAKELMA*
66-K SIUSLAW+ YAQUINA* 66-L HANIS+ MILUK
66-M KLAMATH+ MODOC 66-N YUKI
66-O WAPPO 66-P WINTU+ CHUKCHANSI
66-Q KAROK 66-R CHIMARIKO+ CHIMALAKWE
66-S IRUAITSU+ KAMMATWA* 66-T ACHUMAWI+ ATSUGEWI
66-U YANA+ YAHI 66-V WASHO
66-W POMO+ KASHAYA 66-X ESSELEN
66-Y SALINA 66-Z CHUMASH
Canada; USA
3
66-A HAIDA set part of "wider na-dene" hypothesis
66-AA HAIDA chain
66-AAA HAIDA net -bilingual in [52] English Latin script
66-AAA-a Haida-N. masset +an amalgamation of former idioms no child learners since
1930's
3*
66-AAA-aa masset-N. Ketchikan Hydaburg USA (Alaska) 2
66-AAA-ab masset-S. Queen Charlotte islands Canada (British Columbia) 2
66-AAA-b Haida-S. skidegate +an amalgamation of former idioms no child learners
since 1930's
66-AAA-ba skidegate Queen Charlotte islands Canada (British Columbia) 2
66-B TSIMSHIAN+
NISGHA set
CANADIAN-PENUTIAN, "tsimshianic"
66-BA TSIMSHIAN+
NISGHA chain
66-BAA TSIMSHIAN+
NISGHA net
-bilingual in [52] English Latin script
66-BAA-a Tsimshian tsimpsean, tsimpshean, zimshian, chimmezyan Canada; USA (Alaska) 2
66-BAA-aa tsimshian-N. "coast" tsimshian, Cape Fox peninsula USA (Alaska)
66-BAA-ab klemtu tsimshian-S. Prince Rupert-N.: Tsimpsean reserve Canada (British Columbia)
66-BAA-b Nisgha+ Gitksan nass+ gitksian Canada (British Columbia) 3
66-BAA-ba nisgha nass, nishga, nishka, nisk'a, nisga'a Nass river Canada (British Columbia)
66-BAA-bb gitksan giklsan, gitksian, gitxan, gityskyan Skeena river Canada (British Columbia)
66-C KWAKWALA+
NOOTKA set
WAKASHAN
66-CA KWAKWALA+
NOOTKA chain
66-CAA KWAKWALA+
HAISLA net
"WIDER"-KWAKIUTL, wakashan-N.
66-CAA-a Haisla+ Kitimat Rivers inlet Canada (British Colombia) 2
66-CAA-aa hais-la Canada (British Colombia)
66-CAA-ab kitimat kitamat Canada (British Colombia)
66-CAA-ac oowekya-la* rivers-inlet community Canada (British Colombia)
66-CAA-b Heiltsuk+ Bella-bella "wider" heiltsuk Campbell island Smith inlet: islands & coast Canada (British Colombia) 2
66-CAA-ba heiltsuk-A. uq Calvert island & adjacent coast Canada (British Colombia)
66-CAA-bb bella-bella Queens Sound islands: Bella-Bella Canada (British Colombia)
66-CAA-bc xaihai* scattered bands Canada (British Colombia) 0
66-CAA-c Kwakwala Vancouver-N. island & adjacent mainland: Smith inlet Quatsino
sound Knights inlet
Canada (British Colombia) 2
66-CAA-ca kwakwa-la including kwakiutl "proper", kwagiutl; kwakwa-kawakw, kwakwa-
kawock community including dialects
66-CAB NOOTKA+ MAKAH
net
wakashan-S.
66-CAB-a Nootka+ Nitinat nutka Canada (British Colombia) 2
66-CAB-aa nootka Vancouver-W. island coast, including Nootka island Canada (British Colombia)
66-CAB-ab nitinat Vancouver-SW. island coast Canada (British Colombia)
66-CAB-b Makah Olympic peninsula tip USA (Washington) 2
66-CAB-ba makah USA (Washington) 2

66-D CHIMAKUM+
QUILEUTE set
CHIMAKUAN
66-DA CHIMAKUM+
QUILEUTE chain
66-DAA QUILEUTE net
66-DAA-a Quileute+ Hoh 10 speakers or less in 1970's Olympic-W. peninsula: Quileute
reservation
USA (Washington) 1
66-DAA-aa quileute-A. (Washington)
66-DAA-ab hoh (Washington)
66-DAA-b Chimakum extinct Olympic-E. peninsula USA (Washington) 0
66-DAA-ba chimakum chemakum (Washington) 0
66-E NUXALK set BELLA-COOLA, part of "salishan" grouping (with [66] "Wider" Salish)
66-EA NUXALK chain
66-EAA NUXALK net
66-EAA-a Nuxalk 50 speakers or less in 1980's #nuxalk is an earlier indigenous name,
revived in the 1970's -bilingual in [52] English Latin script Bella-
Coola river-mouth
66-EAA-aa nuxalk belakula, bella-coola, bilkula, belhoola, bilechula, bilqula (British Colombia) 1
66-F LUSHOOTSEED+
LILLOOET set
"WIDER"-SALISH, "main salish", part of "salishan" grouping (with [66]
Nuxalk) -bilingual in [52] English Latin script
66-FA LUSHOOTSEED+
COMOX chain
SALISH-CENTRAL, "salish proper", "coastal salish"
66-FAA COMOX+ CLALLAM
net
66-FAA-a Comox+ Sliammon Canada (British Colombia) 2
66-FAA-aa comox "island" comox, komuk, atloltq Vancouver island extinct (British Colombia) 0
66-FAA-ab sliammon "mainland" comox Powell-N. estuary (British Colombia) 2
66-FAA-b Sechelt 40 speakers or less in 1980's Vancouver-N. coast Canada (British Colombia) 1
66-FAA-ba sechelt seshelt, sicatl, shishiatl, incorporating homalco klahoose (British Colombia) 1
66-FAA-c Pentlatch extinct since 1940 Canada (British Colombia) 0
66-FAA-ca pentlatch puntlatch Vancouver island (British Colombia) 0
66-FAA-d Squamish squawmish 20 speakers or less in 1980's Howe Sound: Squamish Canada (British Colombia) 1
66-FAA-da squamish (British Colombia) 1
66-FAA-e Halkomelem no child learners since around 1920's Vancouver island Fraser
lower valley
(British Colombia) 2*
66-FAA-ea chiliwack chilliwack Fraser lower valley: Chilliwack (British Colombia)
66-FAA-eb musqueam (British Colombia)
66-FAA-ec cowichan Vancouver island: Cowichan lake (British Colombia)
66-FAA-ed nanaimo Vancouver island: Nanaimo (British Colombia)
66-FAA-f Clallam+ Saanich Straits-Salish 50 speakers or less in 1980's Vancouver island
(south tip) Strait coasts & islands
Canada (British Colombia); USA
(Washington)
1
66-FAA-fa saanich Vancouver island: Saanich inlet (British Colombia)
66-FAA-fb sooke sock, tsohke, saok, achiganes Vancouver island: Sooke river-mouth (British Colombia)
66-FAA-fc semiahmoo Semiahmoo bay (British Colombia)
66-FAA-fd songish songhees, lkungen (British Colombia) and/or
(Washington)
66-FAA-fe lummi ha-lum-mi, hookluhmic, nooh-lum-mi, nookluolamic, nukh-lum-mi,
qtlumi Lummi bay: Lummi reservation
(Washington)
66-FAA-ff samish extinct Samish bay (Washington) 0
66-FAA-fg clallam klallam, sklallam, nusdalum, noosdalum Port Angeles coast (Washington) 1
66-FAA-g Nooksack extinct since 1980's Nooksack valley USA (Washington) 0
66-FAA-ga nooksack nuksak, nootsack (Washington) 0
66-FAB LUSHOOTSEED+
TWANA net
PUGET-SOUND
66-FAB-a Lushootseed-N. "puget-sound"-N. Puget-NE. sound USA (Washington) 2*
66-FAB-aa skagit swinomish Skagit valley (Washington)
66-FAB-ab sauk-suiattle (Washington)
66-FAB-ac skykomish (Washington)
66-FAB-ad snohomish perhaps 20 speakers in 1970's Tulalip reservation (displaced from
Snohomish valley)
(Washington) 1
66-FAB-b Lushootseed-S. "puget-sound"-S. 50 speakers or less in 1970's Puget-SE. sound USA (Washington) 1
66-FAB-ba duwamish formerly Seattle: Duwamish (Washington)
66-FAB-bb muckleshoot Muckleshoot reservation (Washington)
66-FAB-bc nisqually (Washington)
66-FAB-bd puyallup #puyallup=generous community Tacoma: Puyallup reservation (Washington)
66-FAB-be snoqualmie Snoqualmie valley (Washington)
66-FAB-bf suquamish suquh (Washington)

1999 / 2000 edition
66-FAB-c Twana toanhuch, tuadhu, "puget-sound"-S. extinct since 1980's Puget-W.
sound: Hood Canal west bank
USA (Washington) 0
66-FAB-ca quilcene Quilcene (Washington) 0
66-FAB-cb skokomish formerly Skokomish reservation (displaced from Skokomish valley) (Washington) 0
66-FB QUINAULT+
COWLITZ chain
TSAMOSAN, "olympic salic"
66-FBA QUINAULT+
CHEHALIS-W. net
"maritime" tsamosan
66-FBA-a Quinault 6 speakers or less in 1970's Olympic peninsula: Quinault valley USA (Washington) 1*
66-FBA-aa quinault quinaietl (Washington) 1*
66-FBA-b Chehalis-W. 5 speakers or less in 1990's Chehalis river-mouth: Grays Harbor USA (Washington) 1
66-FBA-ba chehalis-W. "lower" chehalis (Washington) 1
66-FBB COWLITZ+
CHEHALIS-E. net
"inland" tsamosan
66-FBB-a Chehalis-E.+ Satsop 2 speakers or less in 1990's Olympic peninsula: Chehalis upper
valleys
USA (Washington) 1*
66-FBB-aa satsop Satsop valley (Washington)
66-FBB-ab chehalis-E. "upper" chehalis, kwaiailk, nusulph, noosoluph, noosolupsh (Washington) 1*
66-FBB-b Cowlitz 2 speakers or less in 1990's Cowlitz valley USA (Washington) 1*
66-FBB-ba cowlitz "lower" cowlitz, kaultits, kawelitsk (Washington) 1*
66-FC LILLOOET+
OKANAGAN chain
"INTERIOR"-SALISH
66-FCA LILLOOET+
SHUSWAP net
"interior salish"-N.
66-FCA-a Lillooet liloeet, lilowat, lilloet, leel-wat, loquilt, chin Canada (British Columbia) 2
66-FCA-aa leel-wat-ool "lower" lillooet, mount-currie lillooet #leel-wat-ool=the real Lillooet
Pemberton valley (Lilloet river): Mount-Currie
(British Columbia)
66-FCA-ab stla-tlei-mu-wh "fraser-river" lillooet, "upper" lillooet, including "lakes" lillooet Fraser
middle valley (Lilloet town) Seton+ Anderson lakes
(British Columbia)
66-FCA-b Shuswap shooswaap, shushwapumsh, atna, ahtena no child learners since
1940's Thompson upper basin
66-FCA-ba shuswap-W. Fraser middle valley eastwards (British Columbia)
66-FCA-bb shuswap-E. Fraser headwaters westwards (British Columbia)
66-FCA-c Ntlakyapamuk Thompson lower valley Canada (British Columbia) 2
66-FCA-ca in-thla-cap-mu-wh ntlakyapamuk, ntlakapmuk, nikutamuk, nitklakapamuk, ntlakapamux,
nicoutemuch, thompson-river, thompson including dialects
(British Columbia) 2
66-FCB OKANAGAN+
KALISPEL net
"interior salish"-S.
66-FCB-a Okanagan in-seel-ick-cheen, okanogan, okanagon, okinakan, wakyanakane
Okanagan (in Canada), Okanogan (in USA) basin
Canada (British Columbia); USA
(Washington)
2
66-FCB-aa okanagan-N. including sanpoil, sanpail (British Columbia)
66-FCB-ab shwoy-el-pi okanagan-S., colville, whe-el-po Kettle Falls Colville reservation (Washington)
66-FCB-ac methow chilowhist Methow valley (Washington)
66-FCB-ad 'moses-lake' "lake" Moses Lake (Washington)
66-FCB-ae nespelim nespelem (Washington)
66-FCB-b Kalispel+ Spokane kullespelm, salish "proper", 'lingua selica' Kalispel reservation
(Washington) Flathead reservation (Montana)
USA (Washington; Idaho;
Montana)
2
66-FCB-ba 'upper'-kalispel "upper" kalispel Flathead valley (Montana)
66-FCB-bb kalispel-A. kalispel "proper", 'pend-d'oreille' Pend d'Oreille, Pend Oreille valley (Washington; Idaho)
66-FCB-bc chewelah Colville valley: Chewelah (Washington)
66-FCB-bd spokane spokan, tsakaitsitlin Spokane valley (Washington) 1
66-FCB-c Skitsamish 20 speakers or less in 1970's Coeur d'Alne reservation USA (Idaho) 1
66-FCB-ca skitsamish cur d'alne =[51] Franais: awl-heart, skitsuish, schitsui (Idaho) 1
66-FCC WENATCHI+
PESKWAUS net
COLUMBIAN
66-FCC-a Wenatchi+
Peskwaus
columbia-wenatchi, wenatchi-columbia, wenatchee-columbia 75
speakers or less in 1990's Colville reservation
USA (Washington) 1
66-FCC-aa wenatchi wenatchee Wenatchee valley (Washington)
66-FCC-ab peskwaus peshkwaus, piskwaus, "middle" columbia, sinkayuse, sinkiuse,
sinkiuse-columbia, moses-columbia Columbia middle valley
(Washington)
66-FCC-ac chelan (Washington)
66-FD TILLAMOOK chain OREGON-COAST-SALISH
66-FDA TILLAMOOK net
66-FDA-a Tillamook Tillamook coast extinct in 1970 USA (Oregon) 0
66-FDA-aa tillamook tillamuk, talamoh, kilamook, ntsietshaw (Oregon) 0

66-G KUTENAI set
66-GA KUTENAI chain
66-GAA KUTENAI net
66-GAA-a Kutenai ktunaxa, kootenai, kootenay Kootenay river: Columbia Lake & Lower
Kootenay reserves Flathead reservation bilingual in [52] English
Latin script +over 80% of ethnic communities now speak only [52]
English, but Kutenai is being taught as an alternate language at
Columbia Lake
Canada (British Columbia); USA
(Montana; Idaho)
2
66-GAA-aa kutenai-W. "lower" kutenai (Britsh Columbia); (Idaho)
66-GAA-ab kutenai-E. "upper" kutenai (Britsh Columbia); (Montana)
66-H YAKIMA+ MOLALA*
notional set
part of "plateau penutian" hypothesis (with [66] Klamath+ Modoc)
66-HA YAKIMA+
UMATILLA chain
66-HAA YAKIMA+
UMATILLA net
66-HAA-a Yakima+ Umatilla shahaptin, sahaptin, sahaptini USA (Idaho; Washington; Oregon) 3
66-HAA-aa sakima-E. 'nez perc' #nez-perc=[51] Franais pierced nose Nez-Perc
reservation Nespelem
(Idaho, Washington) 2
66-HAA-ab palus palouse, paloos now extinct Palouse valley (Washington; Idaho) 0
66-HAA-ac walla-walla sahaptin-NE.Walla-Walla USA (Washington; Oregon) 2*
66-HAA-ad umatilla "columbia-river sahaptin" 50 speakers or less in 1970's Umatilla
reservation
USA (Oregon) 1
66-HAA-ae yakima part of sakima-NW. Yakima valley USA (Washington) 3
66-HAA-af klikitat klickitat, part of sakima-NW. Klickitat valley USA (Washington)
66-HAA-ag tenino tanaino, "warm-springs", sakima-W. Warm Springs reservation USA (Oregon) 2
66-HB MOLALA* chain
66-HBA MOLALA net
66-HBA-a Molala now extinct Portland-S.: Molalla valley USA (Oregon) 0
66-HBA-aa molala molalla, molale (Oregon) 0
66-HC CAYUSE* chain
66-HCA CAYUSE net
66-HCA-a Cayuse now extinct USA (Oregon. Idaho) 0
66-HCA-aa cayuse (Oregon. Idaho) 0
66-I WASCO+
CLACKAMA set
CHINOOK, "chinookan", "washington penutian"
66-IA WASCO+
CLACKAMA chain
66-IAA WASCO+
CLACKAMA net
66-IAA-a Wasco+ Wishram chinook-E., "upper" chinook 10 speakers or less in 1970's USA (Oregon; Washington) 1
66-IAA-aa wasco USA (Oregon)
66-IAA-ab wishram USA (Washington)
66-IAA-b Clackama+ Clatsop chinook-W., "lower" chinook Columbia lower valley now extinct USA (Oregon; also Washington) 0
66-IAA-ba clackama Clackamas valley USA (Oregon)
66-IAA-bb clatsop klatsop, tlatsop Clatsop Spit peninsula USA (Oregon)
66-IAA-c Chinook-Wawa former Pacific coast vehicular now almost extinct formerly in use from USA (Oregon;
Washington) to Canada (British
Columbia) and USA (Alaska)
1
66-IAA-ca chinook-wawa chinook "jargon", chinook "pidgin", chinook creole, tshinuk-wawa (Oregon; Washington); (British
Columbia; Alaska)
1
66-J KALAPUYA+
TAKELMA*
notional set
part of "oregon penutian" grouping all languages probably extinct

66-JA KALAPUYA+
YONKALLA chain

66-JAA KALAPUYA+
YONKALLA net
"kalapuyan"
66-JAA-a Kalapuya "central kalapuyan", calapooya, kalapooia, including santiam
lukamiute wapatu probably extinct since 1960's Willamette valley
USA (Oregon) 0*
66-JAA-aa tualatin+ yamhill kalapuya-NW. (Oregon) 0*
66-JAA-ab kalapuya-C. kalapuya "proper" further dialects to be listed (Oregon) 0*
66-JAA-aba santiam (Oregon)
66-JAA-abb 'mary's river' (Oregon)
66-JAA-b Yonkalla extinct USA (Oregon) 0
66-JAA-ba yonkalla (Oregon) 0

1999 / 2000 edition
66-JB TAKELMA chain
66-JBA TAKELMA net
66-JBA-a Takelma extinct USA (Oregon) 0
66-JBA-aa takelma (Oregon) 0
66-K SIUSLAW+
YAQUINA*
notional set
part of "oregon penutian" grouping all languages probably extinct

66-KA YAQUINA+ ALSEA
chain
"alsean"
66-KAA YAQUINA net
66-KAA-a Yaquina yakona extinct Yaquina valley & river-mouth USA (Oregon) 0
66-KAA-aa yaquina (Oregon) 0
66-KAB ALSEA net
66-KAB-a Alsea extinct Alsea valley & river-mouth USA (Oregon) 0
66-KAB-aa alsea (Oregon) 0
66-KB SIUSLAW chain
66-KBA SIUSLAW net
66-KBA-a Siuslaw probably extinct since 1960's USA (Oregon) 0*
66-KBA-aa siuslaw-A. Siuslaw valley & river-mouth
66-KBA-ab umpqua-N. Umpqua lower valley distinct from [61] Umpqua-S. (Oregon) 0*
66-L HANIS+ MILUK set COOSAN, part of "oregon penutian" grouping
66-LA HANIS+ MILUK chain
66-LAA HANIS+ MILUK net
66-LAA-a Hanis+ Miluk coos, "coosan", "kusan" probably extinct since 1960's Coos bay USA (Oregon) 0*
66-LAA-aa hanis (Oregon) 0*
66-LAA-ab miluk (Oregon)
66-M KLAMATH+ MODOC
set
"lutuamian", part of "plateau penutian" hypothesis (with [66] Yakima+
Molala)
66-MA KLAMATH+ MODOC
chain
66-MAA KLAMATH+ MODOC
net
66-MAA-a Klamath+ Modoc Cascade southern range: now reduced to Upper Klamath Lake
reservation
USA (Oregon; California) 2
66-MAA-aa klamath clamath (Oregon; formerly also California) 2
66-MAA-ab modoc extinct (Oregon; formerly also California;
part removed to Oklahoma)
0
66-N YUKI set part of yuki+ wappo, "yukian" grouping
66-NA YUKI chain
66-NAA YUKI net
66-NAA-a Yuki probably extinct: 10 or fewer partial speakers in 1960's Round
Valley reservation
USA (California) 0*
66-NAA-aa yuki-A. yuki "proper" (California) 0*
66-NAA-ab 'coastal'-yuki (California) 0*
66-NAA-ac huchnom (California) 0*
66-O WAPPO set part of yuki+ wappo, "yukian" grouping
66-OA WAPPO chain
66-OAA WAPPO net
66-OAA-a Wappo probably extinct Napa valley northwards USA (California) 0*
66-OAA-aa wappo-N. (California) 0*
66-OAA-ab wappo-S. (California) 0*
66-P WINTU+
CHUKCHANSI set
CALIFORNIA-PENUTIAN -bilingual in [52] English Latin script
66-PA WINTU+ NOMLAKI
chain
"wintuan"
66-PAA WINTU+ NOMLAKI
net
66-PAA-a Wintu+ Nomlaki copehan 20 or less speakers in 1980's Clear lake Sacramento-N.
valley (Colusa) & northward: Cortina, Colusa, Grindstone & Rumsey
rancherias
USA (California) 1
66-PAA-aa wintu wintun, winta (California)
66-PAA-ab patwin (California)
66-PAA-ac nomlaki (California)

66-PB MAIDU+ NISENAN
chain
"maiduan"
66-PBA MAIDU+ NISENAN
net
66-PBA-a Maidu+ Nisenan "wider" maidu 20 or less speakers in 1970's near Oroville:
Enterprise rancheria
USA (California) 1
66-PBA-aa maidu-NE. "mountain" maidu (California)
66-PBA-ab konkow maidu-NW. (California)
66-PBA-ac nisenan nishinam, maidu-S. (California)
66-PC MARIPOSA+
RAMAYTUSH chain
UTIAN
66-PCA MARIPOSA+
BODEGA net
MIWOK, me-wuk 10 or less speakers in 1970's
66-PCA-a Bodega+ Marin Coast-Miwok, part of miwok-W. Bodega bay Point Reyes coast
San Francisco bay & hinterland presumed extinct by 1990's (last
speaker alive in 1960's)
USA (California) 0*
66-PCA-aa bodega bodega miwok Bodega bay (California)
66-PCA-ab huimen (California)
66-PCA-ac marin marin miwok San Rafael Sacramento lower valley (California)
66-PCA-aca chocouyem San Rafael (California)
66-PCA-acb joukiousm Sacramento lower valley (California)
66-PCA-b Miwok-'Lake' Lake-Miwok, part of miwok-W. perhaps extinct (8 speakers in 1960's) (California) 1*
66-PCA-ba miwok-'lake' Clear Lake basin (Marin county): Miwok lake (California)
66-PCA-c Saclan Bay-Miwok (California) 0
66-PCA-ca saclan Suisun bay * extinct before 1970's (California) 0
66-PCA-d Mariposa+
Mokelumne
Sierra-Miwok apparently reviving (50 or more speakers in 1960's,
105 in 1990 census)
(California) 2
66-PCA-da miwok-'delta' "plains"-miwok, "sierra" miwok-NW. Cosumnes+ San Joaquin delta (California) 0*
66-PCA-db mokelumne "sierra"-miwok-N., including "sierra" miwok-NE. Sierra Nevada
foothills: Sutter Creek Mokelumne Calaveras upper valleys.
around 30 speakers in 1960's
(California) 1*
66-PCA-dba amador Amador City (California)
66-PCA-dbb koni (California)
66-PCA-dbc mokelumne-A. Mokelumne Calaveras upper valleys (California)
66-PCA-dc mariposa+ tuolumne "sierra"-miwok-S., including "sierra"-miwok-C. around 20 speakers in
1960's
(California) 1*
66-PCA-dca 'angels-camp' Angels Camp (California)
66-PCA-dcb tuolumne "sierra"-miwok-C. Tuolumne upper valley Tuolumne Indian
rancheria
(California)
66-PCA-dcc yosemite Yosemite valley (California)
66-PCA-dcd mariposa-A. Mariposa Creek valley Merced+ Chowchilla headwaters (California)
66-PCB RAMAYTUSH+
MUTSUN net
COSTANOAN
66-PCB-a Ramaytush+
Chochenyo
"costanoan"-N., "east bay" USA (California)
66-PCB-aa karkin (California)
66-PCB-ab ramaytush "san-francisco" San Francisco (California)
66-PCB-ac tamyen "santa-clar" Santa Clara (California)
66-PCB-ad huchiun huichun, juichun (California)
66-PCB-ae chochenyo niles, chocheo, "san-jos" San Lorenzo San Jos (California)
66-PCB-af awaswas "santa-cruz" Santa Cruz (California)
66-PCB-b Mutsun+ Chalon part of "costanoan"-S. USA (California)
66-PCB-ba mutsun "san-juan-bautista" San Juan Bautista (California)
66-PCB-bb chalon 'soledad' Salinas valley: Soledad (California)
66-PCB-c Rumsen part of "costanoan"-S. USA (California)
66-PCB-ca rumsen runsien, "monterey" Monterey Carmel coast (California)
66-PD CHUKCHANSI+
WECHIHIT chain
YOKUTS, "yokutsan"
66-PDA CHUKCHANSI+
WECHIHIT net
66-PDA-a Yachikumne+
Lakisamni
"valley" yokuts-"far-north" extinct (California) 0
66-PDA-aa yachikum-ne chulam-ni (California) 0
66-PDA-ab chalostaca+
'lathrop'
"lower san joaquin" San Joaquin lower valley (California) 0
66-PDA-aba chalostaca (California)
66-PDA-abb 'lathrop' Lathrop (California)
66-PDA-ac lakisam-ni+
tawalim-ni
(California) 0

1999 / 2000 edition
66-PDA-aca lakisam-ni (California)
66-PDA-acb tawalim-ni (California)
66-PDA-b Chukchansi+
Chawchila
"valley" yokuts-N., part of "foothill" yokuts-N. San Joaquin valley
Sierra Nevada foothills nearly extinct
(California) 1
66-PDA-ba chukcha-nsi chuckchansi 10 or less speakers in 1970's USA (California) 1
66-PDA-bb nopchi-nchi (California)
66-PDA-bc merced Merced Merced valley (California)
66-PDA-bd chawchila chauchila, chowchilla Chowchilla (California)
66-PDA-be chulam-ni (California)
66-PDA-bf kechayi+ dumna (California)
66-PDA-bfa kechayi (California)
66-PDA-bfb dumna (California)
66-PDA-bfc tolti-chi (California)
66-PDA-bfd dali-nchi (California)
66-PDA-c Palewyami+
Kumachisi
Poso-Creek, part of "foothill" yokuts-N. San Joaquin valley Sierra
Nevada foothills: Poso Park extinct
(California) 0
66-PDA-ca palewya-mi paleuyami (California) 0
66-PDA-cb kumachi-si (California) 0
66-PDA-d Wikchamni+
Yawdanchi
Tule-Kaweah, tule-kaweah yokuts, part of "foothill" yokuts-N. San
Joaquin-S. valley Sierra Nevada foothills nearly extinct
(California) 1
66-PDA-da wikcham-ni wkchamni (California)
66-PDA-db yawda-nchi (California)
66-PDA-dc bokninuwad (California)
66-PDA-dd kawia (California)
66-PDA-de yokod (California)
66-PDA-e Aychicha+
Choynimni
Kings-River, part of "foothill" yokuts-N. San Joaquin valley Sierra
Nevada foothills: Kings river (Fresno environs) nearly extinct
(California) 1
66-PDA-ea chukaymina chukaimina (California)
66-PDA-eb michahay (California)
66-PDA-ec aychicha aiticha (California)
66-PDA-ed choynim-ni choinimni (California)
66-PDA-ee entimbich (California)
66-PDA-ef gashowu goshowi (California)
66-PDA-eg kocheya-li (California)
66-PDA-f Wechihit+ Chunut "valley" yokuts-S. San Joaquin valley extinct (California) 0
66-PDA-fa wechihit (California) 0
66-PDA-fb nutunutu+ tachi (California) 0
66-PDA-fba nutunutu (California)
66-PDA-fbb ta-chi tatch (California)
66-PDA-fbc tela-mi telame (California)
66-PDA-fc chunut (California) 0
66-PDA-fd wo'lasi+ choynok (California) 0
66-PDA-fe koyeti+ yawelma-ni (California) 0
66-PDA-fea koyeti (California)
66-PDA-feb yawelma-ni yauelmani (California)
66-PDA-g Tulamni+ Hometwoli Buena-Vista, 'buena-vista' yokuts, "foothill yokuts"-S. San Joaquin
valley Sierra Nevada foothills extinct
(California) 0
66-PDA-ga tulam-ni (California) 0
66-PDA-gb hometwo-li tuholi (California) 0
66-Q KAROK set part of "hokan"-N. hypothesis, within "wider hokan" hypothesis
66-QA KAROK chain
66-QAA KAROK net
66-QAA-a Karok Lower Klamath River reservation USA (California) 2
66-QAA-aa karok karuk, cahroc, "quoratean", including arrarra, arara pehtsek, pehtsik
126 middle-aged or older speakers in 1990 -bilingual in [52] English
(California) 2
66-R CHIMARIKO+
CHIMALAKWE* set
part of "hokan"-N. hypothesis, within "wider hokan" hypothesis
66-RA CHIMARIKO+
CHIMALAKWE* chain

66-RAA CHIMARIKO+
CHIMALAKWE net

66-RAA-a Chimariko+
Chimalakwe
Salmon mountains: Trinity River canyon extinct USA (California) 0
66-RAA-aa chimariko (California) 0
66-RAA-ab chimalakwe* (California) 0

66-S IRUAITSU+
KAMMATWA* set
SHASTA, "shastan", "sastean", part of "hokan"-N. hypothesis, within
"wider hokan" hypothesis
66-SA IRUAITSU+
KAMMATWA chain
66-SAA IRUAITSU+
KAMMATWA net
66-SAA-a Iruaitsu+ Kammatwa shasta, including shasta "proper" "new river" shasta okwanuchu
konomihu (perhaps to be identified with the four components named
below, assumed here to have been former inner-languages); including
"cecilville indian" community Klamath valley Scott+ Shasta
valleys to Oregon border 10 or less elderly speakers of Shasta
reported in 1960's; 12 in 1990 census
USA (California) 1
66-SAA-aa haldokehewuk (California)
66-SAA-ab iruaitsu ahotireitsu (California)
66-SAA-ac kahosadi (California)
66-SAA-ad kammatwa (California)
66-T ACHUMAWI+
ATSUGEWI set
PALAIHNINAN, part of "hokan"-N. hypothesis, within "wider hokan"
hypothesis
66-TA ACHUMAWI+
ATSUGEWI chain
66-TAA ACHUMAWI+
ATSUGEWI net
66-TAA-a Achumawi Shasta mountain Pit river 10 elderly speakers in 1980's USA (California) 1
66-TAA-aa achumawi achomawi, "pit-river" including 9 former idioms (California) 1
66-TAA-b Atsugewi probably extinct (4 elderly speakers in 1960's) Pit river southwards USA (California) 0*
66-TAA-ba atsugewi (California) 0*
66-U YANA+ YAHI set part of "hokan"-N. hypothesis, within "wider hokan" hypothesis
66-UA YANA+ YAHI chain
66-UAA YANA+ YAHI net
66-UAA-a Yana extinct Sacramento-N. valley Shasta mountain USA (California) 0
66-UAA-aa yana-N. (California) 0
66-UAA-ab yana-C. (California) 0
66-UAA-b Yahi extinct Sacramento-N. valley USA (California) 0
66-UAA-ba yahi 'yana-S.' (California) 0
66-V WASHO set part of "wider hokan" hypothesis -bilingual in [52] English Latin
script
66-VA WASHO chain
66-VAA WASHO net
66-VAA-a Washo Tahoe lake environs Sierra Nevada east slope: Woodfords
Carson Dresslerville
USA (California; Nevada border) 2*
66-VAA-aa washo washoe (California; Nevada) 2*
66-W POMO+ KASHAYA
set
POMOAN, kulanapan, part of "wider hokan" hypothesis -bilingual in
[52] English Latin script
66-WA POMO+ KASHAYA
chain
66-WAA KASHAYA+ UKIAH
net
66-WAA-a Kashaya+ Ukiah "russian river+ eastern" pomo, including ballo-kai-pomo khabena-po,
habena-po, cabena-po, kabina-pok khana, h'hana kalana-pan,
kulana-pan, kulana-po venamba-kaia yo-kaia originally spoken in
70 autonomous villages (including Pomo-E.+ Pomo-NE.); Clear
lake Russian river drainage Pacific coast (Point Arena)
USA (California) 1
66-WAA-aa pomo-N. less than 40 speakers in 1970's Sherwood Valley environs (California)
66-WAA-aaa 'guidiville' (California)
66-WAA-aab 'sherwood-valley' (California)
66-WAA-ab ukiah+ 'arena' pomo-C. less than 40 speakers in 1970's (California)
66-WAA-aba 'point arena' Point Arena coast (California)
66-WAA-abb ukiah Ukiah: Pinoleville reservation (California)
66-WAA-abc 'hopland' Russian river: Hopland environs (California)
66-WAA-ac gallinomro pomo-S. less than 40 speakers in 1970's (California)
66-WAA-ad kashaya pomo-SW. Russian lower river 50 speakers in 1970's (California)
66-WAA-ae pomo-NE. "salt" pomo Sacramento tributary: Coast Range Valley (Story Creek)
1 speaker in 1970's
(California)
66-WAA-af pomo-E. "clear lake" pomo Clear lake including 3 former dialects (California)
66-WAB POMO-SOUTHEAST
net
USA (California) 1*
66-WAB-a Pomo-SE. Clear lake east shore (California)
66-WAB-aa pomo-SE. "lower clear lake" pomo Clear lake east shore less than 10 speakers
in 1970's
(California) 1*

1999 / 2000 edition
66-X ESSELEN set part of esselen+ yuman grouping (with [67] Walapai+ Cochim), within
"wider hokan" hypothesis
66-XA ESSELEN chain
66-XAA ESSELEN net
66-XAA-a Esselen Carmel upper valley Sur valley Pacific coast: between Lopez
point Sur point
USA (California)
66-XAA-aa esselen essele-neijan, eslen, ecselen, eskelen, escelen, ensen, huelel, "carmel
mission", "soledad mission"
(California)
66-Y SALINA set part of salina+ chumash hypothesis, within "wider hokan" hypothesis
SALINA chain
66-YAA SALINA net
66-YAA-a Salina "salinan", salinas extinct Salinas river & headwaters San Simeon
coast
USA (California) 0
66-YAA-aa 'playano'* "coastal" salinas (California) 0
66-YAA-ab salina-N. "san-antonio" salinas San Antonio lake (California) 0
66-YAA-ac salina-S. "san-miguel" salinas Salinas valley: San Miguel (California) 0
66-Z CHUMASH set part of salina+ chumash hypothesis, within "wider hokan" hypothesis
66-ZA CHUMASH chain
66-ZAA CHUMASH net
66-ZAA-a Chumash including cuyama former sea-fishing community, with up to 136
villages in around 1700; extinct since 1965 Santa Barbara coast
USA (California) 0
66-ZAA-aa 'obispeo' San Luis Obispo (California) 0
66-ZAA-ab 'ineseo' Santa Ynez valley: later Santa Ynez reservation (California) 0
66-ZAA-ac 'purisimeo' (California) 0
66-ZAA-ad 'barbareo' Santa Barbara (California) 0
66-ZAA-ae 'ventureo' 'emigdiano' Ventura (California) 0
66-ZAA-af 'isleo' "island" chumash, "cruzeo" Santa Barbara Channel islands (California) 0

67= DESERT
geozone
covers the "Southwest Desert" reference area; comprising 5
traditional communities in North America, from the Gulf of
California to the Upper Rio Grande:
67-A WALAPAI+ COCHIM 67-B WAIKURI+ PERIC*
67-C SERI 67-D ZUI
67-E KERES
Mexico; USA
4
67-A WALAPAI+
COCHIM set
part of esselen+ yuman grouping (with [66] Esselen), within "wider
hokan" hypothesis
67-AA WALAPAI+ PAIPAI
chain
YUMAN, yuma #suffixed -pai, -pe, -paya =people
67-AAA WALAPAI+ YAVAPE
net
part of "yuman"-NE.
67-AAA-a Walapai+ Havasupai "upland" yuma, "upper colorado" yuma formerly Colorado valley &
plateau, including Las Vegas -bilingual in [52] English
USA (Arizona; also Nevada;
California)
3
67-AAA-aa wala-pai hual-pai, huala-pai +6 idioms merged, following concentrated
settlement of all Walapai speakers after 1873 formerly Hualapai
mountains & environs; now in Grand Canyon valley & environs:
Hualapai reservation
(Arizona) 2
67-AAA-aaa 'big-sandy' formerly Big Sandy valley (Arizona) 0
67-AAA-aab 'seligman' formerly Seligman environs (Arizona) 0
67-AAA-aac 'peach-springs' formerly Peach Springs environs (Arizona) 0
67-AAA-aad 'hackberry' formerly Hackberry Valentine environs (Arizona) 0
67-AAA-aae 'kingman' formerly Kingman environs (Arizona) 0
67-AAA-aaf 'chloride' formerly Chloride environs (Arizona) 0
67-AAA-aag 'older' wala-pai "older generation" walasupai common dialect of older generation,
after merging of earlier local dialects, as listed above
(Arizona) 2
67-AAA-aah 'younger' wala-pai "younger generation" walasupai common dialect of younger
generation +influenced by [52] English
(Arizona) 2
67-AAA-ab havasu-pai language stratified by generation, with required phonological
differences; language cultivated actively in 1990's Colorado upper
valley: Havasupai reservation (Supai environs)
(Arizona) 2
67-AAA-aba 'older' havasu-pai "older generation" havasupai (Arizona) 2
67-AAA-abb 'younger' havasu-pai "younger generation" havasupai (Arizona) 2
67-AAA-b Yavape+
Kewevkapaya
Yavapai the list of dialects is incomplete, but probably now
irrecoverable Prescott: Yavapai reservation
USA (Arizona) 2
67-AAA-ba yave-pe+ wipuk-
paya
yavapai-NE. (Arizona) 2
67-AAA-baa yave-pe yava-pai "proper" Verde valley Beaver creek (Arizona)
67-AAA-bab wipuk-paya formerly Oak Creek canyon environs (Arizona)
67-AAA-bb tolka-paya yavapai-W. (Arizona)
67-AAA-bc kewevka-paya yavapai-SE. (Arizona)
67-AAB PAIPAI net part of "yuman"-NE.
67-AAB-a Paipai +with closest links to [67] Walapai+ Yavapai, in spite of physical
separation
Mexico (Baja California Norte) 2
67-AAB-aa pai-pai in [67] Mohave: akwa'ala Colonia Lzaro Cardena environs: San
Isidro Agua Caliente Santa Catarina
(Baja California Norte) 2
67-AAC MOHAVE+
QUECHAN net
"yuman"-C., "river" yuma
67-AAC-a Mohave+ Quechan formerly Colorado lower valley USA (California; Arizona) 2
67-AAC-aa mohave mojave Fort Mohave & Colorado River reservations (California; Arizona) 2
67-AAC-ab quechan kechan, quecl, yuma "proper Fort Yuma reservation (California; Arizona) 2
67-AAC-ac maricopa Phoenix>S.: Gila River (Laveen) reservation & Phoenix>E.: Salt
River reservation
(Arizona) 2
67-AAC-ad halchildoma halchedoma, alchedoma originally Colorado valley; moved in 19
th
cent.> Gila valley +merged with Maricopa at Gila River & Salt River
reservations
(Arizona)
67-AAC-ae kavelchadom formerly Gila valley (Gila Bend mountains downstream) (Arizona)
67-AAD COCOPA+ IPAY* net yuman-W.
67-AAD-a Cocopa+ Kahuana* "california-delta" Colorado delta USA (Arizona); Mexico (Baja
California)
3*
67-AAD-aa kahuana kohuana, kahwan extinct +submerged by [67] Maricopa Colorado
valley: Yuma downstream
USA (Arizona); Mexico (Baja
California; Sonora)
0
67-AAD-ab halyikwamai Colorado valley: San Luis Ro Colorado downstream Mexico (Baja California; Sonora)
67-AAD-ac cocopa cocopah, cucupa, kwikapa, kikima Colorado delta: Lagunitas
downstream
Mexico (Baja California; Sonora) 2

1999 / 2000 edition
67-AAD-b Ipay+ Tipay Diegueo Mexico (Baja California); USA
(California)
2
67-AAD-ba i-pay diegueo-N. San Diego+ Tijuana eastward Mexico (Baja California); USA
(California)
2
67-AAD-bb kumeyay kamia, diegueo-S., campo Baron Long Campo Iaja Imperial Mexico (Baja California);
67-AAD-bc ti-pay La Huerta San Jose de la Zorra Neji Jamul Mexico (Baja California); also USA
(California)
2
67-AAE KILIWI
67-AAE-a Kiliwi formerly Pacific coast: Ensenada environs California gulf coast; still
surviving at Arroyo Len Agua Escondida La Parra -bilingual in
[67] Paipai
Mexico (Baja California Norte) 2
67-AAE-aa kiliwi kilwa, quiligua around 30 voices in 1994 (Baja California Norte) 2
67-AB COCHIM chain
67-ABA COCHIM net
67-ABA-a Cochim cochimtee Baja California peninsula: San Quintn cape Loreto Mexico (Baja California Norte &
Sur)

67-ABA-aa borjeo (Baja California)
67-ABA-ab laimn (Baja California)
67-ABA-ac monqui (Baja California)
67-B WAIKURI+ PERIC*
set
Baja California-S. peninsula
67-BA WAIKURI+ PERIC*
chain
67-BAA WAIKURI net
67-BAA-a Waikuri Baja California-S. peninsula: Baha Magdalena+ Baha Almejas west
coast Sierra de la Giganta east coast
Mexico (Baja California Sur)
67-BAA-aa waikuri guaicura (Baja California Sur)
67-BAB PERIC+ UCHIT*
notional net
notional classification for 2 extinct and undocumented languages
67-BAB-a Uchit Baja California-S. peninsula: La Paz environs Mexico (Baja California Sur)
67-BAB-aa uchit (Baja California Sur)
67-BAB-b Peric Baja California peninsula tip: San Jos del Cabo environs Mexico (Baja California Sur)
67-BAB-ba peric (Baja California Sur)
67-C SERI set
67-CA SERI chain
67-CAA SERI net
67-CAA-a Seri Sonora coast Tiburn island Mexico (Sonora) 2
67-CAA-aa seri-tiburn Tiburn island (Sonora)
67-CAA-ab tepoca Cabo Tepoca coast (Sonora)
67-CAA-ac seri-salinero (Sonora)
67-CAA-ad tastioteo Tastiota (Sonora)
67-CAA-ae guayma+
upanguayma
Guaymas (Sonora)
67-D ZUI set -bilingual in [52] English Latin script
67-DA ZUI chain
67-DAA ZUI net
67-DAA-a Zui originally organised into 6 traditional villages, but consolidated into
one vilage after the Pueblo Revolt in 1680 Zuni valley: Zuni agency
& reservation
USA (New Mexico) 3
67-DAA-aa zui originally including 6 or more idioms (New Mexico) 3
67-E KERES set "keresan" -bilingual in [52] English Latin script
67-EA KERES chain
67-EAA KERES net in [51]Espaol: queres
67-EAA-a Keres-W. Puerco valley USA (New Mexico) 3
67-EAA-aa acoma Acoma reservation (Southern Pueblos agency): Acoma (New Mexico)
67-EAA-ab laguna Laguna reservation & agency: Laguna (New Mexico)
67-EAA-b Keres-E. part of "pueblos del rio-grande" Rio Grande upper valley: Southern
Pueblos agency
USA (New Mexico) 3
67-EAA-ba zia Zia (New Mexico)
67-EAA-bb santa-ana Santa Ana (New Mexico)
67-EAA-bc san-felipe San Felipe (New Mexico)
67-EAA-bd santo-domingo Santo Domingo (New Mexico)
67-EAA-be cochiti Cochiti (New Mexico)

68= GULF geozone
covers the "Gulf of Mexico" reference area; comprising 8 sets
of languages (= 23 outer languages) spoken by communities
in North America, around the periphery of the Gulf of Mexico
from Tamaulipas to Florida:
68-A NAOLAN+ COAHUILTECO* 68-B ATAKAPA*
68-C CHITIMACHA 68-D NATCHEZ
68-E TUNICA 68-F MUSKOGEE+ CHOCTAW
68-G YUCHI 68-H TIMUCUA
Mexico; USA
4
68-A NAOLAN+
COAHUILTECO*
notional set
COAHUILTECAN reference area and notional set (of a geographic
sequence of extinct languages in Mexico/Tamaulipas & USA/Texas)
for purposes of reference, and to help complete the picture of North
America's extreme linguistic complexity prior to ethnic clearance, these
languages have been treated below as successive components of a
notional set. The following represent only the principal communities
among several hundreds named in this area by early European
invaders, prior to their being destroyed, dispersed or linguistically
submerged by [51] Espaol and/or [52] English

68-AA NAOLAN chain
68-AAA NAOLAN net
68-AAA-a Naolan extinct in mid-20
th
century Sierra Madre Oriental highlands (near
Tula): Naolan
Mexico (Tamaulipas) 0
68-AAA-aa naolan (Tamaulipas) 0
68-AB TAMAULIPEC chain
68-ABA TAMAULIPEC net
68-ABA-a Tamaulipec Rio Grande river-mouth>S. Mexico (Tamaulipas) 0
68-ABA-aa tamaulipec tamaulipeco, maratino, maratn (Tamaulipas) 0
68-AC COMECRUDO+
GARZA chain
68-ACA COMECRUDO+
GARZA net
68-ACA-a Comecrudo documented in 19
th
century Rio Grande lower right-bank & river-
mouth: Reynosa
Mexico (Tamaulipas); USA
(Texas)

68-ACA-aa comecrudo 'carizo', 'mulato' (Tamaulipas); (Texas)
68-ACA-b Garza Rio Grande river-mouth Mexico (Tamaulipas); USA
(Texas)

68-ACA-ba garza atanaguaypacam, atanaouajapaca, meacknam, mikan #garza
=heron documented in 19
th
century
(Tamaulipas); (Texas)
68-ACA-c Mamulique Mamulique (Nuevo Len)
68-ACA-ca mamulique 'carrizo de mamulique' documented in 19
th
century (Nuevo Len)
68-AD COTONAME chain
68-ADA COTONAME net
68-ADA-a Cotoname Rio Grande lower river Mexico (Tamaulipas); USA (Texas)

68-ADA-aa cotoname 'carrizo de camargo' documented in 19
th
century (Tamaulipas); (Texas)
68-AE 'SOLANO'* chain
68-AEA 'SOLANO' net
68-AEA-a 'Solano' Rio Grande river: Piedras Negras Mexico (Coahuila)
68-AEA-aa 'solano' terocadame documented in 18
th
century (Coahuila)
68-AF COAHUILTECO
chain
68-AFA COAHUILTECO* net
68-AFA-a Coahuilteco coahuiltec documented in 18
th
century Rio Grande river (Laredo to
Purisima) Guadalupe river
USA (Texas); also Mexico
(Coahuila)

68-AFA-aa 'rio-grande' Rio Grande river (near Laredo) (Texas); (Tamaulipas)
68-AFA-ab pajalate Rio Grande river (Purisima) (Texas); (Coahuila)
68-AFA-ac 'san-antonio' San Antonio (Texas)
68-AG ARANAMA+
TAMIQUE chain
68-AGA ARANAMA+
TAMIQUE net
68-AGA-a Aranama+ Tamique Guadalupe lower river documented in 19th century; extinct USA (Texas)
68-AGA-aa aranama chaimam, charimame, hname, xaraname, jaraname (Texas)
68-AGA-ab tamique (Texas)

1999 / 2000 edition
68-AH TONKAWA chain
68-AHA TONKAWA net
68-AHA-a Tonkawa formerly Brazos valley USA (formerly Texas; moved to
Oklahoma)
0
68-AHA-aa tonkawa probably extinct (no fluent speakers in 1970's) (Oklahoma) 0
68-AI KARANKAWA chain
68-AIA KARANKAWA net
68-AIA-a Karankawa Galveston Bay coast USA (Texas)
68-AIA-aa karankawa documented in 17
th
-19
th
century; extinct (Texas)
68-B ATAKAPA* set
68-BA ATAKAPA chain
68-BAA ATAKAPA net +submerged by [52] English
68-BAA-a Atakapa #in [68] Choctaw: atakapa=man-eater extinct in early 20
th
century
Trinity river & bay Vermilion river & bay
USA (Louisiana) 0
68-BAA-aa atakapa-W. Trinity river & bay Calcasieu river & lake extinct in early 20
th
century
(Louisiana) 0
68-BAA-aaa 'trinity-bay' Trinity river & bay (Louisiana)
68-BAA-aab calcasieu Calcasieu river & lake (Louisiana)
68-BAA-ab akokisa documented in 18
th
century (Louisiana)
68-BAA-ac atakapa-E. Mermentou river Vermilion river & bay (Louisiana)
68-BAA-aca mermentou Mermentou river (Louisiana)
68-BAA-acb 'vermilion' Vermilion river & bay: near Abbeville (Louisiana)
68-C CHITIMACHA set part of "gulf" hypothesis
68-CA CHITIMACHA chain
68-CAA CHITIMACHA net
68-CAA-a Chitimacha originally Grand lake & river, dispersed in 18
th
century to Bayou
Teche and to Bayou La Fourche Plaquemine, subsequently from
Bayou Teche to Charenton
USA (Louisiana) 0
68-CAA-aa chitimacha last speaker (Delphine Ducloux) died in 1940 +submerged by [52]
English
(Louisiana) 0
68-D NATCHEZ set part of "gulf" hypothesis
68-DA NATCHEZ chain
68-DAA NATCHEZ net
68-DAA-a Natchez near Natchez: St. Catherine's creek USA (formerly Mississippi;
Louisiana; dispersed after defeat
and massacre in 1731 to South
Carolina; North Carolina;
Tennessee; Alabama; Oklahoma)
0
68-DAA-aa natchez probably extinct by mid-20
th
century +submerged by [52] English (Mississippi; Louisiana; South
Carolina; North Carolina;
Tennessee; Alabama; Oklahoma)
0
68-E TUNICA set part of "gulf" hypothesis.
68-EA TUNICA chain
68-EAA TUNICA net
68-EAA-a Tunica originally Yazoo valley, between Natchez & Vicksburg; moved to Red
lower river: Marksville
USA (originally Mississippi; moved
to Louisiana)
0
68-EAA-aa tunica probably extinct by mid-20
th
century +submerged by [52] English USA (Mississippi; Louisiana) 0
68-F MUSKOGEE+
CHOCTAW set
"muskogean", part of "gulf" hypothesis -bilingual in [52] English
Latin script
68-FA CHOCTAW+
MOBILIAN chain
"muskogean"-W.
68-FAA CHOCTAW+
MOBILIAN net
68-FAA-a Choctaw+
Chickasaw
originating in lower Mississippi valley; a large part of both
communities displaced to Oklahoma in 1830's (with death of up to 20%
en route)
USA (originally Mississippi;
Tennessee; Kentucky; displaced to
Oklahoma; Louisiana)
4
68-FAA-aa choctaw oklahoma, chahta #okla-homa =red people, adopted in 1907 as
name of Oklahoma state
(originally Mississippi; displaced to
Oklahoma; moved also to
Louisiana; Tennessee)
4*
68-FAA-aaa choctaw-W. McCurtain county Talihina agency (Oklahoma) 3
68-FAA-aab choctaw-S. (Louisiana) 3
68-FAA-aac choctaw-E. Winston county (Mississippi) 3
68-FAA-aad choctaw-N. (Tennessee) 0*
68-FAA-ab chickasaw originally Tupelo-NW., now Ardmore agency (originally Mississippi; extending
into Tennessee; Kentucky; South
Carolina; displaced to Oklahoma)
3
68-FAA-b Mobilian Mississippi lower valley & hinterland USA (formerly Alabama to Texas)
68-FAA-ba mobilian "vehicular" chickasaw, chickasaw "trade language" vehicular
language, in disuse by end 19
th
century
(formerly Alabama; Mississippi;
Louisiana; Arkansas; Texas)

68-FB MUSKOGEE+
ALABAMA chain
"muskogean"-E.
68-FBA ALABAMA+
KOASATI net
68-FBA-a Alabama+ Koasati +originally related but separate languages, Alabama & Koasati
appear to be merging, with Koasati forms considered the more
prestigious
USA
68-FBA-aa koasati coushatta Koasati reservation (near Elton, Louisiana) & Alabama-
Koasati reservation (Livingston, Texas)
USA (Louisiana; Texas) 2
68-FBA-ab alabama Alabama-Koasati reservation (Livingston, Texas) (originally Alabama; moved to
Texas; also scattered in Louisiana)
2
68-FBB MUSKOGEE+
MIKASUKI net
68-FBB-a Mikasuki+ Hitchiti USA (originally Georgia; displaced
to Oklahoma; moved to Florida)
3
68-FBB-aa mikasuki-seminole mikasuki seminole; miccosukee Miami (Hollywood) Mart Law
Seminole Village Everglades
(Florida) 3
68-FBB-ab hitchiti (Georgia)
68-FBB-b Muskogee muskokee, muskoke, creek Muskogee #creek = abbreviated from
18
th
century name "ochese creek" (Indians); seminole =runaway
USA (originally Georgia; Alabama;
displaced to Oklahoma; moved to
Florida)
4*
68-FBB-ba 'creek'-W. Muskogee Okmulgee agency (Oklahoma)
68-FBB-bb seminole-W. Seminole Wewoka agency
68-FBB-bc 'creek'-E. extinct (Alabama)
68-FBB-bd seminole-E. Brighton reservation (Florida)
68-FBC APALACHEE* net
68-FBC-a Apalachee originally Tallahassee-E.: Pensacola bay Aucilla river USA (originally Florida; displaced
to South Carolina; Louisiana;
Oklahoma)

68-FBC-aa apalachee apalachi documented in 17
th
century; massacred, enslaved and
dispersed in 1703-1704; extinct since 18
th
or early 19
th
century
(Florida; South Carolina;
Louisiana; Oklahoma)
68-G YUCHI set hypothesis linking Yuchi with [64] Dakota+ Catawba remains
dubious
68-GA YUCHI chain
68-GAA YUCHI net
68-GAA-a Yuchi within area of former Creek nation -bilingual in [52] English Latin
script
(formerly Georgia; displaced to
Oklahoma)
1
68-GAA-aa yuchi euchee, uchee, choya'ha, tsoya'ha #yuchi, euchee, etc.=children of
the sun 50 speakers in 1970's
(Georgia; Oklahoma) 1
68-H TIMUCUA set "timucuan"
68-HA TIMUCUA chain
68-HAA TIMUCUA net
68-HAA-a Timucua including also further idioms +submerged by [52] English USA (Florida; Georgia)
68-HAA-aa timucua-A. extinct by early 19
th
century Aucilla river Sea Islands coast
Canaveral, Caaveral cape Tampa bay
(Florida; Georgia)
68-HAA-ab tawasa (Florida; Georgia)

1999 / 2000 edition
69= MESO-AMERICA
geozone
covers the "Meso-America" reference area; comprising 11
communities in southern North America (Meso-America), from
Michoacn to the Pacific-facing side of Honduras, Nicaragua
and northern Costa Rica:
69-A OTOM+ OJITLN 69-B MAYA+ CAKCHIQUEL
69-C TARASCO 69-D TOTONAC+ TEPEHUA
69-E CUITLATEC 69-F HUAMELULA+ TEQUISTLATEC
69-G HUAVE 69-H MIXE+ ZOQUE
69-I XINCA 69-J LENCA
69-K TOL
The first set in this geozone (69-A) comprises the complex
"Oto-Manguean" set of languages, spoken by communities
located from Mexico to Costa Rica, and the second set (69-B)
covers the "Mayan" languages, spoken or formerly spoken by
communities in Mexico, Guatemala and Belize and associated
with development of the traditional Mayan hieroglyphic script.
Mexico; Belize; Guatemala; El
Salvador; Honduras; Nicaragua;
Costa Rica
6
69-A OTOM+ OJITLN
set
OTO-MANGUEAN -bilingual or limited bilingual in [51] Espaol
Latin script #the nomenclature of languages throughout this set
requires urgent review, having been overlaid by usage in [65] Nahuatl
and [51] Espaol. The cover-names and local place-names used below
as reference names in column 2 are provisional only, pending data on
the actual names (often quite different) applied to places and local
forms of speech by the speakers concerned.
69-AA CHICHIMECA-
JONAZ chain
69-AAA CHICHIMECA-
JONAZ net
69-AAA-a Chichimeca-Jonaz San Luis de la Paz environs: Jonaz Mexico (Guanajuato) 3
69-AAA-aa chichimeca-jonaz chichimeco, chichimeca, meco, "jonaz" (Guanajuato) 3
69-AB OTOM+ PAME chain "oto-pamean"
69-ABA PAME net "pamean", chichimeca pame
69-ABA-a Pame-N. Mexico (San Luis Potos; also
Guanajuato)
3
69-ABA-aa pame-N. chichimeca pame-N. (San Luis Potos)
69-ABA-aaa 'chichimeca-de-alaquines' Alaquines (San Luis Potos)
69-ABA-aab 'la-palma' "la-palma" pame La Palma environs (San Luis Potos)
69-ABA-b Pame-C. Santa Mara Acapulco (San Luis Potos) 3
69-ABA-ba pame-C. chichimeca-pame-C., "santa"-maria-acapulco (San Luis Potos) 3
69-ABA-c Pame-S. Jiliapan (San Luis Potos) 3*
69-ABA-ca pame-S. chichimeca-pame-S. (San Luis Potos) 3*
69-ABB MATLATZINCA+
OCUILTEC net
"matlatzincan"
69-ABB-a Matlatzinca Francisco de los Ranchos Mexico (Mxico state) 2
69-ABB-aa matlatzinca matlatzinca "proper", "francisco-de-los-ranchos", piranda (Mxico state) 2
69-ABB-b Ocuiltec+ Atzintec Mexico (Mxico state) 3
69-ABB-ba ocuiltec+ atzintec matlatzinca-atzingo Ocuilan municipio (Mxico) 3
69-ABB-baa ocuiltec ocuilteco (Mxico)
69-ABB-bab atzintec atzingo, atzinteco San Juan Atzingo (Mxico)
69-ABB-bac tlahura (Mxico)
69-ABB-bad tlahuica (Mxico)
69-ABC OTOM+ MAZAHUA
net
"otomian"
69-ABC-a Otom Mexico (Hidalgo; Veracruz; Puebla;
Quertaro; Mxico; Guanajuato)
5
69-ABC-aa queretaro otom-NW. (Quertaro; Hidalgo; Mxico;
Guanajuato)
4
69-ABC-ab mezquital Mezquital valley (Hidalgo); also migration> USA
(North Carolina)
4*
69-ABC-ac texcatepec otom-NE. (Veracruz) 3
69-ABC-ad huehuetla otom-E., "sierra" otom Tlachichilco Ixhuatln Huehuetla San
Bartolo
(Veracruz, Hidalgo) 4
69-ABC-ae tenango Tenango (Hidalgo)* (Hidalgo; Puebla) 4*
69-ABC-af ixtenco otom-SE. Chilac San Sebastin Zincatepec (Puebla) 5
69-ABC-ag 'san-felipe' including otom-mxico, "state of mexico" otom San Felipe Santiago (Mxico) 3
69-ABC-ah tilapa Toluca environs: Tilapa (Distrito Federal; Mxico) 1*
69-ABC-ai temoaya Temoaya (Mxico) 4

69-ABC-b Mazahua-C. Mexico (Mxico; also Distrito
Federal)
5
69-ABC-ba tenoxtitln San Miguel Tenoxtitln (Mxico)
69-ABC-bb 'jalapa-de-los-
baos'
Jalapa de los Baos Santa Maria Citendej-Baos* (Mxico)
69-ABC-bc atlacomulco atlacomulco+ temascalcingo Temascalcingo Atlacomulco de
Fabela
(Mxico)
69-ABC-c Mazahua-E. Mexico (Michoacn) 4
69-ABC-ca mazahua-E. mazahua-michoacn (Michoacn)
69-AC SUBTIABA+
TLAPANEC chain
"supanec"
69-ACA TLAPANEC net
69-ACA-a Tlapanec Chilpancingo-SE. Mexico (Guerrero) 4
69-ACA-aa tlacoapa tlapaneco (Guerrero)
69-ACA-ab malinaltepec huizapula (Guerrero)
69-ACB SUBTIABA net
69-ACB-a Subtiaba extinct Len plains Nicaragua 0
69-ACB-aa subtiaba Nicaragua 0
69-AD CHOCHOTEC+
MAZATEC chain
POPOLOCAN
69-ADA CHOCHOTEC+
POPOLOC net
69-ADA-a Popoloc-W. Mexico (Puebla; Mexico; Veracruz) 4
69-ADA-aa ahuatempan ahuatempan popoloca Santa Ins Ahuatempan (Puebla) 3
69-ADA-ab almolonga Todos Santos Almolonga (Puebla) 3
69-ADA-ac otlaltepec popoloca "poniente" Huejonapa San Felipe Otlaltepec Santa
Maria Nativitas
(Puebla) 3
69-ADA-b Popoloc-N. Mexico (Puebla) 3
69-ADA-ba tlacoyalco San Marcos Tlacoyalco (Puebla) 3
69-ADA-bb temalacayuca San Lus Temalacayuca (Puebla)
69-ADA-c Popoloc-C. Mexico (Puebla) 2
69-ADA-ca coyotepec coyotepec popoloca San Vincente Coyotepec (Puebla) 2
69-ADA-cb zoyamazalco zoyamazalco popoloca San Mateo Zoyamazalco (Puebla) 2*
69-ADA-d Popoloc-SE. Mexico (Puebla) 3
69-ADA-da atzingo atzingo popoloca, popoloc-E. San Juan Atzingo (Puebla) 3
69-ADA-db metzontla metzontla popoloc, popoloc-S. Metzontla los Reyes (Puebla) 3
69-ADA-e Chochotec Nochixtln district: Santa Mara Nativitas San Juan Bautista
Coixtlahuaca San Martin Toxpaln San Miguel Tulancingo
Mexico (Oaxaca) 3
69-ADA-ea chochotec chochoteco, chocho (Oaxaca) 3
69-ADB IXCATEC net
69-ADB-a Ixcatec Santa Maria Ixcatln San Juan Bautista Tuxtepec Nuevo
Soyaltepec
Mexico (Oaxaca) 2
69-ADB-aa ixcatec ixcateco only one or two voices reported in 1960's, but over 800 in
1990 census (3 locations)
(Oaxaca) 2
69-ADC MAZATEC+
IXCATLN net
69-ADC-a Mazatec+ Ixcatln "wider" mazatec, mazateco Mexico (Oaxaca; Veracruz) 5
69-ADC-aa ixcatln "san-pedro" ixcatlan San Pedro Ixcatln (Oaxaca) 3
69-ADC-ab mazatec-W. "highland" mazatec (Oaxaca) 4
69-ADC-aba 'huautla-de-jimnez' Huautla de Jimnez (Oaxaca)
69-ADC-abb 'san-mateo'-N. San Mateo (Oaxaca)
69-ADC-abc 'san-miguel'-N. San Miguel (Oaxaca)
69-ADC-ac mazatec-E. "lowland" mazatec, "san-felipe-jalapa-de-diaz" San Felipe Jalapa de
Diaz
(Oaxaca; Veracruz) 4
69-ADC-ad tecoatl+ soyaltepec (Oaxaca; also Puebla) 4
69-ADC-ada 'san-jernimo'-tecoatl San Jernimo Tecoatl (Oaxaca)
69-ADC-adb 'san-miguel'-soyaltepec San Miguel Soyaltepec (Oaxaca)
69-ADC-ae chiquihuitln "san-juan" chiquihuitln San Juan Chiquihuitln, San Juan
Ixcaquixtla
(Puebla) 3
69-AE OJITLN+ LEALAO
chain
CHINANTEC, chinanteco, "chinantecan"
69-AEA OJITLN+
PALANTLA net
69-AEA-a Ojitln+ Usila Mexico (Oaxaca, also Veracruz
border)
4
69-AEA-aa ojitln San Lucas Ojitln (Oaxaca) 4
69-AEA-ab chiltepec San Jos Chiltepec (Oaxaca) 3
69-AEA-ac usila San Filipe (Oaxaca) 3
69-AEA-b Palantla+ Lalana Chinantec-C. Mexico (Oaxaca) 4
69-AEA-ba palantla including "santiago" tlatepusco Patlantla (Oaxaca) 4
69-AEA-bb sochiapan San Pedro Sochiapan (Oaxaca) 3
69-AEA-bc tlacoatzintepec San Juan Bautista Tlacoatzintepec (Oaxaca) 3*

1999 / 2000 edition
69-AEA-bd 'valle-nacional' San Juan Bautista Valle Nacional (Oaxaca) 3
69-AEA-be tepetotutla Santa Cruz Tepetotutla (Oaxaca) 3
69-AEA-bf quiotepec+ ylox "highland" chinantec (Oaxaca) 3
69-AEA-bfa quiotepec San Juan Quiotepec (Oaxaca) 3*
69-AEA-bfb yolox San Pedro Ylox (Oaxaca) 3*
69-AEA-bg comaltepec Santiago Comaltepec (Oaxaca) 3
69-AEA-bh ozumacn ayotzintepec (Oaxaca) 3
69-AEA-bi tepinapa Choapan district (Oaxaca) 3
69-AEA-bj lalana San Juan Lalana (Oaxaca; Veracruz border) 4
69-AEA-c Lealao chinanteco-S. Mexico (Oaxaca) 2
69-AEA-ca lealao including latani San Juan Lealao Latani. Tres Ros (Oaxaca) 2
69-AF MIXTEC+ TRIQUE
chain
mixteco+ trique
69-AFA MIXTEC+
CUICATEC* net
mixteco+ cuicatec a continuum of small inter-related speech
communities, classified partly on geographic grounds; the following
listing needs to be expanded and reassessed, and traditional names
established wherever possible (cf.two random examples of traditional
toponyms under Jamiltepec-C. below)
Mexico (Oaxaca; Guerrero;
Puebla; also Morelos; Sinaloa)
69-AFA-a Mixtec-W. mixtec-"guerrero" Mexico (Guerrero; also Morelos;
Sinaloa)
4
69-AFA-aa ayutla "coastal" mixtec-"guerrero" (Guerrero) 3
69-AFA-ab metlatonoc mixtec-"guerrero"-E. Metlatonoc San Rafael & southwards (Guerrero) 4
69-AFA-aba metlatonoc-A. Metlatonoc (Guerrero)
69-AFA-abb coicoyn (Guerrero)
69-AFA-abc peras (Guerrero)
69-AFA-ac alacatlatzala "highland" mixtec-"guerrero" (Guerrero; also Morelos; Sinaloa) 4
69-AFA-aca alacatlatzala-A. Alacatlatzala (Guerrero)
69-AFA-acb ocuapa Ocuapa (Guerrero)
69-AFA-acc potoichan Potoichan (Guerrero)
69-AFA-b Mixtec-N. "far-north" mixtec, mixtec-"puebla"-C. enclave surrounded by [65]
Nahuatl & [69] Popoloc
Mexico (Puebla) 3
69-AFA-ba chigmecatitlan chigmegatitlan Santa Mara Chigmecatitlan (Puebla)
69-AFA-bb tlatemplan Santa Catarina Tlatemplan (Puebla)
69-AFA-c Mixtec-'Oaxaca'-N. including mixtec-"puebla"-S. Mexico (Oaxaca; Puebla) 4
69-AFA-ca acatln part of mixtec-"puebla"-S. (Puebla)
69-AFA-cb chazumba part of mixtec-"puebla"-S. Santiago Chazumba (Puebla)
69-AFA-cc coatzospan San Juan Coatzospan (Oaxaca) 3
69-AFA-cd 'teotitln-de-camino' Teotitln de Camino (Oaxaca) 3
69-AFA-ce cuyamecalco (Oaxaca)
69-AFA-cf 'oaxaca'-NW. Guadalupe de Ramirez (Oaxaca)
69-AFA-cg huajuapan Huajuapan de Len (Oaxaca)
69-AFA-ch cacaloxtepec (Oaxaca)
69-AFA-ci cuatzoquitengo Cuatzoquitengo (Guerrero)
69-AFA-cj 'guadalupe-
portezuelo'
(Oaxaca)
69-AFA-ck 'santa-maria-peras' (Oaxaca)
69-AFA-cl silacayoapan Silacayoapan (Oaxaca) 4
69-AFA-cla zahuatln San Simn Zahuatln (Oaxaca)
69-AFA-clb juxtlahuaca Santiago Juxtlahuaca (Oaxaca)
69-AFA-cm atenango (Oaxaca)
69-AFA-cn tezoatlan+ yucuuti Cacaloxtepec-S. (Oaxaca) 3
69-AFA-cna tezoatlan Tezoatlan de Segura y Luna (Oaxaca)
69-AFA-cnb yucuquimi Yucuquimi de Ocampo (Oaxaca)
69-AFA-cnc yutatio San Andrs Yutatio (Oaxaca)
69-AFA-cnd yucuuti-'mara' Santa Mara Yucuuti (Oaxaca)
69-AFA-cne yucuuti-'juarez' Yucuuti de Benito Jurez (Oaxaca)
69-AFA-cnf diquiyo San Juan Diquiy (Oaxaca)
69-AFA-cng cuitito San Juan Cuitito (Oaxaca)
69-AFA-cnh 'delgazn' San Marcos Delgazn (Oaxaca)

69-AFA-co juxtlahuaca-W. (Oaxaca)
69-AFA-cp mixtepec juxtlahuaca-E. San Juan Mixtepec (Oaxaca) 4
69-AFA-cq umi+ teposcolula (Oaxaca) 4
69-AFA-cqa umi tlaxiaco-NW. Tlaxiaco-NW. district: San Juan umi Santiago
Nundichi
(Oaxaca)
69-AFA-cqb teposcolula monte-verde Teposcolula district: Antonino Monte Verde Sebastian
Nicananduta
(Oaxaca)
69-AFA-d Mixtec-Oaxaca-C. Mexico (Oaxaca) 4
69-AFA-da nuyoo+ yuchiti tlaxiaco-SW. Santiago Nuyoo (Oaxaca) 3
69-AFA-daa nuyoo (Oaxaca)
69-AFA-dab ocotepec-SE. (Oaxaca)
69-AFA-dac yuchiti (Oaxaca)
69-AFA-db atatlahuca tlaxiaco-CS. San Esteban Atatlahuca (Oaxaca) 3
69-AFA-dc yucuae+ teita (Oaxaca) 3
69-AFA-dca yucuae San Bartolom Yucuae (Oaxaca) 2
69-AFA-dcb teita San Juan Teita (Oaxaca) 2
69-AFA-dcc tlacotepec San Agustn Tlacotepec (Oaxaca)
69-AFA-dd 'molinos' (Oaxaca) 3*
69-AFA-dda 'san-miguel-el-grande' San Miguel el Grande (Oaxaca)
69-AFA-ddb 'san-pedro-molinos' San Pedro Molinos (Oaxaca)
69-AFA-de tomas-ocotepec Santo Tomas Ocotepec (Oaxaca) 3
69-AFA-df chocho-mixtec (Oaxaca)
69-AFA-dg peoles+
tepantepec
part of mixtec-E. (Oaxaca) 4
69-AFA-dga 'peoles' Santa Mara Peoles (Oaxaca)
69-AFA-dgb tlazoyaltepec Santiago Tlazoyaltepec (Oaxaca)
69-AFA-dgc tepantepec San Mateo Tepantepec (Oaxaca)
69-AFA-dh estetla part of mixtec-E. (Oaxaca)
69-AFA-di nuxa Nochixtln-SE. district (Oaxaca) 3
69-AFA-dia 'santo-domingo'-nuxa Santo Domingo Nuxa (Oaxaca)
69-AFA-dib nuxio San Andrs Nuxio (Oaxaca)
69-AFA-dic zarogoza Santa Inez Zarogoza (Oaxaca)
69-AFA-dj chalcatongo (Oaxaca)
69-AFA-dk huitepec 'zaachila' San Antonio Huitepec (Oaxaca) 3
69-AFA-e Mixtec-Nochixtln mixtec-oaxaca-NW. Nochixtln district Mexico (Oaxaca) 4
69-AFA-ea nochixtln-N. (Oaxaca) 3
69-AFA-eaa apoala Santiago Apoala (Oaxaca)
69-AFA-eab 'catarina'-ocotln Santa Catarina Ocotln (Oaxaca)
69-AFA-eac chicagua San Miguel Chicagua (Oaxaca)
69-AFA-ead apasco Santa Mara Apasco (Oaxaca)
69-AFA-eae jocotepec Jocotepec (Oaxaca)
69-AFA-eb tidaa nochixtlan-CN. (Oaxaca) 3
69-AFA-ec diuxi+ tilantongo nochixtln-C. (Oaxaca) 4*
69-AFA-eca diuxi Diuxi (Oaxaca)
69-AFA-ecb tilantongo Tilantongo (Oaxaca)
69-AFA-ed nochixtln-E. (Oaxaca)
69-AFA-ee nochixtln-S. including jaltepec, san-miguel-pedras (Oaxaca)
69-AFA-f Mixtec-Oaxaca-SW. Mexico (Oaxaca) 5*
69-AFA-fa yosondua tlaxiaco-S. Santiago Yosondua (Oaxaca)
69-AFA-fb sindihui San Mateo Sindihui (Oaxaca) 4
69-AFA-fc 'colorado' San Juan Colorado (Oaxaca) 4
69-AFA-fd putla-S. (Oaxaca)
69-AFA-fda santa-mara-zacatepec Santa Mara Zacatepec (Oaxaca)
69-AFA-fdb tapanco Tapanco (Oaxaca)
69-AFA-fdc nejapa Nejapa (Oaxaca)
69-AFA-fdd atotonilco Atotonilco (Oaxaca)
69-AFA-fe itundujia putla-E. Yosondua-SW.: Santa Cruz Itundujia (Oaxaca)
69-AFA-ff amoltepec Sola de Vega (Oaxaca) 3
69-AFA-fg yoloxochitl (Oaxaca)
69-AFA-fh jamiltepec-W. subdivisons of jamiltepec to be confirmed (Oaxaca) 4
69-AFA-fha sayultepec San Francisco Sayultepec (Oaxaca)
69-AFA-fhb pinotepa uyoko Santiago Pinotepa Nacional (Oaxaca)
69-AFA-fi jamiltepec-NE. jamiltepec "san-cristbal" subdivisons of jamiltepec to be confirmed (Oaxaca) 4
69-AFA-fia 'santa-cruz' zenzontepec 2 Santa Cruz Zenzontepec (Oaxaca)
69-AFA-fib 'san-cristbal-oaxaca' San Cristbal (Oaxaca) 4

1999 / 2000 edition
69-AFA-fj jamiltepec-chayuco chayucu Chayuco subdivisons of jamiltepec to be confirmed (Oaxaca) 4
69-AFA-fk jamiltepec-C. "lowland" jamiltepec subdivisons of jamiltepec to be confirmed (Oaxaca) 4
69-AFA-fka jamiltepec traditional place-name kasandoho Santiago Jamiltepec (Oaxaca)
69-AFA-fkb tetepec Santiago Tetepec (Oaxaca)
69-AFA-fkc tetepelcingo San Miguel Tetepelcingo (Oaxaca)
69-AFA-fkd mechoacn Santa Catarina Mechoacn (Oaxaca)
69-AFA-fke huaxpaltepec San Andrs Huaxpaltepec (Oaxaca)
69-AFA-fkf huazolotitln Santa Maria Huazolotitln (Oaxaca)
69-AFA-fkg ometepec traditional place-name yuku-uvi Santa Mara Chico Ometepec (Oaxaca)
69-AFA-fl tututepec+ acatepec (Oaxaca) 3
69-AFA-fla tututepec San Pedro Tututepec (Oaxaca)
69-AFA-flb acatepec Santa Cuz Acatepec Santa Mara Acatepec (Oaxaca)
69-AFA-g Cuicatec cuicateco Mexico (Oaxaca) 4
69-AFA-ga tepeuxila (Oaxaca) 3
69-AFA-gb papalo Concepcin Papalo (Oaxaca)
69-AFA-gc teutila (Oaxaca) 4
69-AFA-gd teponaxtla San Juan Teponaxtla (Oaxaca)
69-AFB TRIQUE net triqui
69-AFB-a Trique-N. Mexico (Oaxaca) 3
69-AFB-aa copala San Juan Copala (Oaxaca) 3
69-AFB-b Trique-S. Mexico (Oaxaca) 3
69-AFB-ba chicahuaxtla including "laguna" San Andrs Chicahuaxtla (Oaxaca) 3
69-AFB-bb itunyoso San Martn Itunyoso (Oaxaca) 3
69-AFB-bc sabana (Oaxaca)
69-AFB-bd 'san-miguel'-W. (Oaxaca)
69-AG AMUZGO chain
69-AGA AMUZGO net
69-AGA-a Amuzgo-N. Mexico (Oaxaca) 3
69-AGA-aa ipalala around Santa Mara Ipalala (Oaxaca) 3
69-AGA-b Amuzgo-C. Mexico (Oaxaca; Guerrero) 4
69-AGA-ba 'san-pedro'-amuzgo San Pedro Amuzgos (Oaxaca) 3
69-AGA-bb amuzgo-'guerrero' (Guerrero) 4
69-AGA-bba xochistlahuaca Xochistlahuaca (Guerrero)
69-AGA-bbb zacualpan Zacualpan (Guerrero)
69-AGA-bbc cochoapa Cochoapa (Guerrero)
69-AGA-bbd huehuetonoc Huehuetonoc (Guerrero)
69-AH ZAPOTEC+
CHATINO chain
69-AHA CHATINO net
69-AHA-a Zenzontepec chatino-N. Mexico (Oaxaca) 4*
69-AHA-aa zenzontepec-A. Santa Cruz Zenzontepec San Jacinto Tlacotepec (Oaxaca)
69-AHA-ab tlapanalquiahuitl* Santa Mara Tlapanalquiahuitl (Oaxaca)
69-AHA-b Tataltepec chatino-W., "lowland" chatino-W. Mexico (Oaxaca) 3
69-AHA-ba tataltepec Tataltepec (Oaxaca) 3
69-AHA-c Yolotepec+
Zacatepec
chatino-SW. Mexico (Oaxaca) 3
69-AHA-ca lachao part of lachao+ yolotepec Lachao (Oaxaca) 2
69-AHA-cb yolotepec part of lachao+ yolotepec Yolotepec (Oaxaca) 2
69-AHA-cc 'san-marcos'-
zacatepec
Juquila: San Marcos Zacatepec (Oaxaca) 2
69-AHA-d Chatino-C. "highland" chatino Mexico (Oaxaca) 4
69-AHA-da panixtlahuaca "highland" chatino-W. (Oaxaca) 4*
69-AHA-daa panixtlahuaca-A. Panixtlahuaca (Oaxaca)
69-AHA-dab quiahije San Juan Quiahije (Oaxaca)
69-AHA-dac cieneguilla (Oaxaca)
69-AHA-dad ixtapan (Oaxaca)
69-AHA-dae tepenixtlahuaca Tepenixtlahuaca (Oaxaca)
69-AHA-daf ixpantepec Nieves Ixpantepec (Oaxaca)
69-AHA-dag amialtepec (Oaxaca)
69-AHA-db yaitepec Yaitepec (Oaxaca) 3
69-AHA-dc nopala "highland" chatino-E. Nopala (Oaxaca) 4*

69-AHB ZAPOTEC net a continuum of small linguistic communities, subdivided partly on
geographic grounds; the following listing needs to be expanded and
reassessed
69-AHB-a Zapotec-W. papabuco, "sol-de-vega" Sol de Vega westwards Mexico 3
69-AHB-aa texmelucan San Lorenzo Texmelucan (Oaxaca) 3
69-AHB-ab elotepec San Juan Elotepec (Oaxaca) 3*
69-AHB-ac zaniza Santa Mara Zaniza (Oaxaca) 3*
69-AHB-b Zapotec-N. including etla Mexico (Oaxaca; also Veracruz);
migration> USA (California)
4
69-AHB-ba zoogocho (Oaxaca) 3
69-AHB-baa zoogocho-A. San Bartolom Zoogocho (Oaxaca)
69-AHB-bab yalina (Oaxaca)
69-AHB-bac tabehua (Oaxaca)
69-AHB-bad zoogocho-'los-angeles' Los Angeles (California) (migration> California) 2
69-AHB-bb yatzachi (Oaxaca) 3
69-AHB-bba yatzachi-'el-alto' "upper" yatzachi Yatzachi-el-Alto (Oaxaca)
69-AHB-bbb yatzachi-'el-bajo' "lower" yatzachi Yatzachi-el-Bajo (Oaxaca)
69-AHB-bc solaga (Oaxaca)
69-AHB-bca 'rio-de-la-lana' zapotec-NE. Rio de la Lana valley (Oaxaca; also Veracruz)
69-AHB-bcb choapan choapam Santiago Choapan (Oaxaca)
69-AHB-bcc comaltepec-2 (Oaxaca) 3
69-AHB-bd ixtln including etla* Ixtln de Jurez environs (Oaxaca) 4*
69-AHB-bda atepec Sierra de Jurez highlands (Oaxaca) 3
69-AHB-bdb yavesia (Oaxaca)
69-AHB-bdc carrizal (Oaxaca)
69-AHB-bdd latuvi (Oaxaca)
69-AHB-bde 'benito-jurez' Benito-Jurez (Oaxaca)
69-AHB-bdf ixtln-C. Ixtln de Jurez town (Oaxaca)
69-AHB-bdg lachatao (Oaxaca)
69-AHB-bdh 'llano-grande' Llano Grande plain #llano grande in [51] Espaol =great plain (Oaxaca)
69-AHB-bdi 'trinidad' La Trinidad (Oaxaca)
69-AHB-bdj nevera Nevera (Oaxaca)
69-AHB-bdk amatln (Oaxaca)
69-AHB-bdl teococuilco Teococuilco de Marcos Prez (Oaxaca)
69-AHB-bdm aloapam (Oaxaca)
69-AHB-bdn yareni Santa Inez Yareni (Oaxaca)
69-AHB-be mazaltepec Oaxaca-W. valley: San Toms Mazaltepec (Oaxaca)
69-AHB-bf villa-alta Cajones upper valley: San Ildefonso Villa Alta environs (Oaxaca)
69-AHB-bfa rincn-N. (Oaxaca)
69-AHB-bfb rincn-S. (Oaxaca)
69-AHB-bfc yagallo (Oaxaca)
69-AHB-bfd taba Taba (Oaxaca)
69-AHB-bfe 'san-pedro-cajonos' San Pedro Cajonos (Oaxaca) 3
69-AHB-bff 'san-francisco-cajonos' San Francisco Cajonos (Oaxaca)
69-AHB-bfg 'san-mateo'-S. (Oaxaca)
69-AHB-bfh 'san-miguel'-E. San Miguel Talea de Castro (Oaxaca)
69-AHB-bg yalalag (Oaxaca)
69-AHB-bh lachiroag lachiruaj San Cristbal Lachiruaj, San Cristbal Lachirioag (Oaxaca)
69-AHB-c Zapotec-CW. Mexico (Oaxaca) 4
69-AHB-ca zaachila Zaachila environs (Oaxaca)
69-AHB-caa xalpan San Raymundo Xalpan (Oaxaca)
69-AHB-cab zegache yatseche Santa Inez Zegache Santa Ana Zegache (Oaxaca)
69-AHB-cac zaachila-A. Zaachila (Oaxaca)
69-AHB-cb zimatln Zimatln de lvarez environs (Oaxaca) 3
69-AHB-cba totomachapan San Pedro Totomachapan (Oaxaca)
69-AHB-cbb 'asuncin' Asuncin Mixtepec (Oaxaca)
69-AHB-cbc 'san-pedro-el-alto' San Pedro el Alto (Oaxaca)
69-AHB-cbd lachixio Lachixio Mixtepec (Oaxaca)
69-AHB-cc ocotln-morelos Ocotln de Morelos environs (Oaxaca) 4
69-AHB-cca 'san-antonio' San Antonio Ocotln (Oaxaca)
69-AHB-ccb 'apstol' Santiago Apstol (Oaxaca)
69-AHB-ccc tilquiapan San Miguel Tilquiapan (Oaxaca) 3
69-AHB-ccd chichicapan San Baltazar Chichicapan (Oaxaca) 3
69-AHB-cd ayoquesco Ejutla-W.: Santa Cruz Nexila (Oaxaca) 3
69-AHB-ce jalieza* (Oaxaca)

1999 / 2000 edition
69-AHB-d Zapotec-CE. Mexico (Oaxaca) 4
69-AHB-da 'albarradas' #albarradas in [51] Espaol =barricades (Oaxaca) 3
69-AHB-daa 'santa-mara-albarradas' Santa Mara Albarradas (Oaxaca)
69-AHB-dab 'santo-domingo-
albarradas'
Santo Domingo Albarradas (Oaxaca)
69-AHB-dac 'san-miguel-albarradas' San Miguel Albarradas (Oaxaca)
69-AHB-dad santa-catarina-
albarradas
Santa Catarina Albarradas (Oaxaca)
69-AHB-db teotitln-'del-valle' Teotitln del Valle environs (Oaxaca)
69-AHB-dc tlacolula "valley" zapotec (Oaxaca) 4
69-AHB-dca guelava tlacolula-W. San Juan Guelava (Oaxaca) 4
69-AHB-dcb mitla tlacolula-C. San Pablo Villa de Mitla (Oaxaca) 4
69-AHB-dcc quiatoni tlacolula-E. San Pedro Quiatoni (Oaxaca) 4
69-AHB-dd matatln+ ocotepec* (Oaxaca)
69-AHB-dda matatln Santiago Matatln (Oaxaca) 3
69-AHB-ddb ocotepec San Dionicio Ocotepec (Oaxaca)
69-AHB-ddc 'arriba' Santo Tomas de Arriba (Oaxaca)
69-AHB-ddd 'san-baltazar-guelavila' guelavila San Baltazar Guelavila (Oaxaca)
69-AHB-de yautepec (Oaxaca) 3
69-AHB-dea quiegolani yautepec-W. Santa Mara (Oaxaca) 3
69-AHB-deb 'san-bartolo' yautepec-NW. San Bartolo Yautepec (Oaxaca) 3*
69-AHB-dec quiavicuzas yautepec-NE. Quiavicuzas, Quiavicusas (Oaxaca) 3
69-AHB-ded lachixila yautepec-NE. (Oaxaca) 3
69-AHB-dee tlacoculita yautepec-SE. Asuncin Tlacoculita (Oaxaca) 3
69-AHB-e Zapotec-CS. miahuatln Miahuatln de Pofirio Daz environs Mexico (Oaxaca) 5
69-AHB-ea miahuatln-W. (Oaxaca) 3
69-AHB-eaa coatln-N. Santa Mara Coatln (Oaxaca)
69-AHB-eab 'san-miguel'-S. San Miguel Coatln (Oaxaca)
69-AHB-eb miahuatln-NE. (Oaxaca) 3
69-AHB-eba logueche San Francisco Logueche (Oaxaca)
69-AHB-ebb 'cristbal'-amatln San Cristbal Amatln (Oaxaca)
69-AHB-ec miahuatln-C. cuixtla Ciuxtla (Oaxaca) 4
69-AHB-ed miahuatln-E. San Juan Mixtepec (Oaxaca) 3
69-AHB-ee quioquitani Santa Catarina Quieri (Oaxaca) 3
69-AHB-ef xanica part of miahuatln-SE. (Oaxaca) 3
69-AHB-efa xanica-A. San Cristobel Amatln (Oaxaca)
69-AHB-efb coixtepec Santa Mara Coixtepec (Oaxaca)
69-AHB-efc lovene San Andrs Lovene (Oaxaca)
69-AHB-eg xanaguia part of miahuatln-SE. (Oaxaca) 3
69-AHB-ega xanaguia-A. Santa Catarina Xanaguia (Oaxaca)
69-AHB-egb 'san-francisco'-
ozolotepec
San Francisco Ozolotepec (Oaxaca)
69-AHB-egc 'san-jos'-ozolotepec San Jos Ozolotepec (Oaxaca)
69-AHB-eh lapagua part of miahuatln-SE. (Oaxaca) 3
69-AHB-eha lapagua-A. Santiago Lapagua (Oaxaca)
69-AHB-ehb lachilo San Felipe Lachilo (Oaxaca)
69-AHB-ehc potrero La Merced del Potrero (Oaxaca)
69-AHB-ehd guivini San Juan Guivini (Oaxaca)
69-AHB-f Zapotec-S. "mountain" zapotec Sierra Madre del Sur east range Mexico (Oaxaca) 5
69-AHB-fa coatln-S. Ejutla-S.: San Vincente Coatln (Oaxaca)
69-AHB-fb loxicha-W. pochutla-NW. (Oaxaca) 3
69-AHB-fba 'santa-catarina'-loxicha Santa Catarina Loxicha (Oaxaca)
69-AHB-fbb 'san-baltzar'-loxicha San Baltzar Loxicha (Oaxaca)
69-AHB-fc loxicha-E. pochutla-NE. (Oaxaca) 5*
69-AHB-fca 'candelaria' Candelaria Loxicha (Oaxaca)
69-AHB-fcb 'san-agustin' San Agustin Loxicha (Oaxaca)
69-AHB-fd ozolotepec (Oaxaca) 3
69-AHB-fda 'san-marcial' San Marcial Ozolotepec (Oaxaca)
69-AHB-fdb 'san-pablo' San Pablo Ozolotepec (Oaxaca)
69-AHB-fdc 'san-gregorio' San Gregorio Ozolotepec (Oaxaca)
69-AHB-fe 'coatecas-altas' (Oaxaca) 3
69-AHB-ff xadani Xadani (Oaxaca)

69-AHB-g Zapotec-E. Mexico (Oaxaca; also Chiapas) 4
69-AHB-ga petapa Santa Mara Petapa-W. Santa Mara Petapa-E.* (Oaxaca Chiapas) 3
69-AHB-gb lachiguiri Tehuantepec valley (Oaxaca) 3
69-AHB-gba lachiguiri-A. Santiago Lachiguiri (Oaxaca)
69-AHB-gbb totolapilla Santa Mara Totolapilla (Oaxaca)
69-AHB-gbc jalapa-S. Jalapa (Oaxaca)
69-AHB-gc zapotec-istmo "isthmus" zapotec-N. (Oaxaca) 4
69-AHB-gca guevea "isthmus" zapotec-N. Guevea de Hmboldt (Oaxaca) 4
69-AHB-gcb juchitn "isthmus" zapotec-S. Juchitn de Zaragoza district (Oaxaca) 4
69-AI CHIAPANEC+
CHOROTEGA chain
MANGEAN
69-AIA CHIAPANEC+
CHOROTEGA net

69-AIA-a Chiapanec Tuxtla Gutirrez environs extinct Mexico (Chiapas) 0
69-AIA-aa chiapanec chiapaneco (Chiapas) 0
69-AIA-b Chorotega+ Diria* mange, mangue extinct Honduras; El Salvador; Nicaragua;
Costa Rica
0
69-AIA-ba chorotega choluteca Honduras; El Salvador 0
69-AIA-bb diria Diriamba Diriomo Nicaragua (Carazo; Granada) 0
69-AIA-bc nagrandan Nicaragua 0
69-AIA-bd nicoya Nicoya peninsula Costa Rica (Guanacaste) 0
69-AIA-be orotinya orotina Orotina Costa Rica (Puntarenas) 0
69-AIA-bf orisi Costa Rica 0
69-B MAYA+
CAKCHIQUEL set
MAYAN -bilingual or limited bilingual in [51] Espaol
Mayan hieroglyphic script; Latin script
69-BA HUASTEC+
CHICOMUCELTEC
chain
huastecan
69-BAA HUASTEC net
69-BAA-a Huastec huasteco, houastque, guasteca Panc lower valley southwards Mexico (San Luis Potos;
Veracruz)
5
69-BAA-aa huastec-W. "potosino" (San Luis Potos) 4
69-BAA-ab huastec-E. "veracruzano" (Veracruz) 4
69-BAB CHICOMUCELTEC
net

69-BAB-a Chicomuceltec cac'chiquel mam, cakchiquel mam perhaps extinct Mexico (Chiapas); Guatemala
(Huehuetenango)
0*
69-BAB-aa chicomuceltec-W. Mazapa de Madero Chicomucelo (Chiapas) 0*
69-BAB-ab chicomuceltec-E. Jacaltenango Concepcin (Huehuetenango) 0*
69-BB MAYA+ MOPAN
chain
LOWLAND-MAYA-NORTH, yucatan associated with historical
Mayan script
69-BBA MAYA+ MOPAN net
69-BBA-a Maya+ Lacandn Yucatn peninsula Mexico; Belize 5
69-BBA-aa maya-L. "post-conquest literary" yucatec maya from 16
th
cent.
69-BBA-ab maya mayat'an, yucateco, yucatec; masewal community; including chan-
"santa-cruz"
(Campeche; Yucatn; Quintana
Roo)
5
69-BBA-ac maya-S. Belize 3
69-BBA-ad icaiche* icaiche-maya (Yucatan)
69-BBA-ae lacandn (Chiapas) 2*
69-BBA-b Mopan+ Itz Belize; Guatemala (Petn) 3
69-BBA-ba itza-E. itz-maya-E. Maya mountains extinct Belize 0
69-BBA-bb petn-itza itz-maya-W. 12 elderly speakers in 1980's Petn lake: San Jos
Pten
Guatemala (Petn) 1
69-BBA-bc mopan moapan, mopan-maya, maya-mopn, mopane Maya mountains Belize; Guatemala (Petn) 3
69-BC CHOL+ TZELTAL
chain
LOWLAND-MAYA-SOUTH associated with historical Mayan script
69-BCA CHOL+ CHORTI net
69-BCA-a Chol Mexico (Chiapas; also Tabasco) 4
69-BCA-aa tila Tila (Chiapas) 4
69-BCA-ab sabanilla (Chiapas) 4*
69-BCA-ac tumbal (Chiapas) 4
69-BCA-b Chontal-Tabasco no direct relationship with [69] Chontal-Oaxaca Tehuantepec-N.
isthmus
Mexico (Tabasco) 4
69-BCA-ba chontal-tabasco San Carlos Macuspana including dialects (Tabasco) 4
69-BCA-c Chorti Guatemala+ Honduras frontier extinct in Honduras Guatemala (Chiquimula) 4
69-BCA-ca chort-A. (Chiquimula) 4
69-BCA-cb cholt* extinct (Chiquimula)

1999 / 2000 edition
69-BCB TZELTAL+ TZOTZIL
net
tzeltalan
69-BCB-a Tzeltal tzendal, sendal, cendal, celtala Mexico (Chiapas) 4
69-BCB-aa bachajn "lowland" tzeltal (Chiapas) 4
69-BCB-aaa bachajn-A. bachajn "proper", bachahom Bachajn (Chiapas) 4
69-BCB-aab amatenango Amatenango del Valle (Chiapas) 3*
69-BCB-aac ocozingo ocosingo Ocosingo (Chiapas) 3*
69-BCB-ab oxchuc "highland" tzeltal Oxchuc (Chiapas) 4
69-BCB-b Tzotzil Mexico (Chiapas) 5
69-BCB-ba chamula Chiapas highlands (Chiapas) 4
69-BCB-baa bosque San Juan del Bosque (Chiapas)
69-BCB-bab solistahuacan Pueblo Nuevo Solistahuacan (Chiapas)
69-BCB-bac amatn Amatn (Chiapas)
69-BCB-bad huitiupan Huitiupan (Chiapas)
69-BCB-bae simojovel Simojovel de Allende (Chiapas)
69-BCB-baf ixtapa nibak Ixtapa (Chiapas)
69-BCB-bag jitotol Jitotol (Chiapas)
69-BCB-bah bochil Bochil (Chiapas)
69-BCB-bai chamula-A. chamula "proper" San Juan Chamula (Chiapas)
69-BCB-baj 'san-cristbal-chiapas' San Cristbal de las Casas (Chiapas)
69-BCB-bak teopisca Teopisca (Chiapas)
69-BCB-bal ocozocoautla Ocozocoautla (Chiapas)
69-BCB-bam ixhuatn ishuatan (Chiapas)
69-BCB-bb chenalh chenal (Chiapas) 4*
69-BCB-bba chenalh-A. San Pedro Chenalh (Chiapas)
69-BCB-bbb chalchihuitan San Pablo Chalchihuitan (Chiapas)
69-BCB-bbc pantelho Santa Catarina Pantelho (Chiapas)
69-BCB-bbd mitontic San Miguel Mitontic (Chiapas)
69-BCB-bc huixtn huixteco Huistn region (Chiapas) 4*
69-BCB-bca huixtn-A. (Chiapas)
69-BCB-bcb carranza San Bartolom Venustiano Carranza (Chiapas)
69-BCB-bcc corzo Angel Albino Corzo (Chiapas)
69-BCB-bcd concordia La Concordia (Chiapas)
69-BCB-bce villa -orzo Villa Corzo (Chiapas)
69-BCB-bd larrainzar San Andrs Larrainzar (Chiapas)
69-BCB-be zinacantec (Chiapas) 4*
69-BCB-c Tojolabal Chiapas highlands: Las Margaritas Altamirano Mexico (Chiapas) 4
69-BCB-ca tojolabal chaabal, comiteco (Chiapas) 4
69-BD KANJOBAL+ IXIL
chain
HIGHLAND-MAYA-WEST
69-BDA KANJOBAL+ CHUJ
net
kanjobalan
69-BDA-a Chuj chuh, chuje, chuhe, chujan Guatemala (Huehuetenango);
Mexico (Chiapas)
4
69-BDA-aa chuj-ixtatn (Huehuetenango) 4
69-BDA-aaa ixtatn-A. San Mateo Ixtatn (Huehuetenango) 4
69-BDA-aab tziscau Trinitaria: Tziscau Cuauhtmoc (Chiapas) 3
69-BDA-ab chuj-coatn San Sebastin Coatn (Huehuetenango) 4
69-BDA-b Jacaltec jacalteco, jacalteca, jakalteko, popti' Guatemala (Huehuetenango);
Mexico (Chiapas)
4
69-BDA-ba jacaltec-W. (Huehuetenango); (Chiapas) 4
69-BDA-baa jacaltenango Jacaltenango (Huehuetenango)
69-BDA-bab saravia Concepcin Saravia (Chiapas) 3*
69-BDA-bb jacaltec-E. Concepcin Huista (Huehuetenango) 4
69-BDA-c Kanjobal kanhobal, conob Guatemala (Huehuetenango);
migration> USA (California)
4
69-BDA-ca kanjobal-W. acateco, acatec San Miguel Acatn (Huehuetenango) 4
69-BDA-cb kanjobal-E. Santa Eulalia Kanjobal Los Angeles (Huehuetenango); (California) 4
69-BDA-d Moch motozintleco, motozintlec Mexico+ Guatemala frontier Mexico (Chiapas) 2
69-BDA-da motozintlec-A. moch "proper", motozintleco (Chiapas)
69-BDA-db tuzantec tuzanteco (Chiapas)

69-BDB MAM+ AGUACATEC
net
69-BDB-a Mam "mamean", mame, mam, mem, zaklapahkap, zaklopacap Guatemala (Huehuetenango; San
Marcos; Quetzaltenango;
Retalhuleu); also migration>
Mexico (Chiapas)
5
69-BDB-aa mam-
huehuetenango
mam-N. San Sebastin including dialects (Huehuetenango; San Marcos);
also (Chiapas)
5
69-BDB-ab mam-cuchumatan Todos Santos Cuchumatan (Huehuetenango); (Chiapas)
69-BDB-ac mam-comitancillo mam-C., 'west' mam, mam-marquense, mam-san-marcos including
dialects
(San Marcos) 5*
69-BDB-ad mam-tajumulco Tajumulco Ixchigun (San Marcos) 4
69-BDB-ae mam-
quetzaltenango
mam-S., mam-quetzalteco (Quetzaltenango; Retalhuleu) 5
69-BDB-aea ostuncalco San Juan Ostuncalco
69-BDB-aeb sacatepquez San Martn Sacatepquez (Quetzaltenango)
69-BDB-aec chile-verde San Martn Chile Verde
69-BDB-af tectitec tektiteko, teko, tectiteco, teco, tectitn-mam Tectitn Amatenango
de la Frontera Mazapa de Madero
(Huehuetenango); (Chiapas) 3
69-BDB-ag tacanec tacaneco, tacan-mam, mam-W., til. 'mam' Sierra Madre
highlands: Tacan-W. Sibinal Tectitn Buenos Aires Mazapa
(San Marcos; Huehuetenango);
(Chiapas)
4
69-BDB-b Aguacatec Guatemala (Huehuetenango) 4
69-BDB-ba aguacatec aguacateco Guatemala (Huehuetenango) 4
69-BDC IXIL net
69-BDC-a Ixil ixilan Guatemala (Quich) 4
69-BDC-aa ixil-chajul (Quich) 3
69-BDC-ab ixil-ilom (Quich) 3*
69-BDC-ac ixil-nebaj Nebaj (Quich) 4
69-BDC-ad ixil-cotzal San Juan Cotzal (Quich) 3
69-BE CAKCHIQUEL+
QUICHE chain
associated with historical Mayan script
69-BEA KEKCHI net
69-BEA-a Kekchi quecch, cacch Guatemala (Alta Verapaz; El
Petn); Belize (Toledo); El
Salvador
5
69-BEA-aa kekch-cobn Cobn prestige variety (Alta Verapaz) 5
69-BEA-ab kekch-petn (El Petn) 5
69-BEA-ac kekch-W. (Toledo) 4
69-BEA-ad kekch-S. El Salvador 4
69-BEB POCOMAM+
POCOMCHI' net
pocom
69-BEB-a Pocomam pocomn, pokomam Guatemala (Guatemala; Jalapa);
also El Salvador
4
69-BEB-aa pocomam-C. Guatemala city>NW. (Guatemala); also El Salvador 3
69-BEB-ab pocomam-S. pocomam-paln Guatemala city>S. (Guatemala) 4
69-BEB-ac pocomam-E. (Jalapa) 4
69-BEB-b Pocomchi' pocomch, pokomch, poconch, pokonch Guatemala (Alta Verapaz; Baja
Verapaz)
4
69-BEB-ba pocomchi'-W. (Alta Verapaz) 4
69-BEB-baa 'san-cristobal-verapaz' San Cristobal Verapaz environs (Alta Verapaz)
69-BEB-bab 'santa-cruz-verapaz' Santa Cruz Verapaz (Alta Verapaz)
69-BEB-bb pocomchi'-E. pokomch-tactic, pocomch, poconch, pokonch (Baja Verapaz) 4
69-BEC USPANTEC net
69-BEC-a Uspantec uspanteco Guatemala (Quich) 3
69-BEC-aa uspantec (Quich) 3
69-BED QUICHE+ TZUTUJIL
net
69-BED-a Quiche kich, including achi Guatemala (Retalhuleu; Suchite-
Pquez; Quezaltenango;
Totonicapan; El Quich; Baja
Verapaz)
5
69-BED-aa quiche-L. "post-conquest literary" quiche from 16
th
cent.
69-BED-ab achi-cubulco cubulco west of Rabinal (Baja Verapaz) 4
69-BED-ac achi-rabinal rabinal, quich-rabinal Rabinal environs (Baja Verapaz) 4
69-BED-ad quich-cunn quich-N., quich-chuil, chuil (El Quich) 3
69-BED-ae quich-C. Sierra de Chuacs highlands (El Quich) 5
69-BED-af quich-chich quich-CE. (El Quich) 5*
69-BED-afa chichicastenango Chichicastenango (El Quich)
69-BED-afb chich (El Quich)

1999 / 2000 edition
69-BED-ag quich-E. San Andrs Sajcabaj (El Quich) 4
69-BED-ah quich-joyabaj joyabaj (El Quich) 4
69-BED-ai quich-cantel cantel (Retalhuleu; Suchite-Pquez;
Quezaltenango; Totonicapan)
5
69-BED-aia quich-SW. Atitln lake>SW. (Retalhuleu; Suchite-Pquez) 5
69-BED-aib quich-CW. Atitln lake>W.& NW. (Retalhuleu; Suchite-Pquez;
Quezaltenango; Totonicapan)
5
69-BED-b Tzutujil tzutuhil Guatemala (Solol) 4
69-BED-ba tzutujil-W. Atitln-SW. lake-shore (Solol) 4
69-BED-bb tzutujil-E. Atitln-S. lake-shore (Solol) 4
69-BED-c Cakchiquel Guatemala (Chimaltenango;
Solol, Guatemala state; Antigua
Guatemala)
5
69-BED-ca cakchiquel-L. "post-conquest literary" cakchiquel from 16
th
cent.
69-BED-cb cakchiquel-N. (Chimaltenango) 4
69-BED-cc cakchiquel-W. Atitln-N. & Aitlan-E. lake-shore (Solol) 4
69-BED-cca 'san-jos' San Jos Chacaya (Solol)
69-BED-ccb 'santa-mara' Santa Mara de Jess (Solol) 4*
69-BED-ccc 'san-andrs' San Andrs Semetabaj (Solol)
69-BED-ccd 'san-lucas' San Lucas Tolimn (Solol)
69-BED-cd cakchiquel-C. (Chimaltenango) 5
69-BED-ce cakchiquel-E. Guatemala city>N. (Guatemala state) 4
69-BED-cf cakchiquel-xenacoj Guatemala city>W.: Santo Domingo Xenacoj (Guatemala state; Antigua
Guatemala)
3
69-BED-cg cakchiquel-
acatenango
part of cakchiquel-SW. Acetenango highlands (Antigua Guatemala) 4
69-BED-ch cakchiquel-
yepocapa
part of cakchiquel-SW. Yepocapa (Antigua Guatemala) 3
69-BED-ci cakchiquel-CS. Guatemala city>W. (Guatemala; Antigua Guatemala)
69-BED-cj cakchiquel-S. Antigua Guatemala>S. (Antigua Guatemala) 4
69-BED-d Sipacapense Guatemala (San Marcos) 3
69-BED-da sipacapense sipacapeo, quich-sipacapa, sipacapa (San Marcos) 3
69-BED-e Sacapultec Guatemala (Quich; Guatemala) 4
69-BED-ea sacapultec sacapulteco, quich-sacapulas, sacapulas (Quich; Guatemala) 4
69-C TARASCO set -bilingual or limited bilingual in [51] Espaol Latin script
69-CA TARASCO chain
69-CAA TARASCO net
69-CAA-a Tarasco tarascan, tarasca, tarasken, tala, purepecha, porepecha, michoacn
Purpero environs
Mexico (Michoacn) 4
69-CAA-aa tarasco-L. "old" tarasco, "classical" tarasco from 16
th
to 19
th
cent. (Michoacn)
69-CAA-ab tarasco-ichupio including tarasco-tarerio (Michoacn)
69-CAA-ac tarasco-
purenchcuaro
San Jernimo Purenchcuaro (Michoacn)
69-D TOTONAC+
TEPEHUA set
"totonacan"
69-DA TOTONAC chain
69-DAA TOTONAC net
69-DAA-a Totonac totonaca, totonacan, totonak Mexico (Puebla; Veracruz) 5
69-DAA-aa totonac-'jurez' "villa-jurez"-totonac, part of totonac-N. Villa Jurez (Puebla)
69-DAA-ab totonac-zihuateutla part of totonac-N. (Puebla) 3
69-DAA-ac totonac-ozumatln (Puebla) 3
69-DAA-ad totonac-coahuitln filomeno mata-coahuitln Santo Domingo Filomeno Mata (Veracruz) 4
69-DAA-ae totonac-'sierra' "highland" totonac (Puebla; Veracruz) 5
69-DAA-af totonac-coyutla Coyutla (Veracruz) 4
69-DAA-ag totonac-papantla "lowland" totonac Papantla (Veracruz)
69-DAA-ah totonac-patla patla-chicontla totonac Patla Chicontla Tecpatln (Puebla) 3
69-DAA-ai totonac-yecuatla (Veracruz) 2
69-DB TEPEHUA chain
69-DBA TEPEHUA net
69-DBA-a Tepehua tepewa Mexico (Hidalgo; Puebla;
Veracruz)
4*
69-DBA-aa tepehua-huehuetla tepehua-"hidalgo" (Hidalgo) 3
69-DBA-ab tepehua-'pisa-flores' tepehua-"puebla" (Puebla) 3
69-DBA-ac tepehua-tlachichilco tepehua-"veracruz" Tlachichilco (Veracruz) 3

69-E CUITLATEC set
69-EA CUITLATEC chain
69-EAA CUITLATEC net
69-EAA-a Cuitlatec extinct; last speaker alive in 1962 Mexico (Guerrero) 0
69-EAA-aa cuitlatec cuitlateco (Guerrero) 0
69-F HUAMELULA+
TEQUISTLATEC set
CHONTAL-OAXACA, "tequistlatecan"
69-FA HUAMELULA+
TEQUISTLATEC
chain
69-FAA HUAMELULA+
TEQUISTLATEC net
69-FAA-a Huamelula+
Tequistlatec
Tehuantepec-S. isthmus no direct relationship with [69] Chontal-
Tabasco
Mexico (Oaxaca) 4*
69-FAA-aa huamelula huamelula-chontal, "lowland" chontal-oaxaca Huamelula Santiago
Astata
(Oaxaca) 3
69-FAA-ab tequistlatec "highland" chontal-oaxaca formerly Tequisistln (Oaxaca) 3
69-G HUAVE set
69-G HUAVE chain
69-GAA HUAVE net
69-GAA-a Huave huavean Juchitan lagoon-coast Mexico (Oaxaca) 4
69-GAA-aa huave-W. "san-mateo-del-mar" San Mateo del Mar (Oaxaca) 4
69-GAA-ab huave-E. (Oaxaca) 3*
69-GAA-aba 'san-francisco' San Francisco del Mar (Oaxaca)
69-GAA-abb 'san-dionisio' San Dionisio (Oaxaca)
69-H MIXE+ ZOQUE set
69-H MIXE+ ZOQUE chain
69-HA MIXE net
69-HAA-a Mixe-W. mixe "proper"-W. Mexico (Oaxaco) 4
69-HAA-aa mixe-totontepec (Oaxaca) 3
69-HAA-ab mixe-tlahuitoltepec (Oaxaca) 3
69-HAA-b Mixe-E. mixe "proper"-E. Mexico (Oaxaco) 5*
69-HAA-ba mixe-coatln mixe-S. (Oaxaca)
69-HAA-baa 'paraso' San Juan el Paraso (Oaxaca)
69-HAA-bab tehuantepec Tehuantepec (Oaxaca)
69-HAA-bb mixe-'istmo' "isthmus" mixe, mixe-"paso-real" (Oaxaca) 4
69-HAA-bba guichicovi Guichicovi (Oaxaca)
69-HAA-bbb 'paso-real' Paso Real de Sarabia (Oaxaca)
69-HAA-bc mixe-juquila Juquila (Oaxaca) 3
69-HAA-bd mixe-mazatln San Juan Mazatln (Oaxaca) 4
69-HAA-be mixe-tutla Santiago Tutla (Oaxaca)
69-HAA-bf mixe-NE. (Oaxaco) 4*
69-HAA-bfa puxmetecn Puxmetacn valley (Oaxaca)
69-HAA-bfb cotzocn San Juan Cotzocn (Oaxaca)
69-HAA-bfc atitln (Oaxaca)
69-HAA-bfd olotepec (Oaxaca)
69-HAA-bfe mixiztln (Oaxaca)
69-HAA-bff zacatepec Santiago Zacatepec (Oaxaca)
69-HAA-bfg quetzaltepec (Oaxaca)
69-HAA-bfh tamazulapam (Oaxaca)
69-HAA-c Mixe-Popoluca mixe "veracruz" Mexico (Veracruz) 3
69-HAA-ca popoluca-oluta Oluta (Veracruz) 2
69-HAA-cb popoluca-sayula Sayula (Veracruz) 3
69-HAB ZOQUE net
69-HAB-a Zoque-Popoluca zoque "veracruz" Mexico (Veracruz) 4
69-HAB-aa popoluca-'sierra' "highland" popoluca Soteapan (Veracruz) 4
69-HAB-ab popoluca-texistepec Texistepec (Veracruz) 3
69-HAB-b Zoque-'Tabasco' Jalpa de Mendez Mexico (Tabasco) 4
69-HAB-ba zoque-'tabasco' (Tabasco) 4
69-HAB-c Zoque-'Oaxaca' Mexico (Oaxaca) 3
69-HAB-ca chimalapa-N. Santa Mara Chimalapa (Oaxaca)
69-HAB-cb chimalapa-S. San Miguel Chimalapa (Oaxaca)

1999 / 2000 edition
69-HAB-d Zoque-'Chiapas' Mexico (Chiapas) 4
69-HAB-da zoque-ostuacn Ostuacn (Chiapas)
69-HAB-db zoque-ocotepec Ocotepec (Chiapas)
69-HAB-dc zoque-copainal Copainal (Chiapas) 3
69-HAB-dd zoque-rayn Rayn (Chiapas) 3
69-HAB-de zoque-'francisco-
len'
including zoque-"santa-magdalena" formerly Francisco Len (Chiapas) 3
69-HAB-e Tapachultec* extinct Tapachula Soconusco highlands (Chiapas) 0
69-HAB-ea tapachultec tapachulteca, tapachula, soconusco (Chiapas) 0
69-I XINCA set
69-IA XINCA chain
69-IAA XINCA net
69-IAA-a Xinca sinca, jinca, ikomagi, "guatemalan" popoloco Guatemala (Santa Rosa; Jutiapa) 2*
69-IAA-aa chiquimulilla Chiquimulilla (Santa Rosa)
69-IAA-ab sinacatan (Santa Rosa)
69-IAA-ac yupiltepec Yupiltepeque (Santa Rosa)
69-IAA-ad jutiapa Jutiapa (Jutiapa)
69-J LENCA set
69-JA LENCA chain
69-JAA LENCA net
69-JAA-a Lenca extinct Honduras (Intibuc; Santa
Brbara); El Salvador
0
69-JAA-aa lenca-A. lenca "proper" (Intibuc; Santa Brbara) 0
69-JAA-ab chilanga chilango Chilango El Salvador 0
69-K TOL set
69-KA TOL chain
69-KAA TOL net
69-KAA-a Tol Hicaque Montaa de la Flor Honduras (Francisco Morazn) 2
69-KAA-aa jicaque tol "proper", tolpan, turrupan, xicaque, hicaque Hicaque Montaa
de la Flor
(Francisco Morazn) 2
69-KAA-ab 'palmar' El Palmar (Francisco Morazn) 0

LGS Vol2 North America Geo

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LGS Vol2 North America Geo

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page 478 The Linguasphere Register

1999 / 2000 edition

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